Academic literature on the topic 'Glutamate transporter GLAST'
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Journal articles on the topic "Glutamate transporter GLAST"
1
Chen, Zhiqiang, Sharon G. Kujawa, and William F. Sewell. "Functional Roles of High-Affinity Glutamate Transporters in Cochlear Afferent Synaptic Transmission in the Mouse." Journal of Neurophysiology 103, no. 5 (May 2010): 2581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00018.2010.
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In the cochlea, afferent transmission between inner hair cells and auditory neurons is mediated by glutamate receptors. Glutamate transporters located near the synapse and in spiral ganglion neurons are thought to maintain low synaptic levels of glutamate. We analyzed three glutamate transporter blockers for their ability to alter the effects of glutamate, exogenously applied to the synapse via perfusion of the scala tympani of the mouse, and compared that action to their ability to alter the effects of intense acoustic stimulation. Threo-beta-benzyloxyaspartate (TBOA) is a broad-spectrum glutamate transporter antagonist, affecting all three transporters [glutamate/aspartate transporter (GLAST), glutamate transporter-1 (GLT1), and excitatory amino acid carrier 1 (EAAC1)]. l-serine- O-sulfate (SOS) blocks both GLAST and EAAC1 without effect on GLT1. Dihydrokainate (DHK) is selective for GLT1. Infusion of glutamate (10 μM for 220 min), TBOA (200 μM for 220 min), or SOS (100 μM for 180 min) alone did not alter auditory neural thresholds. When infused together with glutamate, TBOA and SOS produced significant neural threshold shifts, leaving otoacoustic emissions intact. In addition, both TBOA and SOS exacerbated noise-induced hearing loss by producing larger neural threshold shifts and delaying recovery. DHK did not alter glutamate- or noise-induced hearing loss. The evidence points to a major role for GLAST, both in protecting the synapse from exposure to excess extracellular glutamate and in attenuating hearing loss due to acoustic overstimulation.
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SARTHY, VIJAY P., V. JOSEPH DUDLEY, and KOHICHI TANAKA. "Retinal glucose metabolism in mice lacking the L-glutamate/aspartate transporter." Visual Neuroscience 21, no. 4 (July 2004): 637–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523804214122.
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The conventional view that glucose is the substrate for neuronal energy metabolism has been recently challenged by the “lactate shuttle” hypothesis in which glutamate cycling in glial cells drives all neuronal glucose metabolism. According to this view, glutamate released by activated retinal neurons is transported into Müller (glial) cells where it triggers glycolysis. The lactate released by Müller cells serves as the energy substrate for neuronal metabolism. Because the L-Glutamate/aspartate transporter (GLAST) is the predominant, Na+-dependent, glutamate transporter expressed by Müller cells, we have used GLAST-knockout (GLAST−/−) mice to examine the relationship between lactate release and GLAST activity in the retina. We found that glucose uptake and lactate production by the GLAST−/− mouse retina was similar to that observed in the wild type mouse retina. Furthermore, addition of 1 mM glutamate and NH4Cl to the incubation medium did not further stimulate glucose uptake in either case. When lactate release was measured in the presence of the lactate uptake inhibitor, α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate, there was no significant change in the amount of lactate released by retinas from GLAST−/− mice compared to the wild type. Finally, lactate release was similar under both dark and light conditions. These results show that lactate production and release is not altered in retinas of GLAST−/− mice, which suggests that metabolic coupling between photoreceptors and Müller cells is not mediated by the glial glutamate transporter, GLAST.
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Fujita, Hiroko, Kohji Sato, Tong-Chun Wen, Yi Peng, and Masahiro Sakanaka. "Differential Expressions of Glycine Transporter 1 and Three Glutamate Transporter mRNA in the Hippocampus of Gerbils with Transient Forebrain Ischemia." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 19, no. 6 (June 1999): 604–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004647-199906000-00003.
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The extracellular concentrations of glutamate and its co-agonist for the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, glycine, may be under the control of amino acid transporters in the ischemic brain, However, there is little information on changes in glycine and glutamate transporters in the hippocampal CA1 field of gerbils with transient forebrain ischemia. This study investigated the spatial and temporal expressions of glycine transporter 1 (GLYT 1) and three glutamate transporter (excitatory amino acid carrier 1, EAAC 1; glutamate/aspartate transporter, GLAST; glutamate transporter 1, GLT1) mRNA in the gerbil hippocampus after 3 minutes of ischemia. The GLYT1 mRNA was transiently upregulated by the second day after ischemia in astrocytelike cells in close vicinity to hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons, possibly to reduce glycine concentration in the local extracellular spaces. The EAAC1 mRNA was abundantly expressed in almost all pyramidal neurons and dentate granule cells in the control gerbil hippocampus, whereas the expression level in CA1 pyramidal neurons started to decrease by the fourth day after ischemia in synchrony with degeneration of the CA1 neurons. The GLAST and GLT1 mRNA were rather intensely expressed in the dentate gyrus and CA3 field of the control hippocampus, respectively, but they were weakly expressed in the CA1 field before and after ischemia. As GLAST and GLT1 play a major role in the control of extracellular glutamate concentration, the paucity of these transporters in the CA1 field may account for the vulnerability of CA1 neurons to ischemia, provided that the functional GLAST and GLT1 proteins are also less in the CA1 field than in the CA3 field. This study suggests that the amino acid transporters play pivotal roles in the process of delayed neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 field.
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Hernández-Melchor, Dinorah, Leticia Ramírez-Martínez, Luis Cid, Cecilia Palafox-Gómez, Esther López-Bayghen, and Arturo Ortega. "EAAT1-dependent slc1a3 Transcriptional Control depends on the Substrate Translocation Process." ASN Neuro 14 (January 2022): 175909142211165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17590914221116574.
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Glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, is removed from the synaptic cleft by a family of sodium-dependent transporters expressed in neurons and glial cells. The bulk of glutamate uptake activity occurs in glial cells through the sodium-dependent glutamate/aspartate transporter (EAAT1/GLAST) and glutamate transporter 1 (EAAT2/GLT-1). EAAT1/GLAST is the predominant transporter within the cerebellum. It is highly enriched in Bergmann glial cells that span the cerebellar cortex and wrap the most abundant glutamatergic synapses in the central nervous system, the synapse formed by the parallel fibers and the Purkinje cells. In the past years, it has become evident that Bergmann glial cells are involved in glutamatergic transmission. Glutamate transporters are tightly regulated due to their essential role in tripartite synapses. Glutamate regulates EAAT1/GLAST function and gene expression in a receptor-dependent and receptor-independent manner. Through the use of the non-metabolizable EAAT1/GLAST ligand, D-Aspartate, and the well-established chick cerebellar Bergmann glia primary culture, in this contribution, we demonstrate that EAAT1/GLAST down-regulates its expression and function at the transcriptional level through the activation of a signaling pathway that includes the phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase (PI3K), the Ca2+/diacylglycerol dependent protein kinase PKC and the nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). These results favor the notion of an activity-dependent fine-tuning of glutamate recycling and its synaptic transactions through glial cells. Summary statement EAAT1/GLAST down-regulates its expression and function at the transcriptional level by activating a signaling pathway that includes PI3K, PKC and NF-κB, favoring the notion of an activity-dependent fine-tuning of glutamate recycling and its synaptic transactions through glial cells.
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TAMAHARA, Satoshi, Mutsumi INABA, Kota SATO, Naoaki MATSUKI, Yoshiaki HIKASA, and Ken-ichiro ONO. "Non-essential roles of cysteine residues in functional expression and redox regulatory pathways for canine glutamate/aspartate transporter based on mutagenic analysis." Biochemical Journal 367, no. 1 (October 1, 2002): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20011843.
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A redox regulatory mechanism and a molecular link between oxidative and excitotoxic neurodegeneration have been postulated for high-affinity Na+-dependent glutamate transporters. In the present study, mutations were introduced at three cysteine residues in canine glutamate/aspartate transporter (GLAST) to investigate the functional significance of thiol groups in response to oxidation. Cys(-) GLAST, in which all cysteines were replaced by other amino acids, as well as other mutants with disruption of one of three cysteine residues, showed insoluble oligomer formation, which was considered to be due to spontaneous and excessive oxidation as observed in wild-type GLAST. The mutant transporters also showed plasma-membrane localization and glutamate-transport kinetics that were very similar to those of wild-type GLAST. Glutamate-transport activities in COS-7 cells transfected with wild-type and Cys(-) GLAST were inhibited to the same degree when cells were exposed to Hg2+ and were recovered by the addition of thiol-specific reductant dithiothreitol. These findings suggest that cysteine residues are not critical in functional expression of GLAST and the redox-sensing pathway via glutamate transporters.
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Deng, Yu, Zhao-Fa Xu, Wei Liu, Bin Xu, Hai-Bo Yang, and Yan-Gang Wei. "Riluzole-Triggered GSH Synthesis via Activation of Glutamate Transporters to Antagonize Methylmercury-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rat Cerebral Cortex." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2012 (2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/534705.
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Objective. This study was to evaluate the effect of riluzole on methylmercury- (MeHg-) induced oxidative stress, through promotion of glutathione (GSH) synthesis by activating of glutamate transporters (GluTs) in rat cerebral cortex.Methods. Eighty rats were randomly assigned to four groups, control group, riluzole alone group, MeHg alone group, and riluzole + MeHg group. The neurotoxicity of MeHg was observed by measuring mercury (Hg) absorption, pathological changes, and cell apoptosis of cortex. Oxidative stress was evaluated via determining reactive oxygen species (ROS), 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), malondialdehyde (MDAs), carbonyl, sulfydryl, and GSH in cortex. Glutamate (Glu) transport was studied by measuring Glu, glutamine (Gln), mRNA, and protein of glutamate/aspartate transporter (GLAST) and glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1).Result. (1) MeHg induced Hg accumulation, pathological injury, and apoptosis of cortex; (2) MeHg increased ROS, 8-OHdG, MDA, and carbonyl, and inhibited sulfydryl and GSH; (3) MeHg elevated Glu, decreased Gln, and downregulated GLAST and GLT-1 mRNA expression and protein levels; (4) riluzole antagonized MeHg-induced downregulation of GLAST and GLT-1 function and expression, GSH depletion, oxidative stress, pathological injury, and apoptosis obviously.Conclusion. Data indicate that MeHg administration induced oxidative stress in cortex and that riluzole could antagonize this situation through elevation of GSH synthesis by activating of GluTs.
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Huggett, J. F., A. Mustafa, L. O'Neal, and D. J. Mason. "The glutamate transporter GLAST-I (EAAT-I) is expressed in the plasma membrane of osteocytes and is responsive to extracellular glutamate concentration." Biochemical Society Transactions 30, no. 6 (November 1, 2002): 890–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0300890.
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The glutamate/aspartate transporter GLAST-1 is expressed in bone in vivo and also exists as a splice variant (GLAST-1a) in which exon 3 is excluded. Since GLAST-1 expression is regulated in bone in response to osteogenic mechanical stimuli in vivo and binding of glutamate to receptors on osteoblasts increases osteoblast number and activity in vitro, control of extracellular glutamate concentrations may be critical for balanced bone remodelling. To determine whether GLAST isoforms may act to regulate extracellular glutamate concentration in bone we investigated whether their pattern or level of expression is responsive to glutamate concentration in bone cells. GLAST-1a mRNA is expressed at lower levels than GLAST-1 mRNA in all cells examined. The GLAST-1a/GLAST-1 mRNA ratio is greater in MLO-Y4 osteocytes than in SaOS-2 osteoblast-like cells, although this does vary in SaOS-2 cells in response to extracellular glutamate concentration. Transfection of MLO-Y4 cells with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged GLAST isoforms revealed a plasma membrane localization of GLAST-1, consistent with its transporter function, whereas GLAST-1a appeared to be expressed within internal vesicles. Interestingly, low extracellular glutamate concentrations redistributed GLAST-1-GFP into a similar internal expression pattern. Regulation of the expression and distribution of GLAST-1 by extracellular glutamate in bone cells indicates that it may regulate glutamate signalling in bone, consistent with its operation in the central nervous system.
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Piao, Chun-Shu, Ashley L. Holloway, Sue Hong-Routson, and Mark S. Wainwright. "Depression following traumatic brain injury in mice is associated with down-regulation of hippocampal astrocyte glutamate transporters by thrombin." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 39, no. 1 (November 14, 2017): 58–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0271678x17742792.
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Depression after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is common but the mechanisms by which TBI causes depression are unknown. TBI decreases glutamate transporters GLT-1 and GLAST and allows extravasation of thrombin. We examined the effects of thrombin on transporter expression in primary hippocampal astrocytes. Application of a PAR-1 agonist caused down-regulation of GLT-1, which was prevented by inhibition of Rho kinase (ROCK). To confirm these mechanisms in vivo, we subjected mice to closed-skull TBI. Thrombin activity in the hippocampus increased one day following TBI. Seven days following TBI, expression of GLT-1 and GLAST was reduced in the hippocampus, and this was prevented by administration of the PAR-1 antagonist SCH79797. Inhibition of ROCK attenuated the decrease in GLT-1, but not GLAST, after TBI. We measured changes in glutamate levels in the hippocampus seven days after TBI using an implanted biosensor. Stress-induced glutamate levels were significantly increased following TBI and this was attenuated by treatment with the ROCK inhibitor fasudil. We quantified depressive behavior following TBI and found that inhibition of PAR-1 or ROCK decreased these behaviors. These results identify a novel mechanism by which TBI results in down-regulation of astrocyte glutamate transporters and implicate astrocyte and glutamate transporter dysfunction in depression following TBI.
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Moshrefi-Ravasdjani, Behrouz, Daniel Ziemens, Nils Pape, Marcel Färfers, and Christine Rose. "Action Potential Firing Induces Sodium Transients in Macroglial Cells of the Mouse Corpus Callosum." Neuroglia 1, no. 1 (July 3, 2018): 106–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/neuroglia1010009.
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Recent work has established that glutamatergic synaptic activity induces transient sodium elevations in grey matter astrocytes by stimulating glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) and glutamate-aspartate transporter (GLAST). Glial sodium transients have diverse functional consequences but are largely unexplored in white matter. Here, we employed ratiometric imaging to analyse sodium signalling in macroglial cells of mouse corpus callosum. Electrical stimulation resulted in robust sodium transients in astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and NG2 glia, which were blocked by tetrodotoxin, demonstrating their dependence on axonal action potentials (APs). Action potential-induced sodium increases were strongly reduced by combined inhibition of ionotropic glutamate receptors and glutamate transporters, indicating that they are related to release of glutamate. While AMPA receptors were involved in sodium influx into all cell types, oligodendrocytes and NG2 glia showed an additional contribution of NMDA receptors. The transporter subtypes GLT-1 and GLAST were detected at the protein level and contributed to glutamate-induced glial sodium signals, indicating that both are functionally relevant for glutamate clearance in corpus callosum. In summary, our results demonstrate that white matter macroglial cells experience sodium influx through ionotropic glutamate receptors and glutamate uptake upon AP generation. Activity-induced glial sodium signalling may thus contribute to the communication between active axons and macroglial cells.
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Miyazaki, Taisuke, Miwako Yamasaki, Kouichi Hashimoto, Kazuhisa Kohda, Michisuke Yuzaki, Keiko Shimamoto, Kohichi Tanaka, Masanobu Kano, and Masahiko Watanabe. "Glutamate transporter GLAST controls synaptic wrapping by Bergmann glia and ensures proper wiring of Purkinje cells." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 28 (June 27, 2017): 7438–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1617330114.
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Astrocytes regulate synaptic transmission through controlling neurotransmitter concentrations around synapses. Little is known, however, about their roles in neural circuit development. Here we report that Bergmann glia (BG), specialized cerebellar astrocytes that thoroughly enwrap Purkinje cells (PCs), are essential for synaptic organization in PCs through the action of the l-glutamate/l-aspartate transporter (GLAST). In GLAST-knockout mice, dendritic innervation by the main ascending climbing fiber (CF) branch was significantly weakened, whereas the transverse branch, which is thin and nonsynaptogenic in control mice, was transformed into thick and synaptogenic branches. Both types of CF branches frequently produced aberrant wiring to proximal and distal dendrites, causing multiple CF–PC innervation. Our electrophysiological analysis revealed that slow and small CF-evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) were recorded from almost all PCs in GLAST-knockout mice. These atypical CF-EPSCs were far more numerous and had significantly faster 10–90% rise time than those elicited by glutamate spillover under pharmacological blockade of glial glutamate transporters. Innervation by parallel fibers (PFs) was also affected. PF synapses were robustly increased in the entire dendritic trees, leading to impaired segregation of CF and PF territories. Furthermore, lamellate BG processes were retracted from PC dendrites and synapses, leading to the exposure of these neuronal elements to the extracellular milieus. These synaptic and glial phenotypes were reproduced in wild-type mice after functional blockade of glial glutamate transporters. These findings highlight that glutamate transporter function by GLAST on BG plays important roles in development and maintenance of proper synaptic wiring and wrapping in PCs.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Glutamate transporter GLAST"
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Kinoshita, Nagatoki. "Mammalian septin Sept2 modulates the activity of GLAST, a glutamate transporter in astrocytes." Kyoto University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/147473.
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Nguyen, Khoa Thuy Diem. "Energy metabolism in the brain and rapid distribution of glutamate transporter GLAST in astrocytes." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/3996.
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Glutamate transporters play a role in removing extracellular excitatory neurotransmitter, L-glutamate into the cells. The rate of the uptake depends on the density of the transporters at the membrane. Some studies claimed that glutamate transporters could transit between the cytoplasm and the membrane on a time-scale of minutes. The present study examined the distribution of glutamate transporter GLAST predominantly expressed in rat cortical cultured astrocytes between the membrane and the cytoplasm by using deconvolution microscopy and then analyzing the images. The regulation of the distribution of GLAST was studied in the presence of glutamate transporter substrate (D-aspartate), purinergic receptor activators (α,β-methylene ATP, adenosine), neuroleptic drugs (clozapine, haloperidol), ammonia (hyperammonia) and Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitors (ouabain, digoxin and FCCP). It was demonstrated that the translocation of GLAST towards the plasma membrane was induced by D-aspartate, α,β-methylene ATP, adenosine, clozapine and ammonia (at 100 μM and very high concentrations of 10 mM). However, the inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase activity had an opposite effect, resulting in redistribution of GLAST away from the membrane. It has previously been claimed that the membrane-cytoplasm trafficking of GLAST was regulated by phosphorylation catalysed by protein kinase C delta (PKC-delta). Involvement of this mechanism has, however, been put to doubt when rottlerin, a PKC-delta inhibitor, used to test the hypothesis showed to inhibit Na+/K+-ATPase-mediated uptake of Rb+, suggesting that rottlerin influenced the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase. As Na+/K+-ATPase converts ATP to energy and pumps Na+, K+ ions, thus helping to maintain normal electrochemical and ionic gradients across the cell membrane. Its inhibition also reduced D-aspartate transport and could impact on the cytoplasm-to-membrane traffic of GLAST molecules. Furthermore, rottlerin decreased the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase by acting as a mitochondrial inhibitor. The present study has focused on the inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase activity by rottlerin, ouabain and digoxin in homogenates prepared from rat kidney and cultured astrocytes. The activity of Na+/K+-ATPase was measured by the absorption of inorganic phosphate product generated from the hydrolysis of ATP and the fluorescent transition of the dye RH421 induced by the movement of Na+/K+-ATPase. This approach has a potential to test whether the rottlerin effect on Na+/K+-ATPase is a direct inhibition of the enzyme activity. Rottlerin has been found to block the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase in a dose-dependent manner in both rat kidney and astrocyte homogenates. Therefore, rottlerin inhibited the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase directly in a cell-free preparation, thus strongly indicating that the effect was direct on the enzyme. In parallel experiments, ouabain and digoxin produced similar inhibitions of Na+/K+-ATPase activity in rat kidney while digoxin blocked the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase to a greater extent than ouabain in rat cortical cultured astrocytes. In a separate set of experiments, Na+/K+-ATPase in the astrocytic membrane was found to be unsaturated in E1(Na+)3 conformation in the presence of Na+ ions and this could explain the differences between the effects of digoxin and ouabain on the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase in rat astrocytes. In addition, it was found that at low concentrations of rottlerin, the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase was increased rather than inhibited. This effect was further investigated by studying rottlerin interactions with membrane lipids. The activity of Na+/K+-ATPase has been reported to be regulated by membrane lipids. The enzyme activity can be enhanced by increasing fluidity of the lipid membrane. I have, therefore, proposed that rottlerin binds to the membrane lipids and the effects of rottlerin on Na+/K+-ATPase are mediated by changes in the properties (fluidity) of the membrane. The hypothesis was tested by comparing rottlerin and a detergent, DOC (sodium deoxycholate), for their binding to the lipids by using a DMPC (1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-Glycero-3-Phosphocholine) monolayer technique. DOC has been shown to both increase and inhibit activity of Na+/K+-ATPase in a manner similar to that displayed by rottlerin. The effects of rottlerin and DOC on the DMPC monolayers were studied by measuring the surface pressure of DMPC monolayers and surface area per DMPC molecule. I established that both rottlerin and DOC decreased the surface pressure of DMPC monolayers and increased the surface area per DMPC molecule. This indicates that both rottlerin and DOC penetrated into the DMPC monolayers. If rottlerin can interact with the lipids, changes in fluidity of the lipid membrane cannot be ruled out and should be considered as a possible factor contributing to the effects of rottlerin on the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase. Overall, the study demonstrates that rottlerin is not only a PKC-delta inhibitor but can have additional effects, both on the enzyme activities (Na+/K+-ATPase) and/or on lipid-containing biological structures such as membranes. The findings have implication not only for studies where rottlerin was used as a supposedly specific PKC-delta inhibitor but also for mechanisms of its toxicity.
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Nguyen, Khoa Thuy Diem. "Energy metabolism in the brain and rapid distribution of glutamate transporter GLAST in astrocytes." University of Sydney, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/3996.
Full textAbstract:
Doctor of Philosophy (Medicine)Glutamate transporters play a role in removing extracellular excitatory neurotransmitter, L-glutamate into the cells. The rate of the uptake depends on the density of the transporters at the membrane. Some studies claimed that glutamate transporters could transit between the cytoplasm and the membrane on a time-scale of minutes. The present study examined the distribution of glutamate transporter GLAST predominantly expressed in rat cortical cultured astrocytes between the membrane and the cytoplasm by using deconvolution microscopy and then analyzing the images. The regulation of the distribution of GLAST was studied in the presence of glutamate transporter substrate (D-aspartate), purinergic receptor activators (α,β-methylene ATP, adenosine), neuroleptic drugs (clozapine, haloperidol), ammonia (hyperammonia) and Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitors (ouabain, digoxin and FCCP). It was demonstrated that the translocation of GLAST towards the plasma membrane was induced by D-aspartate, α,β-methylene ATP, adenosine, clozapine and ammonia (at 100 μM and very high concentrations of 10 mM). However, the inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase activity had an opposite effect, resulting in redistribution of GLAST away from the membrane. It has previously been claimed that the membrane-cytoplasm trafficking of GLAST was regulated by phosphorylation catalysed by protein kinase C delta (PKC-delta). Involvement of this mechanism has, however, been put to doubt when rottlerin, a PKC-delta inhibitor, used to test the hypothesis showed to inhibit Na+/K+-ATPase-mediated uptake of Rb+, suggesting that rottlerin influenced the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase. As Na+/K+-ATPase converts ATP to energy and pumps Na+, K+ ions, thus helping to maintain normal electrochemical and ionic gradients across the cell membrane. Its inhibition also reduced D-aspartate transport and could impact on the cytoplasm-to-membrane traffic of GLAST molecules. Furthermore, rottlerin decreased the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase by acting as a mitochondrial inhibitor. The present study has focused on the inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase activity by rottlerin, ouabain and digoxin in homogenates prepared from rat kidney and cultured astrocytes. The activity of Na+/K+-ATPase was measured by the absorption of inorganic phosphate product generated from the hydrolysis of ATP and the fluorescent transition of the dye RH421 induced by the movement of Na+/K+-ATPase. This approach has a potential to test whether the rottlerin effect on Na+/K+-ATPase is a direct inhibition of the enzyme activity. Rottlerin has been found to block the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase in a dose-dependent manner in both rat kidney and astrocyte homogenates. Therefore, rottlerin inhibited the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase directly in a cell-free preparation, thus strongly indicating that the effect was direct on the enzyme. In parallel experiments, ouabain and digoxin produced similar inhibitions of Na+/K+-ATPase activity in rat kidney while digoxin blocked the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase to a greater extent than ouabain in rat cortical cultured astrocytes. In a separate set of experiments, Na+/K+-ATPase in the astrocytic membrane was found to be unsaturated in E1(Na+)3 conformation in the presence of Na+ ions and this could explain the differences between the effects of digoxin and ouabain on the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase in rat astrocytes. In addition, it was found that at low concentrations of rottlerin, the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase was increased rather than inhibited. This effect was further investigated by studying rottlerin interactions with membrane lipids. The activity of Na+/K+-ATPase has been reported to be regulated by membrane lipids. The enzyme activity can be enhanced by increasing fluidity of the lipid membrane. I have, therefore, proposed that rottlerin binds to the membrane lipids and the effects of rottlerin on Na+/K+-ATPase are mediated by changes in the properties (fluidity) of the membrane. The hypothesis was tested by comparing rottlerin and a detergent, DOC (sodium deoxycholate), for their binding to the lipids by using a DMPC (1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-Glycero-3-Phosphocholine) monolayer technique. DOC has been shown to both increase and inhibit activity of Na+/K+-ATPase in a manner similar to that displayed by rottlerin. The effects of rottlerin and DOC on the DMPC monolayers were studied by measuring the surface pressure of DMPC monolayers and surface area per DMPC molecule. I established that both rottlerin and DOC decreased the surface pressure of DMPC monolayers and increased the surface area per DMPC molecule. This indicates that both rottlerin and DOC penetrated into the DMPC monolayers. If rottlerin can interact with the lipids, changes in fluidity of the lipid membrane cannot be ruled out and should be considered as a possible factor contributing to the effects of rottlerin on the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase. Overall, the study demonstrates that rottlerin is not only a PKC-delta inhibitor but can have additional effects, both on the enzyme activities (Na+/K+-ATPase) and/or on lipid-containing biological structures such as membranes. The findings have implication not only for studies where rottlerin was used as a supposedly specific PKC-delta inhibitor but also for mechanisms of its toxicity.
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Hulme, Julie Anne. "Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical studies of the glutamate/aspartate transporter, GLAST, and its relationship to glutamate handling in the mammalian cochlea." Thesis, Keele University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.401057.
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Meyer, Logan. "Novel Role of the Nociceptin System as a Regulator of Glutamate Transporter Expression in Developing Astrocytes." VCU Scholars Compass, 2017. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4931.
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Our previous results showed that oligodendrocyte development is regulated by both nociceptin and its G-protein coupled receptor, the nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor (NOPR). The present in vitro and in vivo findings show that nociceptin plays a crucial conserved role in both human and rodent brain astrocytes, regulating the levels of the glutamate/aspartate transporter GLAST/EAAT1. This nociceptin-mediated response takes place during a critical developmental window that coincides with astrocyte maturation and synapse formation. GLAST/EAAT1 upregulation by nociceptin is mediated by NOPR and the downstream participation of a complex signaling cascade that involves the interaction of several kinase systems, including PI-3K/AKT, mTOR and JAK. Because GLAST is the main glutamate transporter during brain maturation, these novel findings suggest that nociceptin plays a crucial role in regulating the function of early astrocytes and their capacity to support glutamate homeostasis in the developing brain.
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Alshehri, Fahad. "Role of Modulating Glutamate Transporters on Hydrocodone and Alcohol Co-Abuse inAlcohol-Preferring Rats." University of Toledo Health Science Campus / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=mco153245611012862.
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Colin, Angélique. "Développement d'un vecteur lentiviral ciblant les astrocytes et mise en application dans l'étude des transporteurs au glutamate GLAST et GLT-1." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00348988.
Full textAbstract:
Les astrocytes sont des cellules gliales jouant un rôle primordial dans le fonctionnement cérébral. Ils remplissent de nombreuses fonctions allant de la régulation de l'homéostasie ionique, à la modulation de la transmission synaptique en passant par la régulation du métabolisme énergétique. Les transporteurs astrocytaires au glutamate GLAST et GLT-1 tiennent un rôle particulièrement important dans ces fonctions astrocytaires. La recapture du glutamate libéré dans la synapse module la neurotransmission et évite la stimulation excessive des récepteurs glutamatergiques qui peut induire des phénomènes d'excitotoxicité provoquant la mort des neurones. Le couplage neurométabolique entre astrocytes et neurones repose également sur l'activité de ces transporteurs. De nombreuses données indiquent que des déficits des transporteurs au glutamate sont impliqués dans la plupart des maladies neurodégénératives. Les astrocytes et les transporteurs au glutamate représentent ainsi de potentielles cibles thérapeutiques dans le cadre des maladies neurodégénératives. L'étude de ces interactions neurones-astrocytes, en particulier sur des modèles in vivo, nécessite des outils particuliers permettant de disséquer le rôle de chaque type cellulaire. Cependant, il existe peu d'outils spécifiques et efficaces pour cibler les astrocytes in vivo. Notre objectif a été de développer un nouveau vecteur viral permettant une transduction spécifique des astrocytes in vivo, avec une efficacité importante et pouvant être utilisé dans l'ensemble du cerveau avec de nombreux transgènes. Au cours de ce travail nous avons développé trois voies de recherche. Ainsi, nous avons modifié l'enveloppe du vecteur et tester trois glycoprotéines d'enveloppe, VSV, Mokola et Rabies. Nous avons également utilisé trois promoteurs différents, PGK, CMV et EAAT1 afin de moduler l'expression du transgène dans les astrocytes. Et enfin, nous avons développé une nouvelle méthode de régulation post-transcriptionnelle utilisant les microARN. Nos résultats permettent de conclure qu'un vecteur lentiviral avec l'enveloppe Mokola, contenant le promoteur PGK et des cibles de microARN spécifiques des neurones est un outil efficace pour cibler les astrocytes in vivo. Nous avons utilisé ce nouvel outil pour surexprimer les transporteurs astrocytaires au glutamate (GLAST et GLT-1) et pour inhiber leur expression grâce aux techniques de « RNA silencing ». La surexpression du transporteur GLAST permet une neuroprotection significative en condition excitotoxique tandis que l'inhibition de GLT-1 induit une diminution du métabolisme cérébral. Ces résultats préliminaires apportent la preuve de principe de l'efficacité de notre outil in vivo et confirment le rôle central des transporteurs astrocytaires. Il est ainsi possible d'anticiper que ce nouvel outil permettra à la fois une meilleure compréhension du fonctionnement des astrocytes in vivo et qu'il peut représenter un vecteur de choix dans la perspective d'une thérapie génique ciblant ces cellules.
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Colin, Angélique. "Développement d’un vecteur lentiviral ciblant les astrocytes in vivo et mise en application dans l’étude des transporteurs au glutamate GLAST et GLT-1." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066423.
Full textAbstract:
Les astrocytes remplissent de nombreuses fonctions primordiales dans le cerveau notamment la modulation de la transmission synaptique et le couplage neurométabolique qui impliquent les transporteurs astrocytaires au glutamate GLAST et GLT-1. Leur étude est essentielle, cependant, il existe peu d’outils permettant l’étude de leur fonction in vivo. Notre objectif a été de développer un nouveau vecteur lentiviral permettant un transfert de gène uniquement dans les astrocytes in vivo. Nous avons développé trois voies de recherche : le changement de l’enveloppe du vecteur, du promoteur et une nouvelle méthode de régulation post-transcriptionnelle utilisant les microARN. Nos résultats montrent que la combinaison de l’enveloppe Mokola avec des cibles d’un microRNA spécifiquement neuronal permet un ciblage astrocytaire spécifique et efficace. La surexpression du transporteur GLAST permet une neuroprotection significative en condition excitotoxique tandis que l’inhibition de GLT-1 induit une diminution du métabolisme énergétique cérébral. La mise au point de ce nouvel outil permettra une meilleure compréhension du fonctionnement des astrocytes in vivo.
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SATO, Kota. "Molecular Pathobiological Studies on Glutamate/Aspartate Transporter (GLAST) in Canine Red Cells : Molecular Basis for Hereditary Deficiency of GLAST in Dogs." Doctoral thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2115/28086.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "Glutamate transporter GLAST"
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Tserga, Evangelia, Peter Damberg, Barbara Canlon, and Christopher R. Cederroth. "Auditory synaptopathy in mice lacking the glutamate transporter GLAST and its impact on brain activity." In Progress in Brain Research. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.04.004.
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