Academic literature on the topic 'Glue laminated timber (glulam)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Glue laminated timber (glulam)"
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Franke, Bettina, Florian Scharmacher, and Andreas Müller. "Assessment of the Glue-Line Quality in Glued Laminated Timber Structures." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 424–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.424.
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Timber constructions with glulam members have regularly to be proofed for their performance to avoid structural collapse. For the assessment of glued laminated timber, it is important to know reliable methods and criteria. The requirements given in standard EN 386:2001 are valid for the quality control of the glulam production. The use and application of these two different methods at existing timber structures were investigated and discussed. The experimental test series comprise different adhesives as well as specimen from new material and existing structures. Problems and issues noted during the test series and analyses of the results are discussed. The correlations found provide advice for the assessment of existing structures.
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Okafor, Kingsley Kenechukwu, and Celestine Akaolisa Ezeagu. "The Analysis of Bending Stiffness and Strength of Glue Laminated Nigerian Timber." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 5, no. 2 (February 25, 2020): 196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.2.1699.
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An analysis into the flexural strength of solid and laminated timber specimens under working conditions was conducted. Five hardwoods and five softwoods were investigated, namely: Mansonia, Mahogany, Orji, Ukpi, Ufi mmanu, White Afara, Owen, Melina, Akpu and Ubia. The dimensions of the wood specimens are 100mm×50mm×20mm. The wood samples were tested for flexural strength using a Universal Testing Tensile Machine. The results obtained shows that Owen has the highest ultimate wood strength of 46.806N/mm² for the softwood glulam. Ukpi has the highest wood strength of 73.375N/mm² for the hardwood glulam, and highest MOE at 2412.93N/mm². Akpu recorded the weakest sample with bending strength values for glulam at 11.929 N/mm². Comparisons of strength were made to their respective solid timbers. Failure modes were analyzed. The study therefore demonstrates that the timber species used can be engineered to load bearing glulam structural elements using polyurethane adhesive glue without severe loss of strength.
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Jihan Abd Malek, Nor, Rohana Hassan, Azmi Ibrahim, and Mohammed Hasan Alhebshi. "Shear Block Test Performance of Melunak and Mengkulang." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.11 (July 21, 2018): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.11.15963.
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This paper presented results of shear block test performance of tropical glued-laminated timber (glulam) from species of melunak and mengkulang. Glulam blocks were manufactured in accordance with MS758:2001. The shear block test for glue lines and the shear strength tests of melunak and mengkulang were conducted and evaluated in accordance with BS EN 14080:2013. Melunak and mengkulang produced average shear strength values of 10.62 N/mm2 and 8.19 N/mm2, respectively. In terms of wood and glue failure percentage, the results showed that melunak and mengkulang were mainly failed due to wood surface area and not due to the glue lamination in which both melunak and mengkulang showed a good bonding performance.
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Karacabeyli, E., H. Fraser, and W. Deacon. "Lateral and withdrawal load resistance of glulam rivet connections made with sawn timber." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 25, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l97-070.
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The efficiency of glulam rivets has made them one of the most suitable connectors in heavy timber construction utilizing glued-laminated timber (glulam) members. Starting with the 1994 version of the CSA Standard for Engineering Design in Wood, design procedures are also available for the use of glulam rivet connections with sawn timbers. In the course of formulating these design provisions, several series of lateral resistance and withdrawal tests were performed using glulam rivets with sawn timbers to study the effects of material (sawn timber versus glulam), species, loading type and direction, environmental conditions, density, waiting period between assembly and test, pre-drilling, and plate thickness. The newly added design provisions increase structural engineers' choice of fastening systems in timber construction.Key words: glulam rivets, fasteners, connections, timber.
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Klapálek, Pavel, Lenka Melzerová, and Tomáš Plachy. "Pulse Method Used for Non-Destructive Assessment of Glued Laminated Timber Beams." Applied Mechanics and Materials 827 (February 2016): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.827.231.
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This text is focused on GLULAM (glued laminated timber) beams and determination of their properties. This text is mainly focused just on part of more complex research of glued laminated timber beams. This text is focused on pulse method, which is used to determine the dynamic modulus of elasticity of GLULAM beams. This text will describe how the pulse method works, with basic description, describes the tested material and compare the results of testing. In the conclusion we discuss the results, make conclusions and describe the way of our further research of glued laminated timber beams.
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Buchanan, A. H., and R. H. Fairweather. "Seismic design of glulam structures." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 26, no. 4 (December 31, 1993): 415–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.26.4.415-436.
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This paper gives an overview of the seismic performance of glue laminated (glulam) timber frame buildings. It describes the wide range of connections that can be used in glulam frames, for both single storey and multi-storey buildings, with particular reference to seismic loading.
Several new connections incorporating epoxied steel bars are described in detail. Testing of these connections under simulated seismic loading is reported, with recommendations for seismic design.
A design procedure is given for low rise multi-storey glulam frame buildings.
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Keenan, F. J., J. Kryla, and B. Kyokong. "Shear strength of spruce glued—laminated timber beams." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 12, no. 3 (September 1, 1985): 661–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l85-073.
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The effect of size on longitudinal shear strength has been well established for Douglas-fir glued–laminated (glulam) timber beams. The present study examined whether this phenomenon exists in glulam beams made of spruce. The experiment consisted of three projects in which beams of various sizes were tested under concentrated mid-span load. The project A beams had clear spruce webs and white elm flanges with cross-sectional dimensions varying from 25 × 25 mm to 75 × 75 mm. The project B beams had spruce glulam webs with Douglas-fir flanges; cross sections ranged from 20 × 100 mm to 90 × 200 mm. In project C, three groups of 10 replications of commercially representative sizes of glulam beams were made from stiffness-rated spruce–pine–fir lumber. The beam cross sections were 76 × 200 mm, 76 × 400 mm, and 127 × 400 mm.The results indicated that depth, width, and shear plane had significant effects on the longitudinal shear strength of the beams in project A. Depth, width, and shear span of the small glulam beams in project B also had highly significant effects on shear strength. However, no effects of depth and width on the shear strength of glulam beams in project C were found. Regression analysis showed no dependence of shear strength on sheared volume for the beams of all three projects. The three-parameter Weibull model also failed to predict the near-minimum shear strength of spruce glulam beams. The results suggested that the lower-bound shear strength of spruce glulam beams is a constant (regardless of beam volume) and could be used as a single characteristic value for glulam design in shear. Further review of published data indicates that this may also be the case for Douglas-fir glulam but with a lower characteristic value than for spruce.
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Karacabeyli, Erol, and Henley Fraser. "Short-term strength of glulam rivet connections made with spruce and Douglas-fir glulam and Douglas-fir solid timber." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 17, no. 2 (April 1, 1990): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l90-021.
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The 1984 edition of the Canadian Standards Association Standard 086 restricts the use of glulam rivets to Douglas-fir– larch glued-laminated timber (glulam) only. This study, undertaken in order to extend the use of glulam rivets to both spruce glulam and solid timber, presents the results from the short-term ramp testing of 33 glulam rivet connections assembled using white spruce and Douglas-fir glulam beams and Douglas-fir solid wood joists. Half of these connections were tested to failure with load applied parallel to the grain of the wood member; the other half were tested with load applied perpendicular to the grain. A species factor of 0.80 is recommended for application to the design values of Douglas-fir–larch glulam rivet connections in order to obtain values for spruce glulam rivet conne-ctions. Also, small (less than 4%) differences were found between the lateral load-carrying capacities of glulam rivet connections made with Douglas-fir glulam and connections made with Douglas-fir solid timber free from major checks and (or) splits. To provide theoretical representations of the load–slip curves of the experimental treatment groups, an exponential function was fitted to the test data. Key words: glulam rivet, timber engineering, fasteners, nails, glued-laminated, wood connectors.
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Vodiannikov, Mikhail, and Galina Kashevarova. "Composite Solutions for Glulam Joints." Key Engineering Materials 801 (May 2019): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.801.47.
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The current level of the development of composite materials allows producing laminate structures with the desired properties. The application of supercomputer calculation and software systems, numerical modeling methods using finite elements enables the design and analysis of such structures. This article deals with design and calculation methods; the results of the full-scale tests of the joints of glued laminated timber with carbon fiber dowel pins and plates are presented. An overview of the behavior of such structures in corrosive environment and the comparative analysis with traditional steel components are also presented herein. Advantages and disadvantages of glulam joints where composite materials are used are noted. Examples of the joint use of composi\te materials and timber in Russia and internationally are given. Conclusions about the possibilities and ways of using composite materials in the design of wide-spanned glued timber structures are drawn.
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Zhou, Xian Yan, Qian Wang, Zhi Feng Wang, Zhong Feng Zhang, and Lei Cao. "Research on Mechanical Properties and Engineering Application of Modern Timber Structure." Advanced Materials Research 639-640 (January 2013): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.639-640.105.
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Modern timber structure holds many virtues in the fields of construction, such as energy-saving, green, aesthetics, ect, superior to concrete and steel bridge. Meanwhile，it is the mechanical properties of timber structure that have been attracted much attention compared with other structures. It is not only glue laminated timber(glulam) but also tri-axial grids sandwich panels（TGSP）satisfy high load-bearing capacity and long-span requirements of modern timber bridge. As two essential parts of elements used as columns，decks in modern timber structure, glulam column had more full hysteretic curve with high energy-consuming ability and good seismic performance under reciprocating load was showed in this paper , and excellent compression property and bending property of TGSP were also studied . Finally, an engineering application was introduced. Filling the domestic gaps in bridge construction successfully, the first modern timber bridge in China has remarkable significant and greatly boosts the development of timber work.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Glue laminated timber (glulam)"
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Muraleedharan, Aishwarya, and Reiterer Stefan Markus. "Combined glued laminated timber using hardwood and softwood lamellas." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggteknik (BY), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-58628.
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In this thesis, the behaviour of glued laminated timber combined with hardwood and softwood lamallae is investigated. The influence of hardwood in the tension and compression zone, in terms of strength and stiffness is evaluated.The basis of evaluation consists of determining the behaviour of beams with various combinations of hardwood solely in the tension zone along with beams with hardwood in the tension and compression zone. The influence of different amount of hardwood for both cases is studied my means of experimental and analytical methods.Experimental data attained by performing bending tests are evaluated for different combinations made from spruce and oak. By comparing the experimental and analytical data an increase in the strength and stiffness in various combinations is observed and potrayed which varies based on different wood species.
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Fawwaz, Maha, and Adnan Hanna. "Structural behavior of notched glulam beams reinforced by means of plywood and FRP." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för teknik, TEK, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-19479.
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Nowadays, timber is widely used in construction industry thanks to its availability and good properties. The use of solid (sawn) timber is not always proper since it is only available up to certain dimensions. Therefore, the so-called Engineered WoodProducts (EWPs) have been introduced to cope with the different design needs of structures. The Glued laminated Timber (glulam) is a type of EWPs that consists of smallsections of timber laminates glued together to form beams and columns. Glulam can be manufactured in almost any size and shape; it can also be tapered or notched. However, notching a beam at its end leads to a stress concentration at the re-entrantcorner of the notch due to the sudden change in the notched beam’s cross section. The concentration of shear and tensile stresses perpendicular to the grain can lead to a catastrophic brittle failure caused by the crack propagation from the notch corner. Crack opening due to tensile stresses perpendicular to grain is the most common failure at the notch corner and it is always taken into design consideration. However,shear component is usually exists and must be also considered in design to guarantee the safety of the structure. Currently, only the normal forces perpendicular to the beam’s axis are considered in the design of the reinforcement in design handbooks. The aim of this thesis was to study the structural behavior of notched glulam beams reinforced by adhered plywood panels and FRP. The carrying capacity of the notched glulam beams at their ends is the main subject of this thesis. In addition, a review of the notched beams design, reinforcements, and analysis theories are included. Experimental series of three point bending tests with notched glulam beams withdifferent configurations of reinforcement was carried out in lab. Deformations and forces were measured both with conventional techniques and with contact-free measurement systems - ARAMIS. On the other hand, a simple model of two dimensional plane stress element has been created of the unreinforced notchedbeam in ABAQUS. The normal and shear stresses were calculated for a horizontalpath of 100 mm in length starting from the notch tip. Afterwards, the mean stresseswere determined for the same path and have been used in calculations. The Mean Stress Approach has been adopted in the hand calculations to calculate the crack length and the failure load according to the ABAQUS model. Accordingly, the failure load was about 40 kN for the unreinforced beams. Also, Eurocode 5 has been used to calculate the failure load which gave a value of 20.2 kN for the unreinforced beams. The average maximum applied load in tests was 30 kN for the unreinforced beams while it reached about two and a half times this value for the CF-reinforced and the plywood-reinforced beams.Tack vare sina goda egenskaper används trä i byggnadskonstruktioner i allt storeomfattning. Konstruktionsvirke (sågade trävaror) kan dock inte alltid användas pågrund av de begränsade dimensioner som finns tillgängliga. På grund av bl a dettahar ett flertal så kallade engineer wood products (EWP) utvecklats. Limträ är en typav EWP som består av sammanlimmade lameller som bygger upp tvärsnitt i balkareller pelare. Limträ kan tillverkas i nästan godtycklig storlek och form och kan enkeltförses med t ex urtag. Vid urtag i balkändar nära upplag uppstår högaspänningskoncentrationer vid urtagets horn på grund av geometrin. Koncentrationenav normalspänningar och skjuvspänningar kan leda till plötsligt brott på grund avsprickpropagering från urtagets hörn, något som måste tas hänsyn till viddimensionering. Dagens dimensioneringsmetoder är baserade på att man tar hänsyntill enbart normalspänningarna vinkelrät fiberriktningen.Målet med detta arbete har varit att studera beteendet hos limträbalkar med urtag vidupplag som förstärkts med fiberarmering eller plywood. Huvudmålet har varit attbestämma balkarnas bärförmåga, vilket skett genom att genomföra försök med olikakonfigurationer vad gäller förstärkningsmaterial och dess utformning. Vidare harolika dimensioneringsmetoder från litteraturen studerats.Kraft och förskjutning under provningarna uppmättes dels med traditionellamätmetoder, men deformationerna mättes även med beröringsfri metod, ARAMIS.En enkel tvådimensionell finit elementmodell skapades och analyserades i ABAQUSför analys av oförstärkt balk. Normalspänningar och skjuvspänningar beräknades ochmedelspänningarna längs en på förhand definierad sträcka beräknades.Medelspänningskriteriet användes sedan för att uppskatta balkens bärförmåga.Enligt FE-beräkningarna uppskattades bärförmågan för de oförstärkta balkarna till ca40 kN. Provningarna gav ett medelvärde på balkarnas bärförmåga på ca 30 kN,medan de förstärkta balkarna hade en 2,5 gånger högre bärförmåga. Skillnadenmellan FE-beräkningarna och provningarna kan förklaras med den osäkerhet somfinns vad gäller det aktuella trämaterialets egenskaper.Beräkningar enligt Eurokod 5 gav en karakteristisk bärförmåga på 20,2 kN.
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Azambuja, Maximiliano dos Anjos. "Avaliação do adesivo poliuretano à base de mamona na fabricação de Madeira Laminada Colada (MLC)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/88/88131/tde-11072017-151910/.
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Este trabalho teve como finalidade o estudo da aplicação de um adesivo alternativo para a fabricação de madeira laminada colada (MLC). Este adesivo, à base de óleo de mamona, apresenta vantagens em relação ao tradicionalmente utilizado, considerando aspectos ecológicos e econômicos. Foram determinados parâmetros adequados para a colagem, e avaliada a compatibilidade entre adesivo e o tratamento com o preservativo hidrossolúvel de Arseniato de Cobre Cromatado (CCA - tipo C) e em madeiras sem o tratamento preservativo, em termos de resistência da linha da cola, por meio dos ensaios de cisalhamento, de tração normal e de tração paralela às fibras, usando a espécie Pinus caribea hondurensis. Com estes parâmetros, foram confeccionadas 12 vigas de MLC, utilizando-se as espécies de reflorestamento Pinus caribea hondurensis e Eucaliptus grandis. Foi avaliado o desempenho estrutural das vigas de MLC, por intermédio do ensaio mecânico de resistência à flexão, objetivando-se analisar a resistência da linha de cola. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir o bom desempenho do adesivo poliuretano à base de mamona, para a aplicação em madeira não preservada e preservada com OCA tipo-C. A pressão de colagem indicada para laminação das vigas é 0,8% MPa para madeira não tratada, e 1,6 MPa para madeira tratada. Para a fabricação das emendas das lâminas recomenda-se a pressão de colagem igual a MPa, para madeira tratada ou não.The aim of this work is the study of the use of alternative adhesive for glued laminated timber (GLULAM). This adhesive, based on castor oil, presents ecological and economical advantages in relation of traditionally used. The appropriate parameters for gluing were determined and the compatibility between this adhesive and treatment with the waterbome preservative of chromated copper arsenate (CCA-C) were evaluated through shear tests and tensions tests (perpendicular and parallel to the grain), using the species Pinus caribea hondurensis. With these parameters, were made 12 beams of GLULAM; using the species Pinus caribea hondurensis and Eucaliptus grandis. The structural performance of the beams of GLULAM was evaluated through static bending tests. The results obtained allow concluding the good performance of the adhesive polyurethane based on castor oil, for use in wood not preserved and preserved with CCA type-C. The gluing pressures indicated are 0,8 MPa for non-treated wood, and 1,6 MPa for treated wood. The gluing pressure recommended for finger-joints is 9 MPa, for treated wood or not.
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Icimoto, Felipe Hideyoshi. "Dormentes de Madeira Lamelada Colada (MLC) reforçados com tecidos de fibra de vidro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18158/tde-06082018-104852/.
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A primeira ferrovia no Brasil foi inaugurada em abril de 1854 pelo Barão de Mauá com 14,5 km de extensão. Atualmente o país possui 27980 km de ferrovias e esse modal tem participação em 25% na matriz brasileira de transporte de carga. Um dos componentes mais importantes da superestrutura ferroviária é o dormente, que pode ser fabricado utilizando-se diversos materiais como a tradicional madeira, que tem uso histórico e consagrado para esta aplicação estrutural, além do concreto e do aço, e mais recentemente, os compósitos poliméricos. As madeiras com maior tradição no uso em dormentes provêm de espécies nativas de alta densidade com consequente elevada resistência mecânica e durabilidade natural. Porém, devido às restrições impostas à extração destas espécies nativas, houve forte redução de sua oferta, sendo forçada sua substituição por madeira de florestas plantadas de eucalipto de alta densidade como E. citriodora, E. paniculata e E. tereticornis. Contudo, dormentes de diferentes espécies de eucalipto, pouco adequadas para esse uso, estão apresentando muitos problemas em via. Outra madeira de florestas plantadas muito utilizada no Brasil é o pinus e uma aplicação muito nobre para este tipo de madeira é a produção de elementos estruturais em Madeira Lamelada Colada (MLC). O objetivo do presente trabalho foi o estudo teórico e experimental de dormentes de MLC confeccionados com madeiras de Pinus spp. tratadas com CCA, coladas com adesivo poliuretano, e reforçados com tecido bidirecional de fibra de vidro. Para tanto, realizou-se um estudo teórico e experimental a partir de ensaios estáticos e dinâmicos tendo-se em vista a necessidade de utilização de novas espécies de madeira de reflorestamento com resistência adequada a tal finalidade. Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios realizados de acordo com a normalização vigente atestaram a viabilidade técnica da utilização de dormentes em MLC de Pinus spp. reforçados com fibra de vidro desde que sejam realizadas as classificações visual e mecânica das lamelas, para a obtenção das propriedades de resistência e rigidez necessárias.Brazil\'s first railroad was inaugurated in April, 1854 by Barão de Mauá with 14.5 km of extension. Currently the country has 27980 km of railways, and this transportation modal has 25% participation in the Brazilian freight transport matrix. One of the most important elements of railway superstructure is the sleeper (or tie), which can be manufactured from several materials, such as the traditional wood, that has historical and well-established use for this structural application, as well as concrete, steel, and recently, polymer composites. The classic sleeper is made by timber from native species of high density with consequent high mechanical strength and natural durability. However, due to the restrictions imposed on the extraction of these native species, there was a strong reduction in their supply, being forced to replace them with timber from high density eucalyptus planted forests such as E. citriodora, E. paniculata and E. tereticornis. Therefore, sleepers from different eucalyptus species, that are not suitable for this use, are presenting many problems on railroad. Another wood from planted forests widely used in Brazil is the pinus, and a very noble application for this kind of wood is the production of structural elements in Glued Laminated Timber (Glulam). The aim of this work was the theoretical and experimental study based on static and dynamic tests of Glulam sleepers manufactured using Pinus spp. treated with CCA, glued with polyurethane adhesive, and reinforced with bidirectional fiberglass fabric. For that, a theoretical and experimental study was carried out from static and dynamic tests, considering the potential use of new reforestation species of wood with suitable strength to this purpose. The results show technical feasibility in the use of Glulam sleepers made with Pinus spp. reinforced with fiberglass provided that visual and mechanical classifications of the timber are realized, in order to obtain the required strength and stiffness properties.
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Al-Djaber, Jafar. "Prestressed glue laminated beams reinforced with steel plates : Comparison between prestressed, reinforced and non-reinforced glue laminated beams according to the Eurocode and the Swedish annex." Thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-236059.
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The paper presents details of a numerical analysis and simplified construction of strengthened glue laminated beams. Glue laminated beams are strengthened through the use of steel reinforcements embedded between the lamellas of the beams. The study compares the numerical results from reinforced and prestressed beams, simply reinforced beams and non-modified beams. Parametric studies were undertaken to evaluate the effects on reinforcement thickness, beam span, prestressing force and prestressing loss. Modified and prestressed beams with wide spans and large dimensions had a significantly higher design load compared to non-modified beams with similar geometry and span. In the most beneficial cases, a load increase of 438% was observed for point load at midspan and 346% for uniformly distributed load.
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Deng, James X. "Strength of Epoxy Bonded Steel Connections in Glue Laminated Timber." University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8262.
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In New Zealand, there has been little use of epoxy bonded steel connections in the timber construction industry due to the lack of knowledge and experiences about the performance. A research was carried out both experimentally and theoretically to study the epoxy bonded steel connections in glue laminated timber. This research provides a better understanding of the mechanical and physical properties of such connections in tension, subjected to short and long duration load, with variables of embedment length, bar diameter, edge distance, hole diameter, moisture content, steel bar type and epoxy type.
In the study, five different failure modes were identified. A theoretical three dimensional model was established using a finite element method. The characteristics of the connection, the three dimensional stress distributions and the effect of the variables in the connections were studied using this model. The study shows that there is a strong correlation between the failure modes and the stress concentrations. It is possible to optimise the design of the connections by developing a better geometry.
The study also shows that the connections can be used safely in timber structures provided the moisture content of wood does not exceeding 22%.
Empirical equations were developed to predict the axial capacity of the connection in tension or compression.
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Martins, Gisele Cristina Antunes. "Análise numérica e experimental de vigas de madeira laminada colada em situação de incêndio." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18134/tde-11102016-111511/.
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Elementos estruturais de Madeira Laminada Colada (MLC) têm sido muito utilizados na América do Norte e na Europa. Entretanto no Brasil há restrições quanto ao uso, principalmente, em razão da insegurança diante de potenciais riscos relacionados a incêndios. Este trabalho investigou o comportamento térmico e mecânico de elementos estruturais de MLC expostos à curva de incêndio-padrão ISO 834, preparados com duas espécies de madeira (Eucalyptus e Pinus) sem adição de tratamentos preservantes. Adicionalmente, elementos tratados com preservante ignífugo a base Borato de Cobre Cromatado (MOQ® OX 50CCBO) ou tratamento retardantes ao fogo (OSMOGUARD® FR100) também foram utilizados para analisar a influência na carbonização. O objetivo principal da pesquisa foi analisar a resistência ao fogo de elementos de MLC, avaliando a influência da espécie de madeira, a influência da densidade, bem como os efeitos dos tratamentos preservantes. O programa experimental foi realizado no forno horizontal a gás instalado no Departamento de Engenhara das Estruturas - EESC/USP, com dimensões internas de 3m x 4m x 1,5m, e as análises numéricas foram implementadas no pacote computacional ABAQUS. O modelo numérico, com vistas ao monitoramento a deflexão no meio do vão e a avaliação da distribuição da temperatura ao longo da profundidade dos elementos, foram desenvolvidos e os resultados obtidos foram comparados com os dados obtidos por meio das análises experimentais. Métodos de cálculo propostos por diferentes autores e regulamentações internacionais foram aplicados para verificação das propostas de dimensionamento em situação de incêndio. A comparação dos resultados mostrou que a utilização dos métodos de dimensionamento (simplificado ou avançado) representa risco à segurança contra incêndio caso utilize valores para a taxa de carbonização das espécies nacionais determinados a partir dos métodos de cálculo ou normas internacionais.Structural elements of Glued Laminated Timber (glulam) have long been used in North America and Europe, but their use is still restricted in Brazil for safety reasons, especially related to potential risks in face of fire. The present work investigated the thermal and mechanical behavior of structural elements of glulam exposed to fire standard ISO 834. The glued laminated timber was produced from two wood species (Eucalyptus and Pinus) without any treatments. However, elements treated with wood treatments like Copper Chrome Boron (MOQ® OX 50 -CCB-O) or fire retardant treatment (OSMOGUARD® FR100) were also used to investigate their influence on charring. The main objective of this study was to assess the fire resistance of the glulam elements, evaluating the influence of wood species and, consequently, the influence of density, as well as the effects of preservative treatment. The experimental program was carried out in a gas oven, with internal dimensions of 3m x 4m x 1.5m, and the numerical analyses were performed by ABAQUS. The numerical analyses aimed to monitor the deflection in the middle of the span as well as the temperature distribution along the depth of the elements. The results obtained from both the experimental and numerical analyses were compared. Calculation methods proposed by different authors and international regulations have been applied for verification of the proposed design in fire. A comparison of the results show that the use of calculation methods (simplified and advanced) represents a risk to fire safety in case of using the values of char rate for Brazilian wood species determined from the calculation methods.
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Deng, Xixian. "Strength of the epoxy bonded steel connection in glue laminated timber." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7510.
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In New Zealand, there has been little use of epoxy bonded steel connections in the timber construction industry due to the lack of knowledge and experiences about the performance. A research was carried out both experimentally and theoretically to study the epoxy bonded steel connections in glue laminated timber. This research provides a better understanding of the mechanical and physical properties of such connections in tension, subjected to short and long duration load, with variables of embedment length, bar diameter, edge distance, hole diameter, moisture content, steel bar type and epoxy type.
In the study, five different failure modes were identified. A theoretical three dimensional model was established using a finite element method. The characteristics of the connection, the three dimensional stress distributions and the effect of the variables in the connections were studied using this model. The study shows that there is a strong correlation between the failure modes and the stress concentrations. It is possible to optimise the design of the connections by developing a better geometry.
The study also shows that the connections can be used safely in timber structures provided the moisture content of wood does not exceeding 22%.
Empirical equations were developed to predict the axial capacity of the connection in tension or compression.
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Ong, Chee Beng. "Performance of glue-laminated beams from Malaysian Dark Red Meranti timber." Thesis, University of Bath, 2018. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.760973.
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In this study, Malaysian Dark Red Meranti (DRM) was used to manufacture glulam beams, following closely the requirements of BS EN 14080:2013 so as to emulate commercial production. Phenol resorcinol formaldehyde (PRF), commonly used in structural glulam production, was used in the fabrication of finger joints and laminations of the glulam beams. Factors influencing the mechanical properties of finger joints and bonding performance of laminations were investigated. Full size glulam beams were manufactured and tested in bending with partial and complete carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) reinforcement on the tension face and compared with the performance of unreinforced beams. A bench-scale fire test was proposed to describe the behaviour of DRM finger joints in tension under fire condition, in order to simulate the failure of finger joints on the tension side of a glulam beam in a standard fire test. Overall, DRM finger joints exhibited better bending strength than Spruce finger joints which represented softwood used in European glulam. Wood density and end pressure were shown to affect the strength properties of the finger joints. Higher cramping pressure was needed to produce DRM laminations with higher shear strength. The glulam beam with CFRP reinforcement had a higher bending strength than the unreinforced glulam beams but partial reinforcement had an adverse effect on beam strength. In the bench-scale fire test, DRM finger-jointed specimens exhibited lower charring rate than Spruce. Furthermore, PRF finger-jointed specimens showed better fire performance than finger-jointed specimens bonded with polyurethane (PUR) adhesive. In conclusion, it is hoped that results from this research will motivate engineers and architects in Malaysia to design and build structures from less-utilised local timber, specifically in the form of glulam, encouraging the timber industry in Malaysia to produce them commercially.
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Lundberg, Albin, and Pontus Forsberg. "FLERVÅNINGSHUS MED TRÄSTOMME : En undersökning av utformningsprocessen för detaljlösningar i trä." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-44680.
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Multi-story wood frame construction is a highly relevant topic today because of the need to continue to develop the relatively new building technique to create a sustainable way to keep constructing new buildings. Because the use of wood as a frame material in multi-story buildings is still new, there are still issues that come with the choice to use it. One of these issues is in the detailed technical solutions that are constructed, they often have faults that may lead to problems with moisture. The purpose of this degree project is to investigate these problems and more importantly the process behind constructing them. This work is also examining what can be done to counteract or minimize the issues in the planning phases of the construction as well as look at why it is important to continue developing wood construction. There are two parts of the method used in this degree project. The first part is a literature study which brings up the attributes of wood, factors for using and not using wood, the techniques used to build multi-story buildings in wood, as well as a look into the detailed technical solutions that are used and the planning process behind them. The second part is the interview study where experts in the field are interviewed to get answers about the issues that this work brings up. The interviews provided a lot of information that is relevant for this work and the result consists of the most important answers from them. The biggest factor for continuing to develop the use of wood as a frame material, from the interviews, was about the eco-friendliness of the material. The attitude to use wood in multi-story buildings varies quite a bit depending on which part of the construction sector is asked. The developers are curious but still a bit worried, because of this they have not yet taken the next step in using it more. The entrepreneurs are still sceptical about the use in multi-story constructions and there is not enough knowledge about it for them to earn the same amounts of money as if they were to use concrete or steel. Because of that they are also worried about taking the next step towards using wood more. The consultants, like the architects and construction engineers, are more positive to the use of wood and are inclined to use it more and more. The issues that come up the most are different types of attachments of balconies and exterior corridors, parts that are installed too close to the ground and solutions where the end grain of the wood is in water. There were three main problems that came up repeatedly. The biggest one was the lack of knowledge in the planning and the production phases. The second one was about how there is often no one who looks at the bigger picture in the projects which entails mistakes that could be caught. The last issue was in the installation where the construction workers might not do it according to the construction drawings or a lack of drawings which leads to improvisation at the construction site. Recommended improvements could be a standardisation of the solutions that are proven to work for everyone to use. There is also a need for better communication which provides feedback to the designers of the solutions, that way they will know what to do better in the future. More relevant education within the topic and better coordination will also prove vital in the continued development of multistory wooden constructions.
Books on the topic "Glue laminated timber (glulam)"
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Lim, K. Y. S. Protected nailed gusset connections for glulam members. Judgeford [N.Z.]: BRANZ, 1990.
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Yellow Popular glulam timber beam performance. Madison, WI (One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison 53705-2398): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1993.
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B, Manbeck H., and Forest Products Laboratory (U.S.), eds. Performance of Red Maple glulam timber beams. Madison, WI. (One Gifford Pinchot Dr., Madison, 53705-2398): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1993.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Glue laminated timber (glulam)"
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Xiao, Y., B. Shan, R. Z. Yang, Z. Li, and J. Chen. "Glue Laminated Bamboo (GluBam) for Structural Applications." In Materials and Joints in Timber Structures, 589–601. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7811-5_54.
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Md Daud, Atikah Fatma, Zakiah Ahmad, and Rohana Hassan. "Charring Rate of Glued Laminated Timber (Glulam) Made from Selected Malaysian Tropical Timber." In InCIEC 2014, 1107–16. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-290-6_98.
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Dill-Langer, Gerhard, and Simon Aicher. "Glulam Composed of Glued Laminated Veneer Lumber Made of Beech Wood: Superior Performance in Compression Loading." In Materials and Joints in Timber Structures, 603–13. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7811-5_55.
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Franke, Bettina, Florian Scharmacher, and Andreas Müller. "Assessment of the Glue-Line Quality in Glued Laminated Timber Structures." In Materials and Joints in Timber Structures, 395–403. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7811-5_36.
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Svilans, Tom, Paul Poinet, Martin Tamke, and Mette Ramsgaard Thomsen. "A Multi-scalar Approach for the Modelling and Fabrication of Free-Form Glue-Laminated Timber Structures." In Humanizing Digital Reality, 247–57. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6611-5_22.
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Ong, C. B. "Glue-laminated timber (Glulam)." In Wood Composites, 123–40. Elsevier, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-78242-454-3.00007-x.
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Sanabria, Sergio J., Roman Furrer, Jürg Neuenschwander, Peter Niemz, and Urs Sennhauser. "Bonding Defect Imaging in Glulam with Novel Air-Coupled Ultrasound Testing." In Research Developments in Wood Engineering and Technology, 221–46. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4554-7.ch006.
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The objective of this chapter is to provide an overview of novel non-destructive testing methodologies for bonding quality assessment in glued laminated timber developed within a recently completed Swiss National Science Foundation research project (Sanabria, 2012). The focus is set on air-coupled ultrasound testing, which has previously been applied to wood-based panels typically up to 50 mm thick. A novel prototype capable of transmitting ultrasound signals through up to 500 mm thick glulam was developed. A computerized-scanning system allowed imaging of the position and geometry of defects within the bonding planes. A normal transmission setup allows a global assessment of defective bonding planes stacks. Latest results are as well shown for a recently patented slanted lateral transmission setup, which allows separate assessment of individual bonding planes with unlimited beam height and length. The investigations allowed an improved understanding of the wave propagation phenomena in thick laminated timber components through both analytical calculations and finite-difference numerical simulations. An overview of the main findings is as well provided. Future research is planned to combine the developed theoretical and experimental tools in a tomographic inspection method.
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Shirmohammadi, Maryam, and William Leggate. "Review of Existing Methods for Evaluating Adhesive Bonds in Timber Products." In Engineered Wood Products for Construction [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99237.
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Gluing is an integral part of the majority of production processes in the timber industry. The effectiveness of adhesive application, glue bond development and glue penetration into the wood structure is becoming more and more important as more structural glued timber products are used in construction and other applications. The continued increase in utilisation of mass timber products (MTPs) such as CLT, glulam and LVL in tall timber buildings requires an accurate and in-depth understanding of adhesive roles and their performance effectiveness during the life span of any of those products in relation to the type of loading applied, environmental effects (e.g. RH and temperature) and in-service condition of elements (e.g. exposure to major wet events and degradation from decay). This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of existing imaging and other visualisation methods used to assess the glue line properties and examine the performance of glue lines in relation to factors such as species, product type and environmental conditions during manufacture and in-service life.
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Kantchev, V., and D. Partov. "Time depended behavior of steel – reinforced glue – laminated timber beams, regarding rheology." In Improvement of Buildings' Structural Quality by New Technologies, 225–32. Taylor & Francis, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203970843.ch25.
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"Time depended behavior of steel – reinforced glue – laminated timber beams, regarding rheology." In Improvement of Buildings' Structural Quality by New Technologies, 237–44. CRC Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203970843-26.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Glue laminated timber (glulam)"
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Gaudry, Laurent, Martial Chabloz, Darius Golchan, Julien Nembrini, and Matthias Schmid. "Ecological mass timber as an answer to affordable housing in Switzerland?" In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.0621.
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<p>The lightness and thermal performances of timber has led designers to consider using it for urban densification and to make it the key for a more sustainable and affordable construction industry.</p><p>This project of a timber-framed high-rise building will become one of the tallest in Switzerland to adopt a wooden construction, using a mix of two types of manufactured wood: cross-laminated timber (CLT) for structural walls and glue-laminated timber (a.k.a. glulam) combined to an upper concrete layer linked with screws for the slabs. The use of timber sourced from local forest is considered by the engineers because its abundance in Switzerland.</p><p>The concrete layer is needed to reach a high level of acoustic performance and to efficiently create horizontal diaphragms for earthquake resistance. It also enables the reduction of the thickness of the complex. The lower wooden surfaces with warm natural appearance are visible from the rooms, as well as the vertical surfaces of the CLT wall supporting them.</p><p>The project reveals the complexity for timber structures to simultaneously comply with regulations concerning structural, fire safety, acoustical and earthquake-resistance performances. Building Information Modeling (BIM) allows excellent technical installations coordination to reach a high degree of prefabrication.</p>
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Svilans, Tom. "GluLamb: A toolkit for early-stage modelling of free-form glue-laminated timber structures." In 2021 European Conference on Computing in Construction. University College Dublin, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35490/ec3.2021.194.
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Wanninger, Flavio, Andrea Frangi, and Bozidar Stojadinovic. "Preliminary performance-based design of a post-tensioned glue-laminated timber frame." In International Conference on Performance-based and Life-cycle Structural Engineering. School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.14264/uql.2016.704.
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Gleason, Tim, Gordana Herning, and John Klein. "Structural Systems for Mass Timber Buildings." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.1156.
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<p>This paper investigates the design of lateral force resisting systems (LFRS) for multi-story mass timber structures in Boston, MA. Structural and environmental tradeoffs of replacing conventional concrete cores or steel braced frames with glue-laminated timber (GLT) braced frames are evaluated through numerical analyses of 8-, 12-, and 18-story building prototypes. Finding an optimal timber gravity system configuration is followed by examining lateral resistance of the prototypes. The resulting designs demonstrate a practical approach to assist designers in selecting a lateral system during the early stages of conceptual design. This research was conducted in parallel with a related study for implementation of mass timber in affordable housing in Boston, enabling a comparison between composite systems and all-timber structures.</p>
Reports on the topic "Glue laminated timber (glulam)"
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Wacker, James P., and Matthew S. Smith. Standard plans for glued-laminated timber bridge superstructures: longitudinal glulam decks, glulam stringer bridges; and transverse glulam decks. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-gtr-260.
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