Academic literature on the topic 'Glucose reaction'
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Journal articles on the topic "Glucose reaction"
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Pilath, Heidi M., Mark R. Nimlos, Ashutosh Mittal, Michael E. Himmel, and David K. Johnson. "Glucose Reversion Reaction Kinetics." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58, no. 10 (May 26, 2010): 6131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf903598w.
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Delgado-Andrade, C., I. Seiquer, and M. P Navarro. "Maillard reaction products from glucose-methionine mixtures affect iron utilization in rats." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 22, SI - Chem. Reactions in Foods V (January 1, 2004): S116—S119. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10631-cjfs.
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The influence of Maillard reaction products from glucose-methionine on iron bioavailability was investigated, and compared with those from glucose-lysine (both 40% moisture, 150°C, 90 min). Iron balance was carried out in rats fed diets containing 3% of the different samples and a control diet (AIN93-G). After the balance period, rats were sacrificed, haemoglobin and hematocrit were measured and some organs were removed to analyze iron content. Consumption of the diet containing glucose-methionine heated mixtures increased iron digestibility and bioavailability with respect to animals fed the glucose-lysine diet, although values of net absorption and retention did not reach significant differences between groups. Haemoglobin, hematocrit and iron in liver were unaffected with the different diets, but higher values of iron concentration in spleen were found among animals fed the glucose-methionine diet.
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Mikhailov, S., R. Brovko, S. Mushinskii, and M. Sulman. "N-Methyl-D-Glucoseimine Synthesis Reaction Thermodynamic Properties Calculation." Bulletin of Science and Practice 6, no. 11 (November 15, 2020): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/60/04.
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The presented article is devoted to thermodynamic calculations of the N-methyl-D-glucosimine reversible formation reaction, an intermediate product for N-methyl-D-glucosamine synthesis, which is widely used in pharmaceutical practice as a ballast or counterion that improves the bioavailability of the main active substance. N-methyl-D-glucosimine is synthesized as a result of the interaction of D-glucose with methylamine in organic solvents, the reaction is reversible, and the yield of the target product depends entirely on the reaction conditions. The use of thermodynamic calculations makes it possible to evaluate the influence of the chemical process conditions on the yield of target products, which in turn contributes to a deeper understanding of the chemical reactions mechanisms. In chemical equilibrium, direct and reverse reactions proceed at equal rates, while the concentrations of products and reagents remain constant. When the reaction proceeds in a closed system, after a certain time, a state of equilibrium occurs, while the reaction does not proceed with a complete transformation of the reagents. This article presents the results of thermodynamic calculations of the reaction for the synthesis of N-methyl-D-glucosimine by the Van Kravlen – Cheremnov method. The Gibbs energy, equilibrium constants, and D-glucose conversion were calculated as activity function of reacting substances. It was shown that an increase in the temperature of the reaction mixture from 20 to 160 °C promotes an increase in the conversion of D-glucose from 3 to 32%, and therefore it is possible to recommend carrying out this reaction at elevated temperatures.
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Knerr, Thomas, and Theodor Severin. "Reaction of glucose with guanosine." Tetrahedron Letters 34, no. 46 (November 1993): 7389–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(00)60133-8.
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Nováková, A., L. Schreiberová, and I. Schreiber. "Study of dynamics of glucose-glucose oxidase-ferricyanide reaction." Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A 85, no. 13 (December 2011): 2305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s003602441113019x.
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Jeon, Won-Yong, Young-Bong Choi, Bo-Hee Lee, Ho-Jin Jo, Soo-Yeon Jeon, Chang-Jun Lee, and Hyug-Han Kim. "Glucose detection via Ru-mediated catalytic reaction of glucose dehydrogenase." Advanced Materials Letters 9, no. 3 (March 2, 2018): 220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5185/amlett.2018.1947.
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Číp, M., L. Schreiberová, and I. Schreiber. "Dynamics of the reaction glucose-catalase-glucose oxidase-hydrogen peroxide." Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A 85, no. 13 (December 2011): 2322–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036024411130061.
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Nissl, Jürgen, Stefan Ochs, and Theodor Severin. "Reaction of guanosine with glucose, ribose, and glucose 6-phosphate." Carbohydrate Research 289 (August 1996): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-6215(96)00123-1.
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Murthy, A. Surya N., and Anita. "Benzoquinone-mediated glucose/glucose oxidase reaction at pyrolytic graphite electrode." Electroanalysis 5, no. 3 (April 1993): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.1140050313.
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Ochs, S., and T. Severin. "Reaction of 2′-deoxyguanosine with glucose." Carbohydrate Research 266, no. 1 (January 1995): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-6215(94)00254-d.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Glucose reaction"
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Bersuder, Philippe. "Investigation of Maillard reaction products as antioxidants." Thesis, University of Lincoln, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319773.
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Ge, Xue. "Covalent catalysis in the UDP-glucose dehydrogenase reaction." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0019/NQ48638.pdf.
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DAI, ZHENYU. "PROTEIN CROSSLINKING BY THE MAILLARD REACTION WITH ASCORBIC ACID AND GLUCOSE." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1184176746.
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Mshayisa, Vusi Vincent. "Antioxidant effects of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) derived from glucose-casein model systems." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2505.
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Thesis (MTech (Food Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.The Maillard reaction (MR) involves the condensation reaction between amino acids or proteins with reducing sugars, which occurs commonly in food processing and storage. Maillard reaction products (MRPs) were prepared from glucose-casein model system at pH 8, heated at 60, 75 and 90°C for 6, 12 and 24 h, respectively. Browning intensity (BI) of MRPs, as monitored by absorbance at 420 nm increased with an increase in reaction temperature. The reducing power (RP) of MRPs increased (p < 0.05) as the reaction time increased at 60 and 75°C, while at 90°C an increase in RP was observed from 6 to 12 h and thereafter a slight decrease was observed up to 24 h. The 2,2-Azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity (ABTS-RS) and Peroxyl radical scavenging (PRS) activity of glucose-casein MRPs produced at 90°C decreased as the reaction time increased. In this study, the ferrous chelation activity of MRPs was higher than that of tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) (0.02%) and Trolox (1 mM), respectively. Moreover, the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil radical scavenging (DPPH-RS) of MRPs increased (p < 0.05) as the reaction time increased irrespective of the heating temperature. The primary and secondary lipid oxidation products were measured using the Peroxide value (PV) and Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARs) assay in sunflower oil-in-water emulsion, respectively. MRPs derived at 90°C for 12 h had the lowest peroxide value, while the TBARs inhibitory by MRPs ranged from 39.05 – 88.66%. Glucose-casein MRPs displayed superior antioxidant activity than TBHQ (0.02%) and Trolox (1 mM), respectively, as measured by the TBARs assay. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Rancimat techniques set at 110°C were used to evaluate the oxidative stability the lipid-rich media containing MRPs. At the same temperature program, DSC gave significantly lower reduction times than the Rancimat. Furosine (N-ε-Fructosyl-lysine) and Pyrraline (2-amino-6-(2-formyl-5-hydroxymethyl-1-pyrrolyl)-hexanoic acid) were determined using high pressure liquid chromatography to evaluate the extent of the MR. Furosine concentration of glucose-casein MRPs ranged between 0.44 – 1.075 mg.L-1 in MRPs derived at 60°C, while at 75°C an increase as function of time was observed. MRPs derived at 60 and 75°C exhibited a varied concentration of pyrraline as the reaction time increased with higher temperatures resulted in higher concentrations (0.39 mg.L-1). The results of this study clearly indicated that MRPs possess antioxidant activity and can be used as natural antioxidants in the food industry.
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Topin, Agnès. "Contribution à l'étude de quelques interactions acides aminés-glucose dans des solutions de nutrition parentérale." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05P029.
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Botero, Carrizosa Sara C. "Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Graphene-Based Hybrids with Cobalt Oxides for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Electrocatalytic Glucose Sensing." TopSCHOLAR®, 2017. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1941.
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A library of graphene-based hybrid materials was synthesized as novel hybrid electrochemical electrodes for electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices and electrocatalytical sensing namely enzymeless glucose sensing. The materials used were supercapacitive graphene-family nanomaterials (multilayer graphene-MLG; graphene oxide-GO, chemically reduced GO-rGO and electrochemical reduced GOErGO) and pseudocapacitive nanostructured transition metal oxides including cobalt oxide polymorphs (CoO and Co3O4) and cobalt nanoparticles (CoNP). These were combined through physisorption, electrodeposition, and hydrothermal syntheses approaches. This project was carried out to enhance electrochemical performance and to develop electrocatalytic platforms by tailoring structural properties and desired interfaces. Particularly, electrodeposition and hydrothermal synthesis facilitate chemically-bridged (covalently- and electrostatically- anchored) interfaces and molecular anchoring of the constituents with tunable properties, allowing faster ion transport and increased accessible surface area for ion adsorption. The surface morphology, structure, crystallinity, and lattice vibrations of the hybrid materials were assessed using electron microscopy (scanning and transmission) combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy and selected-area electron diffraction, X-ray diffraction, and micro-Raman Spectroscopy. The electrochemical properties of these electrodes were evaluated in terms of supercapacitor cathodes and enzymeless glucose sensing platforms in various operating modes. They include cyclic voltammetry (CV), ac electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, charging-discharging, and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM).
These hybrid samples showed heterogeneous transport behavior determining diffusion coefficient (4⨯10-8 – 6⨯10-6 m2/s) following an increasing order of CoO/MLG < Co3O4/MLG < Co3O4/rGOHT < CoO/ErGO < CoNP/MLG and delivering the maximum specific capacitance 450 F/g for CoO/ErGO and Co3O4/ rGOHT. In agreement with CV properties, these electrodes showed the highest values of low-frequency capacitance and lowest charge-discharge response (0.38 s – 4 s), which were determined from impedance spectroscopy. Additionally, through circuit simulation of experimental impedance data, RC circuit elements were derived. SECM served to investigate electrode/electrolyte interfaces occurring at the solid/liquid interface operating in feedback probe approach and imaging modes while monitoring and mapping the redox probe (re)activity behavior. As expected, the hybrids showed an improved electroactivity as compared to the cobalt oxides by themselves, highlighting the importance of the graphene support. These improvements are facilitated through molecular/chemical bridges obtained by electrodeposition as compared with the physical deposition.
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Essis-Yei, L. Hortense. "Oxydation electrocatalytique du glucose sur le platine et l'or en milieu aqueux." Poitiers, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987POIT2277.
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Lee, Jeehyun. "Analyse et modélisation de la réactivité au cours de la cuisson d’un produit modèle mimétique d’un produit céréalier type génoise." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS606.
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Dans un contexte de mise en place d’outils pour contrôler la formation de composés néoformés, à impact positif ou négatif, lors de la transformation des produits alimentaires, ce travail de thèse avait pour objectif de comprendre et de décrire les réactions de Maillard et de caramélisation au cours de la cuisson d’un produit modèle et de proposer une approche de modélisation pour la prédiction des cinétiques couplées aux transferts de chaleur et de matière. Un produit modèle structurellement mimétique d’une génoise, mais non réactif, était utilisé. Ainsi, il a été possible d’induire des réactions de manière spécifique en ajoutant le glucose seul pour la formule G ou avec la leucine pour la formule G+L. Le développement de dosages quantitatifs pour vingt marqueurs réactionnels (précurseurs, intermédiaires et produits) a été réalisé permettant d’acquérir les données cinétiques. L’effet accélérateur de la température et l’absence d’effet du niveau de convection sur la formation et la dégradation de la plupart des marqueurs réactionnels ont pu être quantifiés par les données cinétiques. L’ajout du précurseur leucine a activé les voies réactionnelles de Maillard et de dégradation de Strecker et l’effet catalytique de la leucine a pu être souligné et mesuré par rapport aux voies de caramélisation présentes exclusivement dans le modèle G. Grâce aux données expérimentales acquises, un modèle de prédiction de température et de teneur en eau dans la génoise modèle a été proposé et puis couplé au modèle cinétique. L’identification simultanée d’un grand nombre de paramètres, sur une plage de valeurs très large est à poursuivre. Deux preuves de concepts sont néanmoins présentés sur le modèle de caramélisation (modèle G), l’une sur la totalité des marqueurs pour une condition de cuisson, et l’autre sur la dégradation du précurseur glucose, pour la totalité des conditions de cuisson. Elles sont encourageantes pour la poursuite des travaux de modélisationIn the context of developing tools to control the formation, during food processing, of newly-formed compounds having positive or negative impact on food quality and safety, this work aimed to understand and to describe the Maillard reaction and caramelization during the baking of a model product and to propose a modelling approach for predicting kinetics coupled with heat and mass transfers. An inert model product structurally imitative of a sponge cake was used. Thus, it was possible to specifically induce reactions by adding glucose alone for the G formula and with leucine for the G+L formula. The development of quantitative methods for twenty reaction markers (precursors, intermediates and products) was carried out to be able to acquire the kinetic data. The accelerating effect of the temperature and the absence of effect of the level of convection on the formation and the degradation of most of the markers were highlighted and quantified by kinetic results. The addition of leucine activated the Maillard reaction pathways including the Strecker degradation and the catalytic effect of leucine could be observed relatively to the caramelization routes exclusively present in the reaction model (G). Thanks to the experimental data acquired, a model of prediction of temperature and moisture content was developped, and then coupled to the kinetic model. The simultaneous identification of a large number of parameters over a wide range of values need to be pursued. However, two proofs of concept could be conducted on the caramelization model (G formula), one on all the markers for a single baking condition, and the other on glucose degradation for all baking conditions. They are encouraging for further modeling work
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Krishna, Rahul. "Transition metal doped graphene for energy and electrical applications." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/16543.
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Doutoramento em Nanociências e NanotecnologiaIn the view of rapid progress in the fabrication of nanoscale energy storage and electronic devices, graphene is a subject of great interest. As a truly two dimensional (2D) system, graphene possess extraordinary properties of high conductivity, high carrier mobility, large surface area (>2600 m2/g), flexibility, and chemical stability which are favourable for energy applications. Synthesis of high quality graphene still remains as a major challenge in graphene research. Various methods including mechanical exfoliation, thermal exfoliation and thermal chemical vapour deposition (CVD) methods are used for the production of high quality graphene. However, mass production of graphene is possible only by chemical exfoliation of graphite under strong oxidizing agents. This thesis deals with the state of the art mass production of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) using graphene oxide (GO) as the intermediate agent. One of the exciting ideas about graphene oxide is that, due to the functional groups attached, it could act as a laboratory for various catalytic reactions and led to the fabrication of novel devices. Transition metals were used to aid the reaction and to achieve desired novel properties. By catalytic reactions, high quality nanoparticles (NPs) such as Ni, Co, Pd Ag, Cu, NixB, CoxB and SiO2 were synthesized and anchored on graphene sheet for energy applications. Particularly, for hydrogen storage a nanocomposite catalyst containing palladium@ nickel boride–silica and reduced graphene oxide (Pd@NixB–SiO2/RGO, abbreviated as Pd@NSG) was successfully fabricated. The H2 adsorption experiment directly reveals the spillover effect on the Pd@NSG nanocomposite and its enhanced H2 uptake capacity (0.7 wt.%) compared to SiO2/RGO (0.05 wt.%) under 50 bar hydrogen pressure at RT. On the basis of results a detailed mechanism of hydrogen spillover is established that exhibited the facile H2 dissociation on the Pd activator (active sites) and subsequent transportation of hydrogen atoms on receptor sites. Similarly, highly active and cost effective nanocomposite CoxB@Ni/RGO was also synthesized for hydrogen production through electrochemical oxidation of ethanol in alkaline medium under catalysis reaction. The electrochemical behavior of nanocomposite was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique. The catalytic activity of nanocomposite was evaluated continuously for 50 cyclic run; amazingly, results shows that the increase of current density after 50 cycle run suggests the self-cleaning process and robustness of catalyst system. For energy application, graphene based nanocomposite has also been employed for catalysis reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) organic pollutant. For this work, a wide range of graphene nanocomposite catalysts has been synthesized and the effort was to reduce reaction time and cost of nanocatalyst system. Finally, graphene based nanocomposite (Ni/RGO) is used for electrical and electronics applications also, to fabricate the memristor devices and glucose biosensor. A wide range of characterization techniques mainly X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), current vs. voltage (I-V) measurements, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were employed for analysis of transition metals doped graphene nanocomposites for various kind of energy applications.
Do ponto de vista do rápido progresso na fabricação de dispositivos eletrónicos de armazenamento de energia em nanoescala, o grafeno é um assunto de grande interesse. Como um sistema verdadeiramente bidimensional (2D), o grafeno possui propriedades extraordinárias de alta condutividade, grande mobilidade de portadores de carga, grande área de superfície (> 2600 m2 / g), flexibilidade e estabilidade química, que são favoráveis para aplicações energéticas. A síntese de grafeno de alta qualidade ainda permanece como um grande desafio na investigação no grafeno. Vários métodos, incluindo esfoliação mecânica, térmica e deposição química por vapor (CVD) são métodos utilizados para a produção de grafeno de alta qualidade. No entanto, a produção em massa de grafeno só é possível por esfoliação química de grafite sob agentes oxidantes fortes. Esta tese lida com o estado da arte de produção de óxido de grafeno reduzido (RGO) em massa usando óxido de grafeno (GO) como agente intermediário. Uma das ideias empolgantes em relação ao óxido de grafeno é a de que, devido aos grupos funcionais ligados, ele poderia actuar como um laboratório para várias reacções catalíticas e conduzir à fabricação de novos dispositivos. Os metais de transição foram usados para auxiliar a reacção e para atingir as novas propriedades desejadas. Por reações catalíticas, as nanopartículas de alta qualidade (NPs), tais como Ni, Co, Pd, Ag, Cu, NixB, CoxB e SiO2 foram sintetizadas e ancoradas numa folha de grafeno para aplicações de energia. Particularmente, para o armazenamento de hidrogénio um catalisador nanocompósito contendo paládio@níquel boreto-sílica e óxido de grafeno reduzido (Pd @ NixB-SiO2 / RGO, abreviado como Pd @ NSG) foi fabricado com sucesso. A experiência de adsorção de H2 revela diretamente o efeito de transbordo (spillover) no nanocompósito Pd @ NSG e sua maior capacidade de absorção de H2 (0,7 wt.%) em comparação com SiO2 / RGO (0,05 wt.%), sob uma pressão de 50 bar de hidrogénio à temperatura ambiente. Com base nos resultados um mecanismo detalhado de transbordo de hidrogénio é estabelecido que exibe a dissociação fácil de H2 no ativador Pd (centros activos) e o transporte subsequente de átomos de hidrogénio em locais receptores. Da mesma forma, o altamente ativo e rentável nanocompósito CoxB @ Ni / RGO foi também sintetizado para produção de hidrogénio através de oxidação eletroquímica de etanol em meio alcalino sob catálise de reacção. O comportamento eletroquímico do nanocompósito foi avaliado pela técnica de voltametria cíclica (CV). A atividade catalítica do nanocompósito foi avaliada continuamente por 50 ciclos; surpreendentemente, os resultados mostram que o aumento da densidade de corrente após 50 ciclos sugere o processo de auto-limpeza e robustez do sistema de catalisador. Para a aplicação de energia, o nanocompósito baseado em grafeno também tem sido usado para a redução catalítica de 4- nitrofenol (4- NP ) poluente orgânico . Para este trabalho, uma ampla gama de catalisadores de grafeno nanocompósito foi sintetizada e o esforço foi o de reduzir o tempo de reacção e o custo do sistema nanocatalisador. Finalmente, o nanocompósito baseado em grafeno (Ni / RGO ) é usado para aplicações elétricas e eletrónicas, e também para fabricar os dispositivos memresistivos e biossensores de glicose. Uma vasta gama de técnicas de caracterização, principalmente difração de raios X (XRD), espectroscopia de infravermelhos (FTIR, Raman, espectroscopia de fotoeletrões de raios-X (XPS), microscopia eletrónica de varrimento (SEM), microscopia eletrónica de transmissão (TEM), medições de corrente vs. tensão (I-V), voltametria cíclica (CV) e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIS), foram usadas para análise de nanocompósitos de grafeno dopados com metais de transição para vários tipos de aplicações de energia.
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Leygue, Jean-Philippe. "Coproduction d'acide gluconique, de fructose et de fructooligosides par Aspergillus niger sur saccharose." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37615198m.
Full textBooks on the topic "Glucose reaction"
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Rooney, Oliver Brendan. Glucose polymer dialysis fluid: Cytotoxicity and immune reaction. Manchester: University of Manchester, 1996.
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McAteer, Karl M. Homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions associated with polymer/enzyme composite electrodes. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1996.
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Shizas, Ioannis. Start-up of a laboratory-scale anaerobic sequencing batch reactor treating glucose. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2000.
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Lourvanij, Khavinet. Reactions of glucose in H-Y zeolite catalysts. 1991.
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Litell, John M., and Nathan I. Shapiro. Pathophysiology of septic shock. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0297.
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The pathophysiology of sepsis is the result of a dysregulated host response to infection. Interactions between conserved pathogenic signals and host recognition systems initiate a systemic reaction to local infection. Pro- and anti-inflammatory intermediates and associated coagulatory abnormalities lead to altered macrovascular, microvascular, and mitochondrial function. Uncorrected, these processes yield similar patterns of failure in multiple organ systems. Mortality increases with successive organ failures. Although commonly thought to be a manifestation of impaired renal circulation, septic acute kidney injury may be due primarily to non-haemodynamic factors. Pulmonary parenchymal dysfunction in sepsis also contributes to failures in other organ systems. Sepsis involves complex alterations in myocardial function, vascular tone, and capillary integrity, which are mediated by elevated concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, inducible nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen species, among others. Gut hypomotility and translocation of enteric flora likely contribute to a persistent inflammatory response. This perpetuates the pathophysiological pattern of sepsis, and can lead to the delayed onset of these features in patients with other types of critical illness. The neurological manifestations of sepsis include acquired delirium, which is also probably due to circulatory and inflammatory abnormalities, as well as alterations in cerebral amino acid metabolism. Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency and derangements in glucose metabolism are among the endocrine abnormalities commonly seen in septic patients. Restoration of homeostasis requires early haemodynamic resuscitation and aggressive infectious source control.
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Sherwood, Dennis, and Paul Dalby. The bioenergetics of living cells. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782957.003.0024.
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Living systems create order, and appear to break the Second Law. This chapter explains, and resolves, this apparent paradox, drawing on the concept of coupled reactions (as introduced in Chapters 13 and 16), as mediated by ‘energy currencies’ such as ATP and NADH. The chapter then examines the key energy-capturing systems in biological systems – glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, and also photosynthesis. Topics covered include how energy is captured in the conversion of glucose to pyruvate, the mitochondrial membrane, respiration, electron transport, ATP synthase, chloroplasts and thylakoids, photosystems I and II, and the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis.
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Zilliox, Lindsay, and James W. Russell. Diabetic and Prediabetic Neuropathy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0115.
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Impaired glucose regulation (IGR) constitutes a spectrum of impaired glucose and metabolic regulation that can result in neuropathy. Several different pathways of injury in the diabetic peripheral nervous system that include metabolic dysregulation induced by metabolic syndrome induce oxidative stress, failure of nitric oxide regulation, and dysfunction of certain key signaling pathways. Oxidative stress can directly injure both dorsal route ganglion neurons and axons. Modulation of the nitric oxide system may have detrimental effects on endothelial function and neuronal survival. Reactive oxidative species can alter mitochondrial function, protein and DNA structure, interfere with signaling pathways, and deplete antioxidant defenses. Advanced glycelation end (AGE) products and formation of ROS are activated by and in turn regulate key signal transduction pathways.
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Keshav, Satish, and Alexandra Kent. Chronic diarrhoea. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0029.
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Four to five per cent of the Western population suffers from chronic diarrhoea (defined as the passage of >3 stools per day, for >4 weeks), with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) being the commonest cause in 20–40-year-old patients. It is the commonest reason for referral to secondary care gastroenterology clinics. The list of possible causes of chronic diarrhoea is long but, in the absence of rectal bleeding, loss of weight, or abnormal blood tests, it is unlikely to be due to a serious illness. Laboratory investigations should include serum glucose, electrolytes, renal and liver tests, full blood count, thyroid tests, a coeliac antibody test, C-reactive protein (CRP) measurement to check for systemic inflammation, faecal fat and elastase estimation to check pancreatic exocrine function, faecal microscopy, and culture, although this is insensitive for giardiasis. In young patients with typical features of IBS, these laboratory investigations can be abbreviated to include only glucose, electrolytes, the coeliac antibody test, CRP measurement, and thyroid tests. Endoscopic examination of the large and small intestines is generally only required where there is a suspicion of coeliac disease, chronic giardiasis, microscopic colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, or colorectal cancer. A therapeutic trial of metronidazole for giardiasis is justified where this seems a likely diagnosis.
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Jeng, Winnie. Free radical determinants of endogenous and amphetamine-enhanced neurodegenerative disease: Prostaglandin H synthase-catalyzed free radical formation, reactive oxygen species-mediated oxidative DNA damage and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-catalyzed neuroprotection. 2004.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Glucose reaction"
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Makale, Milan T., and Jared B. Goor. "A Window to Observe the Foreign Body Reaction to Glucose Sensors." In In Vivo Glucose Sensing, 87–112. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470567319.ch4.
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Roberts, Deborah D., and Terry E. Acree. "Gas Chromatography—Olfactometry of Glucose—Proline Maillard Reaction Products." In Thermally Generated Flavors, 71–79. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1994-0543.ch007.
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Wu, Hsuehli, S. Govindarajan, T. Smith, Joseph D. Rosen, and Chi-Tang Ho. "Glucose-Lysozyme Reactions in a Restricted Water Environment." In The Maillard Reaction in Food Processing, Human Nutrition and Physiology, 85–90. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-9127-1_7.
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Candiano, G., L. Zetta, E. Benfenati, G. Icartfi, C. Queirolo, R. Gusmano, and G. M. Ghiggeri. "Characterization of the Major Browning Derivatives of Lysine with 2-Amino-2-Deoxy-D-Glucose." In The Maillard Reaction in Food Processing, Human Nutrition and Physiology, 109–14. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-9127-1_11.
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Abraham, E., C. Tsai, A. Abraham, and M. Swamy. "Formation of Early and Advanced Glycation Products of Lens Crystallins with Erythrose, Ribose and Glucose." In The Maillard Reaction in Food Processing, Human Nutrition and Physiology, 437–42. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-9127-1_50.
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Chuyen, N. V., K. Ijichi, H. Umetsu, and K. Moteki. "Antioxidative Properties of Products from Amino Acids or Peptides in the Reaction with Glucose." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 201–12. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1925-0_17.
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Lu, Chih-Ying, Richard Payne, Zhigang Hao, and Chi-Tang Ho. "Maillard Volatile Generation from Reaction of Glucose with Dipeptides, Gly-Ser, and Ser-Gly." In ACS Symposium Series, 147–57. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2008-0988.ch013.
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Lee, Sang Mi, and Young-Suk Kim. "Determination of Volatile Sulfur Compounds Formed by the Maillard Reaction of Glutathione with Glucose." In ACS Symposium Series, 231–41. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2011-1068.ch011.
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Arnoldi, Anna. "Flavors from the Reaction of Lysine and Cysteine with Glucose in the Presence of Lipids." In Thermally Generated Flavors, 240–50. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1994-0543.ch019.
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Wang, Qian, Zhen Liu, Sibylle I. Ziegler, and Kuangyu Shi. "A Reaction-Diffusion Simulation Model of [ $$^{18}$$ 18 F]FDG PET Imaging for the Quantitative Interpretation of Tumor Glucose Metabolism." In Computational Methods for Molecular Imaging, 123–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18431-9_13.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Glucose reaction"
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Číp, Martin, Lenka Schreiberová, and Igor Schreiber. "Dynamics of the Catalase – Glucose Oxidase Oscillatory Reaction." In 14th Asia Pacific Confederation of Chemical Engineering Congress. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-1445-1_736.
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Koutny, Tomas. "Modeling of compartment reaction delay and glucose travel time through interstitial fluid in reaction to a change of glucose concentration." In 2010 10th IEEE International Conference on Information Technology and Applications in Biomedicine (ITAB 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itab.2010.5687663.
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Suthar, Kamlesh J., Muralidhar K. Ghantasala, and Derrick C. Mancini. "Simulation of Hydrogel Responsiveness to Blood Glucose." In ASME 2013 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2013-3167.
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This paper presents the results of our fully coupled, two-dimensional (2D) simulation of the swelling behavior of glucose-sensitive hydrogels at a constant glucose level with change in the surrounding pH. The model consists of a system of glucose-sensitive hydrogel and ionic fluid as a solvent. The hydrogel consists of two enzymes: glucose-oxidase and catalase, which are immobilized on the polymeric network. The surrounding solvent has certain level of glucose. The diffusion of glucose from a solvent and its reaction within the hydrogel are simulated using the Nernst-Planck equation. The local electrical charge is calculated by the Poisson’s equation, and deformation of the hydrogel is determined by the mechanical field equation. These equations are fully coupled and simulations are performed for varying pH and glucose concentrations. The glucose concentration was taken at 7.7mM (140mg/mL) and the pH is varied from 6.8 to 7.4. As glucose reacts with oxygen, gluconic acid is produced in the presence of glucose-oxidase. The formation of gluconic acid within the gel results in protonation and thereby causes the hydrogel expansion. The glucose level in the surrounding solution limits diffusion in the hydrogel. As the surrounding solution pH increases the available fixed charged for ionization increases, which results in an increase in maximum equilibrium swelling and gluconic acid as a product of the reaction. The gluconic acid production was found to be proportional to the change in pH. The gluconic acid decreases the internal pH of the hydrogel, which ultimately reduced the deformation of the gel.
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TAKEUCHI, Y., F. JIN, H. ENOMOTO, and T. MORIYA. "CONVERSION OF GLUCOSE TO 5-HYDROXYMETHYL-2-FURALDEHYDE AND 2-FURALDEHYDE BY HYDROTHERMAL REACTION." In Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Hydrothermal Reactions. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812705228_0009.
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Elmously, Mohamed A., Ahmed Emara, and Osayed S. M. Abu-Elyazeed. "Conversion of Glucose Into 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural in DMSO as Single Organic Solvent." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-37316.
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Nowadays, 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is considered an important compound due to its economic importance, and due to the energy and waste crisis. It could provide a biofuel and alternatives of petrochemicals for various industrial applications. In the present work, 5-HMF was successfully produced with high yield by the dehydration of glucose in DMSO as organic solvent. DMSO was approved that it is highly selectivity of HMF (5-Hydroxymethylfurfural), and reducing the side reactions compared to water/DMSO as solvent. And the 5-HMF formation reaction was found to be faster in DMSO system than in water/DMSO. The influence of temperature and reaction time on the selectivity of DMSO was investigated over small range, to clarify the relation between temperature and time.
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Chen, Lea-Der. "Radiative Transport and Hydrodynamic Modeling of Microalgae Photosynthesis in Bio-Flow Reactors." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-87116.
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A simplified two-phase flow PCH (physicochemical hydrodynamics) model is developed for modelling and simulation of microalgae growth in bio-flow reactor. The model considers carbon balance through coupled gas-phase and liquid-phase transport equations. The transport model accounts for interfacial transport of CO2 from gas bubble/slug to liquid, and microalgae photosynthesis reactions. A simplified photosynthesis reaction is adopted in the model, which assumes a pseudo-first order reaction for glucose pathway. The reaction rate is calculated assuming that it is proportional to the solar absorption rate by microalgae in the liquid. The reaction model also includes a simplified photoinhibition sub-model which assumes that the rate of photoinhibition is proportional to the square-root of solar irradiation reaching the algae cell. The Beer-Lambert law is used to calculate the radiative transfer of solar flux in seeded microalgae liquid flow. Analytical solution was obtained for single-channel bio-flow reactor. Decrease of the CO2 concentration in gas bubble/slug and in liquid flow is assumed to be the result of the microalgae growth in bio-flow reactor. Two efficiency parameters are defined: CO2 conversion efficiency and photosynthesis efficiency. The conversion efficiency is calculated based on the decrease of CO2 between the bio-flow reactor inlet and exit. The photosynthesis efficiency is based upon the heating value of microalgae yield versus solar irradiation. The rate of microalgae yield is calculated by multiplying the mass stoichiometric coefficient of photosynthesis reaction to CO2 consumption rate. Model analysis provided some insight of the microalgae formation in bio-flow reactor as interpreted from the PCH-coupled photosynthesis model that includes a dimensionless number as a potential scaling parameter for gas-phase only CO2 supply operation; photosynthesis efficiency increases with increasing CO2 molar concentration (i.e., number of moles per unit volume) at the reactor inlet for both gas-phase and liquid-phase only CO2 supply; an optimal irradiation flux for maximum photosynthesis efficiency — a factor to consider should artificial light source be used for harvesting algae.
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Chiu, Chuang-Pin, Peng-Yu Chen, and Che-Wun Hong. "Atomistic Analysis of Proton Diffusivity at Enzymatic Biofuel Cell Anode." In ASME 2006 4th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2006-97136.
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This paper investigates the proton diffusion phenomenon between the anode catalyst and the electrode in an enzymatic bio-fuel cell. The bio-fuel cell uses enzymatic organism as the catalyst instead of the traditional noble metal, like platinum. The fuel is normally the glucose solution. The fuel cell is membrane-less and produces electricity from the reaction taken place in the organism. When the biochemical reaction occurs, the protons and electrons are released in the solution. The electrons are collected by the electrode plate and are transported to the cathode through an external circuit, while the protons migrate to the cathode by the way of diffusion. Unfortunately, protons are easy to dissipate in the solution because the enzyme is immersed in the neutral electrolyte. It is an important issue of how to collect the protons effectively. In order to investigate the diffusion process of the protons, a molecular dynamics simulation technique was developed. The simulation results track the transfer motion of the protons near the anode. The diffusivity was evaluated from the trajectory. The research concludes that the higher the glucose concentration, the better the proton diffusivity. The enzyme promotes the electrochemical reaction; however, it also plays an obstacle in the proton diffusion path.
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Voeikov, Vladimir L., and Vladimir I. Naletov. "Chemiluminescence development after initiation of Maillard reaction in aqueous solutions of glycine and glucose: nonlinearity of the process and cooperative properties of the reaction system." In BiOS '98 International Biomedical Optics Symposium, edited by Alexander V. Priezzhev, Toshimitsu Asakura, and J. D. Briers. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.311888.
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CASTRO-HARTMANN, PABLO, SILVIA GUERRERO, and JOAN-RAMON DABAN. "USE OF THE PEROXYOXALATE CHEMILUMINESCENT REACTION IN ACETONE IN THE PRESENCE OF NILE RED FOR THE ANALYSIS OF GLUCOSE." In Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812702203_0119.
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Ahmed, Tousief Irshad, Reegan Aruldoss, Bhasker Pant, Indhumathi Kulandhaisamy, R. Raffik, and Ganesh Bhaskarrao Sonawane. "Magnetic Nanoparticle-Based Biosensors for the Sensitive and Selective Detection of Urine Glucose." In International Conference on Recent Advancements in Biomedical Engineering. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-45cyly.
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In this work, a diagnostic application was performed by utilizing magnetic nanoparticles for the bio-sensing. A novel Fe3O4 nanostructure was synthesized in this paper using a simple hydrothermal method, the Fe3O4 nanoparticles are successfully controlled to provide a more dynamic site for catalytic reaction. FTIR-analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to examine the morphology of the synthesized nanoparticles. The findings showed that a unique Fe3O4 nanostructure was obtained nanoparticles confined in nanosphere. The relative catalytic kinetics of Fe3O4 nanostructure has followed Michaelis–Menten behaviours, according to an analysis of peroxidase-like activity. An effective approach for colorimetric sensing of glucose was formulated on the bases of efficient peroxidase-mimicking activity of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticles are very hopeful for the application of bio-sensors.
Reports on the topic "Glucose reaction"
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Noga, Edward J., Ramy R. Avtalion, and Michael Levy. Comparison of the Immune Response of Striped Bass and Hybrid Bass. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568749.bard.
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We developed methods for examining the pathophysical response of striped bass and hybrid bass to various forms of stress. This involved development of techniques for the measurement of lysozyme, mitogen blastogenesis, mixed lymphocyte reaction, and oxidative burst, which are important general indicators of systemic immune function. We also examined local immune defenses (epithelial integrity), as well as homeostatic indicators in blood, including osmotic balance and glucose. Acute stress resulted in significant perturbations in a number of parameters, including glucose, electrolytes, osmolarity, lysozyme, and mixed lymphocyte reaction. Most significantly, acute confinement stress resulted in severe damage to the epidermal epithelium, as indicated by the rapid (within 2 hr) development of erosions and ulcerations on various fins. There were significant differences in the resting levels of some immune functions between striped bass and hybrid bass, including response to mitogens in the leukocyte blastogenesis test. Our studies also revealed that there were significant differences in how striped bass and hybrid bass respond to stress, with striped bass being much more severely affected by stress than the hybrid. This was reflected in more severe changes in glucose, cortisol dynamics, and plasma lysozyme. Most significantly, striped bass developed more severe idiopathic skin ulceration after stress, which may be a major reason why this fish is so prone to develop opportunistic bacterial and fungal infections after stress. Hybrid bass injected with equine serum albumin developed a typical humoral immune response, with peak antibody production 28 days after primary immunization. Fish that were exposed to a chronic stress after a primary immunization showed almost complete inhibition of antibody production.
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Bennett, Alan B., Arthur Schaffer, and David Granot. Genetic and Biochemical Characterization of Fructose Accumulation: A Strategy to Improve Fruit Quality. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7571353.bard.
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The goal of the research project was to evaluate the potential to genetically modify or engineer carbohydrate metabolism in tomato fruit to enhance levels of fructose, a sugar with nearly twice the sweetness value of other sugars. The specific research objectives to achieve that goal were to: 1. Establish the inheritance of a fructose-accumulating trait identified in F1 hybrids of an inferspecific cross between L. hirsutum XL. esculentum and identify linked molecular markers to facilitate its introgression into tomato cultivars. This objective was completed with the genetic data indicating a single major gene, termed Fgr (Fructose glucose ratio), that controlled the partitioning of hexose in the mature fruit. Molecular markers for the gene, were developed to aid introgression of this gene into cultivated tomato. In addition, a second major gene encoding fructokinase 2 (FK2) was found to be a determinant of the fructose to glucose ratio in fruit. The relationship between FK2 and Fgr is epistatic with a combined synergistic effect of the two hirsutum-derived genes on fructose/glucose ratios. 2. Characterize the metabolic and transport properties responsible for high fructose/glucose ratios in fructose-accumulating genotypes. The effect of both the Fgr and FK2 genes on the developmental accumulation of hexoses was studied in a wide range of genetic backgrounds. In all backgrounds the trait is a developmental one and that the increase in fructose to glucose ratio occurs at the breaker stage of fruit development. The following enzymes were assayed, none of which showed differences between genotypes, at either the breaker or ripe stage: invertase, sucrose synthase, FK1, FK2, hexokinase, PGI and PGM. The lack of effect of the FK2 gene on fructokinase activity is surprising and at present we have no explanation for the phenomenon. However, the hirsutum derived Fgr allele was associated with significantly lower levels of phosphorylated glucose, G1c-1-P and G1c-6-P and concomitantly higher levels of the phosphorylated fructose, Fru-6-P, in both the breaker and ripe stage. This suggests a significant role for the isomerase reaction. 3. Develop and implement molecular genetic strategies for the production of transgenic plants with altered levels of enzymes that potentially control fructose/glucose ratios in fruit. This objective focused on manipulating hexokinase and fructokinase expression in transgenic plants. Two highly divergent cDNA clones (Frk1 and Frk2), encoding fructokinase (EC 2.7.1.4), were isolated from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and a potato fructokinase cDNA clone was obtained from Dr. Howard Davies. Following expression in yeast, each fructokinase was identified to code for one of the tomato or potato fructokinase isoforms Transgenic tomato plants were generated with the fructokinase cDNA clone in both sense and antisense orientations and the effect of the gene on tomato plants is currently being studied.
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Borch, Thomas, Yitzhak Hadar, and Tamara Polubesova. Environmental fate of antiepileptic drugs and their metabolites: Biodegradation, complexation, and photodegradation. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597927.bard.
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Many pharmaceutical compounds are active at very low doses, and a portion of them regularly enters municipal sewage systems and wastewater-treatment plants following use, where they often do not fully degrade. Two such compounds, CBZ and LTG, have been detected in wastewater effluents, surface waters, drinking water, and irrigation water, where they pose a risk to the environment and the food supply. These compounds are expected to interact with organic matter in the environment, but little is known about the effect of such interactions on their environmental fate and transport. The original objectives of our research, as defined in the approved proposal, were to: Determine the rates, mechanisms and products of photodegradation of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites in waters exposed to near UV light, and the influence of DOM type and binding processes on photodegradation. Determine the potential and pathways for biodegradation of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites using a white rot fungus (Pleurotusostreatus) and ADP, and reveal the effect of DOM complexation on these processes. Reveal the major mechanisms of binding of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites to DOM and soil in the presence of DOM, and evaluate the effect of this binding on their photodegradation and/or biodegradation. We determined that LTG undergoes relatively slow photodegradation when exposed to UV light, and that pH affects each of LTG’s ability to absorb UV light, the efficiency of the resulting reaction, and the identities of LTG’sphotoproducts (t½ = 230 to 500 h during summer at latitude 40 °N). We observed that LTG’sphotodegradation is enhanced in the presence of DOM, and hypothesized that LTG undergoes direct reactions with DOM components through nucleophilic substitution reactions. In combination, these data suggest that LTG’s fate and transport in surface waters are controlled by environmental conditions that vary with time and location, potentially affecting the environment and irrigation waters. We determined that P. ostreatusgrows faster in a rich liquid medium (glucose peptone) than on a natural lignocellulosic substrate (cotton stalks) under SSF conditions, but that the overall CBZ removal rate was similar in both media. Different and more varied transformation products formed in the solid state culture, and we hypothesized that CBZ degradation would proceed further when P. ostreatusand the ᵉⁿᶻʸᵐᵃᵗⁱᶜ ᵖʳᵒᶠⁱˡᵉ ʷᵉʳᵉ ᵗᵘⁿᵉᵈ ᵗᵒ ˡⁱᵍⁿⁱⁿ ᵈᵉᵍʳᵃᵈᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ. ᵂᵉ ᵒᵇˢᵉʳᵛᵉᵈ ¹⁴C⁻Cᴼ2 ʳᵉˡᵉᵃˢᵉ ʷʰᵉⁿ ¹⁴C⁻ᶜᵃʳᵇᵒⁿʸˡ⁻ labeled CBZ was used as the substrate in the solid state culture (17.4% of the initial radioactivity after 63 days of incubation), but could not conclude that mineralization had occurred. In comparison, we determined that LTG does not degrade in agricultural soils irrigated with treated wastewater, but that P. ostreatusremoves up to 70% of LTG in a glucose peptone medium. We detected various metabolites, including N-oxides and glycosides, but are still working to determine the degradation pathway. In combination, these data suggest that P. ostreatuscould be an innovative and effective tool for CBZ and LTG remediation in the environment and in wastewater used for irrigation. In batch experiments, we determined that the sorption of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites to agricultural soils was governed mainly by SOM levels. In lysimeter experiments, we also observed LTG and CBZ accumulation in top soil layers enriched with organic matter. However, we detected CBZ and one of its metabolites in rain-fed wheat previously irrigated with treated wastewater, suggesting that their sorption was reversible, and indicating the potential for plant uptake and leaching. Finally, we used macroscale analyses (including adsorption/desorption trials and resin-based separations) with molecular- level characterization by FT-ICR MS to demonstrate the adsorptive fractionation of DOM from composted biosolids by mineral soil. This suggests that changes in soil and organic matter types will influence the extent of LTG and CBZ sorption to agricultural soils, as well as the potential for plant uptake and leaching.
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Corscadden, Louise, and Anjali Singh. Metabolism And Measurable Metabolic Parameters. ConductScience, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55157/me20221213.
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Metabolism is the sum of chemical reactions involved in sustaining the life of organisms.[1] It constantly provides your body with the energy to perform essential functions. The process is categorized into two groups:[2] Catabolism: It’s the process of breaking down molecules to obtain energy. For example, converting glucose to pyruvate by cellular respiration. Anabolism: It’s the process of synthesis of compounds required to run the metabolic process of the organisms. For example, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.[2] Metabolism is affected by a range of factors, such as age, sex, muscle mass, body size, and physical activity affect metabolism or BMR (the basal metabolic rate). By definition, BMR is the minimum amount of calories your body requires to function at rest.[2] Now, you have a rough idea about the concept. But, you might wonder why you need to study it. What and how metabolic parameters are measured to determine the metabolism of the organism? Find the answer to all these questions in this article.
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Kanner, Joseph, Edwin Frankel, Stella Harel, and Bruce German. Grapes, Wines and By-products as Potential Sources of Antioxidants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7568767.bard.
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Several grape varieties and red wines were found to contain large concentration of phenolic compounds which work as antioxidant in-vitro and in-vivo. Wastes from wine production contain antioxidants in large amounts, between 2-6% on dry material basis. Red wines but also white wines were found to prevent lipid peroxidation of turkey muscle tissues stored at 5oC. The antioxidant reaction of flavonoids found in red wines against lipid peroxidation were found to depend on the structure of the molecule. Red wine flavonoids containing an orthodihydroxy structure around the B ring were found highly active against LDL and membrane lipid peroxidation. The antioxidant activity of red wine polyphenols were also found to be dependent on the catalyzer used. In the presence of H2O2-activated myoglobin, the inhibition efficiency was malvidin 3-glucoside>catechin>malvidin>resveratol. However, in the presence of an iron redox cycle catalyzer, the order of effectiveness was resveratol>malvidin 3-glucoside = malvidin>catechin. Differences in protein binding were found to affect antioxidant activity in inhibiting LDL oxidation. A model protein such as BSA, was investigated on the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds, grape extracts, and red wines in a lecithin-liposome model system. Ferulic acid followed by malvidin and rutin were the most efficient in inhibiting both lipid and protein oxidation. Catechin, a flavonal found in red-wines in relatively high concentration was found to inhibit myoglobin catalyzed linoleate membrane lipid peroxidation at a relatively very low concentration. This effect was studied by the determination of the by-products generated from linoleate during oxidation. The study showed that hydroperoxides are catalytically broken down, not to an alcohol but most probably to a non-radical adduct. The ability of wine-phenolics to reduce iron and from complexes with metals were also demonstrated. Low concentration of wine phenolics were found to inhibit lipoxygenase type II activity. An attempt to understand the bioavailability in humans of antocyanins from red wine showed that two antocyanins from red wine were found unchanged in human urine. Other antocyanins seems to undergo molecular modification. In hypercholesterolemic hamsters, aortic lipid deposition was significantly less in animals fed diets supplemented with either catechin or vitamin E. The rate of LDL accumulation in the carotid arteries was also significantly lower in the catechin and vitamin E animal groups. These results suggested a novel mechanism by which wine phenolics are associated with decreased risk of coronary heart diseases. This study proves in part our hypothesis that the "French Paradox" could be explained by the action of the antioxidant effects of phenolic compounds found at high concentration in red wines. The results of this study argue that it is in the interest of public health to increase the consumption of dietary plant falvonoids. Our results and these from others, show that the consumption of red wine or plant derived polyphenolics can change the antioxidant tone of animal and human plasma and its isolated components towards oxidative reactions. However, we need more research to better understand bioavailability and the mechanism of how polyphenolics affect health and disease.
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Hochman, Ayala, Thomas Nash III, and Pamela Padgett. Physiological and Biochemical Characterization of the Effects of Oxidant Air Pollutants, Ozone and Gas-phase Nitric Acid, on Plants and Lichens for their Use as Early Warning Biomonitors of these Air Pollutants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697115.bard.
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Introduction. Ozone and related oxidants are regarded as the most important phytotoxic air pollutant in many parts of the western world. A previously unrecognized component of smog, nitric acid, may have even greater deleterious effects on plants either by itself or by augmenting ozone injury. The effects of ozone on plants are well characterized with respect to structural and physiological changes, but very little is known about the biochemical changes in plants and lichens exposed to ozone and/or HNO3. Objectives.To compare and contrast the responses of crop plants and lichens to dry deposition of HNO3 and O3., separately, and combined in order to assess our working hypothesis that lichens respond to air pollution faster than plants. Lichens are most suitable for use as biomonitors because they offer a live-organism-based system that does not require maintenance and can be attached to any site, without the need for man-made technical support systems. Original Immediate aims To expose the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cultivar Bel-W3 that is ozone supersensitive and the ozone sensitive red kidney bean (Phaseolusvulgaris) and the lichen Ramalinamenziesii to controlled HNO3 and O3 fumigations and combined and to follow the resulting structural, physiological and biochemical changes, with special reference to reactive oxygen species related parameters. Revised. Due to technical problems and time limitations we studied the lichen Ramalinamenziesii and two cultivar of tobacco: Bel-W3 that is ozone supersensitive and a resistant cultivar, which were exposed to HNO3 and O3 alone (not combined). Methodology. Plants and lichens were exposed in fumigation experiments to HNO3 and O3, in constantly stirred tank reactors and the resulting structural, physiological and biochemical changes were analyzed. Results. Lichens. Exposure of Ramalinamenziesiito HNO3 resulted in cell membrane damage that was evident by 14 days and continues to worsen by 28 days. Chlorophyll, photosynthesis and respiration all declined significantly in HNO3 treatments, with the toxic effects increasing with dosage. In contrast, O3 fumigations of R. menziesii showed no significant negative effects with no differences in the above response variables between high, moderate and low levels of fumigations. There was a gradual decrease in catalase activity with increased levels of HNO3. The activity of glutathione reductase dropped to 20% in thalli exposed to low HNO3 but increased with its increase. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity increase by 20% with low levels of the pollutants but decreased with its increase. Tobacco. After 3 weeks of exposure of the sensitive tobacco cultivar to ozone there were visible symptoms of toxicity, but no danmage was evident in the tolerant cultivar. Neither cultivar showed any visible symptoms after exposure to HNO3.In tobacco fumigated with O3, there was a significant decrease in maximum photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance at high levels of the pollutant, while changes in mesophyll conductance were not significant. However, under HNO3 fumigation there was a significant increase in mesophyll conductance at low and high HNO3 levels while changes in maximum photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance were not significant. We could not detect any activity of the antioxidant enzymes in the fumigated tobacco leaves. This is in spite of the fact that we were able to assay the enzymes in tobacco leaves grown in Israel. Conclusions. This project generated novel data, and potentially applicable to agriculture, on the differential response of lichens and tobacco to HNO3 and O3 pollutants. However, due to experimental problems and time limitation discussed in the body of the report, our data do not justify yet application for a full, 4-year grant. We hope that in the future we shall conduct more experiments related to our objectives, which will serve as a basis for a larger scale project to explore the possibility of using lichens and/or plants for biomonitoring of ozone and nitric acid air pollution.
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Shenker, Moshe, Paul R. Bloom, Abraham Shaviv, Adina Paytan, Barbara J. Cade-Menun, Yona Chen, and Jorge Tarchitzky. Fate of Phosphorus Originated from Treated Wastewater and Biosolids in Soils: Speciation, Transport, and Accumulation. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697103.bard.
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Beneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levelsBeneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levels that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction.