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Ganis, Jared Jason. "Regulators of hemoglobin switching in zebrafish and human models." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11391.
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Hemoglobin switching is a developmental process involving the dynamic transcriptional regulation of multiple globin genes. This molecular process involves multiple layer of complexity, and elucidating new mechanisms in this process will result in a more complete understanding of general gene regulation and will likely have direct clinical implications for hemoglobinopathies, such as sickle cell anemia. In this dissertation, I develop and characterize a new model for hemoglobin switching, the zebrafish. I defined and fully annotated the two zebrafish globin loci, termed major and minor loci. Both loci contain α– and β–genes oriented in a head–to–head fashion. Characterization of the globin expression pattern precisely defined the timing of normal switching and demonstrated that zebrafish, like humans, have two globin switches. The locus control region for the major locus was identified and in conjunction with a proximal promoter was able to generate robust, erythroid–specific expression in a transgenic line.
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ELANGOVAN, SUDHARSHAN. "Role of Sox6 and Coup-TFII transcription factors in the regulation of hemoglobin switching." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/59018.
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Several transcription factors are essential for erythroid commitment and for differential globin gene expression during development. Sox6 and COUP-TFII are important Transcription Factors that are known to be modulators of globins genes regulation. By using a variant erythroleukemic cell line (V-K562) expressing both γ- and β- globins, we show how Sox6 and COUP-TFII are able to differentially regulate fetal versus adult globin genes. Both Sox6 and COUP-TFII binds in vitro and in vivo to the γ-globin promoter. Lentiviral mediated overexpression of Sox6 in this variant cells predominantly increases β-globin expression while COUP-TFII overexpression increases level of γ-globin expression. Co-transduction of Sox6 and COUP-TFII at different levels proportionately alters the balance between γ- and the β-globin expression suggesting that their differential expression could able to influence the switch. In line with these results, mouse embryonic fetal liver cells during the switching time (from E 11.5-13.5) show an increase in the level of Sox6 during development and a parallel decrease in the level of COUP-TFII expression. Preliminary experiments in human erythroid cultures from peripheral blood indicate that at low levels of COUP-TFII transduced cells, COUP-TFII overexpression increases the γ-globin expression level indicating COUP-TFII as a prospective target whose modulation can increase γ-globin expression.
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Amaya, Maria. "The Role of the Nucleosome Remodeling and Histone Deacetylase (NuRD) Complex in Fetal γ-Globin Expression." VCU Scholars Compass, 2013. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/521.
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An understanding of the human fetal to adult hemoglobin switch offers the potential to ameliorate β-type globin gene disorders such as sickle cell anemia and β-thalassemia through activation of the fetal γ-globin gene. Chromatin modifying complexes, including MBD2-NuRD and GATA-1/FOG-1/NuRD play a role in γ-globin gene silencing, and Mi2β (CHD4) is a critical component of NuRD complexes. In the studies presented in Chapter 2, we observed that the absence of MBD2 in a sickle cell mouse model leads to a decrease in the number of sickled cells observed in the peripheral blood, and significantly increases survival in these mice. Although further studies will be necessary to fully understand the effect of MBD2 knockout in sickle cell disease mice, absence of MBD2 appears to partially ameliorate the sickle cell anemia phenotype in vivo. In the studies presented in Chapter 3, we observed that knockdown of Mi2β relieves γ-globin gene silencing in β-YAC transgenic murine CID hematopoietic cells and in CD34+ progenitor derived human primary adult erythroid cells. We show that independent of MBD2-NuRD and GATA-1/FOG-1/NuRD, Mi2β binds directly to and positively regulates both the KLF1 and BCL11A genes, which encode transcription factors critical for γ-globin gene silencing during β-type globin gene switching. Remarkably, less than 50% knockdown of Mi2β is sufficient to significantly induce γ-globin gene expression without disrupting erythroid differentiation of primary human CD34+ progenitors. These results indicate that Mi2β is a potential target for therapeutic induction of fetal hemoglobin.
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Kim, Kicheon. "QoS supporting mechanisms for a global packet switching network." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387467.
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Emery, Martin Banking & Finance Australian School of Business UNSW. "Studies into global asset allocation strategies using the markov-switching model." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Banking & Finance, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43098.
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This thesis presents the potential opportunities of global asset allocation and the possible enhancement of these opportunities from using a Markov Switching Model. The thesis extends upon previous conditional asset pricing studies in global asset allocation, such as those done by Ilamnen (1995), Harvey, Solnik and Zhou (1992) and Bilson (1993), where expected future returns are forecast based on conditional variables. The finding of these studies, and many others, are combined with the works on Markov Switching models and market segmentation theories to create a uniform structure for analysing regime switching properties in currencies, international equities and international bond markets. This thesis is segregated into 4 major sections. The chapters 1-4 develop a unified framework that is used in the analysis of markets. The chapters 5-7 are focused on currencies, international equities and international bonds. For each market a model is constructed that is based upon the structure proposed by Frankel and Froot (1988). In this model the market is segmented into two groups ?? value based investors and momentum based investors. To replicate this structure, a two regime Markov Switching model is used, where one regime is constructed as a value regime and the second is constructed as a momentum regime. These models are then compared to linear versions of the models, to see whether there is any additional benefit to the application of regime switching methods. In conjunction with testing the potential benefits of the Markov Regime Switching process, this study also investigates the very nature, or characteristics of regime switching in the international markets. This is undertaken though some alternate models and enhancements to see whether there is any predictability, or characterisations can be made of the switching process. To ensure a comprehensive analysis, several analytical methods have been used, including extensive econometric modelling, statistical analysis of forecasts and portfolio back testing. A number of conclusions can be drawn from the results. Firstly it appears that there is substantial evidence of regime switching in international markets, such as that shown in a Frankel-Froot framework. This in turn has major implication for the understanding of the way in which international markets function, and further the empirical evidence supports many of the anecdotal observations of market based participants. Secondly, there appears to be a strong level of economic relevance to the modelling. The models are shown to generate a theoretical economic profit, which shows that the international markets are only semi efficient. Further, forecasts generated from the Markov Switching models outperform the linear counterparts in economic significance in portfolio tests. However, for both equities and bonds, the general accuracy of the forecast tends to be inferior to the linear counterparts. Finally, the nature of regime switching is investigated in detail, particularly in reference to 3 potential drivers ?? greed, fear and success. The evidence shows that these can help explain the characteristics of regime switching, as in some cases potentially adding economic value. However, it seems that success is more important than a broader economic environment.
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Hubbard, Jason. "The Dynamics of Global States in Executive Control." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/22632.
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In the present work, we examine how the cognitive system responds to complex environments. It has been proposed that executive control, which is responsible for orchestrating high-level behavior in such environments, operates according to different broad processing modes, one geared towards stability and focus (“maintenance”), and the other that’s open to environmental influence (“updating”). Aging work has proposed that this latter mode is over-represented in older age, leading to deficits in many, but not all cognitive domains. Across three studies, we sought to identify the dynamics of the updating state in particular, and how those dynamics are shifted in older age. In Chapter 2, we used a paradigm designed specifically to enforce maintenance and updating states with an age-comparative sample, and found that older adults show increased behavioral costs (reaction times) and distractibility (distractor fixations) consistent with being “chronic updaters”. In Chapter 3 we probed the updating state by examining spontaneous fixations towards irrelevant cues, allowing us to identify how it occurs both in response to the task context, and independently from it. We found that older adults were more sensitive to global changes in the task context (single versus mixed-task blocks), but also showed a stronger tendency to update independently from the task. Younger adults, by contrast, were more prone to update in response to transient task events. In Chapter 4, we lay the groundwork to address these questions with neuroimaging, using machine learning to extract information regarding the task context (task set, targets, distractors, response-selection) in a task-switching paradigm on a trial-by-trial and moment-by-moment level. This opens the door for more directly measuring neural signatures of updating and gives a more high-fidelity measure to examine the dynamics of how and when it occurs. Together, this work provides some insight into the dynamics and age-differences involved in global processing states, which heretofore have been under-investigated in the literature. Additionally, we provide important analytic and methodological advancements for extending this work in the future.
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Stokłosa, Michał Jerzy. "Effects of the evolving global tobacco product landscape on smokers' switching behaviors." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31275.
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How effectively governments can use tobacco tax as a public health and a revenue-generating measure depends on how able smokers are to circumvent the tax by switching to other tobacco products. Recently, tobacco product switching has become more common, especially with many new tobacco product types appearing on the market. The research on these switching behaviors is scarce. This thesis provides analysis in three aspects tobacco product switching: (1) price-driven between-product substitution, (2) switching to newly-introduced tobacco products and (3) switching to products on which no domestic tax has been paid. When the ratio of tobacco product prices changes, consumers sometimes choose to switch between products. Zambia, with a high prevalence of roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco, a less costly alternative to factory-made (FM) cigarettes, is a case in point. The study presented in the second chapter of this thesis used individual-level data obtained from the 2012 and 2014 waves of the ITC Zambia Survey to model the probability of FM and RYO cigarette smoking, as well as between-product substitution. It found that increasing the cigarette tax, with corresponding price increases, could significantly reduce cigarette use in Zambia. Furthermore, reducing between-product price differences would reduce substitution from FM to RYO. With the proliferation of many new tobacco product types, traditional cigarettes are becoming less dominant. With the introduction of a new product to the market, between-product switching might not be influenced purely by price differences across product types, but rather driven by the increased variety of products on the market. Chapter three makes use of a natural experiment created during the rollout of a heated tobacco product, IQOS, in 2015 and 2016 in Japan to examine if trends in cigarette sales have changed with the introduction of IQOS in each region. A series of placebo models are estimated to test if events other than IQOS introduction could have better explained trends in cigarette sales. The results show that the introduction of IQOS likely reduced cigarette sales in Japan. Large differences in cigarette prices observed between geographical regions might incentivize some smokers from regions with higher cigarette prices to switch to cheaper cigarettes available across the border. The fourth chapter uses 2004-2017 official European Commission data and a methodology developed by Becker (1990), to analyze the association between prices and crossborder cigarette purchases in the European Union. Incentives for cross-border purchasing are measured as a function of differences in cigarette prices between bordering countries, controlling for population density near borders and for gasoline prices. The scale of cross-border cigarette purchasing in the EU is small, and not-significant through maritime borders. An upward convergence of cigarette prices across EU Member States would further reduce the cross-border purchasing problem.
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Andersson, Sebastian. "On the Specification of Local Models in a Global Vector Autoregression: A Comparison of Markov-Switching Alternatives." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statistiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-226918.
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In this paper, focus is on the global vector autoregressive (GVAR) model. Its attractiveness stems from an ability to incorporate global interdependencies when modeling local economies. The model is based on a collection of local models, which in general are estimated as regular VAR models. This paper examines alternative specifications of the local models by estimating them as regime-switching VAR models, where transition probabilities between different states are studied using both constant and time-varying settings. The results show that regime-switching models are appealing as they yield inferences about the states of the economy, but these inferences are not guaranteed to be reasonable from an economic point of view. Furthermore, the global solution of the model is in some cases non-stationary when local models are regime-switching. The conclusion is that the regime-switching alternatives, while theoretically reasonable, are sensitive to the exact specification used. At the same time, the issue of specifying the regime-switching models in such a way that they perform adequately speaks in favor of the simpler, yet functional, basic GVAR model.
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Riccardi, William III. "An Empirical Analysis of the Global Audit Market: International Financial Reporting Standards-Related Changes and Differences within the Big 4 Global Networks." FIU Digital Commons, 2014. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1440.
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Ongoing debates within the professional and academic communities have raised a number of questions specific to the international audit market. This dissertation consists of three related essays that address such issues. First, I examine whether the propensity to switch between auditors of different sizes (i.e., Big 4 versus non-Big 4) changes as adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) becomes a more common phenomenon, arguing that smaller auditors have an opportunity to invest in necessary skills and training needed to enter this market. Findings suggest that clients are relatively less (more) likely to switch to (away from) a Big 4 auditor if the client’s adoption of IFRS occurs in more recent years.
In the second essay, I draw on these inferences and test whether the change in audit fees in the year of IFRS adoption changes over time. As the market becomes less concentrated, larger auditors becomes less able to demand a premium for their services. Consistent with my arguments, results suggest that the change in audit service fees declines over time, although this effect seems concentrated among the Big 4. I also find that this effect is partially attributable to a differential effect of the auditors’ experience in pricing audit services related to IFRS based on the period in which adoption occurs. The results of these two essays offer important implications to policy debates on the costs and benefits of IFRS adoption.
In the third essay, I differentiate Big 4 auditors into three classifications—Parent firms, Brand Name affiliates, and Local affiliates—and test for differences in audit fee premiums (relative to non-Big 4 auditors) and audit quality. Results suggest that there is significant heterogeneity between the three classifications based on both of these characteristics, which is an important consideration for future research. Overall, this dissertation provides additional insights into a variety of aspects of the global audit market.
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Klein, Matthew. "Cap and trade or a carbon tax? how to reduce CO₂ emissions /." Diss., Connect to the thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/3808.
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Siegfried, Frank. "A cross-cultural study of consumer switching in the retail banking services sector." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-crosscultural-study-of-consumer-switching-in-the-retail-banking-services-sector(898200e5-15ad-48e5-8e18-77706d4594d4).html.
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The retail banking services sector, a key driver for global economic growth, faces drastic challenges, such as globalised competition and continuously changing customer expectations that call for an in-depth understanding of customer switching, particularly in Asia’s emerging markets. Research shows that minor reductions in switching can notably enhance profitability. Yet only insufficient or fragmented research to explain switching exists. For this study titled “A Cross-Cultural Study of Consumer Switching in the Retail Banking Services Sector” at The University of Manchester, completed in September 2014, Frank Siegfried identified the theory of planned behaviour as the most suitable framework, while Singapore served as a test bed in view of its diverse population. A qualitative pilot study was conducted (February to April 2010), consisting of 22 semi-structured interviews, in which a suitable definition of switching and a better understanding about the cross-cultural context of this study were developed. These insights were instrumental in the design of a new theoretical model, built on constructs that had not been combined in a single framework before, applying constructs of the theory of planned behaviour as the foundational framework, and subsequently integrating the concept of past behaviour, selected cultural dimensions from the GLOBE model and four distinct predisposing and precipitating factors. Next, a quantitative study was conducted (January to May 2013) and, after data cleaning, a quasi-representative sample of 1,431 cases was subjected to analysis. For comparability with other studies, both regression analysis (RA) and structural equation modelling (SEM) were performed. Notable results that were consistent in RA and SEM include: Attitude towards switching (attitude) successfully explained switching intention. Subjective norms had a positive effect on attitude, which implied a mediated effect of subjective norms on switching intention. Contradicting the initial hypothesis, a significant effect of perceived behavioural control on switching intention was negative. Past behaviour had a significant, but weak positive effect on attitude and switching intention, as well as an indirect positive effect on switching intention, mediated by attitude. Lack of trust positively affected switching intention. Service failure had a strong positive effect on switching intention, with perceived behavioural control moderating this effect. Performance orientation had a moderately strong effect on perceived behavioural control. High in-group collectivism negatively affected service failure. These results constitute the new Comprehensive Banking Service Switching Model (CBSSM). Interestingly, a large number of constructs and construct paths that played an important role in the literature could not be confirmed as significant contributors to the model. Overall, tests of model fit still showed a significant contribution of the proposed extensions to the foundational model. Weighting the importance of various constructs in a single framework enhances the understanding of switching of retail banking services in Singapore and offers new insights for strategic planning, particularly in the areas of branding, marketing, service operations and human capital management. Theoretical, methodological and managerial implications are discussed in detail.
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Melby, Nathaniel J. "Design and Development of a Framework for Traffic Management in a Global Manufacturing Enterprise: The American Standard Case Study." NSUWorks, 2015. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/gscis_etd/27.
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Managed Bandwidth Services (MBSs) use Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees to effectively control traffic flows and reduce network delay. In the past, the provision of MBS in a global manufacturing enterprise was a difficult task for network administrators. However, advances in recently emerging technologies, such as Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS), Integrated Services (IntServ), Differentiated Services (DiffServ), and Constraint-based Routing (CBR), hold promise to make MBS implementation more manageable. QoS technologies, such as DiffServ and IntServ, offer the benefits of better application performance and delivery of reliable network service. As a consequence of network traffic loads, packet congestion and latency increases still exist and must be addressed by enterprises that intend to support an MBS solution. In this investigation, the author addressed an issue that is faced by many large manufacturing enterprises, i.e., the addition of latency and congestion sensitive traffic such as Voice-over-Internet Protocol (VoIP) to networks with limited bandwidth. The goal of this research was to provide global manufacturing enterprises with a model for bandwidth management in their offices and plants. This model was based on findings from a case study of traffic management at American Standard Companies.
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Dupas, Agathe. "Modélisation et optimisation d'une machine synchrone à commutation de flux et à double excitation à bobinage global." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLN037/document.
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Les machines à double excitation (aimants permanents et bobines d’excitation) sont depuis quelques années étudiées par de nombreuses équipes de recherche dans le monde pour leur souplesse de fonctionnement et leur puissance volumique importante. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons une nouvelle structure de machine à double excitation. C’est une machine à commutation de flux, donc qui possède un rotor passif, et dont la partie de double excitation située au stator est maintenue par une culasse à griffes. Dans une première partie, les caractéristiques importantes de cette structure sont exposées à partir de mesures sur un prototype et de modèles par éléments finis. Les différents trajets de flux ainsi que l’excursion du flux à vide en fonction du courant de double excitation ou encore les FEM à vide et le courant de court-circuit sont présentés. L’objectif est de caractériser de façon précise le fonctionnement de cette machine. Outre le fonctionnement à vide, les fonctionnements en mode moteur et en mode générateur sont présentés pour évaluer les performances. Le second chapitre de cette thèse présente différents modèles de la machine à double excitation. Tout d’abord à partir de modélisations par éléments finis nous montrons les impacts des caractéristiques magnétiques telles que la courbe BH et l’induction rémanente des aimants permanents sur le flux à vide de différentes machines à commutation de flux et double excitation. Puis nous présentons deux méthodes basées sur la modélisation par éléments finis qui permettent le calcul du courant de court-circuit. Enfin, afin de s’affranchir d’un modèle magnéto-transitoire trop gourmand en temps de calcul, nous présentons un modèle analytique. Ce modèle permet à partir de la valeur du flux à vide et de l’inductance cyclique d’une machine synchrone à aimants permanents de calculer la puissance en générateur débitant sur un pont de diodes et une source de tension fixe en fonction du courant d’excitation et de la vitesse de rotation. Dans le dernier chapitre de la thèse, nous avons développé un modèle de la machine à double excitation à bobinage global basé sur les schémas réluctants. A partir de ce modèle, nous calculons le flux à vide et l’inductance cyclique de la structure de façon plus rapide que par des simulations par éléments finis et sensiblement aussi précise afin de les utiliser dans le calcul de la puissance. Dans un dernier temps, nous avons utilisé ce modèle dans une procédure d’optimisation pour différents cahiers des chargesIn this thesis, a new hybrid excitation, flux-switching machine is being presented. The main feature of this device is its global winding hybrid excitation with claw poles. This solution has been explored in order to reduce the copper mass and increase excitation winding efficiency. One of the most widely used alternators in automotive applications is a claw pole alternator whose claws are located on the rotor. The prototype introduced in this study is based on the same principle yet with claws located on the stator, which allows its rotor to be passive in rotating at higher speeds without slip-rings or brushes. Furthermore, the advantages of the double excitation are cumulative.The thesis will first describe the structure and operating principles of this new hybrid excitation, flux-switching machine, For example, the no-load flux linkage and the back-electromotive force on a no-load are measured and calculated;. Moreover, the load testing of this machine will be displayed. Short-circuit currents will be calculated and measured in order to determine the output power capability while operating in generator mode. The second chapter presents finite element and analytical models which allows to determine the output power capability while operating in generator mode. And with the FEA, the no-load flux linkage is investigated, This investigation serves to highlight: the influence of the stacking factor, the B-H curve definition, and the permanent magnet residual induction value, Finally, a lumped-parameter magnetic circuit model is developed and validated by 3-D finite element analysis, The model allows estimating output power of the structure when running in generator mode (with a DBR) faster than with 3D-FEA. In addition, thanks to the model the geometry is optimized for several specifications
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Hight, Allison M. ""Our Feet in the Present and Our Eyes on the Destination": A Literary Analysis of the Temporality of Internal Colonialism through the Works of Gloria Anzaldua and John Phillip Santos." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1366986878.
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Lepp, Susanne. "A study of the use of English and other languages in TV-commercials in Sweden." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för språk, litteratur och interkultur, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-28429.
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This investigation is about the English language in Swedish TV-commercials. Theinvestigation shows that there are commercials in Sweden that involve other languages thanSwedish. The languages found in this study apart from Swedish were English, Italian andGerman. The results show that the most common language was Swedish, which was used in405 (96.4%) of the 420 commercial spots of which the data consists. In 57.6% of thecommercials Swedish was the only language that was used compared to the 3.6% spots whichonly included English. Swedish was used together with English, Italian or German in 159commercials. There were 168 ads which contained some form of English, as the onlylanguage or together with Swedish. The results show that there was no major differenceregarding the time when the commercials containing only Swedish were broadcast. The sameconclusion could be drawn for the commercials which contained Swedish together withEnglish. The commercials which only included English were broadcast most frequently in themorning and at night. In conclusion, Swedish was the language used to the greatest extent.Furthermore, English appeared in nearly 50% of the commercials even though it was onlyused exclusively in a few ads.Den här undersökningen handlar om användningen av engelska i svensk tv-reklam.Undersökningen visar att det finns reklam i Sverige som använder sig av andra språk änsvenska. De språk som användes utöver svenska var engelska, italienska och tyska.Resultaten visar att det språk som användes mest var svenska, som användes i 405 (96.4%)av de 420 reklaminslag som utgör datan. I 57.6% av reklaminslagen var svenska det endaspråket som användes jämfört med de 3.6% som endast innehöll engelska. Svenska användestillsammans med engelska, italienska eller tyska i 159 reklaminslag. Totalt innehöll 168reklaminslag engelska i någon form, som enda språk eller tillsammans med svenska.Resultaten visar att det inte var någon större skillnad på vid vilken tidpunkt reklam på enbartsvenska sändes. Samma slutsats gick att dra för de reklaminslag som innehöll svenskatillsammans med engelska. Reklam som endast innehöll engelska i någon form sändes mestfrekvent i tidsintervall ett och tre, det vill säga på morgonen och på kvällen.Sammanfattningsvis var svenska det språk som användes mest. Engelska däremot, användesi nästan 50% av reklaminslagen även om det endast användes på egen hand i några få inslag.
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Majoul, Amira. "Transmission du cycle économique des Etats Unis au reste du monde : le cas des pays émergents." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO22002/document.
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La question de la transmission internationale des cycles a reçu une attention considérable en raison de l’intensification de la globalisation économique et financière. La problématique générale de cette thèse s’inscrit dans le prolongement de la littérature consacrée à cette question. Plus précisément, elle focalise son attention sur l’analyse de la transmission du cycle des Etats-Unis sur les pays émergents. Elle comporte trois chapitres. Le premier, en se basant sur une nouvelle approche économétrique en termes de modèle Global VAR, s’attache à étudier l’effet des chocs provenant des Etats-Unis sur les pays émergents. Il confirme l’idée que les Etats-Unis jouent un rôle important dans la transmission des cycles économiques étant donné leur poids dans l’économie mondiale. Le second chapitre propose d’étudier la transmission financière des Etats-Unis en s’intéressant à la crise des subprimes sur ces pays. L’estimation du modèle switch à probabilité variée développée indique que la persistance des stress financiers, le durcissement des conditions du crédit et l’augmentation du risque de non-solvabilité bancaire ont été les causes fondamentales de la transmission financière. La volatilité de l’indice boursier américain a été le facteur clé de la contamination avec tous les pays étudiés. Le troisième chapitre est consacré à étudier si les pays émergents sont en mesure d’adopter des politiques budgétaires contracycliques pouvant atténuer les chocs provenant de l’extérieur. En utilisant le modèle à seuil avec transition lisse en panel (le modèle PSTR), ce chapitre confirme que la politique budgétaire dans les pays émergents est procyclique en période de ralentissement économique et aussi lorsque la dette publique dépasse le seuil critique. De ce fait, une solide position budgétaire est fondamentale pour assurer la stabilité macroéconomiqueThe issue of international transmission cycles has considerably received attention due to the increasing economic and financial globalization. Our thesis is in line with the literature dedicated to this question. More specifically, we focusour attention on the analysis of the transmission cycle of the United States to emerging countries. It consists of three chapters. The first one, based on a new econometric approach in terms of Global VAR model, aims to study the effect of shocks from the U.S. to emerging countries. The main resultconfirms the idea that the United States plays an important role in the transmission of economic cycles given their weight in the world economy. The second chapter proposes to study the financial transmission of the United States by focusing on the subprime crisis on these countries. The estimation of time varyingtransitionprobability (TVTP) Markov switchingmodel indicates that the persistence of financial stress, the tightening of the conditions of the credit and the increase of the risk of Banking solvency constitute the major determinants of the financial transmission. The US stock market volatility is the key factor transmission channel for all the studied countries. The third chapter is devoted to investigate whether emerging countries are able to adopt countercyclical fiscal policies to mitigate the impact from outside. Using the threshold model with smooth transition panel ( the PSTR model ), this chapter confirms that fiscal policy in emerging countries is procyclicalin the slowdown periodand also when public debt exceeds the critical threshold. Therefore, a strong fiscal position is fundamental to ensure macroeconomic stability
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Eickmeyer, David. "The Effects of Retrogressive Thaw Slump Development on Persistent Organic Pollutants in Lake Sediments of the Mackenzie River Delta Uplands, NT, Canada." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/25998.
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Using a comparative spatial and temporal analysis on sediment cores from 8 lakes in the Mackenzie River Delta uplands region, NT, Canada, this study assessed how persistent organic pollutant (POP) deposition to lake sediments was affected by: (1) the presence of retrogressive thaw slumps on lake shores; and (2) changes occurring with increased autochthonous primary productivity. POPs examined included polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), penta- and hexachlorobenzenes (CBzs), and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and metabolites (DDTs). Surface sediments of slump-affected lakes contained higher total organic carbon (TOC)-normalized POP concentrations than nearby reference lakes unaffected by thaw slumps. Inorganic sedimentation rates were positively related to contaminant concentrations, suggesting that the influx of siliciclastic material reducing organic carbon in slump-affected lake water indirectly results in higher concentrations of POPs on sedimentary organic matter. This explanation was corroborated by an inverse relationship between sedimentary POP concentrations and TOC content of the lake water.
Deposition proxies of autochthonous carbon were not significantly correlated to POP fluxes of surface sediments, and historical profile fluctuations did not coincide with variation in POP deposition. Thus this study does not support the contention that algal-derived organic carbon increases the delivery of organic pollutants to sediments (the algal-scavenging hypothesis), as previously proposed for mercury. Higher POP concentrations observed in surface sediments of slump-affected lakes are best explained by simple solvent switching processes of hydrophobic contaminants onto a lower pool of available organic carbon when compared to neighbouring lakes unaffected by thaw slump development.
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Al-Qaisi, Talal, and 安奎道. "Optimization of AID somatic hypermutations system and in situ class switching of Globo H antibodies." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2c257z.
Full textAbstract:
博士國立陽明大學
生化暨分子生物研究所
106
Monoclonal antibodies have become a mainstream treatment option in oncology. Most therapeutic targets have been limited to surface receptors overexpressed on cancer cells. Globo H (GH) is a newly appreciated glycolipid for cancer targeting, which is overexpressed on several cancer types including breast, colon, lung, ovarian, gastric, pancreatic and prostate cancers as well as on breast cancer stem cells. GH was discovered more than 30 years ago, but only two specific antibodies have been reported; MBr1 and VK9.No antibodies against GH have yet been approved for cancer treatment. A general obstacle in the glycobiology field is the difficulty in generating high affinity and specific anti-carbohydrate antibodies. Here, we propose an in situ affinity maturation platform using ectopic expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) to increase the affinity of MBr1 antibody; the most famous and well-studied antibody against Globo H. Affinity maturation requires repeated cycles of mutagenesis, selection and amplification. To generate a general platform for affinity maturation of antibodies, we optimized in situ somatic hypermutagenesis in HEK293FT cells. We found that transgenes integrated into HEK293FT could efficiently accumulate somatic hypermutations (SHM) after repeated transient expression of a hyperactive AID mutant (AID m7.3). Stable expression of AID m7.3 can accumulate SHM in transgenes, but induce genotoxicity and suppress cells replication. Initially, we planned to do affinity maturation directly in hybridoma; we infected MBr1 hybridoma cells with mouse AID and repeated several cycles of sorting. We were able to isolate cells with improved binding to GH probes, but unfortunately, we could not prove that those cells produce antibodies with higher affinity because they did not have any mutation in VL and VH genes. We proposed that improved binding to GH probes is probably attributed to surface molecules other than antibodies. Since hybridoma in situ affinity maturation is hindered by difficulty of introducing AID and nonspecific binding to GH probes, we alternatively decided to use HEK293FT to increase the affinity of GH antibodies. We first generated stable cell lines expressing surface GH antibodies in HEK293FT cells (293FT/MBr1). Diversity can be generated by repeated cycles of AID m7.3 expression. Antibodies with improved binding can be isolated by high throughput fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Specificity of improved antibodies can be maintained by sorting out cells that bind to closely related carbohydrate structures like Gb5, type 1 and type 2 H antigens; this assures that only cells that maintain binding to GH specifically will be collected. This approach may offer a general method to improve the affinity and utility of a wide range of anti-glycan antibodies. AID can also induce class switch recombination (CSR). IgM antibodies cannot diffuse to tissues and are not easy to handle and purify. Using ectopic expression of AID directly in MBr1 and other hybridomas, we succeeded to switch hybridomas from IgM to IgG. IgG hybridomas produce IgG antibodies, which can be easily purified and used for applications occasionally not applicable with IgM antibodies.
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Bhimjee, Diptes Chandrakante Prabhudas. "Three essays on the global financial crisis of 2007-2008." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/6867.
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JEL Classification Codes: G01, E5The present Doctoral Thesis is comprised of three empirical essays addressing the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 – 2008. The said essays analyse distinct, but interconnected issues pertaining to this fundamental research topic. In the first paper, a careful examination is conducted in order to ascertain whether the ‘Subprime’ Crisis in the U.S.A. might have been duly forecasted using publicly available data. This hypothesis is confirmed by using two distinctive methodologies applied to a set of financial indicators, which independently confirm the predictability of the said financial shock. The second paper addresses the degree of heterogeneity of banking responses in forty two countries in the wake of the Global Financial Crisis. By employing a novel methodology – the Heterogeneous Regime-Switching Model (HRSM) –, representative country banking institutions worldwide are deemed to have had quite distinctive and heterogeneous responses to the onset of the global systemic event under scrutiny, and these responses may be grouped according to certain clusters. The third paper addresses the impact of the Global Financial Crisis upon the Euro Area and corresponding sovereign debt schedules. An updated academic survey is first conducted regarding the topic of the impact of excessive Member States’ sovereign debt in the wake of the systemic breakdown. The survey is followed by an empirical study using quadratic econometric specifications demonstrating that the over-accumulation of sovereign debt in the Euro Area is strongly associated with the diminishment of output growth in the latter Area, and that sound sovereign debt thresholds in key Euro Area Member States have been unwisely breached.
A presente Tese Doutoral abarca três ensaios académicos empíricos que analisam a Crise Financeira Global de 2007 – 2008. Estes ensaios analisam questões científicas distintas, mas interligadas entre si, relativamente a este fundamental tópico de investigação. O primeiro ensaio investiga cuidadosamente a hipótese segundo a qual a Crise ‘Subprime’ nos E.U.A. poderia ter sido adequadamente prevista por recurso a dados publicamente disponíveis. Esta hipótese é verificada por recurso a duas metodologias alternativas, devidamente aplicadas a um conjunto de indicadores estritamente financeiros, sendo confirmada a previsibilidade do dito choque financeiro. O segundo ensaio investiga, no seguimento da Crise Financeira Global, o grau de heterogeneidade dos comportamentos de instituições financeiras em quarenta e dois países. Utilizando uma inovadora metodologia – intitulada Heterogeneous Regime-Switching Model (HRSM) –, constata-se que os distintos sistemas financeiros nacionais reagiram de forma diferenciada e heterogénea ao choque financeiro global sob estudo, sendo estas respostas passíveis de serem agrupadas em certas categorias. O terceiro ensaio investiga o impacto económico da Crise Financeira Global sobre a Zona Euro e, em particular, sobre a dinâmica da respectiva dívida soberana. Primeiramente, é elaborado um survey académico actualizado relativamente ao tópico do excessivo endividamento público e respectivo impacto sobre o produto económico, prestando-se particular atenção ao contexto do choque sistémico sob análise. Este survey académico é seguido de uma aplicação empírica envolvendo especificações econométricas quadráticas que atestam que a excessiva acumulação de dívida soberana na Zona Euro está associada a um processo de decrescimento económico da dita Zona, e que níveis óptimos associados a rácios de dívida pública em determinados Estados Membros foram imprudentemente ultrapassados.
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PARISE, LUIGI. "Service continuity in complex power systems: safety, operation and maintenance." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/645095.
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The research aims to define electrical architectures based on the rationalization of the distribution structure and of power sources with the achievement of the primary objectives of service continuity, power quality, safety and safe maintenance.
The thesis consists of two parts: the first part deals with the architecture impact on a complex system analyzing the system configuration and operational safety aspects. New developments and methodologies are presented in the study of critical systems. A theory of complex systems for safety, operation and maintenance aspects is defined that enables to assist the management of the system throughout its whole life cycle and allows an implementation of programming languages.
The second part refers to specific issues of mission critical power systems, data centers and hospitals especially. Several measurements were performed in laboratory and on field to analyze sneaky critical cases for the service continuity and the integrity of these strategic power systems.The research aims to define electrical architectures based on the rationalization of the distribution structure and of power sources with the achievement of the primary objectives of service continuity, power quality, safety and safe maintenance. The thesis consists of two parts: the first part deals with the architecture impact on a complex system analyzing the system configuration and operational safety aspects. New developments and methodologies are presented in the study of critical systems. A theory of complex systems for safety, operation and maintenance aspects is defined that enables to assist the management of the system throughout its whole life cycle and allows an implementation of programming languages. The second part refers to specific issues of mission critical power systems, data centers and hospitals especially. Several measurements were performed in laboratory and on field to analyze sneaky critical cases for the service continuity and the integrity of these strategic power systems.
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Moshirvaziri, Mazhar. "Ultracapacitor/Battery Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicles." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/33458.
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This thesis deals with the design of Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) for Light Electric Vehicles (LEV) and EVs. More specifically, a tri-mode high-efficiency non-isolated half-bridge converter is developed for the LEV based HESS applications. A 2 kW, 100 V interleaved two-phase converter prototype was implemented. The peak efficiency of 97.5% and a minimum efficiency of 88% over the full load range are achieved.
Furthermore, a power-mix optimizer utilizing the real-time Global Positioning System (GPS) data for the EV based HESS is proposed. For a specific design, it is shown that at the cost of less than 1.5% of the overall energy savings, the proposed scheme reduces the peak battery charge and discharge rates by 76% and 47%, respectively. A 30 kW bi-directional dc-dc converter is also designed and implemented for future deployment of the designed HESS into a prototype EV, known as A2B.
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Zelenková, Alena. "Od lingvistických anomálií k subverzi moci: Narušování jazyka moci a vyjádření vykořeněnosti skrze střídání a míšení jazyků v literatuře." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-352561.
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This thesis explores literary code-switching, i.e. multilingual aspects within a single speech, as a key polyphonic structural element in the selected works. First, it analyzes Gloria Anzaldúa's Borderlands: The New Mestiza = La Frontera (1987) as a work, where the author seeks to establish a literary tradition that would reflect the life in borderlands and the given community through a new language. Secondly, the language of photography and multilingual speech patterns in W. G. Sebald's The Emigrants (1992) are considered as vital elements of the authenticity play. The following chapter deals with Franz Kafka's short stories, where gestures form an essential part of, if not the whole stories, and determine the fragmentary nature of such writing. Finally, the importance of language of power, the discourse of social realism altogether with their emergence into private and intimate discussions through repetitions and variations is commented upon in Václav Havel's play The Garden Party (1963).