Journal articles on the topic 'Globalization – Political aspects – European Union countries'
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Чиркин, Вениамин, and Vyeniamin CHirkin. "GLOBALIZATION AND THE BASIC CHANGES OF MODERN CONSTITUTIONS." Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law 2, no. 1 (March 16, 2016): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/18200.
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On the basis of a positive and contrasting comparison, as well as content analysis of new constitutions and fundamental amendments to them the changes in their content, which occur as a result of the modernization, integration and globalization are considered. Modernization and economic (in fact, the economic and political) integration of states leads to the creation of a new form of supranational public legal formation with a different quality of public authorities and supranational law (the most prominent example is the European Union), as globalization leads to the spread of the general regulations of constitutional development in new countries and peoples. The processes of internationalization of the constitutions, the new phenomenon of constitutional convergence, harmonization and antagonisms on a world scale are appeared. Constitutional globalization is seen as the most general direction of development of the constitutional law of the world countries. Modernization and economic integration of states often involves the adoption of the principal amendments to the Constitution, “the Basic Law”, or even the whole constitution in the Muslim fundamentalism countries, where such a document as the Constitution, previously was considered unacceptable and was replaced by the Quran and Sunnah. In the countries of totalitarian socialism the processes of convergence has occurred (on the aspects of regulation of economic relations), but there is no harmonization, there are antagonisms with the constitutional decision of the basic questions of social and political system. In the states — members of the European Union the traditional position of the State Sovereignty is revised, new views on the national and supranational authorities are appeared. The mutual influence of international, supranational (so far only in the EU) and constitutional law takes place.
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Marusynets, Marianna, and Ágnes Király. "Social and political aspects of education reforms in Hungary." Labor et Educatio 8 (2020): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25439561le.20.010.13001.
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The article concentrates on the issue of Hungarian education reforms brought about by radical political changes, in particular, the country’s admittance to the European Union. The paper outlines priorities in educational process transformation, as well as risks emerging in the system of teacher education and lifelong learning. The challenges associated with our times transform the teacher’s consciousness, shiftingfocus to the mandatory use of information technology, the activation of students’ information mobility, and the detailed analysis of employers’ requirements. The study reveals the Hungarian government’s key activities in relation to the socialization of the Roma minority and other national minorities compactly residing in Ukraine. The research illustrated educational resources used to train teachers at educational institutions to instill tolerance and mutual respect. The 2020s’ are marked by powerful globalization and political factors penetrating all spheres of social life. The dynamic formation of the civilized information society is accompanied by a number of contradictions and conflicts, the strengthening of social ties, and changing living conditions (R.ti, 2009), (V.g. and Vass 2006). Despite numerous methodological and conceptual studies, the issues of updating the modern teacher’s training to enableteachers to train and educate students and adequately react to challenges imposed by digitalization remain open. In this respect, the experience of European states that successfully carried out a number of educational reforms is of great scientific interest and deserves to be systematically studied, popularized and introduced into the domestic educational system. One of such countries is Hungary, which borders on Ukraine both territorially and functionally (Transcarpathia is compactly inhabited by Hungarian national minorities). The aim of the article is to substantiate the essence of the key educational reforms in Hungary and to identify the risks and priorities brought about by transformational changes in the country.
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Minakova, Irina V., Tatyana N. Bukreeva, Оlga I. Solodukhina, and Оlga G. Timofeeva. "SPECIAL ASPECTS OF THE MODERN WORLD ECONOMY: TRANSITION FROM A UNIPOLAR TO A MULTIPOLAR WORLD SYSTEM." CBU International Conference Proceedings 6 (September 25, 2018): 356–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v6.1182.
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This paper reveals the consequences of the unipolar system of the world economy provided by the United States leadership in the military-technological, financial-economic, geopolitical and information-ideological spheres. It was established that after the collapse of the socialist camp, the concepts of ‘humanitarian intervention’ and ‘spreading democracy’ were brought to the forefront. In practice, Western European countries have demonstrated their readiness to judge the solutions of domestic political disputes in other countries of the world, especially when it comes to geopolitically important countries. A series of ‘colour revolutions’ have become a demonstration of this policy. Therefore, the globalization of the modern world does not mean the homogenization of development indicators of countries’, but instead leads to further delamination and inequality. The gap between the world leaders and the rest of the world in terms of indicators reflecting the dynamics of the standard of living, the quality of life, scientific and technological progress, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, has significantly increased.It is illustrated that attempts of the US to consolidate its hegemony in the form of ‘leadership’ in the world had led to the erosion of international legal principles enshrined in the United Nations Charter. Therefore, the United States attempts to solve the problems in Iraq and Afghanistan unilaterally has failed.The objective and subjective signs of a global restructuring of the existing unipolar world system are revealed.
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Falkovskyi, Andrii, and Olga Dzhezhik. "FORMATION OF THE MODERN CONCEPT OF EUROPE IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIAL NEO-INSTITUTIONALISM." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, no. 4 (October 29, 2019): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-4-221-226.
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In the scientific discourse of the XXI century, the concept of modern Europe is being reformed under the influence of reforming the activities of the European Union. Scientific publications and research are conducted based on a study of the policies of the European Union countries, EU institutions and structural elements, and the problems that arise in the process of activity and development. The concept of modern Europe is a general term that embraces European values, the European standard of living, European policy, and European priorities, giving the concept of European studies a stable association with the European Union. In this context, the main causes and consequences for the scientific discourse, political practice, and future development of European countries must be considered. Neoinstitutionalists have attempted to analyse institutions based on atomistic methodology. Institutional transformations, processes of intra-European integration and enlargement of the EU, discussions on membership and exit from the EU raise issues of identity and development of governance in Europe. Europeanisation can be seen as a discourse, governance, and institutionalisation. The first interpretation emphasizes that modern Europe is a discourse, not only ideological but also administrative. In this sense, Europeanisation can be a means of expression of institutional globalization through domestic policy. In the article, the hypothesis is put forward and proved that the interpretation of the concept of modern Europe directly correlates with the future development of the European Union and its members. The dissemination of exclusive practices will help to spread the ideas of radical “Eurosceptics”, which could lead to the collapse of the European Union. The inclusive aspect of the concept of Europe is represented by the ideas of “Europeists” who, based on the common history, culture, mentality of the peoples of Europe, substantiate the positive influence on the state development of integration, non-state cooperation, and extrapolation of EU norms and principles into the new territories of Europe. There are three main reasons for shaping the concept of Europe as the boundaries of EU policy: The consolidation of political positions of the European Union and its growing role as an actor in world politics; Essence of the EU enlargement concepts; Features of development within the European community. The modern concept of Europe is considered in the context of a modern multi-level governance model. Therefore, Europeanisation is the interaction of different layers of interests, including structures of regional, multi-level governance, legitimacy of domestic and foreign policy. The impact of the multi-level governance system on the functioning of public administration systems in the Member States and neighbouring countries is considered. Four approaches are identified based on the analysis of relationships between different levels of governance. The necessity of formulating new theoretical paradigms defining the relations between the Member States and the technocratic institutions of the EU, as well as between the Europeanised system of national agencies and the ministries overseeing their activities, has been proved.
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Tkachyk, Fedir. "CORRELATIONAL MONITORING OF FISCAL FEDERALISM IN THE CENTRALIZED AND DECENTRALIZED SYSTEMS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION." Economic Analysis, no. 32(2) (2022): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2022.02.261.
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Introduction. Modern pandemic threats, military-political tensions and conflicts, foreign economic risks, trade wars, financial imbalances encourage the EU countries to group and agglomerate financial potentials in the vertical and horizontal planes. There is a need to study the paradox of what role in this agglomeration is played by the mastery of using the principles of fiscal federalism, tested by a number of both unitary states and federal republics of the European continent. The purpose of the article is to monitor the main determinants of fiscal federalism in increasing the financial potential of the member states of the European Union. Method (methodology). In the course of the research, the following methods were used: dialectical, correlational, generalization, comparison, system analysis, observation, induction and deduction. The results. The article highlights the importance and place of fiscal federalism in the architecture of the financial policy of the European Union. Pragmatic aspects of financing public services in the member states of the European Union have been studied. This made it possible to identify active recipients in the field of attracting financial resources to ensure the priority needs of economic development. It is emphasized that the functional direction of general public spending in the European Union was aimed more at social protection and health care, and to a lesser extent at environmental protection and development of the housing and communal sphere. It has been established that most of the member states of the European Union combine the principles of centralization, federalism, and decentralization (in most cases) in their fiscal doctrine, but there are also clear systems of classical fiscal federalism (Germany, Switzerland). The European approach emphasizes that a secondary effect of globalization is excessive tax optimization, because the functioning of the integrated market makes tax evasion more attractive. An assessment of the influence of key parameters of fiscal federalism on the functioning of centralized and decentralized models of financial policy was carried out. This made it possible to identify the level of influence of the determinants of fiscal federalism on the relevant model through the prism of distinct factors. It is summarized that the use of determinants of fiscal federalism in the financial policy of the European Union is able to strengthen the budgetary and tax effects, which in the final (transformed) vector will lead to a strengthening of the economy and improvement of social standards both in the member states of the union and in individual municipal entities.
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Mashevskyi, Oleh. "EUROPEAN UNION AND GREAT BRITAIN IS SEEKING NEW FORMS OF COOPERATION Review of the monograph by A.V. Grubinko, A. Yu. Martynov “The European Union after BREXIT: a continuation of history” (Ternopil – Kyiv, 2021. 258 p.)." European Historical Studies, no. 19 (2021): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2021.19.8.
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The authors of the monograph focused on the scientific analysis of an actual scientific and applied topic, which concerns the problem of adaptation of the European Union to the new conditions that have emerged since the UK left the EU. It is symbolic that this process coincided with the crisis of the globalization process due to the pandemic and its challenges to international security. The modern European Union is both an international and a state-like entity, which combines the features of at least three state unions: an international intergovernmental organization, a confederation and a federation. This not only determines the complexity of the subject of study, but also its inconsistency. In conditions of radical social change, it is always difficult to track and adequately analyze them. This titanic task is further complicated by the presence of an in-house methodological crisis in the family of social sciences. Therefore, given all these objective difficulties, we can only welcome attempts to find a new theoretical and methodological synthesis, which should help society to understand the essence of historical time and act in it as rationally and efficiently as possible. The pages of the monograph raise questions about the heuristic potential of the study of the problem of European historical experience; in addition, significant attention is paid to the coverage of a systematic approach to the social vector of European policy. It also addresses the issue of solving key social problems that stand in the way of qualitative deepening of European integration while maintaining the basic guidelines of social market economy. Among these issues, the authors highlight and analyze the most important aspects, which relate primarily to overcoming poverty and combating unemployment. The monograph outlines the range of methodological problems of transformational historical period, involved in its study synthesizing approach, which consists in the use of historical, socio-philosophical, economic, political science, legal approaches. This approach allows to restore the synthesis of scientific knowledge, which is often disrupted not only by the tendency to specialized fragmentation of complex objects of study, but also allows to take into account the specifics of the transitional historical period. In a geographical sense, not all European regions are equally developed, due to their different economic specialization, which has developed as a result of the historical division of labor. Eventually, there is a tendency to shifting responsibility for solving the problems of poor regions to themselves. The same German experience with the unification of East and West of the country has shown that even huge investments in infrastructure development, introduction of new technologies, efforts to increase productivity – all this together do not solve quickly enough the problem of social convergence. The leveling of the social space of richer and poorer federal states is rather slow. Last but not least, these problems became a good reason for the Great Britain’s withdrawal from the European Union. The issue of the monograph is of practical importance for the foreign policy of Ukraine. After all, the European Union is an important neighbor, trade and political partner of Ukraine and accession to it is actually declared as a prototype of a strategic national idea. The European project is essentially postmodern, as it seeks to overcome the modernism with which nationalism is associated and to reach a level of tolerant agreement of different national interests. The intensification of the globalization process has prompted integration structures to perform functions that limit national sovereignty. Historiographical discourse of common foreign and defense policy of European Union proves that this strategic course of European integration depends on the ability of elites and peoples of Europe to find a common European identity and organize around it the process of determining the place and role of the European Union in the modern system of international relations. This process in the distant historical perspective remains an open possibility with an unguaranteed positive or negative result. Britain’s withdrawal from the European Union, which was unexpected for many researchers of European integration, matured gradually. The authors of the peer-reviewed monograph list the main trends that influenced this decision. First of all, we are talking about the unregulated EU development strategy, the fate of the common European currency, the imperfection of the system of decision-making in the field of common foreign and security policy, which led to an ineffective EU response to Russian and Chinese autocratic challenges. Despite the objective problems associated with mutual adaptation of old and new EU member states, the European integration project continues to be seen as the key to addressing the challenges of modern life and finding answers to the challenges of globalization. In particular, in the final sixth chapter, the author focuses on the theoretical, methodological and practical analysis of the problem of democracy. The authors of the monograph are looking for an answer to the question of what the European Union will be like after the exit of Great Britain. No less important is the question of whether Britain will become a “global” Britain after leaving the European Union. Of course, Britain is concerned about turning the EU into a superpower that has not only its own flag, anthem, currency, but also the germ of a common European army and tries to pursue a common foreign and defense policy. London advocates stronger resistance from China and ousting Russia from Europe. Changing regional influences in the EU may create a new structure of conflict of interest not only for individual countries but also for various regional groups. The issue of a clear division of powers between supranational and national authorities at all levels seems ripe. More adequate to this trend will be not so much a more centralized federalist Europe as a decentralized confederative one. By the way, the model of the latter looks more open for further expansion. This work is imbued with the spirit of realistic Europeanism. Therefore, not least because of this, the peer-reviewed monograph will become a notable phenomenon in domestic European studies.
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Varol, Cigdem, and Emrah Söylemez. "Border Permeability And Drivers Of Cross-Border Cooperation In The Turkish And Eu Border Region." KnE Social Sciences 1, no. 2 (March 19, 2017): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kss.v1i2.649.
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<p>With the impact of globalization, increasing flows of social, economic and political relations have begun to redefine the state borders which causes the rising of new border identities. By this redefinition process, European Union (EU)'s external wall forming the boundaries with the neighbourhood countries have also begun to be rebuilt at local and regional level. Throughout this process, new frontier identities are formed with a degree of permeability where the state’s security policies act as the prior issue in the international relations.</p><p> </p><p>Border permeability, that contains grey values varying from closeness to full openness, defines the degree of permeability according to the size, shape and direction of the flows. Dynamic feature of the flows converts border space into a subject of continuous social, economic and political movement. In such places, actors leading the flows appear as the basic elements of permeability and they can be described as economic, political and socio-cultural agents. At the edge of supranational and national border, actors use networks, which are connected to both local and regional levels, in order to build up cross-border cooperation in different aspects. In this context, border regions transform into a space, where local actors develop methods to overcome the restrictiveness of constraints for the flows among the supranational and the national borders.</p><p> </p><p>This paper aims to evaluate the permeability between EU supranational border and Turkish national border and to define the new cross-border cooperation formed by the social, economic and political flows of the actors. In this context, the permeability and the new border identity will be assessed through three type of administrative body (supranational, national EU and national non-EU) by using the national and local level data supported by EU cross-border programmes and by in-depth interviews conducted at various actors including national institutions, local organizations and NGOs in Turkey.</p>
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Cherkasov, P. "IMEMO in the First Half of the 2000s (Results of the Research)." World Economy and International Relations 66, no. 4 (2022): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-4-119-132.
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The article summarizes the results of the IMEMO academic affairs in the first half of the 2000s. Like before, the Institute combined fundamental theoretical and applied research. In its work, IMEMO focused on the study of global, regional and national problems of the modern world. An important achievement of the Institute during these years was the prepared long-term forecast of the world economy development until 2015. The annual (2000–2005) analytical reports on the study of armed conflicts, their prevention and control, as well as of global and regional trends in the development of military expenses can be considered another achievement of this kind. These reports were prepared at IMEMO together with the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). IMEMO’s accomplishments include the fundamental work “Transitional Economy: Theoretical Aspects, Russian Problems, International Experience”. In this research, the theoretical problems of the transitional economy were deeply investigated with an emphasis on the achievements of world economic thought, international and accumulated Russian experience of transitional processes was analyzed. The IMEMO scientists were involved in comparative analysis of the influence of new factors (globalization, information civilization, integration processes, international terrorism, etc.) on modern Russia and foreign countries. Along with theoretical research, the Institute regularly prepared analytical materials and expert opinions for the Administration of the President of Russia, the Government, the Federation Council and the State Duma. The IMEMO employees took part in the preparation of materials for the annual messages of the President of Russia to the Federal Assembly, gave their recommendations on military reform and updating the Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation. The Institute was engaged in constant monitoring of the economic and internal situation in various regions and major states of the modern world. The focus of IMEMO analysts was the foreign policy of the United States, the European Union countries, the states of the Middle East, Central Asia and Latin America, as well as the Asia-Pacific region. This ongoing work was carried out in various departments and sectors of the Institute. The author presents the directions and main results of the work of these scientific departments. In general, one of the indicators of the overall performance of IMEMO in 2001–2006 are 256 monographs, collections of scientific papers, conference materials, brochures and reports published by its employees. During these years, the results of current work began to be posted on the IMEMO website.
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COȘEA, Mircea. "A VISION OF THE POST-PANDEMIC ECONOMY." STRATEGIES XXI - National Defence College 1, no. 72 (July 15, 2021): 333–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/2668-5094-21-23.
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Coronavirus has generated changes and mutations not only in the conduct of our daily lives, but also in the organization and functioning of the economic mechanism at national and global level.The rapid changes and shifts that are taking place in the economy are for the moment the result of the political mainstream, especially the governmental one, and of the system of internationalfinancial institutions. What is visible and certain is the elimination of some limits in giving up ideological principles and established rules of the functioning of the economic mechanism. Thus, the neoclassical ideology, the foundation of the whole scaffolding of the global economic policies, easily compromises by admitting that in the current conditions state interventionism has a more important role than free market laws in counteracting the effects of the pandemic on the economy. This process easily went beyond the regulations of the liberalization of trade in goods, returning to protectionism with nationalist accents as well as to bans on food and medicine exports. The principle of European solidarity is being threatened by unilateral decisions taken by Member States, or by the abandonment of European agreements in order to replace them by national decisions. Globalization was based on the imperative to produce, sell and buy, move, circulate, move on. Its ideology of progress is based on the idea that the economy must definitely replace politics. The essence of the system was the abolishment of limits: more trade, more and more goods, more and more profits to allow money to circulate and turn into capital. This whole concept of development has ceased to be the guiding principle of economic growth and development, thecurrent trend being the return to national borders, if not in a strictly territorial sense, at least in an economic sense. That is why one of the important changes of recent months is the emergence of policies designedto change the meaning of supply chains. Rethinking supply chains is a consequence of border closures or of the sudden closure of transport. It is a critical point of pressure that weighs mainly on car manufacturers and capitalgoods. As a result, there will be a trend of relocating production to European or Maghreb countries where wages remain lower than the European average. Another quick and important change is the one related to the role of the state in the economy, neoliberalism successfully promoting throughout the global economy the idea of the need for the limited role of state decision and state interventionism in the economy. The current change consists precisely in reversing the role of the state from passivity to activity, considered as the only one capable of ensuring an efficient system for managing the pandemic and restarting the economy. For many analysts, the coronavirus crisis could lead to a profound change in the global economic model and in the individual economic behavior.This is an extremely important issue also from the perspective of Romania's future. We are at a turning point and will have to make quick and complex decisions, because Romania risks entering a post-crisis period in an economic stagnation difficult to overcome, due to the lack ofproductivity, innovation and modern management. The gaps between Romania and the vast majority of European countries will be maintained, condemning us to occupy a marginal and lower place in the hierarchy of the European economy, characterized by a high and dangerous degree of dependence on the evolution and dynamics of markets in the strong states of the European Union. The explanation of this situation lies in the type and functioning of the structure of the Romanian economy. The current structure of the Romanian economy lies on the last concentric circle of European integration, if its center is considered the western core of theEU. There is no doubt about this inevitability. The crisis caused by the pandemic already exists and despite the optimism of some international financial institutions it will profoundly affect the state of the world economy and the life of the citizens. There will be not only major changes in the paradigm of the neoliberal model of the global economy but also changes in the balance of power between the world's major economic and political actors. The trade war between the USA and China is also beginning to have important political aspects, as the fight for world leadership between these two superpowers is generating tensions over the entire world. These tensions will surely have many "collateral victims" through the direct and indirect damage that many national economies, even the European Union, will suffer, as a result of the economicand political consequences of the US and China entering a state that some Western analysts define as " a cold war but with a tendency to warm up". These elements will aggravate the pressure that the pandemic crisis will put on the state of the world economy, determining the extent and depth of the effects of the crisis not only on the economic field but also on the balance and stability of international relations.Keywords: coronavirus crisis; value chains; multilateralism-unilateralism; protectionism, neoliberal global economic model.
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Angheluță, Petrică Sorin, Svetlana Platagea Gombos, Ciprian Rotaru, and Anna Kant. "Aspects of globalization of employment in the European Union." SHS Web of Conferences 129 (2021): 08001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202112908001.
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Research background: The influence exerted by globalization manifests predominantly in field of employment. The challenges generated by this process are amplified by technological developments. Facilities of movement and establishment in various regions, and the new opportunities for conducting professional activities, have led to increased mobility of employment. Globalization has led to a growing interest of businesses to operate outside their own country. Purpose of the article: In the current context, the purpose of the article is to analyze whether in the field of employment there is a tendency to increase the share of persons employed in enterprises controlled from outside the EU in total EU employment. Methods: The article presents the comparative situation of the number of persons employed for enterprises controlled from outside the EU. The article also presents an analysis of the number of persons employed for enterprises controlled from inside the European Union. Findings & Value added: Following the analysis, there is an increase in employment in enterprises controlled from inside the EU in total EU employment. Also, depending on the economic activity, there is a higher distribution for the following economic activities: Manufacturing, Wholesale and retail trade, Administrative and support service activities, Information and communication, Transportation and storage. Regarding the comparative situation of the number of employed persons for enterprises controlled by all countries of the world for total business economy, except financial and insurance activities, a number of over 5 million employed persons was registered in 6 countries (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Poland, Netherlands). Regarding the situation of the foreign control of enterprises by economic activity, controlled by all countries of the world for total business economy, except financial and insurance activities, at the level of the European Union the economic activities in which more than 10 million people are employed are: Manufacturing, Wholesale and retail trade, Administrative and support service activities, Construction, Professional, scientific and technical activities, Accommodation and food service activities and Transportation and storage.
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Pruskus, Valdas. "GLOBALIZATION AND NATIONAL IDENTITY: THE ASPECTS OF POLITICAL ETHICS." CREATIVITY STUDIES 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2008): 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/2029-0187.2008.1.199-209.
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The article shows that globalization makes the largest influence on three significant guarantees of national identity (and freedom) preservation: language, economic and political independence. The possibilities to preserve and to consolidate freedom are discussed as well. The first theme analyzed is the worship and promotion of language, cultural and national values which mean not only safety but also openness and accessibility for other cultures (interchange). The second is the renunciation of servant position in relation with the European Union, the self‐spread and defence of economic interests. The third is more active defend of political interests in the European Union in search for the partners whose interests seceded to coincide with ours. The fourth is the implementation of the political self‐government principle, which should be grounded on the striving to preserve the national identity and culture which supply civil society. This way the gap between authorities and inhabitants decreases, it diminishes the distrust of citizens in authorities and it increases responsibility and accountability of authorities to the people who elected them. It is hoped that everything above mentioned would form more favourable environment for national self‐awareness and freedom to spread and grow strong as well.
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Oosterhof, Albert. "Legal Aspects of the EU Enlargement Negotiations." Leiden Journal of International Law 7, no. 2 (1994): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156500002983.
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The recently concluded enlargement negotiations between the European Union and four applicant countries -Austria, Sweden, Finland and Norway-have so far been the last in a series of intensive negotiating efforts since the conclusion of the Treaty on the European Union (EU), the Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEA), the European Agreements with the Central and Eastern European countries and the conclusion of the Uruguay Round.
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Merdić, Alem, and Hasan Mahmutović. "SOME THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION." Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation 7, no. 2 (September 2017): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.21554/hrr.091711.
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One of the basic links of the process of globalization are economic integrations. The aim of this paper is to systematize theoretical achievements and to review the forms, effects and conditions for connecting countries motivated by economic benefits. In addition to the theoretical review of the conceptual definition of economic integration, the focus is on the levels of economic integration from the free-trade zone to the monetary and fiscal union, explaining the specificity of each of the mentioned levels. Considering that the connection between countries always raises the question of the benefits and costs of connection, the special emphasis in this paper is placed on the potential effects for free trade. Finally, the greatest contribution of this paper is the systematization and theoretical review of the theory of optimal currency area and monetary integration, which is especially significant for the European soil, taking into account the already established European Monetary Union.
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Doronina, Olha. "LIFELONG LEARNING STRATEGIES IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES." Grail of Science, no. 16 (July 11, 2022): 471–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science.17.06.2022.074.
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A traditional definition of lifelong learning is “all learning activity conducted throughout life with the goal of enhancing knowledge, skills, and competences within a personal, civic, societal, or employment-related viewpoint” (European Commission, 2001). Over the years, the European Union has placed a strong emphasis on the development of the knowledge triangle "education, innovation, and research," as well as the development of skills. Lifelong learning has been deemed a high political priority by numerous EU organizations with a series of decisions and resolutions (European Commission, 2021). It has been acknowledged that to ensure an individual's life development and self-fulfillment, it is vital to regularly update knowledge and competences as a result of increasing skill differentiation and globalization.
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Živković, Jelena. "Competitiveness of the Southeast European Countries in the Conditions of the Globalization." Economic Themes 59, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 479–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ethemes-2021-0027.
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Abstract Globalization is a process often identified with the economic integration of countries, the creation of a single market while neglecting other aspects of globalization. Besides its economic dimension, The KOF index of globalization includes the social and political dimensions. One of the questions is how the countries manage to strengthen their competitive position in the international market in the age of globalization. Is it challenging to maintain a stable competitive position in the conditions of greater connection of countries and in what form? For this reason, the paper deals with the change of the Global Competitiveness Index, a renowned measure of the competitiveness of national economies according to the methodology of the World Economic Forum, under the influence of increased economic globalization of Southeast European countries. It also estimates the impact of globalization, or its economic, social and political dimension on the economic growth of Southeast European countries, which is one of the requirements for successful positioning on the international economic scene.
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Nowakowska -Grunt, Joanna, and Piotr Maśloch. "Globalization and New Trends in Management – Europe Union Security Aspects." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.28 (May 16, 2018): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.28.12916.
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This article attempts to define what contemporary globalization is and present opportunities and threats this process generates. The purpose of this paper is also to show how dynamically the reality in Europe is changing and how new threats associated with economy, management and other processes. The globalization processes of the economies worldwide and the dynamic development of trade and international cooperation create new conditions and threats, under which countries and social-political-economic organizations (e.g. EU) must operate.Experience over the last years has shown, that even the strongest supporters of openness to other values and culture, which are new for Europe, have revised their views, surprised by the scale of illegal immigrations and others EU security aspects.
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Zvozdetska, Oksana. "Combating Disinformation in the European Union: Legal Aspects." Mediaforum : Analytics, Forecasts, Information Management, no. 9 (December 28, 2021): 245–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mediaforum.2021.9.245-262.
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Today, both Ukraine and European countries are subject to disinformation and foreign intervention in their domestic policies. Each democracy no matter its geography experiences its distinct vulnerabilities and respectively, reactions to foreign interference. It should be stated, the immediate responses to such challenges in most Western countries have been rare and sluggish, hampered by legal constraints and bureaucracy, and furthermore, they lacked a real political awareness of the problem or proof of its further impact. Foreign actors are increasingly using disinformation strategies to influence public debate, stir controversy and interfere in democratic decision-making. Responding to these new challenges, the European Commission has introduced a set of actions and tools to better regulate the digital ecosystem of the media and its participants, in particular, the formation and improvement of the legal framework to combat disinformation in the European information space. The researcher’s focus revolves around the European Union’s comprehensive approach to vigorous combating misinformation. The research data prove that since 2015, the EU has adopted a number of regulations to counter this information threat and the potential effects of foreign interference. In particular, in 2016 the EU adopted a document “Joint Framework on countering hybrid threats, a European Union response”, and “Action Plan against Disinformation”, respectively in 2018. These documents provide a baseline for understanding the diverse types of challenges other countries face and how they are addressing them. Consequently, a number of initiatives and projects of the European institutions, and the first worldwide self-regulatory “EU Code of Practice on Disinformation” issued in 2018 on a voluntary basis, have become main pillars of the EU. The Code identifies issues related to ensuring the transparency of political advertising, strengthening efforts to close active counterfeits. accounts, enabling users to report misinformation and access various news sources, while improving the visibility and reliability of authoritative content; enabling the research community to monitor disinformation on the Internet through access to these platforms, compatible with the confidentiality signed by the largest Internet platforms and social media (Google, Facebook, Twitter and Mozilla) in the framework of WMC self-regulation activities. It should be noted that the implementation of the “European Union Code of Practice on Countering Disinformation” has yielded ambiguous fruits. Self-regulation was the first logical and necessary step, but few stakeholders were fully satisfied with the process or its outcome, significant challenges remain for building trust through industry, governments, academia and civil society engagement.
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Kusztykiewicz-Fedurek, Aleksandra. "Political aspects of security of the European Union Member States." Przegląd Europejski, no. 3.20 (September 1, 2020): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.3.20.6.
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Political security is very often considered through the prism of individual states. In the scholar literature in-depth analyses of this kind of security are rarely encountered in the context of international entities that these countries integrate. The purpose of this article is to draw attention to key aspects of political security in the European Union (EU) Member States. The EU as a supranational organisation, gathering Member States first, ensures the stability of the EU as a whole, and secondly, it ensures that Member States respect common values and principles. Additionally, the EU institutions focus on ensuring the proper functioning of the Eurozone (also called officially “euro area” in EU regulations). Actions that may have a negative impact on the level of the EU’s political security include the boycott of establishing new institutions conducive to the peaceful coexistence and development of states. These threats seem to have a significant impact on the situation in the EU in the face of the proposed (and not accepted by Member States not belonging to the Eurogroup) Eurozone reforms concerning, inter alia, appointment of the Minister of Economy and Finance and the creation of a new institution - the European Monetary Fund.
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Atanasova, Irina, and Tsvetomir Tsvetkov. "Globalization and Income Inequality: Comparative Analysis of the European Countries." SHS Web of Conferences 92 (2021): 08003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219208003.
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Research background: The globalization of the European countries within the EU and the Eurozone is primarily economic and is expressed by the free trade and the movement of capital and labour, which determines the incomes and the GDP. Globalization and its impact on inequality is becoming an essential and problematic issue, especially in the context of on-going economic integration processes between the countries in Europe, which seek to converge their economic, social and political systems in the Euro area. The process of inequality has become even more relevant in the context of globalization. Purpose of the article: The paper aims to examine the impact of globalization on the inequality in the developed and the emerging economies in Europe. Methods: On the basis of an econometric assessment, a comparative analysis of the effect of globalization on the inequality in the developed European countries and the emerging countries is carried out. Findings & Value added: The paper analyses the essential aspects and the effects of the income inequality dynamics, both horizontally and vertically. It also addresses the question of whether the effect of globalization on the economic growth and the inequality is the same for the developing and the developed countries, respectively. Based on the research, seven important conclusions are reached.
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Och, Jarosław. "Specific aspects of European and Polish migrations at the begging of the 21st century." Journal of Geography, Politics and Society 9, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/jpgs.2019.4.07.
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The text focuses on the migration in the European Union and in Poland at the begging of the 21st century. It aims to prove that even if the reasons and consequences of migration are varied, they have significantly shaped the development of human civilization and have been a part of human socialization. Furthermore, this text points out that the phenomena of globalization and democratization have affected the population movement and caused new patterns of contemporary migration. The European Union is a great example of cooperation between different countries in order to realize the principle of free population movement, which was put to the test over past years. Additionally, this article characterizes the Polish migration, especially the inflow of immigrants to Poland. Poland has become an emigration and an attractive immigration country. This text revels also the consequences of migration in modern Europe.
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Grill, Christiane, and Hajo Boomgaarden. "A network perspective on mediated Europeanized public spheres: Assessing the degree of Europeanized media coverage in light of the 2014 European Parliament election." European Journal of Communication 32, no. 6 (August 21, 2017): 568–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267323117725971.
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The European Union has become an active political player in the political realm, raising the question about the European Union’s linkages with all aspects of political life reflected in national Europeanized public spheres. This study offers empirical evidence on the extent to which mass media support, challenge or even ignore political representatives in European Union affairs, and thus legitimize, respectively delegitimize European Union governance. The analysis is based on large-scale content analyses of print, TV and online news gathered before and after the 2014 European Parliament election in Austria ( N = 6432). Semantic networks show that national media focus on the European Union’s legislative body, the implications of the European Union’s exclusive competences on the nation state and on well-established European Union member countries. In doing so, national Europeanized public spheres constituted by the media legitimize the European Union’s governance in these areas while other aspects of European integration are ignored.
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Krošláková, Monika, and Radoslava Mečiar. "The Selected Aspects of Gender Equality in European Union." Studia commercialia Bratislavensia 5, no. 19 (December 1, 2012): 411–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10151-012-0007-6.
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Abstract Despite the laws and regulations that should ensure equal gender treatment, women are still disadvantaged in all businesses and public sector. This discrimination is manifested particularly in the approach to jobs, financial evaluation, political nominations and opportunities of developing their abilities regardless of gender. The gender differences in work and public life remain even today the most visible evidence of inequality between men and women in our society. The gender equality is one of the fundamental principles of EU law and all its member countries committed to be in the compliance with it. This article reviews the current state of gender equality in EU.
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Bolonina. "“Non-Recognition” of the EAEU by the European Union: Political Aspects." Contemporary Europe 101, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 200–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope12021200208.
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The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) positions itself as an open integration formation and considers the cooperation with external partners as a key feature of its functioning. However, while it is developing a growing network of trade agreements in the framework of a Great Eurasian Partnership, it faces difficulties in establishing a formal dialogue with a neighboring integration formation – the European Union (EU). In this article we propose to analyze political causes of such “non-recognition”, conditioned by the context of political tensions between Russia and the EU countries and by the perception of the EAEU as a tool for promotion of an integration model, alternative to the European one. The article offers recommendations to enhance the dialogue between the two integration unions, oriented at strengthening of objective economic prerequisites for EU ‒ EAEU cooperation, as well as at the formation of the EAEU identity, separate from the identities of its member-states.
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Tarabar, Danko. "Regional integration and entrepreneurship: evidence from European Union." Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy 7, no. 2 (July 9, 2018): 117–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jepp-d-18-00003.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to empirically uncover the relationship between economic integration and levels of entrepreneurial activity across 24 EU countries between 2004 and 2012. The deepening of EU integration corresponds to increases in the size and competitiveness of domestic markets as member states reorient economic activity toward the larger, competitive single market. Spillovers of both economic and political dimensions of integration in the common market on micro firm and self-employment are considered. The paper contributes to the understanding of the hypothesized relationship between globalization and the rise of entrepreneurial economy. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses fixed effects linear regression models to estimate the marginal effects of economic integration on entrepreneurial activity. Several dependent variables and controls for social, economics, and institutional context are used to confirm the robustness of the results. Findings The paper finds that increased economic activity of member countries within the EU common market, as well as institutional compliance and integration in the European Monetary Union and Schengen Agreement are positively and significantly associated with the rise of entrepreneurship. Notably, it is found that a standard deviation increase in economic and political integration is associated with, respectively, 16 and 7.2 percent increase in micro firm density. Some preliminary evidence on the quality of the arising entrepreneurial activity are also given. Originality/value The paper takes stock of existing descriptive and theoretical literature on global economic integration and entrepreneurship to uncover, for the first time, the empirical relationship between entrepreneurship and levels of economic and political integration within the EU bloc.
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Lopandic, Dusko. "European Union in the new international surroundings." Medjunarodni problemi 60, no. 2-3 (2008): 199–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0803199l.
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The author analyses the development of EU in the new international surroundings during the last decade, also exploring the development of the European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP). The first part treats the changes in international relations, the role of USA and the NATO evolution. With the changes in international relations that are characterized by the relative weakening of USA, the rise of the powers such as China and Russia as well as the process of globalization within the multipolar frameworks, the European Union and its members states are facing the problem of adjusting to the new conditions. The second part of the article overviews the EU development, its geostrategic priorities as well as the development of ESDP. In the last dozen of years, the Common Foreign and Security Policy and the ESDP development have gone through a dynamic evolution. The attempts of the EU countries to emancipate from USA and become a serious factor in international relations imply that it should strengthen its international identity, and the political and military components, in particular.
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Lupoiu, Diana Valentina, and Cristi Raceanu. "The economic impact of migration in the Era of Globalization." Proceedings of the International Conference on Applied Statistics 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2019): 304–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/icas-2019-0027.
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Abstract The phenomenon of globalization has greatly influenced migration in recent years in the European Union. In this article we aim to analyze the benefits of migration in the economy by emphasizing the impact of remittances on the economic development of a country. Remittances are considered as an external source of important, stable funds that help the economic development of a country. We identify also the macroeconomic determinants of remittances. For the statistical and econometric analysis of these factors, we have chosen to use the Panel Data Regression for the countries of the European Union. To analyze the benefits of remittances, the most appropriate macroeconomic indicator is GDP. So in the first part of the article we will present the impact of globalization and migration on remittances, and in the second part we will highlight the economic growth through the presence of remittances. This article examines the role of migrants as a particular segment of the market and as a resource for development. All aspects to be analyzed will outline an overview of population emigration and factors that influence the development of the economy at a time when globalization is on the rise.
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Talts, Mait. "Some Aspects of the Baltic Countries’ Pre- and Post- Accession Convergence to the European Union." Baltic Journal of European Studies 3, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 58–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjes-2013-0005.
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AbstractThis comprehensive article provides an overview of the broader process of political, legal and societal changes characterizing the Baltic countries’ convergence towards the European Union. The article aims to identify the specific areas and issues which reveal both similarities and differences between the three Baltic countries. Special focus has been given to issues of economic development, economic policy choices, employment, public opinion and some legal aspects. The article, first of all, tries to reveal the differences between Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania stemming from different economic policy decisions made by the Baltic countries in the 1990s as well as from to the fact that in 1997-1999 the European Union treated the Baltic countries somewhat differently in terms of conditionality. However, during the 21st century, especially due to the economic recession, the ‘Baltic clocks’ have been synchronized despite the obvious differences in political system and levels of economic development. The author of the current article believes that the main factor behind that development was the convergence to European Union.
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Anjos, Maria do Rosário. "Free Competition and Fiscal Policy in European Union." Journal of International Business Research and Marketing 6, no. 6 (September 2021): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/jibrm.1849-8558.2015.66.3004.
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Fiscal policy and the harmonization of tax laws are extremely important in order to prevent distortions of free competition in UE. The process of European Union construction is based on integration and liberalization of markets in order a loyal and free competition. This issue is really important in order to crisis superaction. In this context the fiscal policy has a very significant impact on countries economics in EU and on company’s management, especially for those most exposed to globalization. The impact of taxes on free competition, economic growth and employment is quite evident since the EU foundation. So, it would be expected a more significant progress towards fiscal harmonization among EU countries. However, until now the question of tax harmonization had no results. It remains a sensitive question in EU. Almost two decades after the entry of the Euro, after a deep economic crisis that endangered the European project, face to BREXIT, we raised some questions as base to this work: what are the political and institutional limitations to tax harmonization in EU? Why there are no further progress was made in the field of tax harmonization, at least, in company’s income? How does this affect social cohesion? What are the effects on economic and social cohesion? This study intends to reflect on the political and institutional constraints of the tax harmonization, quite necessary to the effective process of economic and social integration within the EU. As methodology, we will use a comparative study about income taxes in several EU countries and the relation to GDP, as well the deductive method to analyze the results we find and some reference studies on the subject. In conclusion, we will present the analyze the results and try to answer to these questions. With this study we pretend give a contribution in order to find an answer to the investigation questions.
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do Rosário Anjos, Maria. "Free Competition and Fiscal Policy in European Union." International Journal of Operations Management 1, no. 1 (2020): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijom.2757-0509.2020.11.4005.
Full textAbstract:
Fiscal policy and the harmonization of tax laws are extremely important in order to prevent distortions of free competition in UE. The process of European Union construction is based on integration and liberalization of markets in order a loyal and free competition. This issue is really important in order to crisis superaction. In this context the fiscal policy has a very significant impact on countries economics in EU and on company’s management, especially for those most exposed to globalization. The impact of taxes on free competition, economic growth and employment is quite evident since the EU foundation. So, it would be expected a more significant progress towards fiscal harmonization among EU countries. However, until now the question of tax harmonization had no results. It remains a sensitive question in EU. Almost two decades after the entry of the Euro, after a deep economic crisis that endangered the European project, face to BREXIT, we raised some questions as base to this work: what are the political and institutional limitations to tax harmonization in EU? Why there are no further progress was made in the field of tax harmonization, at least, in company’s income? How does this affect social cohesion? What are the effects on economic and social cohesion? This study intends to reflect on the political and institutional constraints of the tax harmonization, quite necessary to the effective process of economic and social integration within the EU. As methodology, we will use a comparative study about income taxes in several EU countries and the relation to GDP, as well the deductive method to analyze the results we find and some reference studies on the subject. In conclusion, we will present the analyze the results and try to answer to these questions. With this study we pretend give a contribution in order to find an answer to the investigation questions.
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Martinkovič, Marcel, Vasyl Marchuk, Yevheniy Haydanka, Iryna Kiyanka, and Sergiy Vonsovych. "Pedagogical and political concept of interaction of Ukraine and Visegrad Group." LAPLAGE EM REVISTA 7, no. 3D (October 10, 2021): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-6220202173d1703p.159-166.
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In the context of globalization and the development of integration processes, the geographical expansion of the European Union, new actors in the system of international relations, in particular regional associations, are acquiring increasing importance. Taking this into account, Ukraine not only declared its intention to join the European Union, but also identified as one of the priorities of its foreign policy course the building up of cooperation with the Visegrad Group countries, with the help of the EU instruments, which form a new architecture of international relations. The main purpose of the article is to review the political and pedagogical concept of interaction with the Visegrad Group. A number of formal-logical, systemic, structural and institutional research methods were applied. As a result, the political and pedagogical side of the concept of interaction with the Visegrad Group was revealed.
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Martynov, A. "The Populist Party in the Countries of the European Union: the Ideological Profile and Activities at the Beginning of XXI Century." Problems of World History, no. 4 (June 8, 2017): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2017-4-7.
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The article highlights the political renaissance of European right-wing populist skeptics in most countries of the European Union. These political parties to the global economic crisis in 2008, when the process of European integration was on the rise, remained on the margins of politics. The crisis of the liberal model of globalization, the influx of refugees from crisis areas of conflict in the Middle East and North Africa, increased social contradictions reanimated populist right-wing ideology. This socio-political response to this reality has pushed the popularity of far-right nationalist political forces in most Central European countries. In terms of ideology classification of these political forces are represented as populists “left” orientation (the French “National Front”) and “right” populists (the party “Alternative for Germany”). This fact confirms the erosion of traditional ideological markers in politics and the crisis of determining its strategy and tactics.
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ZHELANOV, DMYTRO. "HIGHER EDUCATION OF SWEDEN: EUROPEAN STANDARDS AND SCANDINAVIAN STYLE." Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University 6, no. 1 (April 17, 2019): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.6.1.126-132.
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The article analyzes certain aspects of the development of higher education in Sweden in the context of modern globalization and integration of socio-economic processes in the countries of the European Union. The article studies the position regarding the features of modern higher education, connected with its output beyond the limits of individual states and transformation into an international institution. It is proved that this circumstance determines significant achievements in the integrated development of the European higher education, leaving, at the same time, the risks of losing its national features and dropping the level of higher education in countries that are not well targeted for the welfare of the population. The necessity of taking into account the essence of these risks has been substantiated in order to increase the competitiveness of Ukrainian higher education institutions in their interrelation and cooperation with universities of Europe. The expediency of studying and introducing the best foreign experience in the national higher education system of the Scandinavian countries in particular and, namely, of Sweden, has been proved.
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Emanuele, Vincenzo, Bruno Marino, and Davide Angelucci. "The congealing of a new cleavage? The evolution of the demarcation bloc in Europe (1979–2019)." Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica 50, no. 3 (July 6, 2020): 314–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ipo.2020.19.
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AbstractOver recent years, a new transnational conflict has been deemed to be structuring political conflict in Europe. Several scholars have posited the emergence of a new ‘demarcation’ vs. ‘integration’ cleavage, pitting the ‘losers’ and ‘winners’ of globalization against each other. This new conflict is allegedly structured along economic (free trade and globalization), cultural (immigration and multiculturalism), and institutional [European Union (EU) integration] dimensions. From an empirical viewpoint, it is still a matter of discussion whether this conflict can be interpreted as a new cleavage, which could replace or complement the traditional ones. In this context, the European Parliament (EP) elections of 2019 represent an ideal case for investigating how far this new cleavage has evolved towards structuring political competition in European party systems. In this paper, by relying on an original dataset and an innovative theoretical and empirical framework based on the study of a cleavage's lifecycle, we test whether a demarcation cleavage is structuring the European political systems. Moreover, we assess the evolution of this cleavage across the 28 EU countries since 1979 and the role it plays within each party system. The paper finds that the demarcation cleavage has emerged in most European countries, mobilizing over time a growing number of voters. In particular, this long-term trend has reached its highest peak in the 2019 EP election. However, although the cleavage has become an important (if not the main) dimension of electoral competition in many countries, it has not reached maturity yet.
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Квеліашвілі, І. М. "Brexit: signs of disintegration of the EU customs union under the conditions of globalization." PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ASPECTS 7, no. 4 (May 23, 2019): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/151923.
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The processes of changing the world's space, turning it into a single zone, the unimpeded movement of goods, services, information, capital are aspects of the globalization of world economies. In this space, ideas that contribute to the development of relevant institutional formations and form their communicative connections are more freely distributed. Ukraine is on the way to solving the European integration tasks defined in the Association Agreement with the EU, the implementation of customs legislation, the purpose of which is not only the establishment and existence of a free trade zone, but also a more in-depth integration. The purpose of the article is to review possible scenarios concerning the conditions of movement of goods across the customs border, in the event of a final decision on the withdrawal of Great Britain from the EU Customs Unio Today, it has already been recognized that the integration persistence of the EU Customs Union was threatened by the name Brexit. This phenomenon, as a challenge to integration in a globalized world, gives impetus to a moderate choice of concept and form of integration for the future perspective of economic development of the member countries and candidate -countries for membership in the Community. The European integration policy of Ukraine's economic policy, along with urgent issues requiring a priority solution and fulfillment of obligations, should also be considered under the criterion of probable risks and threats to national interests. The article gives moderate arguments from UK analysts regarding the UK's exit from the EU, the urgent issues regarding the varied prospects of customs relations between the European Union and the UK, as well as the EU Customs Union. Influence of possible scenarios of "soft Brexit", "hard Brexit" on foreign economic activity of the country and its activity.
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Jimon, Ștefania Amalia, Nicolae Balteș, and Florin Cornel Dumiter. "Empirical Approaches Upon Pension Systems in Central and Eastern European Countries. Triangle Assessment: Free Movement of People, Labor Market and Population Health Features." Studia Universitatis „Vasile Goldis” Arad – Economics Series 30, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sues-2020-0001.
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AbstractNowadays, around the world, it can be noticed an important trend towards the pension system reforms. The creation of the European fiscal space, the effects of globalization and the movement of the labour force are important vectors towards creating a new type of social economy. The labour force is constantly moving around the countries that gathered important amounts of capital, especially in industrialized countries. Moreover, the lower levels of the birth rate combined with the increasing level of death rate unbalance the labour market. The entire European continent undergoes a demographical transition period, highlighted by aging and intensive migration. This phenomenon is registered both outside and inside the European Union, especially upon the highest industrialized Western countries. In this context, the human capital role and quality gain an important topic throughout the social and economic developments. In this article, we tackle some important aspects regarding the correlation between the actual status quo of population structure and some important features of future pension systems.
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Djurovic, Gordana, and Damjan Lajh. "Relationship with the European Union: Slovenia and Montenegro Compared." Politics in Central Europe 16, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 667–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pce-2020-0030.
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Abstract As part of former Yugoslavia and non -members of the Eastern Bloc, Slovenia and Montenegro enjoyed a special status and relationships with the European Communities (EC) before most other socialist countries. Economic and social interactions with the EC and its member states thus formed part of Slovenian and Montenegrin life even during socialism, particularly after Yugoslavia signed special agreements on trade relations with the EC in the 1970s and 1980s. In this respect, Europeanisation as ‘practical’ integration with the EC was closely linked with liberalisation processes concerning the economy, society and politics along with democratic transition processes that began in the late 1980s. When Slovenia joined the European Union (EU) in 2004 following a relatively smooth integration process, Montenegro was still holding EU candidate member status, after having officially started its accession negotiations in June 2012. The article analyses selected development and integration aspects of Slovenia and Montenegro, their relationship with the EU, together with their similarities and differences. The aim is to highlight developments in both countries and determine whether Slovenia, as an ex -Yugoslav republic and EU member since 2004, may serve as a good example for Montenegro to follow while pursuing European integration.
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Razić, Sanel, and Merim Kasumović. "MACROECONOMIC STABILITY OF NEW MEMBER STATES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION: FIFTH ENLARGEMENT." ЗБОРНИК РАДОВА ЕКОНОМСКОГ ФАКУЛТЕТА У ИСТОЧНОМ САРАЈЕВУ 8, no. 19 (February 10, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/zrefis1919055r.
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The historical context of globalization as an organized process, which influenced the majority of national economies linked via international institutional mediators, led to the so called regional economic integration phenomenon. It is interpreted as the efforts of underdeveloped and developing countries to speed up their economic growth and more significantly impact the entire macroeconomic stability by means of some form of regional integration. Nowadays, regional economic integration is one of the pillars for proper functioning of modern economic relations. Experience of developed countries serves as an example to point out that integration processes inevitably contribute to more favorable environment for developing business sector in the countries striving for integration. In the context of global integrations, more frequent forms of regional changes and the establishment of trade blocks come as the consequence as well as the overall need for obtaining trade balance among national economies. Within this context, the European Union is seen as one of the most important regional integration and an imperative in economic, political and cultural segment, as it is the territory with significant economic growth and the region with high living standards.
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Guiso, Luigi, Helios Herrera, Massimo Morelli, and Tommaso Sonno. "Global crises and populism: the role of Eurozone institutions*." Economic Policy 34, no. 97 (January 1, 2019): 95–139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/epolic/eiy018.
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SUMMARY Populist parties are likely to gain consensus when mainstream parties and status quo institutions fail to manage the shocks faced by their economies. Institutional constraints, which limit the possible actions in the face of shocks, result in poorer performance and frustration among voters who turn to populist movements. We rely on this logic to explain the different support of populist parties among European countries in response to the globalization shock and to the 2008–11 financial and sovereign debt crisis. We predict a greater success of populist parties in response to these shocks in Eurozone (EZ) countries, and our empirical analysis confirms this prediction. This is consistent with voters’ frustration for the greater inability of the EZ governments to react to difficult-to-manage globalization shocks and financial crises. Our evidence has implications for the speed of construction of political unions. A slow, staged process of political unification can expose the European Union to a risk of political backlash if hard to manage shocks hit the economies during the integration process.
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Sagatova, Slavka. "The Impact of globalization on the development of creative industries businesses." SHS Web of Conferences 74 (2020): 04023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20207404023.
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The creative industry represents the potential for economic growth worldwide. Even though there is no single definition of it, it can be generally said that these are the economic sectors in which the primary production factor are people, their individual creativity, ability, and talent. Creative industries can also be said to be created at the interface of innovation and culture, where they overlap. The article focuses on the analysis of the creative industries development in the Slovak Republic in the context of the development of creative industries in other European Union countries. Based on the gained knowledge, it points out the regional differences in the creative world of European countries. The article also tries to identify the link between globalization influences and the development of the creative industry, using the KOF index. This index represents a quantitative expression of the level of globalization in terms of its economic, political, and sociological development. This enables a comparison of the the selected indicator development of the creative industry with the development of globalization. The research methods used include time series analysis as well as correlation methods. The obtained results suggest that the creative industries is developing independently of globalization trends.
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Aliyeva, Aygun. "Methodological aspects of cluster policy formation in Azerbaijan." Technium Social Sciences Journal 10 (July 18, 2020): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v10i1.1249.
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Foreign experience demonstrates that countries’ strategies in cluster policy differ depending on national traditions and culture of their strategy engineering process, as well as on the cluster concept. Analysis of information sources shows that technical and methodological framework for cluster policy formulation have not been clearly and unambiguously studied in science.
The most important methodological document on cluster policy is the European Cluster Memorandum signed by the Member States of the European Union in 2006 [3]. It defined the essence and importance of clusters in innovation development and identified the key provisions of cluster policy.
One of the essential methodological issues is the role of government in the formation of clusters. The following factors can be associated with the state’s growing influence on clustering processes:
market weakness, increase in the volume and value of public goods;
an objective priority of public interest in the context of globalization;
the need to protect the national economy in the international economic relations;
the need for institutional regulations in the national and global economy.
Foreign experience demonstrates that the numerous cluster initiatives running in major developed countries over the last few years have been brought forward by local or regional governments. In relatively small developed countries and in a number of developing countries, the government plays an essential role in the cluster development initiative, especially when local and regional government agencies cannot partner with the private sector. A number of decisions on clusters have been adopted at national level in countries with centralized decision-making process.
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Vasil'ev, V. "Anti-Crisis Policies of A. Merkel in Framework of European Union." World Economy and International Relations, no. 5 (2013): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2013-5-56-66.
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The article explores specific political aspects of the policy line pursued by the FRG Chancellor A. Merkel as aimed to overcome the debt crisis in the debt-distressed countries of the European Union and to sustain the unity of Europe. It analyzes particular features of policy by the German Chancellor towards partners and competitors in the conditions of the European crisis.
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Wardana, Adhi. "UPAYA PEMERINTAH TURKI UNTUK BERGABUNG DENGAN UNI EROPA." Global Political Studies Journal 1, no. 2 (October 31, 2017): 107–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.34010/gpsjournal.v1i2.2015.
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The European Union is an inter-governmental organization whose members are European countries. Since July 1, 2013 already has 28 member countries, many countries of the European region who want to join the European Union, one of which is Turkish, the extent to which the Turkish government's efforts to join the European Union? This study aims to determine the extent of the Turkish Government Efforts To Join The European Union (2004-2008). To be able to Turkey joining the European Union must meet the Copenhagen criteria which consists of the political criteria, economic and acquis, Turkey must conform to all the regulations of the European Union so researchers try to analyze from the effort, constraints, and prospects for Turkey to join the European Union. This type of research is a qualitative research method used is descriptive analysis techniques. aims to describe the facts related to the problem under study. Most of the data that is collected through library research, online data retrieval, and documentation, data were then analyzed with a theoretical approach to dealing with International Relations. The results showed that the Turkish government has made progress in meeting the criteria candidates are awarded by the European Union, Turkey showed promising economic growth, recorded during the year 2004-2008 Turkish economic growth averaged 7%. Turkey managed to adopt new chapters in the Acquis criteria, although there are many other chapters that have not adapted to the European Union, in the political aspects of the Turkish government has been working hard to solve the problem of ham with the Kurds, Armenia and Cyprus, but in line with the efforts that have been The Turkish government in its application, there are still many obstacles that eventually make Turkey's accession to EU membership back hampered..
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RAKHIMOVA, Maiya. "RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE BALTIC STATES: KEY ASPECTS." PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND CIVIL SERVICE, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.52123/1994-2370-2022-638.
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The issue of relations between Russia and The Baltic States is of particular relevance against the backdrop of interaction with the European Union. The change in the policy stance of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania after the Soviet Union’s collapse was reflected at the regional level. The desire to integrate the Baltic States into the EU and NATO has led to a series of determined political decisions that in turn have affected cooperation with Russia. In the process of developing relations with the European Union, the Russian Federation has begun to consider possibilities of cooperation with the Baltic countries as well. The article analyses the prospects for change, problems and cooperation between the Russian Federation and the Baltic states at the regional level.
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Royo, Sebastián. "Beyond Confrontation." Comparative Political Studies 39, no. 8 (October 2006): 969–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414005278246.
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The proponents of globalization contend that European countries are now converging on an Anglo-American model of capitalism. Contrary to this prediction, this article shows that in Spain, globalization and the European Monetary Union have promoted rather than undermined cooperation among economic actors. Unable to escape from economic interdependence, they have developed coordinating capacities at the macro and micro levels to address and resolve tensions between economic interdependence and political sovereignty. In particular, this article analyzes the resurgence of national-level social bargaining in Spain in the 1990s. This development was partly the result of the reorientation of the strategies of trade unions. They have supported social bargaining as a defensive strategy to retake the initiative and influence policy outcomes. This article shows that successful social bargaining depends on not only the organization of the social actors, the main claim of the neocorporatist literature, but also the interests and strategies of the actors themselves.
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Nurdavletova, Sanya М., and Zhansaule I. Zharmakhanova. "ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIVITIES OF EUROPEAN OIL AND GAS TNC IN CENTRAL ASIA." Society and Security Insights 3, no. 4 (December 29, 2020): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/ssi(2020)4-02.
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The article discusses aspects of cooperation in the oil sector of multinational companies representing the interests of European Union countries. In the context of the economic crisis, the impossibility of OPEC + to regulate oil prices and the volume of its production, it is difficult to make forecasts of further economic cooperation. The coronavirus pandemic has shown that, contrary to the interests of globalization, national economies must remain self-sufficient. In our opinion, in the future, the legal regime for the presence of multinational companies in the interests of national economies will be revised. The Energy Charter of 1991, depriving the Central Asian countries of the right to judicial protection, the oil economic crisis will lead to a severe crisis in the oil sector. The geopolitical confrontation between Russia and the United Arab Emirates against the United States creates a new balance of forces that will affect the development of the Central Asian direction of the European Union’s foreign policy as the basis for energy security.
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Hrubinko, Andriy. "British Policy toward the eastern enlargement of the European Union: historical aspects." European Historical Studies, no. 5 (2016): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2016.05.20-32.
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The article describes historical features of shaping and implementation of British policy toward the Eastern enlargement of the European Union, its impact on the implementation of the Сommon Foreign and Security Policy in the Central and Eastern Europe region. The author denotes that the history of participation of the UK in implementing Eastern enlargement of the EU not been sufficiently investigated. According to the author’s vision, the policy of the enlargement of the EU is seen as an integral part of united foreign and security policy and as a factor of its implementation in countries of the nearest periphery. The 31 enlargement process is a part of the EU enlargement policy as a geopolitical phenomenon. The United Kingdom became one of the biggest supporters of further enlargement as a permanent phenomenon in its history among countries of the Community, forming their own specific conceptual approaches and strategy. The factors of shaping active and positive positions of the British governments in connection with the enlargement of the EU toward the East have been analyzed. The author came to the conclusion that the Eastern enlargement had questionable effect for the development of the effective CFSP. The UK as one of the leading powers in the EU came to a forefront in this process. The enlargement of the EU has become an integral part of the country’s leadership strategy in the political integration. However, the confrontational European policy of the David Cameron’s government in 2010–2016 has resulted in a loss of the previous governments’ achievements in developing the cooperation and support for the countries of Eastern and Central Europe and escalated the decrease of the country’s original positions in the region.
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Chudinovskikh, M., and N. Tonkikh. "Telework in BRICS: Legal, Gender and Cultural Aspects." BRICS Law Journal 7, no. 4 (December 20, 2020): 45–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2020-7-4-45-66.
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With the rapid development of digital technologies and globalization, telework is becoming increasingly common. For the BRICS countries, the formation of a modern legal regulation model for telework is of great importance. In drafting legislation, it is essential to take into account economic and cultural factors, as well as the need to ensure gender equality. This article presents an analysis of current trends in telework development in the BRICS countries. Its findings reveal various reasons for a growing need to regulate telework. For Brazil, the issue of ecology plays an important role; for China and India, the possibility of integration into the world economy; in Russia, the focus is still on the procedural issues concerning the conclusion and termination of employment contracts; in South Africa, the issue of ensuring not only gender equality, but also racial equality is acute. The analysis gives the authors grounds to conclude that the BRICS countries are still lagging behind the United States and the European Union in the area of telework labor law, despite its widespread prevalence. The BRICS countries do not yet produce the necessary statistics on the prevalence of telework. Issues relating to BRICS's deepening integration require the development of common approaches to regulating the work of teleworkers. The harmonization of legislation between Russia and China is of particular importance due to the territorial factor.
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Tolstov, S. "Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of Regionalism: Problems of Interaction of Border Regions." Problems of World History, no. 17 (January 27, 2022): 7–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2022-17-1.
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The scientific literature presents various definitions of the concepts of ‘regionalism’, ‘regionalization’ and ‘interregional interaction’. The processes associated with globalization and integration manifest themselves in the form of consolidation of macro-regional ties. The formation of big macroeconomic zones of priority cooperation covers neighbouring and geographically close countries. The consolidation of large economic spaces is accompanied by the creation of regional economic organizations and integration communities aimed at deepening trade, economic cooperation and regional division of labour.
In parallel with the formation of large economic and political regional associations at the macro level, globalization has accelerated the process of diversification of territorial administration functions within individual states. The redistribution of power within individual countries is seen as a parallel process of regionalization at the grassroots level. The signs of regionalism at the micro level include the increasing role of subnational territorial communities, the growth of their interest in establishing closer cooperation with the border territories of neighboring countries.
In the most general sense, the author considers regionalism as a dynamic feature of international political and economic processes, indicated by the diversification of management functions at different levels of socio-political organization. The methodology of political science distinguishes the manifestations of regionalisms at the macro and micro levels. Various manifestations of regionalism are embodied in the design of large economic spaces, the redistribution of power within individual countries, increasing the level of regional self-government, development of interregional contacts and interregional integration ties between neighbouring and/or geographically close countries.
The practice of interregional cooperation is most successfully applied within the framework of multilateral integration associations, primarily in the EU and in the wider European space covered by the scope of European conventions and decisions in the field of spatial cooperation of territorial communities and authorities, including local and regional self-government. Interaction between subnational regions includes the conclusion of agreements between territorial communities of neighbouring countries, the creation of interregional associations and contractual networks of interregional cooperation.
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Jasiecki, Krzysztof. "The Role and Importance of Economic Cooperation of the Visegrad Group Countries in the European Union Since 2015." Studia Europejskie - studies in European Affairs 24, no. 3 (October 20, 2020): 183–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.33067/se.3.2020.10.
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The aim of the article is to describe the genesis, role, significance, conditions and effects of economic cooperation of the Visegrad Group countries in the European Union, with particular emphasis on their development after 2015. It presents the distinguishing features and specifi city of the Group’s cooperation before accession to NATO and the EU in the context of the situation of Central Europe and other European post-communist countries, as well as the most important aspects of the political and economic potential of the V4 countries against the background of the EU and selected member states. Various aspects of their economic cooperation in the region are discussed, as well as the structural limitations of the role of the Visegrad Group countries in the EU and related controversy. The final part contains conclusions relating to the Group’s activities with regard to the main axes of political and economic divisions in the EU, with particular emphasis placed on economic dimensions.
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Roth, Silke. "Introduction: Contemporary Counter-Movements in the Age of Brexit and Trump." Sociological Research Online 23, no. 2 (April 17, 2018): 496–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1360780418768828.
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Brexit and the election of President Trump in the United States are the result of the rise of far-right populist movements which can be observed in Europe, North America, and other regions of the world. Whereas populism itself is one response to neoliberalism, globalization, and austerity measures, the election of Trump, in particular, has caused a new wave of protest. To a far lesser extent, on the 60th anniversary of the founding of the European Union in March 2017, people in the UK and many European countries participated in a March for Europe. These demonstrations represent counter-movements to the growing presence of right-wing, anti-immigrant, racist, nationalist, sexist, homophobic, anti-semitic and anti-Muslim movements throughout Europe and the United States. This rapid response issue surveys right-wing populist and left-liberal counter-movements which represent different responses to neoliberalism, globalization, austerity, and to each other. Social movements reflect and contribute to social change and need to be understood from an intersectional perspective. Networked media play an important role for both populist movements from the right and progressive counter-movements.