Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Globalization – Europe'

The report is about globalization, when Chinese companies come to Europe. The aims are to sum up this phenomenon by answering three key questions thanks to the literature (why coming to Europe, how, what challenges may be encountered on the way), and then to update the challenges we found to make them more actual. We would like this report to be the reference in this field.

In order to do so, we built up a model explaining the process of Chinese companies coming to Europe, and then took contact with Chinese and Swedish companies with deep knowledge of internationalization and interviewed them, starting with the challenges we found out after a literature review. They helped us to sort these challenges between “no longer relevant” (despite recent information from the literature) and “still relevant”, and also added some new ones.

Then we updated our model: among the 16 challenges we had at the beginning, we kept 11 of them, removed 5 and added 2 new ones. The aims and means for coming to Europe remained unchanged.

We conclude this report by giving possible further studies such as listing which culture differences matter when doing business, or finding solutions to the problems found.

Migration is a continuous process in an increasingly globalized world and African migrants have for a long time migrated to Europe mostly for economic reasons. Due to biased reporting of life in Europe by both western and African media as well as half-truths by Africans living in Europe who seldom tell the whole story of their lives abroad; a lot of African migrants arrive in Europe with a very idealistic image. African migrants thereby risk a lot in pursuit of a better life in Europe. When they finally arrive, a lot of their idealistic expectations are not met, forcing them to be filled with regret and the wish that they had known the full truth before migrating. This study examines an online platform (Surprising Europe’s website), that connects African migrants by inviting them to share stories about their migration experiences in an effort to better inform those intending to migrate. The use of interviews of the producers to better understand the project as well as their intentions, and a narrative analysis of all the 30 articles on the website are analysed. The results indicate that the danger of telling one sided stories contribute to the existing narrative of a western idealistic image of “gold lying on the streets”; as well as an illustration of the authors exhibiting a transformation from people who were formerly Surprising Europe’s audience, now constructing narratives in a collaborative way with the producers. The website therefore demonstrates how an online platform for mediated communication can be used to offer fragmented identities as well as a sense of belonging, offering a voice to the previously voiceless despite their migration status.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2008.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 314-330). Also available online in Scholars' Bank; and in ProQuest, free to University of Oregon users.

Political opposition to globalisation has risen in industrialized countries, although the positive overall effects on the growth of the world economy and the alleviation of poverty are empirically verifiable. However, the effects of globalisation vary according to regions, professional groups, and education. In the period of intensive globalisation, unemployment and inequality have risen, and people feel their lives to be determined by forces they cannot influence. Since the many new challenges, such as climate protection, can be better solved by worldwide efforts, it is indispensable to avoid new national barriers and to strengthen the endorsement of globalisation and the concomitant welfare effects. However, it is also necessary to respect cultural differences in preferences and to view globalisation as a search and learning process. Instruments for the implementation of such a strategy may vary according to regional specifics. Social and ecological goals - gaining higher importance with rising per capita incomes - are well-represented in the European model, but for worldwide solutions other socio-economic models will offer preferences and solutions. Apart from the announced partial withdrawal of the United States from globalisation and the upcoming dominance of China in world affairs and large scale investment, Europe would be well-advised to take a greater responsibility if not the lead in determining the rules of globalisation. Based on an opinion-forming process within Europe, responsible globalisation can significantly improve the quality of life in Europe and its partners worldwide.

The goal of the master thesis titled "Trade openness and income inequality in Eastern Europe" is to analyze the effects on income inequality changes in the population in the period of transformation from centrally planned economies to market economies in the last decade of the twentieth century. The first part of the thesis focuses on the development before the individual countries started to join the European Union. The subsequent liberalization in the early 21st century is evaluated in the second part of the thesis. The multiple regression analysis is used to estimate the effects. The data were provided by the World Bank for the period of from 1989 to 2014. The objective of the thesis is to enlighten the factors which are influencing the changes in income inequality.

This paper estimates the effect of globalization on the implicit tax rates (ITR) on capital income, labor income and consumption, and the share of social protection expenditures in total public expenditures in Western and Eastern Europe. It tests the coexistence of efficiency and compensation effects of globalization on the expenditure as well as the revenue sides of government budgets. In Western Europe, globalization leads to an increase in social expenditures; however these expenditures are to an increasing extent financed by taxes on labor income. There is no effect of the ITR on capital income, whereas the ITR on consumption decreases. There are important differences between the welfare states. In the conservative regimes, social expenditures increase due to globalization, but they are financed to an increasing extent by taxes on labor. In the social democratic regimes, not only social expenditures, but also the ITRs on capital income and consumption decrease as a result of globalization, whereas the ITR on labor income increases. In the liberal regimes, the ITR on labor income is rising, while social expenditures and the ITR on consumption is declining. In the southern regimes, the ITRs on both capital income and consumption are decreasing. In the CEE NMS, on average, there seems to be no statistically significant effect of globalization on social expenditures nor on the ITR on capital and labor income. Globalization affects only the ITR on consumption, leading to a decline. However, different welfare regimes react differently: there is a negative effect of globalization on social spending in the Baltic countries, and a negative effect on the ITR on capital income in the post-communist European regimes. (author's abstract)
Series: Discussion Papers SFB International Tax Coordination

The aim of this master thesis is to figure out the role of foreign correspondents within Europe during today’s developments of globalization and digitalization, in the view of professional foreign journalists. The continent becomes closer in terms of politics, currencies and cultures, and a growing infrastructure simplifies travelling and communication. Therefore, the role and function of foreign journalists are more and more questioned. The main focus of this thesis is thereby the case of the foreign correspondence offices of the German public broadcasting network ARD. An auto-ethnographic study was used to base the analysis of this thesis on own perspectives. In a further step interviews with five foreign journalists examine the experiences of professionals in this field. The analysis is based, besides these two qualitative methods, on the theories of Siemes (2000), Cole and Hamilton (2008), and Archetti (2013).The researches’results demonstrate strong arguments for the relevance of the maintenance of foreign correspondences within Europe as the role of public broadcasters in particular is to inform, explain and classify happenings within the own country as well as in foreign areas to the audience. The nearby countries play thereby an important role due to many points of contact; for that reason professional journalists should further on hold the function to care for enlightenment.

In the 21st century, cosmopolitanism has become an ever emerging concept, as scholars turn to this worldview with the hope to address the unavoidable impacts of globalization. Simultaneously, the new educational trends in Europe in combination with the ongoing socio-political changes create new needs that demand a more cosmopolitan interference. With this in mind, the present research attempts to examine whether and how cosmopolitan ideals are promoted through education policies in Europe and to what extent these cosmopolitan ideals succeed to reach national policies and school practice in a country as Greece. To this end, the author conducts a qualitative multilevel study between Europe and Greece and bases her study on two research methods: interviews and document analysis.     The interview and document analysis that follows leads to a comparison not only between the European and the Greek context but also between the policy and practice level that spawns a better and deeper understanding of how education promotes and can promote cosmopolitanism. The findings of the research highlight that the dilemma of whether to employ an ethnocentric or cosmopolitan educational approach can be acute. Parallel to that, the conflicting conceptions of cosmopolitanism between Greece and the European Union tend to render the moral aspects of education quite numb. Finally, the research closes with some recommendations for the future and suggestions for further studies.

The Polish Independence Day march in Warsaw in November 2017 drew a flurry of international media attention for its shocking mass display of far-right nationalism, connections to neo-Nazi groups, and feature of openly racist, Islamophobic, anti-Semitic, and homophobic slogans. However, the dangerously “othering” nationalist ideologies expressed in Poland during this demonstration are far from unique. Over the past 20-30 years, eerily similar nationalist movements have simultaneously emerged across Eastern Europe and the West. Paradoxically, the nation-state has perhaps never had less agency as increasingly global capitalism continues to encroach upon the dominance of the nation itself. I argue that this trend of new nationalist movements indicates a departure from the traditional definitions of nationalism that requires a distinct category, which I refer to as neo-nationalism. In Chapter 1, I differentiate neo-nationalism from conventional understandings of nationalist politics and provide a working definition of neo- nationalism in the twenty-first century. I aim to show that a contextualization of these neo- nationalist movements alongside increasingly global capitalism is essential to understanding the othering natures of neo-nationalist ideologies and their paradoxical nature – both national and transnational, both shocking and entirely banal. I illustrate this by returning to the case of modern Poland, employing a visual rhetorical analysis from a Marxist-feminist perspective in order to demonstrate the manifestations of particular and dangerous dynamics of othering in Polish neo- nationalism. I refer to these dynamics as “capital-isms,” such that they are the “shocking” expression of what are in fact pervasive prejudices brought to the surface by the changing conditions of global capitalism. In Chapter 2, I examine the rhetoric surrounding the Polish Independence Day march in 2017 to highlight the paradoxes and power mechanisms at play in Polish neo-nationalism. I follow with an exploration of the rhetoric employed by the Polish far- right nationalist party, Law and Justice, with particular contextualization with regard to its relationship with the European Union in Chapter 3. Finally, I conclude this thesis by considering the implications of this research for the study of neo-nationalism going forward.
M.A.
The Polish Independence Day march in Warsaw in November 2017 drew a flurry of international media attention for its shocking mass display of far-right nationalism, connections to neo-Nazi groups, and feature of openly racist, Islamophobic, anti-Semitic, and homophobic slogans. However, the dangerously “othering” nationalist ideologies expressed in Poland during this demonstration are far from unique. Over the past 20-30 years, eerily similar nationalist movements have simultaneously emerged across Eastern Europe and the West. In this thesis, I theorize the Polish far-right nationalism on display at the Independence Day march as part of a broader trend of neo-nationalist movements, which I demonstrate are paradoxical in nature. After establishing the defining characteristics of neo-nationalism as a phenomenon, I highlight these paradoxes through an analysis of Polish neo-nationalist rhetoric. Furthermore, by placing this rhetoric within its socioeconomic and historical contexts, I demonstrate that the “shocking” display of far-right nationalism in the march is an expression of what are in fact pervasive prejudices brought to the surface by the changing conditions of global capitalism.

De toutes les grandes traditions religieuses le taoïsme est la moins connue. L’objectif de cette recherche est de dresser un panorama de ses représentations et de sa réception en Occident, plus particulièrement en France et en Europe, et d’en identifier les étapes et les modalités, les vecteurs et les publics à un moment charnière où il se diffuse en Occident et où son image de négative devient positive. Ce travail emprunte les voies de l’histoire, notamment missionnaire, de l’orientalisme et de la sinologie, et interroge le rôle joué par les différents acteurs et contextes de réception dans la fabrique de ses représentations qui essentialisent une tradition religieuse chinoise complexe et évolutive. Dans une approche plus socio-anthropologique, il analyse ses modes contemporains de diffusion et d’appropriation par le biais des différentes pratiques d’origine chinoise qui répondent à un souci de soi contemporain tourné vers la réalisation individuelle intramondaine. Empruntant une approche comparatiste qui fait appel à la réception des autres traditions asiatiques en Occident, et du taoïsme aux Etats-Unis, il tente de dégager les traits spécifiques de la fabrique d’un taoïsme occidental en régime de postmodernité. Fabrique qui s’inscrit à la fois dans le mouvement d’internationalisation et de globalisation du religieux et dans les dynamiques du puritanisme libéral anglo-saxon et du New Age qui font converger impératif de bien-être et de réalisation de soi, quête spirituelle individuelle et questionnement de la pensée européenne
Of all the great religious traditions Taoism is the least known. The aim of this research is to provide a panorama of its representations and its reception in the West, particularly in France and in Europe: to identify its stages of development and its modalities, its vectors and publics. This occurs at a pivotal moment when its spread in the West correlates with an inversion in terms of its public image from negative to positive. This work draws on missionary history, orientalism and sinology. It questions the role played by the various actors and contexts of reception in the fabric of its representations that essentialise a complex and evolving Chinese religious tradition. In a more socio-anthropological approach, this thesis analyzes contemporary modes of diffusion and appropriation through various practices of Chinese origin which respond to a contemporary souci de soi oriented towards individual realization within the world. Using a comparative approach that considers the reception of other Asian traditions in the West and of Taoism in the United States, this study seeks to identify the specific features of the construction of Western Taoism in a postmodern age. This manufacture of Taoism is situated within the movement of the internationalization and globalization of the religious phenomenon and of the dynamics of Anglo-Saxon liberal puritanism and New Age movements. These dynamics bring together the imperatives of well-being and self-realization, individual spiritual quest and questioning of European thought

Mestrado em Economia Internacional
Num tempo contemporâneo de mudanças, em que as sociedades se cruzam e interligam diariamente num enquadramento global e multicultural, é importante uma análise deste processo. Este trabalho pretende abordar a interdependência dos mercados e das pessoas dos países e das economias em duas grandes ondas de globalização e regionalização, com espaço para ainda falar das terceiras ondas de cada processo, a da revolução tecnológica que não é materializável, mas que, no entanto, move multidões e igualmente milhões e a que sob a "égide" da OMC regista novos acordos regionais impensáveis aquando do início de qualquer processo globalizacional, em que as nações ricas convivem com nações pobres para alcançar um desenvolvimento económico, mas também humano. No contexto de uma União Europeia que interliga sistemas económicos, encontra-se um grupo de países do Leste Europeu, num momento perdido da história e que procura novamente fazer parte de uma indentidade deixada para trás. Assim, estes países abraçam um projecto procurando nesta opção a possibilidade do desenvolvimento e crescimento económico que paralelamente ocorre com uma transformação política a favor da democratização dos poderes. Analisa-se assim, a forma de integração destas economias na União Europeia bem como o seu progresso político e económico a favor da economia de mercado e da democracia. Nesta óptica de internacionalização é acompanhado o percurso da China, como um outro extremo de economia planificada de sectores estatizados e de sector privado inexistente, com um poder político austero e que alcança níveis de crescimento imediatos e inéditos relativamente a todos os outros PVD's. São abordados neste trabalho os mecanismos que permitiram estes desenvolvimentos e que também lhe permitiram vencer no mercado da alta tecnologia, desenvolvendo o sector privado, apostando e beneficiando de um elevado IDE, no fundo o seu posicionamento na globalização e nos processos de regionalização.
In today's constantly changing world, where societies cross and interrelate each other in a global and multicultural dimension on daily basis, it's important to make an analysis of this process. This paper intends to broach the interdependency of markets, people, countries and economies within two main waves of globalization and regionalization. There is also space to study the third waves of each process - the one of the technological revolution, which is not material, but, one the other hand, moves crowds and millions; and the one that, by the aegis of the WTO, registers new unthinkable regional agreements by the time of the begining on any globatization process, where rich nations live together with poor nations aiming to reach economic and human development. Within the context of the European Union that interrelates economic systems, one may find, in a lost moment in history, a group of countries of Eastern Europe that is trying, once again, to become part of an identity left behind. Thus, these countries are embracing a project and seeking, with this option, the possibility of development and economic growth, which occur in a paralell manner with a political transformation in favour of a democratization of powers. Along this paper, it is analysed, then, the integration of these economies in the European Union, as well as, their political and economical progress in favour of a market economy and democracy. In this internationalization perspective, it is also analysed the particular path of China, as being another extreme of a planned economy of state owned sectors and an inxistent private sector, with a severe political power and that reaches levels of immediate and unprecedent growth relatively to all other underdeveloped countries. Along this paper, there are broached the mechanisms that permit these developments and allow, on the other hand, China to win in the market of high technology, stimulating in that way the private sector, betting and gaining from a high FDI - in short, its positioning within the globalization context and the processes of regionalization.

Research has observed an ever-increasing emphasis which is placed on the international dimension in higher education. This thesis is particularly interested in the question, why internationalisation? It constitutes a case study of the rationales driving the national policies for the internationalisation of higher education in New Zealand, the findings of which are compared with those of the seven European countries (Austria, Germany, Greece, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and the United Kingdom) analysed as part of a recent European Union 5th Framework Programme project. The available research suggests that economic rationales increasingly drive internationalisation and the first phase of the above project reaffirmed that this was the case at the national level in those countries analysed. This thesis provides an opportunity to corroborate this research and assess whether the same is true in New Zealand. Above all, it intends to contribute to an improved conception of the phenomenon of increasing internationalisation in higher education from which informed discussion and critical debate about its future can take place.

Cette thèse approfondit le concept d’éducation tout au long de la vie ainsi que le développement intégral de la personne à l’ère de la globalisation. Pourquoi s’interroger sur cette question évidente mais vitale de nos jours face aux mutations sociétales ? Premièrement, il s’agit de confronter les différentes politiques éducatives menées par les grandes organisations internationales (UNESCO, OIT, OCDE, Conseil de l’Europe), l’Union européenne et la Roumanie, à titre d’exemple d’application des réformes au niveau national. Deuxièmement, l’étude est basée scientifiquement sur de nombreuses et longues enquêtes sur le terrain, auprès de hauts fonctionnaires internationaux et européens et de responsables nationaux. Cette étude montre que l’éducation tout au long de la vie est une réalité incontournable : même en l’absence d’une définition unique et unifiée du concept au niveau international. L’Union européenne tend vers une politique commune d’éducation et les politiques éducatives en Roumanie se heurtent à des difficultés liées à l’instabilité politico-économique et au conformisme européen
This PhD proposes an analysis of lifelong learning and the integral development of the human being in the era of globalization. We are currently asking ourselves where lifelong learning policies come from? In order to answer this question, we proceeded in two stages. Firstly, the theoretical elements linked to educational policies were developed on three levels: international organizations (UNESCO, ILO, OECD, Council of Europe), the European Union and the Romanian national authorities.Secondly, 63 semi-structured interviews with officials were analyzed on three levels: international, European and national. The thematic analysis of the content revealed that lifelong learning is an inescapable reality, but there is no unified definition at international level. We are moving towards a common education policy at the European Union level and major difficulties linked to political and economic instability and european conformity are being encountered in Romania

Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2004.
Thesis advisor(s): Lyman Miller, Donald Abenheim. Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-103). Also available online.

This research seeks to evaluate European engagement with Africa looking at the problems, pontentials and way forward. The continent’s treasure chest of varied natural resource endowments, have made it the source of historic, economic and political competition from especially western interests, a trend that has combined dangerously with the region’s poor leadership and democratic profile in impoverishing its masses, escalating lethal conflicts, while upsetting hard earned developments gains, that have been made. About 50 years since the sun of colonial hegemonies set in Africa, the continent’s development prospects continue to stagnate. Even the World Bank moved to describing Africa’s poor as the poorest of the poor in its 2001 development report. One question that continues to beg for answers is why a region so richly endowed with natural and human resources continues to bear the brunt of misery in such dispiriting fashion? The research is built on an exploration of the backward and forward historical continuums of patronizations that have stifled the continent (backward: counting the true cost of the legacies of slavery and colonial exploitation, forward: measuring the real cost of the iniquitous integration of Africa within the global economy and the continent’s role as bread basket for the rest of the world). The research explores the economic rationale for Europe’s engagement with the continent in the political, economic and cultural spheres, casting from a plethora of academic sources drawn from both leftist and right wing publications on the question of European engagement with Africa. In the end, the research has dwelled on some possible policy recommendations which could help this relationship. These recommendations  includes the African debt cancellation, using the Chinese Cushion Effectively for Africa’s development and the last but not the least, the reconstitution of African poltical and economic power which if considered, could precipitate a reversal in the trend of most African countries.

Cette thèse approfondit le concept d’éducation tout au long de la vie ainsi que le développement intégral de la personne à l’ère de la globalisation. Pourquoi s’interroger sur cette question évidente mais vitale de nos jours face aux mutations sociétales ? Premièrement, il s’agit de confronter les différentes politiques éducatives menées par les grandes organisations internationales (UNESCO, OIT, OCDE, Conseil de l’Europe), l’Union européenne et la Roumanie, à titre d’exemple d’application des réformes au niveau national. Deuxièmement, l’étude est basée scientifiquement sur de nombreuses et longues enquêtes sur le terrain, auprès de hauts fonctionnaires internationaux et européens et de responsables nationaux. Cette étude montre que l’éducation tout au long de la vie est une réalité incontournable : même en l’absence d’une définition unique et unifiée du concept au niveau international. L’Union européenne tend vers une politique commune d’éducation et les politiques éducatives en Roumanie se heurtent à des difficultés liées à l’instabilité politico-économique et au conformisme européen
This PhD proposes an analysis of lifelong learning and the integral development of the human being in the era of globalization. We are currently asking ourselves where lifelong learning policies come from? In order to answer this question, we proceeded in two stages. Firstly, the theoretical elements linked to educational policies were developed on three levels: international organizations (UNESCO, ILO, OECD, Council of Europe), the European Union and the Romanian national authorities.Secondly, 63 semi-structured interviews with officials were analyzed on three levels: international, European and national. The thematic analysis of the content revealed that lifelong learning is an inescapable reality, but there is no unified definition at international level. We are moving towards a common education policy at the European Union level and major difficulties linked to political and economic instability and european conformity are being encountered in Romania

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2006.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 116-124). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

Aujourd'hui, dans de nombreux pays, les programmes de télévision de quelques entreprises américaines, les Majors, sont les plus populaires auprès des téléspectateurs. Cette thèse propose d'étudier le processus d'uniformisation culturelle qui a rendu ce phénomène possible en se concentrant sur les interactions commerciales sur le marché de la distribution de programmes de télévision. Nous avons choisi d'observer à la fois les acteurs qui portent cette uniformisation, les Majors, et les autres, qui essaient de résister. Pour ce faire, nous avons privilégié une entrée par les salons. En effet, ce secteur est structuré par un ensemble de salons et festivals, rythmant l'année. La stratégie de captation des Majors consiste à pratiquer des contrats exclusifs et à adopter un comportement de passager clandestin sur les salons. Durant ces derniers, ils sortent de la place de marché officielle, tout en restant à proximité, afin d'attirer les plus gros acheteurs. Ces comportements sont tolérés, car, pour un salon, la participation des Majors est une condition nécessaire à son succès du fait de leur popularité auprès des acheteurs. Au moyen d'une enquête ethnographique, d'une analyse des réseaux d'échanges d'informations et de rendez-vous entre individus, et d'une analyse des réseaux de contrats entre organisations reconstruits sur le principal salon en Europe Centrale et Orientale, nous montrons que les plus faibles peuvent résister en coopérant. Cette coopération correspond souvent à des mécanismes triadiques locaux, à la fois multiniveaux, multimilieux et multiplexes, que nous identifions avec leurs sous-structures et leurs conditions d'apparition, et dont nous testons la probabilité d'occurrence
Today television programs produced by a few American companies, the Majors, are among the most popular with viewers. This dissertation examines the process of cultural uniformisation that has driven this phenomenon by focusing on commercial interactions in the global distribution market for television programs. We observe both the actors who promote this uniformisation, the Majors, and the others, who try to resist it. To do this we look at how trade fairs in this sector work. Indeed, this industry is structured by a set of recurrent and annual trade fairs and festivals. The captation strategy of the Majors consists in offering only exclusive contracts and free-riding on the trade fairs themselves. During these events, they leave the official marketplace while remaining in the close vicinity in order to organize private screenings and attract the buyers with the deepest pockets. This behavior is tolerated because the participation, at least formal, ofthe Majors is vital for the organizers of the trade fairs due to the popularity of their production with buyers and the public. Based on ethnographic observations, organizational analyses and a multilevel network study (i.e. inter-individual networks of information exchange and of scheduled meetings, and inter-organizational networks of contracts between companies) in the main tradefair of Eastern Europe, we show that the weakest parties in the system can cooperate to resist the domination of the Majors. This cooperation is often based on local, triadic mechanisms that are multilevel, multimilieux and multiplex that we identify with their substructures, determinants and probability of occurrence

Plus d’un quart de siècle après la chute du Mur de Berlin, la radicalité des changements politiques et économiques, caractérisés par l’intégration dans l’économie-monde et l’Union européenne, ainsi que par la récente montée du nationalisme, continue à poser des questions quant au devenir de l’espace centre-est européen. Ce contexte amène à appréhender dans ce travail l’effet de ces bouleversements au prisme des villes et de leurs évolutions. Trois forces majeures ayant guidé les transformations en Europe centrale et orientale sont examinées depuis 1989 : l’européanisation, la mondialisation et le changement endogène – relevant des traces du passé. Les dynamiques respectives de ces trois forces sont évaluées au moyen d’une approche interurbaine. Les échanges économiques entre villes centre-est européennes et celles du reste du monde sont examinés au travers de réseaux transnationaux et mondialisés – de transport aérien et de firmes. Ces échanges sont confrontés aux réseaux commerciaux entre pays. Cette thèse contribue à montrer que l’intégration à l’économie-monde s’est accompagnée d’un renforcement des logiques de polarisation divisant l’espace centre-est européen entre le Nord-Ouest et le Sud-Est. Cette intégration en cours, ou plutôt ces différentes « intégrations », ne se sont toutefois pas opérées uniquement au profit des métropoles. En effet, malgré une prédominance de l’européanisation, les liens de l’époque communiste constituent une force économique majeure pour certaines petites et moyennes villes – à l’image de l’entre-deux historique de l’espace centre-est européen
A quarter of century after the fall of the Berlin Wall, radical political and economic changes, integration into the world economy and the European Union, and the recent reinforcement of nationalism are still persistent subjects of debate with regards to the future of Central and Eastern Europe. This thesis examines three major transformative forces in Central and Eastern Europe since 1989 at city-level: europeanisation, globalization and endogenous changes – related to path dependence effects. The dynamics of these three forces are analyzed by looking at the evolution of economic exchanges of CEE cities with other worldwide cities in the context of transnational and globalized networks – air traffic and firms. They are confronted with trade networks at country level. This dissertation illustrates that integration into the world-economy has deepened polarization in Central and Eastern Europe between the Nord-West and the South-West. This integration process or different types of integration are not only a matter for big cities and metropolises. In spite of the predominance of europeanisation, links from the communist period continue to be a major economic force, especially for small and medium-sized cities, reflecting the historical in-between situation of Central and Eastern Europe
Ćwierć wieku później, radykalne zmiany polityczne i gospodarcze po upadku Muru Berlińskiego, integracja z gospodarką światową, przystąpienie do Unii Europejskiej oraz nasilające się tendencje nacjonalistyczne są wciąż bieżącymi tematami w dyskusji o przyszłości Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. W tym kontekście, dysertacja proponuje analizę zmian systemowych, które dokonały się w regionie na poziomie miast. Przedmiotem badania są trzy procesy towarzyszące transformacjom po 1989: europeizacja, globalizacja oraz przemiany w regionie uwarunkowane relacjami z przeszłości. Dynamika wymienionych trzech procesów zostanie zbadana w odniesieniu do wymian ekonomicznych między miastami Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej a innymi miastami Europy i świata w sferze międzynarodowych powiązań lotniczych i firmowych, porównanych z siecią handlową ukształtowaną między państwami regionu. Wnioski badawcze wykazują, że w rezultacie integracji z gospodarką światową pogłębia się polaryzacja przestrzeni Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej w układzie północny zachód i południowy wschód. Różnorodność typów integracji odnosi się nie tylko do metropolii i dużych miast. Wobec dominującej siły europeizacji, powiązania z miastami z czasów komunistycznych są nadal ważnym aspektem funkcjonowania miast małych i średnich, ilustrując zarazem historyczną sytuację entre-deux Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej

Durant les dernières décennies, la globalisation de l’économie mondiale s’est non seulement développée à une vitesse accélérée et inattendue, mais elle s’est également complexifiée de manière inédite. Ce processus a induit des changements considérables dans l’organisation de la production industrielle au niveau mondial. Parallèlement au renforcement de la globalisation a émergé le phénomène de la régionalisation. Les firmes multinationales, organisées aujourd’hui en firmes réseaux, sont devenues les acteurs économiques principaux et semblent façonner l’économie mondiale au point d’en déterminer l’évolution future. Elles peuvent également être des moteurs puissants de rattrapage et de mise à niveau du secteur industriel dans une économie donnée. Pour démontrer le développement à la fois global et régional des firmes multinationales, nous avons choisi l’industrie automobile qui, par son étendue et son intensité technologique, permet d’illustrer plus concrètement les principales évolutions économiques de ces dernières années. L’analyse des principaux pays d’Europe Centrale et Orientale et de la Chine permet de montrer le rôle qu’ont joué les firmes multinationales de la construction automobile dans la transition d’une économie planifiée socialiste à un système d’économie de marché, ainsi que de mettre en évidence le processus d’intégration des territoires dans la stratégie globale et régionale des constructeurs
During the last decades, the globalization of the world economy has not simply developed at an accelerated and unexpected pace, but it has also become more complex than ever before. This process led to significant changes in the organization of industrial production at the world level. Parallel to the globalization, the phenomenon of regionalization has emerged. Today multinational firms organized as network enterprises, became the principal actors of the world economy and they seem to shape the direction of its future evolution. They can also serve as the engine for industrial upgrading and catching up for a given economy. To demonstrate the global and regional development of multinational enterprises, we have chosen the automotive industry since it is a wide and technology-intensive sector and can highlight the main stages and changes of the last decades’ economic evolution. The analysis of the main Central and Eastern European Countries and of China enables to shed light on the role that multinational enterprises within the automobile manufacturing sector have played in the transition from a socialist planned economy to a market economy and on the process of integration of these territories in the global and regional strategy of the vehicle manufacturers

En dépit du rôle crucial qu’elles peuvent jouer dans les appropriations de langues et de cultures, les pratiques culturelles plurilingues restent peu documentées. Cette thèse en didactique des langues et des cultures étudie les pratiques plurilingues de lecture de livres d’adultes vivant en Europe de l’Ouest. Elle recourt également à des données et des outils relevant de la sociolinguistique, la sociologie, la littérature, l’histoire et l’anthropologie. Elle s’appuie sur des entretiens menés avec des lecteurs et des observateurs résidant en Catalogne, en Île-de-France, au Pays basque français et en Suisse romande, ainsi que des questionnaires remplis par des apprenants de français langue étrangère dans une université parisienne.Cette exploration des pratiques de lecture en plusieurs langues met au jour la continuité des pratiques plurilittéraciées au fil de l’histoire, mais aussi les impacts de la mondialisation, dans sa forme actuelle, sur l’incessante construction des répertoires individuels. Elle montre l’importance des rapports de force linguistiques et culturels dans les usages de l’écrit. L’analyse des finalités, supports et modalités des lectures déclarées, sans oublier leurs dimensions affectives et identitaires, fait ressortir l’hétérogénéité et la variabilité des pratiques culturelles plurilingues. Les propositions pédagogiques et théoriques qui en découlent encouragent une plus grande adaptation des activités de lecture en classe de langue-s aux réalités des pratiques autonomes, ainsi qu’une meilleure prise en compte, dans les recherches didactiques, de la complexité des plurilinguismes et des pluriculturalismes individuels
Despite their key role in language acquisition and learning, little is known about plurilingual cultural practices outside the educational context. This PhD research in Applied Linguistics investigates the plurilingual book-reading practices of adults living in Western Europe. This work uses data, theoretical and methodological constructs from Language Education, Sociology, Literature, History and Anthropology. The study is based on in-depth interviews of readers and observers carried out in Catalonia, Ile-de-France, French Basque Country and Western Switzerland, and questionnaires collected from foreign university students in Paris. This exploration of reading habits in several languages reveals the continuity of pluriliteracy practices throughout History, but also the impacts of globalization –in its current form– on individuals’ linguistic and cultural repertoires. It shows the influence of power relations between cultures and between languages on the literacy uses. The analysis of the aims, circumstances and materials of reading practices, as well as of their emotional and identity issues, highlights the heterogeneity and variability of plurilingual cultural practices. The resulting pedagogical and theoretical recommendations support a greater adaptation of classroom reading activities to the realities of autonomous practices, and a better consideration of the complexity of individual plurilingualism and pluriculturalism in language learning studies
A pesar de su papel en las apropiaciones de lenguas y culturas, las prácticas culturales plurilingües están poco documentadas. Esta tesis doctoral en didáctica de las lenguas y culturas estudia los hábitos plurilingües de lectura de libros de adultos que viven en Europa occidental. Utiliza datos y herramientas metodológicas de varias disciplinas, como la sociología, la sociolingüística, la literatura, la historia y la antropología. Se basa en entrevistas con lectores y observadores realizadas en Cataluña, Île-de-France, País Vasco francés, Suiza romanda, y cuestionarios completados por estudiantes de francés como lengua extranjera en una universidad parisiense. Esta investigación arroja luz sobre la continuidad de la prácticas de literacidad plurilingües a lo largo de la Historia, así como sobre los efectos de la globalización, en su forma actual, en la construcción continua de los repertorios individuales. Muestra también la influencia de las relaciones de poder lingüísticas y culturales en los hábitos de lectura. El análisis de las finalidades, los soportes y las modalidades de las lecturas declaradas –sin olvidar sus dimensiones afectivas e identitarias– destaca la heterogeneidad y la variabilidad de las prácticas culturales en varios idiomas. Las propuestas pedagógicas y teóricas consiguientes animan a adecuar más las actividades de lectura en clase de idioma-s a las realidades de las prácticas autónomas, y a tener más en cuenta, en los estudios de didáctica, la complejidad de los plurilingüismos y pluriculturalismos individuales

This thesis is rooted in the research tradition known as coalition politics, where governments, political parties and political institutions are the central focus. The main emphasis here is on government instability and the question of why governments in modern parliamentary democracies often come to an end before the next regular election. In five distinct but interrelated papers, the thesis explores the issue of early government termination and how it is affected by public support, economic developments and the functioning of the state apparatus. The studies included in this thesis generally take a quantitative approach and make use of a dataset that contains 640 governments in 29 European democracies. Their joint goal is to improve our understanding of when early termination happens by introducing and testing new explanatory factors as well as by improving how previously identified factors are modelled. The first paper focuses on Central and Eastern Europe. It shows that the stability of governments in that region is affected by slightly different factors than those that impact on governments in Western Europe. In particular, ideological factors and political institutions are found to be less important in Central and Eastern Europe while the formal power basis of the government and the country’s economic performance matter more. In the second paper, co-authored with Professor Torbjörn Bergman, the state is brought into government stability research. The paper shows that countries with a lower quality of governance and a less efficient public sector have less stable governments. This is mainly because government parties struggle to achieve their policy goals when the state apparatus is inefficient and corrupt. Paper 3, co-written with Associate Professor Johan Hellström, looks at how different types of governments respond to economic challenges. In particular, this paper demonstrates that the same changes in economic circumstances (e.g. increases in unemployment or inflation) have different effects on cabinet stability depending on which type of government is in charge. Single party governments are better equipped to deal with economic changes, because they are better positioned to devise new policy responses without having to compromise with other parties. Coalition governments, in contrast, become significantly more likely to terminate early when the economy takes a turn for the worse. Finally, over the course of two papers I first explore new techniques for analysing polling data and then use them to empirically test whether governments sometimes choose termination as a way to cope with bad poll numbers. Most of the existing techniques for pooling polls and forecasting elections were explicitly designed with two party systems in mind. In Paper 4, I test some of these techniques to determine their usefulness in complex, multiparty systems, and I develop some improvements that enable us to take advantage of more of the information in the data. In the final paper, I combine the two themes of polling and government stability by looking at how changes in government popularity affect the likelihood of premature dissolution. I find that governments, particularly single party governments, do, in fact, use terminations as a strategic response to changes in their popularity among the public. When support is high, governments tend to opportunistically call an early election, whereas they tend to abandon or reshuffle the government when support is low.

This thesis proposes to enlighten several channels that favor the emergence and the outcome of creative ideas and innovation in general amongst private firms, with a particular focus on European companies. The first chapter introduces the motivations related to this research, defines the research objectives and questions addressed by the dissertation and concludes with the outline and the contributions of the thesis.

The second chapter analyzes the financing constraints on R&D investments. The central question in this chapter is whether financing constraints can explain a part of the acknowledged R&D gap between Europe and the US. In order to address this question, a dataset is constructed on the basis of a compilation of R&D scoreboards. The findings of this chapter are based on a sensitivity analysis of R&D to cash flow using estimates of dynamic R&D equations. The relationship between the financing constraints on R&D and the age of the companies is analyzed in an additional set of results with parametric as well as non parametric estimations. European firms appear to be affected by financing constraints in the 2000s while this is not the case for the US companies. The age seems to affect negatively the R&D sensitivity for EU and US leading innovators, with higher sensitivities for old and low-tech EU firms than their US counterparts.

The third chapter is dedicated to the measuring of the knowledge production of R&D expenditures when they are disaggregated into the following components: intramural versus extramural expenditures, research versus development expenditures, product-oriented versus process-oriented, human capital versus investments. The sources of funding and the types of subcontractors are also considered. The main question of this chapter is whether the heterogeneity of R&D affects the technology performance of the companies, as measured by patent applications. A cross-sectional Belgian R&D survey conducted over 2004-2005 is used for the purpose of the analysis. Given the high dependency of the Belgian innovation system towards the foreign MNEs, a matching process was performed between Belgian R&D and patents related to Belgian inventors in order to capture the patents filed outside Belgium but related to inventions created by firms located in Belgium (i.e. subsidiaries of foreign groups). Estimates of the elasticity of the quantity of patents with respect to the components of R&D are provided.

The main question of the fourth chapter is whether the diversification strategies of the economic activities of the R&D leaders in Europe affect, positively or negatively, the performance of their R&D activities. An original approach is proposed on the basis of the analysis of the subsidiaries of EU MNEs. The sample consists of large R&D firms that represent about 80% of total European R&D. In general, the results indicate a positive impact from globalization on firms’ R&D productivity, especially in the US, while a negative impact for industrial diversification is found.

The main question of the fifth chapter is whether the R&D activities that are conducted outside Europe still benefit to European growth. If so, how does the regional location of R&D centers matter in the production process of EU MNEs? The analysis is conducted on the basis of a unique sample of 637 European R&D leaders with information that is consolidated with respect to about 8000 worldwide patenting subsidiaries. The assessment of R&D internationalization is proxied by the regional repartition of the inventors of each firm. The empirical findings suggest that R&D located in Europe yields significant economic results, but a reallocation of R&D located in Europe instead of outside Europe seems to be correlated with lower R&D performances in high-tech sectors, but not in lower-tech industries. Conversely, a larger share of R&D located in the US seems to improve the economic performance of R&D activities within high-tech EU MNEs while the effect is negative for lower-tech companies. Nevertheless, the economic performance of R&D centers in Europe and US is jointly positive and significant for both regions.

The sixth chapter concludes the dissertation by reviewing the main findings of the previous chapters. Policy implications are summarized and the limitations of the thesis are addressed. Finally, extensions of the scope of the analysis and ideas for future research are suggested.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Les entreprises multinationales (EMN) sont les principaux moteurs des activités de commerce et d’investissement mondiales en raison de leur capacité à encourager les interdépendances (économiques) entre les marchés nationaux et régionaux. La communauté internationale en sciences de gestion a ainsi fourni un effort substantiel pour développer des cadres théoriques qui expliquent le raisonnement et évaluent le statut et les progrès de l’internationalité/ regionalité des EMN. Ce faisant, des recherches antérieures, par exemple Rugman and Verbeke (2004) ou Rosa et al. (2020), proposent que le concept de globalisation au niveau de l’entreprise, au sens de répartition géographique équilibrée des revenus à travers la triade, est vide de sens et est un cas particulier mais pas général.Le présent travail examine la littérature existante dans ce domaine de recherche spécifique et s’appuie sur des données longitudinales des EMN européennes pour une évaluation empirique. L’ensemble de la littérature définissant et conceptualisant les différents types de firmes (internationales) est ainsi passé en revue et analysé tout en étudiant plus de 100 travaux évalués par des pairs et monographiques. En outre, il est évalué comment la régionalité et la globalité des EMN sont opérationnalisées et mesurées. De même, un examen et une analyse détaillés des recherches prenant en compte les systèmes de classification des EMN et contribuant au débat régional et global sont proposés. Sur la base de 253 échantillons de données, il est ainsi démontré que 85.0%, soit 28,575 des 33,632 entreprises, sont classées comme EMN régionales. En conséquence, des recherches antérieures indiquent que ces EMN sont – malgré leurs interdépendances – essentiellement régionales.Par ailleurs, le présent travail contribue au débat existant sur les EMN régionales et globales sur la base de l’analyse des données longitudinales des EMN européennes. En utilisant les données sur les revenus et des employés, les EMN répertoriées dans le CAC40 et DAX30 sont en forte augmentation dans l’orientation interrégionale tout au long de la période 2005-2015. En conséquence et avec la disparition de l’orientation vers la région d’origine, la part des EMN orientées vers la région d’origine diminue de 32.8%, passant de 81.3% en 2005 à 48.4% en 2015. L’examen des données suggère que la croissance vers l’interrégionalité est progrès-sive, tandis que les cases sélectionnées illustrent que le développement est également complété par de grandes étapes. Ainsi, ces apports contrastent avec les travaux précédent, le présent travail offre alors une perspective complète et actualisée des EMN régionales et globales
Multinational enterprises (MNEs) act as the key drivers of world trade and investment activities due to their ability to facilitate (economic) interdependencies across national and regional markets. The international business and management research community has thereby shown a substantial effort to develop theoretical frameworks that explain the reasoning for and assess the status and progress of MNE internationality/regionality. In doing so, previous research, as original as by Rugman and Verbeke (2004a) and as recent as by Rosa et al. (2020), renders the concept of firm-level globalization, in terms of a balanced geographic distribution of sales across the triad, as meaningless and a special but not the general case.For the generation of a holistic view, the present work examines the existing literature from this specific research field and considers longitudinal data from European MNEs for an empirical assessment. The body of literature defining and conceptualizing the different kinds of (international) firms is thus reviewed and analyzed while accessing more than 100 excerpts from peer-reviewed and monographic works. In addition, it is assessed how MNE regionality and globality are operationalized and measured. Likewise, a detailed review and analysis of the research that considers MNE classification systems and contributes to the regional and global debate is provided. Based on 253 data samples, it is thereby shown that 85.0% or 28,575 of the 33,632 firms are classified as home region-oriented MNEs. In consequence, prior research indicates that these MNEs are – despite their interdependencies – dominantly (home-) regional.In extension, the present work contributes to the existing debate on regional and global MNEs based on the analysis of longitudinal data from European MNEs. Using sales and employee data, MNEs listed in CAC40 and DAX30 are substantially increasing in interregional orientation throughout the 2005-2015 period. In consequence and with home-region orientation fading, the stake of home region-oriented MNEs decreases by 32.8% from 81.3% in 2005 to 48.4% in 2015. The additional data review suggests that growth into interregional orientation is incremental while selected cases exemplify that the development is not only gradual but also complemented by big steps, such as connected with foreign M&A activities. While these insights are in contrast with the original narrative, the present work provides a comprehensive and updated perspective on regional and global MNEs
Multinationale Unternehmungen (MNU) sind die Haupttreiber der Welthandels- und Investi-tionstätigkeit, da sie (wirtschaftliche) Abhängigkeiten zwischen nationalen und regionalen Märkten fördern. Die internationale Forschungsgemeinschaft für Wirtschaft und Management hat daher erhebliche Anstrengungen unternommen, um einen theoretischen Bezugsrahmen zu entwickeln, der die Gründe für sowie den Status und die Entwicklung der Internationalität/ Regionalität von MNU erläutert und bewertet. Frühere Forschungsarbeiten, bspw. von Rugman and Verbeke (2004) und Rosa et al. (2020), ordnen dem Konzept der Globalisierung auf Unternehmensebene, d.h. eine geografische Verteilung von Umsätzen innerhalb der Triade, eine bedeutungslose Rolle zu, die einen besonderen und nicht den Regelfall wiederspiegelt.Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Forschung aus diesem spezifischen Bereich und berücksichtigt Längsschnittdaten von europäischen MNU für eine eigene Analyse. Die Literatur, welche die verschiedenen Arten von (internationalen) Unternehmungen definiert und konzeptualisiert, wird daraufhin analysiert, wobei auf mehr als 100 Auszüge aus von Experten begutachteten und monografischen Werke zurückgegriffen wird. Darüber hinaus wird bewertet, wie Regionalität und Globalität von MNU operationalisiert und gemessen wird. Ebenso wird eine detaillierte Überprüfung und Analyse der Forschung bereitgestellt, die innerhalb des Diskurses die Klassifikation von MNU berücksichtigt. Anhand von 253 Datenstichproben wird dabei verdeutlicht, dass 85.0% oder 28,575 der 33,632 Unternehmungen als Heimatregionen-orientierte MNU eingestuft werden. Somit zeigt die bestehende Forschung, dass MNU – trotz der bestehenden Abhängigkeiten – überwiegend (Heimatregionen-orientiert und) regional sind.Die vorliegende Arbeit trägt auf Basis der Erhebung und Analyse von Längsschnittdaten von europäischen MNU auch zur bestehenden Debatte über regionale und globale MNU bei. Die Auswertung von Umsatz- und Mitarbeiterdaten von CAC40 und DAX30 gelisteten MNU zeigt dabei, dass sich die interregionale Ausrichtung im Zeitraum von 2005 bis 2015 deutlich verstärkt. Mit abnehmender Heimatregionen-Orientierung sinkt dabei der Anteil der regionalen MNU um 32.8% von 81.3% im Jahre 2005 auf 48.4% im Jahr 2015. Die weitere Datenanalyse zeigt auch, dass die Veränderung zu einer interregionalen Orientierung graduell erfolgt, wäh-rend ausgewählte Fälle verdeutlichen, dass auch sog. „große Schritte“ möglich sind. Da diese Erkenntnisse im Gegensatz zur ursprünglichen Forschung stehen, bietet die vorliegende Arbeit eine übergreifende und aktualisierte Perspektive für regional- und global-orientierte MNU

During the 1980s and 1990s, the world witnessed a radical change in which globalization diminished the power of the nation-state and shifted that impetus to a certain number of “Global Cities.” London, New York and Tokyo appeared to be the first of these cities and they acted as the heart of the new commercial and financial geography. In order to further strengthen their status, these cities organized transnational cultural events such as fairs, festivals and biennials.  Those events have been assumed as a driving force behind other political, economic and financial activities in the era of globalization. Since the 1980s, Istanbul has emerged as a candidate for a new global city at the eastern frontier of Europe. Thus, with the encouragement of the government, the private sector has begun to organize several large-scale cultural events in order to reshape the city as a global city and re-present the nation with a more European outlook. This is in keeping with the desire to facilitate Turkey’s EU accession process and attract global commercial activities. The Istanbul Biennial is one of the most important of these cultural initiatives. Thus, this research will scrutinize the Istanbul Biennial within this framework. The main premise will be: “The organization of the Istanbul Biennial aims to attract global financial activities, enable the political aspirations of the city and therefore transform the city into a global one.”

Such processes as integration, consolidation, globalization are characteristic of the modern world economy and are the basis for the formation of the world economic system. Civil aviation in the conditions of globalization becomes an important part of Ukraine's integration into the European economic and legal space in the field of air navigation.
The article is devoted to the analysis and disclosure of the main programs and processes of integration of the aviation industry into the system of international relations, the article reveals the tendencies of globalization in the field of aviation of Ukraine.
Стаття присвячена аналізу та розкриттю основних програм та процесів інтеграції авіаційної промисловості в систему міжнародних відносин, розкрито тенденції глобалізації у сфері авіації України.
Статья посвящена анализу и раскрытию основных программ и процессов интеграции авиационной отрасли в систему международных отношений, в статье раскрываются тенденции глобализации в области авиации Украины.
Кафедра менеджменту зовнішньоекономічної діяльності

Considering that all negotiation to sign a bilateral agreement with the European Union finished this year, this thesis project propose an strategy that will permit the growth of the exportation of non-traditional agricultural products from Peru to the European market. The strategy to define this proposal will be based on the analysis of the characteristics of both markets, their level of development and their export volumes in the last ten years. In addition there will be an analysis on their financial and investment methods with the purpose of promote an increment on the Peruvian exports.

This paper analyzes the effects of globalization on social protection expenditures in European countries. The analysis adds to the literature due to its special focus on (a) the Eastern European countries and (b) on differences in globalization effects between welfare regimes. We find evidence in favor of the compensation hypothesis in Western Europe which is driven by the conservative welfare regime, outweighing the efficiency effect of globalization in the social-democratic welfare regime. In Eastern European countries the efficiency effect is predominant. No globalization effect is found for the liberal and the southern welfare regimes. Our results indicate some convergence within Western Europe and a divergence between the East and the West of Europe. We stress the importance of disaggregating by welfare regimes when exploring the effects of globalization on public social protection expenditures. (author's abstract)
Series: Discussion Papers SFB International Tax Coordination

The present study explores the relationship between trust placed in national institutions and opinion of globalization. A secondary data analysis is conducted using data collected by the European Commission in a 2004 Eurobarometer survey of European Union (EU) citizens on various issues regarding the EU, globalization and national challenges. A prominent theme in the literature is that, in recent times, globalization has had the effect of compromising the sovereignty of nation-states. This has generated a backlash of nationalistic attitudes wherein globalization is posited in opposition to the nation-state. This surge in nationalism has reinforced a culture wherein any external force that has the capacity to compromise or merely challenge national sovereignty is deemed undesirable. The EU represents a unique response to the phenomenon of globalization. It is the only economic bloc that attempts to manage globalization and mitigate its negative effects through the promotion of a free market system that is actively reinforced by political and social transnational unity. By assessing EU citizens' opinion of globalization and its relation to national attachment, one can investigate whether in living in a system of shared national sovereignty, which attempts to actively manage globalization, one experiences globalization not as an external invasive force, but as an integral component of the nation-state.

This thesis is an assessment of the dynamics of trade affinities and how they have influenced trade flows in the European continent. The focus is how trade affinities have altered over a time span of four time periods stretching from the 1970s up to today and how these alterations have influenced globalization.

A total of 41 countries belonging to the European continent have been selected. Furthermore four variables were selected to represent trade affinities; distance, border, colony, and language. These have been selected as they are generally believed to be static and thus should not change over time. Also, this thesis aims to show the separate influence of each trade affinity as other papers usually estimate trade affinities as one collective variable.

By the use of a gravity model 9 variables are tested in order to determine their influence on trade flows. This is done through a regression with a log-log equation where the dependent variable is Export and the affinity variables are estimated as dummy variables.

The regression is divided into four time periods in order to more easily determine how the trade affinity variables have altered in influence on trade flows in Europe. The first time period represent an average of the time period 1974-1976, the second 1984-1986, the third 1994-1996 and the fourth 2004-2006.

The regression results illustrate that the majority of the selected variables are significant but most importantly that the trade affinity variables are proven to have altered over the time periods. The performance of a Wald estimation gives an indication that trade affinities are in fact dynamic although the results are not entirely significant for all variables.

Based on the results, it is apparent that trade affinities still have a significant effect on trade flows in the European continent. Although, their effects have altered to become less significant in some cases while others have become stronger they all jointly share the attributes of affecting trade. These alterations can in turn be interpreted as dependent on the globalization process of the European continent. As globalization has progressed some affinities have decreased in influence while others have regained new importance.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Communication and Culture, 2006.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-06, Section: A, page: 1962. Adviser: Barbara Klinger. "Title from dissertation home page (viewed June 21, 2007)."

The arguments concerning the unviability of Social Democracy at the beginning of new century within the context of globalization, and the accusations for its shift towards the New Right/Neo-Liberalism in the case of the Third Way has been criticized in a historico-critical way in this thesis. It is claimed that the insufficiency of these arguments arises from their analysis of Social Democracy merely through policies, or party politics, which have displayed great variety in the evolution of Social Democracy. Their shortage also stems from misunderstandings concerning Social Democracy before 1980, such as that it was against the market economy, that it was a working class ideology, and that it neglected the individual. Against the arguments of unviability and the accusations directed to Social Democracy, the thesis will assert that the theorization of Social Democracy should be based on its principles, such as democracy, progressiveness (movement) and social justice. By focusing on social democratic conception of social justice, this thesis defends that there is continuity within the tradition of Social Democracy, even in the face of globalization and in its encounters with the developments after 1980.

Pochi studi hanno analizzato I prezzi delle droghe in Europa nonostante I risultati forniti da questo tipo di analisi in altri paesi. In America, l’analisi sui prezzi delle droghe costituisce la base dell’attuale conoscenza su domanda e offerta del mercato delle droga e dell’effetto delle forze di polizia. Questa tesi analizza il prezzo delle droghe illecite (eroina e cocaina) in Europa. In particolare questo studio ha due obiettivi 1) identificare quali fattori influenzano i prezzi delle droghe; 2) identificare quali fattori hanno portato al declino dei prezzi delle droghe negli ultimi venti anni. In linea con la precedente letteratura, questo studio ha impiegato un’analisi della variazione geografica e temporale dei prezzi, un “Risk and price model” ed una analisi panel. I risultati mostrano che le forze di polizia e il livello di violenza hanno un effetto marginale sul prezzo delle droghe e non sono capaci di spiegare il loro declino negli anni. La globalizzazione sembra la principale spiegazione. La globalizzazione ha tagliato i costi nel traffico di droga, riducendo le inefficienze causate dalla sua illegalità (per esempio nel trasporto). Di conseguenza la globalizzazione può essere considerata la componente principale nello spiegare il declino dei prezzi delle droghe in Europa.
There are few studies on drug prices in Europe, despite the insight this type of analysis has provided in other countries. In the USA, the examination of drug prices has improved the knowledge of the demand and supply in drug markets and the impact of law enforcement. The dissertation aims to analyze the prices of illicit drugs (heroin and cocaine) in Europe. The study has two objectives: (1) identifying which factors affect drug prices; (2) analyzing which factors drove the price decline in the last twenty years. In line with the previous literature, the methods include the analysis of the trends of prices over time and across countries, a risk and price model, and a panel regression. The results show that law enforcement and violence have marginal impact on drug prices and they are unable to explain the decline over time. In fact, globalization is the key explanatory factor. Globalization has likely cut the costs of the drug trade, reducing the inefficiencies caused by illegality (e.g. transportation). As a result, it may be regarded as the most important factor in the price decline in European drug markets.

Pochi studi hanno analizzato I prezzi delle droghe in Europa nonostante I risultati forniti da questo tipo di analisi in altri paesi. In America, l’analisi sui prezzi delle droghe costituisce la base dell’attuale conoscenza su domanda e offerta del mercato delle droga e dell’effetto delle forze di polizia. Questa tesi analizza il prezzo delle droghe illecite (eroina e cocaina) in Europa. In particolare questo studio ha due obiettivi 1) identificare quali fattori influenzano i prezzi delle droghe; 2) identificare quali fattori hanno portato al declino dei prezzi delle droghe negli ultimi venti anni. In linea con la precedente letteratura, questo studio ha impiegato un’analisi della variazione geografica e temporale dei prezzi, un “Risk and price model” ed una analisi panel. I risultati mostrano che le forze di polizia e il livello di violenza hanno un effetto marginale sul prezzo delle droghe e non sono capaci di spiegare il loro declino negli anni. La globalizzazione sembra la principale spiegazione. La globalizzazione ha tagliato i costi nel traffico di droga, riducendo le inefficienze causate dalla sua illegalità (per esempio nel trasporto). Di conseguenza la globalizzazione può essere considerata la componente principale nello spiegare il declino dei prezzi delle droghe in Europa.
There are few studies on drug prices in Europe, despite the insight this type of analysis has provided in other countries. In the USA, the examination of drug prices has improved the knowledge of the demand and supply in drug markets and the impact of law enforcement. The dissertation aims to analyze the prices of illicit drugs (heroin and cocaine) in Europe. The study has two objectives: (1) identifying which factors affect drug prices; (2) analyzing which factors drove the price decline in the last twenty years. In line with the previous literature, the methods include the analysis of the trends of prices over time and across countries, a risk and price model, and a panel regression. The results show that law enforcement and violence have marginal impact on drug prices and they are unable to explain the decline over time. In fact, globalization is the key explanatory factor. Globalization has likely cut the costs of the drug trade, reducing the inefficiencies caused by illegality (e.g. transportation). As a result, it may be regarded as the most important factor in the price decline in European drug markets.

35 anni fa il Vietnam era una delle nazioni più povere al mondo. Oggi il Vietnam è una delle economie mondiali in più rapida espansione con un tasso di crescita superiore al 7% nel 2019 e una crescita positiva nel 2020 nonostante la pandemia. Lo scopo di questa tesi è presentare lo sviluppo della nazione e la sua inclusione nel mercato internazionale, cercando di capire la sua posizione nella catena del valore globale e la sua attrattività per i paesi più sviluppati. Per meglio comprenderne l’evoluzione, la storia economica dello stato del Sud Est Asiatico verrà contestualizzata all’interno delle tre fasi della globalizzazione. Verrà analizzata la strategia di riforma economica nota come Doi Moi, (“rinnovamento”) introdotta nel 1986, per mezzo della quale il governo si proponeva di rilanciare la crescita e lo sviluppo del paese attraverso una transizione graduale verso un'economia di mercato di stampo socialista. In soli tre decenni, partendo da una base di riferimento estremamente bassa, il Vietnam è riuscito a costruire un’economia vibrante e dinamica. Oggi, dopo una condizione di isolamento dal commercio internazionale e dai flussi di investimento, che ha perpetuato fino al 1986, Hanoi emerge come un’importante destinazione per gli IDE e una fiorente economia di esportazione. L’attenzione si sposterà sulle relazioni economiche con i paesi membri dell’Unione Europea, con la quale ha ulteriormente ampliato i legami a seguito dell'entrata in vigore del EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement nell'Agosto 2020. Verranno analizzati l’interscambio commerciale tra il Vietnam e i principali partner Europei e la presenza degli investimenti diretti esteri nel territorio. Infine, alla luce del recente accordo, saranno esaminate le nuove prospettive e le future opportunità per il paese asiatico.

This thesis examines the conditions under which democratically elected policymakers are more likely to provide policies that compensate individuals that lose from international trade. It develops and empirically tests a theoretical framework of compensation in open economies that accounts for differences in the degree to which governments benefit losers from trade. It first develops a theory of preference formation based on economic geography, and then argues that electoral and legislative institutions jointly condition the supply of compensation. The theoretical analysis provides three sets of observable implications evaluated using micro- and macro-level data in Europe and Latin America. First, exposure to international competition increases demand for policy that compensates for the costs of trade, but this effect is more pronounced among those individuals in economically specialised and uncompetitive contexts where reemployment in the event of a shock is difficult. Second, policymakers in proportional electoral systems face weak incentives to target trade losers in geographically concentrated and uncompetitive regions. In contrast, majoritarian institutions generate incentives to increase compensation when trade losers are geographically concentrated. Another implication is that under some conditions, the presence of a strong upper house that represents regional interests dampens the provision of compensation, and the relative effect of electoral rules. The empirical implications of the argument are tested using a multi-method research strategy that combines cross-national and case study analyses and draws on quantitative and qualitative techniques. Chapter 3 tests the micro-level implications of the model using survey data for European regions over 2002-2006. The findings indicate that regional economic specialization and regional competitiveness jointly condition the impact of trade on preferences for compensation. Chapter 4 systematically tests the extent to which the geographical concentration of trade losers conditions the effect of electoral institutions on levels of compensation. It uses panel data from 14 European countries from 1980 to 2010. The findings indicate that where trade losers are concentrated, lower district magnitude leads to more compensation. Chapters 5 and 6 conduct case studies of compensation in Spain and Argentina, both countries that underwent deep liberalisation and offer significant variation at the regional and institutional level. Chapter 5 explores preferences over compensation in selected regions in Spain and Argentina, and shows that regional specialisation and competitiveness were important in shaping levels of support for compensation. Chapter 6 examines the role of electoral institutions and legislative veto bargaining in shaping the politics of compensation in Spain and Argentina.

This thesis examines the suggestion that the Western economies are witnessing the globalisation of markets, production, finance and knowledge which has placed severe limits on the economic role of national governments, and that effective public policy is now restricted to the promotion of education and training which is the chief determinant of national competitiveness in the new global, knowledge-intensive economy. In practice, governments have become heavy supporters of knowledgeintensive industries through policies aimed mainly at upgrading human capital. This view of the role of economic policy amounts to a new academic and policy orthodoxy and is subject to critical examination in this thesis. This thesis contends that some convergence of economic systems has occurred with national economic development enmeshed in a global economy in which some positions are more rewarding than others. At the same time, the nation-state remains central to shaping industrial activity. Nowhere is this argument more true than in `high technology or `knowledgeintensive' sectors where increasing returns apply and where government policies continue to play a critical role in determining industrial development. These arguments are examined through a case study of skills and training issues in European biotechnology - purportedly a sector exposed to processes of globalisation. The study reveals the explanatory limits of the new orthodoxy. It reveals a picture of biotechnology in which economic development is far more complex than originally assumed at the beginning of the skill shortage study. The economic validity of the argument that investments in skills and training are a panacea to improving productivity in a knowledge-intensive industries and are thus the key to the economicprosperity of nations is criticised. It is shown how popular assumptions in relation to the scientific labour market are misplaced and inappropriate. The development of the sector is shown to have been heavily influenced by the operation of national structures and the ways in which these have structured the level and nature of demand for the industry's products and the availability of investment finance for new technologies. Significant changes in the dimensions of national biotechnology industries are acknowledged to have occurred through the globalisation of capital and markets, but the role of the national environment and of the strategic choices of governments in developing the sector are seen to have been highly influential in shaping the dynamics of the industry. Although the failure of the European biotechnology industry to develop at the pace originally envisaged has been attributed to skill shortages, it is argued that the pace of economic development in this sector has been influenced also by the power of national and transnational social groups, differential access to knowledge and finance - in short by the combination of the institutional characteristics of national societies and the emerging power of transnational movements

ASPAL/PILAV 138534-J Henrique Fontes. Júri: Presidente: Coronel Joaquim Marques Martins; Orientadora: Professora Doutora Teresa de Almeida e Silva; Coorientador: Tenente-Coronel Luís Manuel Pinto de Almeida Rocha; Vogal: Professora Doutora Andreia Soares e Castro
Numa Europa cada vez mais assolada pela crise migratória e por atentados terroristas que colocam em perigo a segurança das suas populações, a procura por motivos que justifiquem estes comportamentos aumenta e os olhares voltam-se para o fenómeno religioso e a forma como este é encarado no patrocínio das atividades extremistas. A religião que parecia esquecida e afastada do plano das Relações Internacionais retoma, no século XXI, o seu estatuto enquanto ator preponderante na cena internacional, sendo escutada a sua mensagem por diversos atores estatais e não-estatais, tais como a ONU. O advento da modernidade procurou, por força do avanço científico registado nas últimas décadas, afastar a religião da ordem pública, focalizando-se apenas no tangível e comprovável empiricamente. As sociedades ocidentais passaram a desenvolver-se com base em fatores económicos e a dar mais importância ao nacionalismo e à cidadania como aspetos relevantes e estruturantes na construção de um sentido identitário mais coletivo e diversificado. Porém, do outro lado do Mediterrâneo o avanço não ocorreu da mesma maneira e, as intervenções ocidentais em países da região do Maghreb forçaram milhares de pessoas a procurar melhores condições. A Europa integrista e inclusiva abriu os braços, mas vê-se, atualmente, mergulhada numa crise migratória para a qual não tem resposta. O Islão, descontente com os valores secularistas ocidentais, busca demonstrar o seu desagrado e rejeição dos mesmos através da execução de ataques geograficamente dispersos, levados a cabo por lobos solitários. A ascensão de movimentos de extrema-direita cria alarmismo no seio das comunidades europeias, pois fomenta a xenofobia e a intolerância religiosa. A religião possui um poder dicotómico capaz de promover quer a paz, quer os conflitos, apenas dependendo da interpretação que é feita da mensagem sagrada.
In a Europe increasingly desolated by migrant crisis and terrorist attacks which endanger the safety of its population, the search for motives that justify these behaviours increases and the focus turns to the religious phenomenon and the way it is used in order to support extremist activities. The religion that seemed to be forgotten and casted aside from the International Relations resumes, in the 21th century, its status as a ruling actor in the international spectre, with its message being listened by various state and non-state actors, such as the United Nations. The coming of Modernity looked, through the scientific advance registered in the last decades, to push religion away from the public sphere, focusing only on the tangible and empirically verifiable. Western societies developed themselves based on economic factors and gave bigger importance to nationalism and citizenship as structuring and relevant aspects in the framing of a more collective and diversified identity sense. However, across the Mediterranean the progress did not occur the same way and, the western interventions in countries within the Maghreb region forced thousands of people to pursue better conditions. The inclusive Europe opened its arms, but nowadays, it is immersed in a migratory crisis for which has no response. Islam, unhappy with western secularist values, seeks to demonstrate its displeasure and rejection of such values throughout the execution of geographically dispersed attacks, conducted by lonely wolfs. The rise of right-wing extremist movements creates alarmism inside the European communities, because it encourages xenophobia and religious intolerance. Religion possesses a dichotomous power capable of either promoting peace or conflict, only dependant upon the interpretation made of the holy message.
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Compared to the globalized markets of goods and services, technology production has been often described as “far from globalized” and mainly concentrated in the home country of multinational enterprises. However, academics and international organizations recognize that research and development (R&D) activities are increasingly performed at the international level. In particular, the globalization of innovation is a major concern since it is at the crossroads of the rising importance of knowledge economy and the increasing international slicing of firms’ value chains. In this context, the main motivations of this thesis are to investigate the extent to which innovation takes place across national borders and to analyze the drivers of this phenomenon across countries and across industries. For this purpose, this dissertation provides new evidence on the globalization of innovation in four empirical essays using patent-based indicators.

First, the relevance of patent statistics as indicators of innovation is evaluated by studying the relationship between expenditures in R&D activities and patenting efforts. Chapter 2 decomposes this relationship at the industry level to shed light on the origins of the worldwide surge in patent applications. The empirical investigation of the R&D-patent relationship relies on a unique panel dataset composed of 18 manufacturing industries in 19 countries covering the period from 1987 to 2005, for which five broad patent indicators are developed. This study shows that patent applications at the industry level reflect not only research productivity, but also two main components of the propensity to patent which are firms’ strategic considerations: the decision to protect an invention with a patent (the “appropriability strategy”) and the number of patents filed to protect an innovation (the “filing strategy”). The comparison between the results for various patent count indicators provides also interesting insights. While some industries (computers and communication technologies) and countries (South Korea, Spain, and Poland) have experienced a drastic increase in patent applications, the ratio of priority patent applications to R&D expenditures has been generally constant. This result suggests that there has been no spurt in innovation productivity. In contrast, regional applications (filings at the United States Patent and Trademark Office or at the European Patent Office) have been increasing since the early 1990s, suggesting that the patent explosion observed in large regional patent offices is due to the greater globalization of intellectual property rights rather than a surge in research productivity. Innovative firms are increasingly targeting global markets and hence have a higher tendency to seek protection in key markets worldwide.

Chapter 3 introduces, firstly, aggregate patent-based indicators to measure the globalization of innovation production. Secondly, it describes the patterns in international technology production for a large panel dataset covering 21 industries in 29 countries from 1980 to 2005. A strong growth in the intensity of globalization of innovation is confirmed not only in terms of cross-border ownership of innovation, but also in terms of international technological collaborations. More interestingly, heterogeneity across countries and industries is observed. On the one hand, more innovative countries (or industries) do not present more globalized innovation footprint. On the other hand, the ownership of innovation is still strongly concentrated in a few countries, although its location is increasingly dispersed across the world. Thirdly, it investigates empirically two main opposing motives driving the internationalization of innovation: home-base augmenting and home-base exploiting strategies. The results show that the degree of internationalization of innovation is negatively related to the revealed technological advantage of countries across industries. Countries tend to be more technologically globalized in industrial sectors in which they are less technologically specialized. The empirical findings suggest also that countries with multidisciplinary technological knowledge are more likely to take part in international co-inventions of new technologies and to be attractive for foreign innovative firms. This aggregated patent-based analysis provides additional evidence that globalization of innovation is a means of acquiring competences abroad that are lacking at home, suggesting that home-base augmenting motives matter in the globalization of innovation production. By contrast, the internationalization of innovation does not seem to be purely market-driven since large economies are not the target of foreign innovative firms and international patenting is more related to international competitiveness of country-industry pairs than to the direction of trade flows.

While the previous chapter studies the globalization of innovation of a country with the rest of world, Chapter 4 aims at explaining who collaborates with whom in the international production of technology. In particular, the impact of technological distance between partner’s economies is investigated for a panel dataset covering international co-inventions between 29 countries in 21 industries between 1988 and 2005. The descriptive analysis highlights that the overall growth in internationalization of innovation is due to both the increase in the number of international innovative actors and the rise of the average intensity of collaboration. The empirical findings then suggest that the two main arguments related to technological distance – ‘similarity versus diversity’ – can be reconciled by taking an industry approach. Indeed, the estimation results show that the impact of technological distance is twofold on the intensity of collaborative innovation at industry level. On the one hand, the more similar the industry-specific knowledge of two countries (low technological distance within the industry), the more easily they collaborate by sharing common industrial knowledge. On the other hand, the more different their non-industry-specific knowledge (high technological distance outside the scope of the industry), the more they collaborate to gain access to broad and interdisciplinary expertise. It suggests that the relative absorptive capacity between partner’s economies and the search for novel and complementary knowledge are key drivers of the globalization of innovation. Moreover, the results confirm the moderating effect of non-technological distance factors (spatial proximity, ease of communication, institutional proximity, and overall economic ties) in cross-border innovative relationships.

The topic of Chapter 5 is the cost-benefit analysis of the creation of a new ‘globalized’ patent: the EU Patent (formerly known as Community Patent) which consists in a single patent covering the entire EU territory for both application procedure and legal enforcement after grant. The objective of this chapter is threefold: (i) simulate the budgetary consequences in terms of renewal fees’ income for the European and national patent offices; (ii) evaluate the implications for the business sector in terms of absolute and relative fees; (iii) assess the total economic impact for the most important actors of the European patent system. Based on an econometric model explaining the determinants of the maintenance rate of patents, the simulations suggest that – with a sound renewal fee structure – the EU patent could generate more income for nearly all patent offices than under the current status quo. It would, at the same time, substantially reduce the relative patenting costs for applicants. Finally, the loss of economic rents by patent attorneys, translators and lawyers, and the drop of controlling power by national patent offices elucidate further the persistence of a fragmented European patent system.

Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished