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Academic literature on the topic 'Globalization conditions'

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Published: 30 May 2022
Last updated: 31 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Globalization conditions"

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Chkalova, O., and M. Efremova. "Retail Development under the Conditions of Globalization." International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance 6, no. 4 (August 2015): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijtef.2015.v6.470.

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Abuzjarova, Maria I. "Management of Business Risk in Conditions of Globalization." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, no. 3 (March 30, 2020): 2844–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i3/pr2020320.

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Chugunov, Igor, Valentyna Makohon, and Tetiana Кrykun. "Budget strategy in the conditions of economic globalization." Problems and Perspectives in Management 17, no. 3 (July 30, 2019): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.17(3).2019.08.

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Economic changes create a strong need for the reconsideration of the system of financial and budgetary knowledge and paradigms already created in developed countries regarding the possibility of their use in the countries with developing economies. In this article, the authors clarify that the process of formation of the efficient and mutually agreed budget policy with strategic tasks of the social and economical development of countries requires development of the budget strategy. Its essence is the dynamic realization of the system of goals, principles, directions, tasks of state authorities, co-ordination and adequacy of their long-term regulatory measures to internal and external changes in the economic environment and social transformations aimed at ensuring macroeconomic stability, accelerating economic growth and improving the well-being of the population. The principles of budget strategy development have been clearly defined: scientific substantiation; integrity; efficiency; systematic approach; adaptability; variability; interdependence; purposefulness; sociality; legitimacy. The share of government expenditures, budget deficit and public debt in the gross domestic product in the EU and Ukraine has been estimated. The priority directions of budget strategies in the conditions of economic transformations have been defined, in particular, regarding the increase of efficiency of public expenditures and establishment of restrictions on their level of growth; improvement of the mechanism for managing budget deficits, public debt and guarantees and reduction of their limits. The research has demonstrated a huge influence of the budget strategy on the social and economical processes and on the development of the social relations.
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Lemishovska, O., and Н. Ronek. "Financial Statements Under the Economy Globalization Conditions: Conditions and Perspectives of the Development." Economics, Entrepreneurship, Management 5, no. 1 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/eem2018.01.001.

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KALINENKO, N. "GLOBALIZATION IN CURRENT ECONOMIC CONDITIONS." CULTURE AND SAFETY 8, no. 81 (2021): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/kb.2021.1.47-51.

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Al'bert, Kochergin. "Philosophy in the conditions of globalization." Ideas and Ideals 1, no. 3 (September 15, 2016): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/2075-0862-2016-3.1-9-23.

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Zvyeryakov, Mykhaylo. "DEINDUSTRIALIZATION UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION." JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN ECONOMY, Vol 17, No 2 (2018) (2018): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/jee2018.02.157.

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A theoretical analysis of the crisis of the neoliberal model of globalization, which led to the processes of deindustrialization in many countries of the world, including Ukraine, is presented. It is shown that through the restoration of the development of high-tech sectors of the real economy, a global economic model is changing, that gives a chance to overcome negative consequences of the global crisis. The analysis of various models of capitalism under conditions of neoliberal globalization, including those in the countries emerging in the postsocialist space, has been carried out. It is shown that solving the contradiction that has developed in Ukrainian economy between current and long-term tasks is possible on the basis of a reproductive approach.
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Kalinichenko, D. R., and Yu V. Zaporozhets. "UKRAINE LABOR MIGRATION IN GLOBALIZATION CONDITIONS." TRADE AND MARKET OF UKRAINE 44, no. 2 (2018): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33274/2079-4762-2018-44-2-18-25.

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Kochetkov, Yu. "Latvian Economy under Conditions of Globalization." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 2 (February 20, 2005): 141–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2005-2-141-143.

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Zagladin, Vadim. "Russian Enterprises in conditions of Globalization." World Futures 55, no. 2 (March 2000): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02604027.2000.9972778.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Globalization conditions"

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Bilyk. "TNC IN THE CONDITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION." Thesis, Київ 2018, 2018. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/33669.

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Jatuliavičienė, Gražina. "Integrated export development under conditions of globalization." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20100204_100925-72330.

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In the dissertation from the holistic point of view are discussed export development peculiarities in the global area. The main aim of the dissertation is the expansion of the export development concept in consideration to the challenges of globalization. Therefore, peculiarities of internationalization and globalization processes and their connections in the context of export development are discussed; alternation of internationalization models under conditions of globalization is evaluated, highlighting integrated economic and social export development benefit. The export development mechanisms and instruments as well as their creation, adaptation and other aspects are analyzed and summarized. Moreover, world’s and especially Finland’s innovative experience in this area in the global context is emphasized. Based on analysis and synthesis of scientific literature theoretical integrated export development trajectories model was developed by the author. The main aim of the research is to prepare the integrated export development directions model with the focus on its applicability to Lithuania’s export development possibilities improvement in the context of current state of globalization. Through the use of the summarized results from the Lithuanian SME’s empirical research, discovering main suppressive reasons for export development, and expert research, evaluating Lithuanian export promotion current state and perspectives, the current Lithuanian export promotion activities... [to full text]
Disertacijoje holistiniu požiūriu nagrinėjami eksporto plėtros ypatumai globalioje erdvėje. Pagrindinis darbo tikslas - eksporto plėtros koncepcijos išplėtimas įvertinant globalizacijos iššūkius. Disertacijoje įvairiais aspektais atskleisti internacionalizacijos ir globalizacijos procesų ypatumai ir jų sąsajos, bei teikiamos naujos galimybės eksporto plėtrai; įvertinama internacionalizacijos modelių kaita globalizacijos sąlygomis, išryškinamos integruotos ekonomines ir socialines eksporto plėtros naudos. Disertacijoje atskleista eksporto plėtros instrumentų panaudojimo esmė bei pagrįsti alternatyvių eksporto plėtros ir skatinimo priemonių pasirinkimai ir išanalizuotas empirinis jų panaudojimo ištyrimo lygis pasinaudojant pažangia pasaulio ir ypač Suomijos patirtimi. Remiantis mokslinės literatūros analize ir sinteze sukurtas integruotos eksporto plėtros trajektorijų modelis. Pagrindinis tyrimo tikslas - parengti Lietuvos integruotos eksporto plėtros krypčių modelį šiuolaikinėmis globalizacijos sąlygomis. Darbe atliktas empirinis Lietuvos SVV įmonių tyrimas, kurio metu atskleistos eksporto plėtrą stabdančios priežastys, ekspertinio tyrimo metu atliktas Lietuvos eksporto skatinimo būklės ir perspektyvų vertinimas. Apibendrinti tyrimų rezultatai leido įvertinti Lietuvos eksporto skatinimo veiklos transformavimo motyvus, numatyti integruotos eksporto plėtros būdų tobulinimo sritis ir priemones, skatinančias SVV įmonių eksporto apimčių augimą.
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Кучерява, Д. В. "Legal culture in the conditions of globalization." Thesis, Київський національний університет технологій та дизайну, 2018. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/10711.

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Vynnychenko. "INTERNATIONAL MARKETING IN THE CONDITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION." Thesis, Київ 2018, 2018. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/33928.

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Deryhlazov, A. "NATIONAL IDENTITY UNDER CONDITIONS OF CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION." Thesis, Національний авіаційний університет, 2014. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/15062.

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Sharma, Shivali. "Globalization: A Kuwaiti Perspective." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2001. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/402.

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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf
Bachelors
Arts and Sciences
Political Science
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Троян, Марія Юріївна, Мария Юрьевна Троян, Mariia Yuriivna Troian, and Т. А. Передерій. "Regulation international financial markets in the conditions of globalization." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/82840.

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Розкриваються питання регулювання міжнародних фінансових ринків в умовах глобалізації
Раскрываются вопросы регулирования международных финансовых рынков в условиях глобализации
Reveals the issues of regulation of international financial markets in the context of globalization
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Faber, Benjamin. "Three essays on globalization and economic development." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/602/.

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How do falling barriers to flows of trade and information both within and across countries affect economic livelihoods in developing countries? The three chapters presented in this PhD thesis aim to contribute to our understanding of this question.
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Anastasiou, Michaelangelo. "Globalization; But Under What conditions? -- The Case of the E.U." PDXScholar, 2010. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/432.

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The present study explores the relationship between trust placed in national institutions and opinion of globalization. A secondary data analysis is conducted using data collected by the European Commission in a 2004 Eurobarometer survey of European Union (EU) citizens on various issues regarding the EU, globalization and national challenges. A prominent theme in the literature is that, in recent times, globalization has had the effect of compromising the sovereignty of nation-states. This has generated a backlash of nationalistic attitudes wherein globalization is posited in opposition to the nation-state. This surge in nationalism has reinforced a culture wherein any external force that has the capacity to compromise or merely challenge national sovereignty is deemed undesirable. The EU represents a unique response to the phenomenon of globalization. It is the only economic bloc that attempts to manage globalization and mitigate its negative effects through the promotion of a free market system that is actively reinforced by political and social transnational unity. By assessing EU citizens' opinion of globalization and its relation to national attachment, one can investigate whether in living in a system of shared national sovereignty, which attempts to actively manage globalization, one experiences globalization not as an external invasive force, but as an integral component of the nation-state.
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Ivanova, Olena. "Light industry specialists training issues in the conditions of globalization." Thesis, Київський національний університет технологій та дизайну, 2020. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/15307.

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Books on the topic "Globalization conditions"

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Globalization and labor conditions. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.

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1950-, Bareth Roop Singh, and Gupta Damyanti 1955-, eds. State and globalization. Jaipur: Rawat Publications, 2010.

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National Seminar on "State and Globalization" (2008 Dept. of Political Science, University of Rajasthan). State and globalization. Jaipur: Rawat Publications, 2010.

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Bazhutkina, Lidiya P. Russian economics competitiveness in conditions of globalization: Monograph. Yelm, WA: Science Book Publishing House, 2013.

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1966-, Salm Steven J., ed. Globalization and the African experience. Durham, N.C: Carolina Academic Press, 2012.

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Mufti, Irfan, and Risham Adnan. Globalization and rural women. Lahore: South Asia Partnership-Pakistan, 2005.

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Sīʻariya, Yuk. Lōkāwiwat 2000 =: Globalization. Krung Thēp: Bō̜risat ʻAiʻōnik ʻIntœ̄thrēt Rīsō̜tsēt, 1994.

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Aziz, Hassanuddeen Abdul. Islam and economic globalization. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: University of Malaya Press, 2010.

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Udoette, Donatus. Globalization: Implications for Africa(ns). Edited by Ekanem John Bosco and Bison Kekong E. Enugu: Snaap Press, 2004.

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Shurmer-Smith, Pamela. India: Globalization and change. London: Arnold, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Globalization conditions"

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Vasigh, Bijan, and Farshid Azadian. "The Globalization and Evolution of the Aviation Industry." In Aircraft Valuation in Volatile Market Conditions, 1–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82450-1_1.

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Elson, Anthony. "Initial Conditions for the Postwar Development of East Asia and Latin America." In Globalization and Development, 53–71. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137316394_4.

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Panić, M. "Banking Supervision in Conditions of Deregulation and Globalization." In Globalization and National Economic Welfare, 208–27. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230512481_9.

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Panić, M. "Banking Supervision in Conditions of Deregulation and Globalization." In Globalization and National Economic Welfare, 208–27. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230286597_9.

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Islam, Saidul, and Ismail Hossain. "Migrant Labor: Conditions, Contradictions and Confrontations." In Social Justice in the Globalization of Production, 108–25. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137434012_7.

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Rinne, Risto. "Reconfiguring Education Reform in Nordic Countries under Ever-Changing Conditions of Globalization." In Reimagining Globalization and Education, 164–82. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003207528-12.

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Järvinen, Tero. "Thinking about Social Inequalities and Marginalization in Education under Shifting Global Conditions." In Reimagining Globalization and Education, 120–32. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003207528-9.

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Dumez, Hervé, and Alain Jeunemaître. "The internal conditions of globalisation." In Understanding and Regulating the Market at a Time of Globalization, 113–24. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230288751_6.

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Lyons, Karen, Kathleen Manion, and Mary Carlsen. "New Directions for Social Work in Conditions of Globalization." In International Perspectives on Social Work, 184–205. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-20910-7_9.

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Nakayama, Rie. "Survey of the Actual Conditions of Wood Processing for Reusing Ise-Jingu Shrine’s Old Materials." In East Asian Architecture in Globalization, 565–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75937-7_43.

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Conference papers on the topic "Globalization conditions"

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Antokhiv-Skolozdra, O. M. "INFORMATION POLICY IN CONDITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION." In POLITICAL SCIENCE, PHILOSOPHY, HISTORY AND SOCIOLOGY: DEVELOPMENT AREAS AND TRENDS IN UKRAINE AND EU. Baltija Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-588-91-4-29.

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"FORMING A FAVORABLE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT IN THE GLOBALIZATION CONDITIONS." In Global Business and Law Development Imperatives. Київський національний торговельно-економічний університет, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31617/k.knute.2019-10-10.40.

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Parkhacheva, Olga, and Dana Mashtakova. "THE PROBLEM OF DEMOGRAPHY IN THE CONDITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION." In Globalistics-2020: Global issues and the future of humankind. Interregional Social Organization for Assistance of Studying and Promotion the Scientific Heritage of N.D. Kondratieff / ISOASPSH of N.D. Kondratieff, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46865/978-5-901640-33-3-2020-421-426.

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Kurnosova, Svetlana. "Life Values Of Nenets In The Conditions Of Globalization." In International Scientific Conference “Personality in Norm and in Pathology. European Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.06.04.48.

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"LANGUAGE COMPETENCES OF A SPECIALIST IN THE CONDITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION." In Global Business and Law Development Imperatives. Київський національний торговельно-економічний університет, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31617/k.knute.2019-10-10.06.

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Vasileva, Polina. "Mathematics In Regional Higher Education Institution Under Conditions Of Globalization." In SCTCMG 2019 - Social and Cultural Transformations in the Context of Modern Globalism. Cognitive-Crcs, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.12.04.445.

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Can, Zeynep Gizem, Ufuk Can, and Harun Bal. "Inclusive Growth and Globalization: The Case of Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c11.02277.

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This study aims to determine the relationship between inclusive growth and globalization. Since both concepts are multidimensional and do not directly related data on these concepts, an inclusive growth index is formed which covers sixteen different data with the help of principal component analysis. The globalization data are compiled from the KOF Swiss Economic Institute and the relationship between them is determined by Engle-Granger cointegration, Granger causality and ARDL bounds tests. Econometric findings show that inclusive growth has accelerated in the period between 1991 and 2015, that there is a long-term relationship with the inclusive growth index and the globalization index. This situation is contradictory with the conclusion that the causality relationship in the literature is towards global growth through inclusive growth. Information, social, economic and financial globalizations are directly related to economic performance, education, health and infrastructure investments and its funding conditions.
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Koliada, Tetiana, and Ganna Muzychenko. "TRANSFORMATION OF THE ROLE OF STATE IN ECONOMY IN GLOBALIZATION CONDITIONS." In Scientific Development of New Eastern Europe. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-571-89-3_131.

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Bayguzina, L. Z., G. A. Galimova, and Z. S. Safina. "Influence of the Financial Market in the Conditions of Economic Globalization." In International Scientific Conference "Far East Con" (ISCFEC 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200312.065.

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Камалова, Гульфия Гафиятовна. "TECHNICAL REGULATION IN DIGITAL CONDITIONS." In Высокие технологии и инновации в науке: сборник избранных статей Международной научной конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Май 2020). Crossref, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/vt185.2020.45.72.040.

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В статье рассматриваются некоторые вопросы технического регулирования в связи с развитием цифровых технологий. Автор отмечает, что в условиях глобализации, интеграции и цифровизации техническое регулирование приобретает значение ключевого фактора развития. The article discusses some issues of technical regulation in connection with the development of digital technology. The author notes that in the context of globalization, integration and digitalization, technical regulation is becoming a key development factor.
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Reports on the topic "Globalization conditions"

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Anastasiou, Michaelangelo. Globalization; But Under What conditions? -- The Case of the E.U. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.432.

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Nechaev, V., Володимир Миколайович Соловйов, and A. Nagibas. Complex economic systems structural organization modelling. Politecnico di Torino, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/0564/1118.

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One of the well-known results of the theory of management is the fact, that multi-stage hierarchical organization of management is unstable. Hence, the ideas expressed in a number of works by Don Tapscott on advantages of network organization of businesses over vertically integrated ones is clear. While studying the basic tendencies of business organization in the conditions of globalization, computerization and internetization of the society and the results of the financial activities of the well-known companies, the authors arrive at the conclusion, that such companies, as IBM, Boeing, Mercedes-Benz and some others companies have not been engaged in their traditional business for a long time. Their partner networks performs this function instead of them. The companies themselves perform the function of system integrators. The Tapscott’s idea finds its confirmation within the framework of a new powerful direction of the development of the modern interdisciplinary science – the theory of the complex networks (CN) [2]. CN-s are multifractal objects, the loss of multifractality being the indicator of the system transition from more complex state into more simple state. We tested the multifractal properties of the data using the wavelet transform modulus maxima approach in order to analyze scaling properties of our company. Comparative analysis of the singularity spectrumf(®), namely, the difference between maximum and minimum values of ® (∆ = ®max ¡ ®min) shows that IBM company is considerably more fractal in comparison with Apple Computer. Really, for it the value of ∆ is equal to 0.3, while for the vertically integrated company Apple it only makes 0.06 – 5 times less. The comparison of other companies shows that this dependence is of general character. Taking into consideration the fact that network organization of business has become dominant in the last 5-10 years, we carried out research for the selected companies in the earliest possible period of time which was determined by the availability of data in the Internet, or by historically later beginning of stock trade of computer companies. A singularity spectrum of the first group of companies turned out to be considerably narrower, or shifted toward the smaller values of ® in the pre-network period. The latter means that dynamic series were antipersistant. That is, these companies‘ management was rigidly controlled while the impact of market mechanisms was minimized. In the second group of companies if even the situation did changed it did not change for the better. In addition, we discuss applications to the construction of portfolios of stock that have a stable ratio of risk to return.
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Lazonick, William, Philip Moss, and Joshua Weitz. Equality Denied: Tech and African Americans. Institute for New Economic Thinking, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp177.

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Thus far in reporting the findings of our project “Fifty Years After: Black Employment in the United States Under the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission,” our analysis of what has happened to African American employment over the past half century has documented the importance of manufacturing employment to the upward socioeconomic mobility of Blacks in the 1960s and 1970s and the devastating impact of rationalization—the permanent elimination of blue-collar employment—on their socioeconomic mobility in the 1980s and beyond. The upward mobility of Blacks in the earlier decades was based on the Old Economy business model (OEBM) with its characteristic “career-with-one-company” (CWOC) employment relations. At its launching in 1965, the policy approach of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission assumed the existence of CWOC, providing corporate employees, Blacks included, with a potential path for upward socioeconomic mobility over the course of their working lives by gaining access to productive opportunities and higher pay through stable employment within companies. It was through these internal employment structures that Blacks could potentially overcome barriers to the long legacy of job and pay discrimination. In the 1960s and 1970s, the generally growing availability of unionized semiskilled jobs gave working people, including Blacks, the large measure of employment stability as well as rising wages and benefits characteristic of the lower levels of the middle class. The next stage in this process of upward socioeconomic mobility should have been—and in a nation as prosperous as the United States could have been—the entry of the offspring of the new Black blue-collar middle class into white-collar occupations requiring higher educations. Despite progress in the attainment of college degrees, however, Blacks have had very limited access to the best employment opportunities as professional, technical, and administrative personnel at U.S. technology companies. Since the 1980s, the barriers to African American upward socioeconomic mobility have occurred within the context of the marketization (the end of CWOC) and globalization (accessibility to transnational labor supplies) of high-tech employment relations in the United States. These new employment relations, which stress interfirm labor mobility instead of intrafirm employment structures in the building of careers, are characteristic of the rise of the New Economy business model (NEBM), as scrutinized in William Lazonick’s 2009 book, Sustainable Prosperity in the New Economy? Business Organization and High-Tech Employment in the United States (Upjohn Institute). In this paper, we analyze the exclusion of Blacks from STEM (science, technology, engineering, math) occupations, using EEO-1 employment data made public, voluntarily and exceptionally, for various years between 2014 and 2020 by major tech companies, including Alphabet (Google), Amazon, Apple, Cisco, Facebook (now Meta), Hewlett Packard Enterprise, HP Inc., Intel, Microsoft, PayPal, Salesforce, and Uber. These data document the vast over-representation of Asian Americans and vast under-representation of African Americans at these tech companies in recent years. The data also shine a light on the racial, ethnic, and gender composition of large masses of lower-paid labor in the United States at leading U.S. tech companies, including tens of thousands of sales workers at Apple and hundreds of thousands of laborers & helpers at Amazon. In the cases of Hewlett-Packard, IBM, and Intel, we have access to EEO-1 data from earlier decades that permit in-depth accounts of the employment transitions that characterized the demise of OEBM and the rise of NEBM. Given our findings from the EEO-1 data analysis, our paper then seeks to explain the enormous presence of Asian Americans and the glaring absence of African Americans in well-paid employment under NEBM. A cogent answer to this question requires an understanding of the institutional conditions that have determined the availability of qualified Asians and Blacks to fill these employment opportunities as well as the access of qualified people by race, ethnicity, and gender to the employment opportunities that are available. Our analysis of the racial/ethnic determinants of STEM employment focuses on a) stark differences among racial and ethnic groups in educational attainment and performance relevant to accessing STEM occupations, b) the decline in the implementation of affirmative-action legislation from the early 1980s, c) changes in U.S. immigration policy that favored the entry of well-educated Asians, especially with the passage of the Immigration Act of 1990, and d) consequent social barriers that qualified Blacks have faced relative to Asians and whites in accessing tech employment as a result of a combination of statistical discrimination against African Americans and their exclusion from effective social networks.
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