Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Global warming'
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Lano, G. "Global warming." Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2010. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/13005.
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Морозова, Ірина Анатоліївна, Ирина Анатольевна Морозова, Iryna Anatoliivna Morozova, and J. Y. Smetanenko. "Global warming." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2008. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/16009.
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Polozhij, O. A. "Global warming." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2006. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/21538.
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Shovkoplyas, M. "Climate change - global warming." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2004. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/23323.
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Золотова, Світлана Григорівна, Светлана Григорьевна Золотова, Svitlana Hryhorivna Zolotova, and A. V. Yarmak. "What is global warming?" Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2010. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/18313.
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Salzmann, Marc. "Global warming without global mean precipitation increase?" Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-207471.
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Global climate models simulate a robust increase of global mean precipitation of about 1.5 to 2% per Kelvin surface warming in response to greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing.Here, it is shown that the sensitivity to aerosol cooling is robust as well, albeit roughly twice as large. This larger sensitivity is consistent with energy budget arguments. At the same time, it is still considerably lower than the 6.5 to 7% K−1 decrease of the water vapor concentration with cooling from anthropogenic aerosol because the water vapor radiative feedback lowers the hydrological sensitivity to anthropogenic forcings. When GHG and aerosol forcings are combined, the climate models with a realistic 20th century warming indicate that the globa lmean precipitation increase due to GHG warming has, until recently, been completely masked by aerosol drying. This explains the apparent lack of sensitivity of the global mean precipitation to the net global warming recently found in observations. As the importance of GHG warming increases in the future, a clear signal will emerge.
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Fow, Alista John. "Ozone Depletion and Global Warming." The University of Waikato, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2311.
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Abstract This thesis examines global warming and the possible contribution that ozone depletion provides to this warming. An examination is performed to determine the extent of any warming/cooling events within the Earth-atmosphere system. The change in energy corresponding to this warning of the Earth- atmosphere system is estimated as being equivilent to an increase of mean solar input of 0.22W/m2. This is compared to the predicted changes of solar input for the two most common global warming scenarios: greenhouse gases and solar irradiance variance; and for a less well explored scenario, snow-ice albedo change. Examination of ozone depletion data shows that an absence of ozone in the stratosphere produces an increase in UV-B radiation at the surface of the Earth. This increase in UV-B light has not previously been thourougly examined in any of the global warming scenarios. This is presented as a fourth scenario for global warming. An analytical three layer model of the Earth-atmosphere, based on an earlier two layer model, is developed. Using this model it is determined that greenhouse gases, solar irradiance, snow-ice albedo feedback and ozone depletion can cause warming of the Earth's atmosphere. After comparison with other models, a snow-ice albedo mechanism is incorporated into the three layer model. This produces an amplification effect of any warming that occurs. Compared to the observed increase of surface temperature between 1975-2000 of 0.55 K, the model using a snow-ice albedo feedback, produced an increase of temperature of 1.4 K for greenhouse gases, 0.294 K for a solar irradiance increase and 0.119 K caused by a decrease in the ozone layer. Of the greenhouse gas, solar irradiance and ozone depletion scenarios, ozone depletion demonstrates the most realistic relative changes with a cooling of the stratosphere and a warming of the troposphere and Earth's surface as has been observed. It is concluded that ozone depletion is likely for a reasonable part of observed global warming.
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Костюченко, Надія Миколаївна, Надежда Николаевна Костюченко, Nadiia Mykolaivna Kostiuchenko, and Kwaku Gordon Lano. "The problem of global warming." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2008. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8194.
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The issue of global warming can seem overwhelming and complex, but the scientific explanation for the phenomenon is relatively simple.
Earth has a built-in system for temperature control made up of gasses in the planet's atmosphere. When the sun's rays strike and warm the Earth, these gasses operate like a blanket, trapping some of the sun's warmth inside and allowing some of the heat to be released into space. This process warms the Earth enough to make it hospitable for living organisms.
Human destruction of forests and other natural areas and our use of fossil fuels such as oil and coal have caused an unnatural accumulation of gasses like carbon dioxide (CO2) and other heat-trapping gasses in the atmosphere.
This accumulation of excess gasses has caused rapid warming the likes of which the Earth has never seen before. It is as if we have added a second blanket under which the Earth and its inhabitants are now being stifled. It is the impacts of this human-caused global warming that Defenders is concerned with.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8194
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Rezai, Armon, Duncan K. Foley, and Lance Taylor. "Global Warming and Economic Externalities." Springer Verlag, 2012. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3037/1/GlobalWarmingGS101206TexGeneric.pdf.
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Despite worldwide policy efforts such as the Kyoto Protocol, the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) remains a negative externality. Economic equilibrium paths in the presence of such an uncorrected externality are inefficient; as a consequence there is no real economic opportunity cost to correcting this externality by mitigating global warming. Mitigation investment using resources diverted from conventional investments can raise the economic well-being of both current and future generations. The economic literature on GHG emissions misleadingly focuses attention on the intergenerational equity aspects of mitigation by using a hybrid constrained optimal path as the "business-as-usual" benchmark. We calibrate a simple Keynes-Ramsey growth model to illustrate the significant potential Pareto-improvement from mitigation investment, and to explain the equilibrium concept appropriate to modeling an uncorrected negative externality.
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Hein, James Everett. "Elites and the Global Warming Conflict: Directors of Pro-Environmental and Anti-Global Warming Organizations." The Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1406810504.
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Hmielowski, Jay D. "The salience of media frames." Online access for everyone, 2007. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2007/J_Hmielowski_070807.pdf.
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Truelove, Heather Barnes. "An investigation of the psychology of global warming perceptions, predictors of behavior, and the persuasiveness of ecological footprint calculators /." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Summer2009/H_Truelove_082209.pdf.
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Leiserowitz, Anthony Allen. "Global warming in the American mind : the roles of affect, imagery, and worldviews in risk perception, policy preferences and behavior /." view abstract or download file of text, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3113014.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2003.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 199-210). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Stuart-Menteth, Alice Clare. "A global study of diurnal warming." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403884.
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Смоленніков, Денис Олегович, Денис Олегович Смоленников, Denys Olehovych Smolennikov, and Victoria Kubatko. "The greenhouse effect and global warming." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2007. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/7989.
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Weston, Delys E. "The political economy of global warming." Thesis, Curtin University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1952.
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The science is unequivocal: the Earth’s biosphere is approaching global warming tipping points which, if passed, will become irreversible, taking the planet on a trajectory to a new geological era, unsuitable for human life. The scale and timing of irreversible tipping points being passed is not definitively known. Unless however, an urgent and radical change in the direction of human activities occurs, certainly within less than a decade, wide scale catastrophe is certain. How can we stop this?There has been an absence of critically informed debate about whether the current solutions proposed by international institutions (market, technical or biofuels) will work. The thesis begins by critically examining these, arguing that the dominant political economy framework in which they are embedded, precludes real and effective alternatives.Through the prism of the South African coal and electricity sectors, the thesis is able to demonstrate some key issues relevant to global warming, such as class, power, accumulation and the metabolic rift. South Africa was chosen as it represents a microcosm of the global capitalist economy. It also reveals the contradictions of being on the front line, both in facing the consequences of global warming and in exacerbating its causes. The coal and electricity sectors provide a snapshot of conflicting class interests, of the power and pervasiveness of the capitalist system and the relevance of these to global warming.In light of the South African analysis, the thesis argues for the importance of explicit and critical theory as a framework for understanding the world and providing a basis for social change. Critical theory is the dominant framework for political economy. It enables an ecological critique of capitalism, drawing on the historical materialism of Marxism, arguing that the imperatives of capitalism’s unrestrained exploitation of the ecology and society are based in the particular social relations of production. These in turn give rise to the metabolic rift, global warming and a myriad of other symptoms of the crises of capitalism.It is argued that the problems of global warming cannot be solved through capitalism. This means different economic structures will need to be established. The thesis concludes by setting out the principles upon which to build future societies. These are based within the constraints of first, humans’ physical needs for survival; second, the biosphere’s capabilities; and third, the harmonious and restorative relations between humans and nature. While the purpose is not to provide a comprehensive blueprint for the future, the thesis also provides examples of where some of these principles are found currently and of where transformative changes have taken place.
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Asandei, Ancuta. "Global warming : carbon-nutrient interactions and warming effects on soil carbon dynamics." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/17537.
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In order to predict how terrestrial ecosystems will respond to global change, there is growing recognition that we need to better understand linkages between plant and soil processes. Previously the factors and processes with potential to influence the terrestrial carbon (C) cycle have been investigated in isolation from each other. This study investigated the interactions of nutrient availability and warming in controlling the soil carbon dynamics, with regards to the fate of already sequestered carbon in soil, under conditions of increasing atmospheric temperatures. The project objectives were addressed by three independent experiments designed to explain specific components of the carbon-nutrient cycle interactions, and the findings brought together to describe the implications for future soil carbon storage. The main measurements collected throughout this project included soil carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes, partitioned into autotrophic and heterotrophic components, net ecosystem exchange and respiration fluxes, and background soil moisture and temperature data, backed by gas, soil and biomass analyses. In the two field experiments, these measurements were taken from plots with or without any inorganic nutrient additions or in the presence or absence of legumes providing biological nitrogen addition to the ecosystem. In the laboratory, temperature and nutrient availability were manipulated within the ecosystem. The reduction in decomposition rates, without reduction of productivity as a result of inorganic nutrient additions, indicated the potential for increasing C storage. There was also evidence that nutrient availability controls the strength of the link between plant and soil processes in semi-natural grasslands. The yields, decomposition rates and soil C fluxes recorded in the presence and absence of legumes provided some evidence of N2 fixation, improving ecosystem productivity and soil properties while reducing soil C effluxes, in a managed grassland. In the laboratory, the warming of soils from lysimeters with and without plants, receiving or not receiving fertiliser, supported the findings from field experiments regarding the importance of the soil-plant link in controlling C fluxes. However, C stocks and δ13C analyses showed that over a year’s worth of warming and nutrient manipulations made little difference to the amount of C stored in the soil, indicating that edaphic factors have greater control over the response of C dynamics to increased temperatures.
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James, Rachel Anne. "Implications of global warming for African climate." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5c49af92-1739-422c-b8f2-e4433c792cc6.
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A 2°C increase in global mean temperature (ΔTg) has been widely adopted as a benchmark for dangerous climate change. However, there has been a lack of research into the implications of 2°C, or any other degree of warming, for Africa. In this thesis changes in African temperature and precipitation associated with 1°C, 2°C, 3°C, 4°C, and beyond are investigated for the first time, using output from 350 climate model experiments: a collection of simulations from international modelling centres (CMIP3), two Perturbed Physics Ensembles (PPEs), and a group of five regional models. The models project temperature and precipitation anomalies which increase in magnitude and spatial extent as global temperature rises, including a wet signal in East Africa, and drier conditions for African rainforests. The models consistently show that the evolution of change with global warming is gradual, even at 4°C and beyond; but the amplitude and direction of precipitation change at each ΔTg increment vary between models and between datasets. The PPEs project precipitation signals which are not represented by CMIP3, in particular a large drying (>0.5 mm day-1 °C-1) of western Africa. There are also important differences between global and regional models, especially in southern and West Africa (>1 mm day-1). Analysis of atmospheric circulation responses suggests that the higher resolution projections are no more credible in this case. Some of the variation between models can be understood as the result of untrustworthy simulations, leading to constraints on the PPEs, and casting doubt on the strong drying of west Sahel; but model evaluation is found to be limited by observations in the case of the Congo Basin. The implications of global warming are different depending on which models are consulted. The findings emphasise that caution should be exercised in the application of climate model data to inform mitigation debates.
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Al-Hayali, Abdullah. "Does global warming affect morphology of birds?" Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-174122.
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Bergmann’s and Allen’s rule suggest that for the same species individuals found further north, tend to have larger body sizes and smaller appendages compared to individuals further south, respectively, due to constraints for thermal regulation. This has shown especially true for birds and mammals. In this paper, I test to see if global warming has led to a change in morphology for birds, i.e. body weight and wing size. We use year as a proxy for temperature as global warming has on average lead to an increase in the earth’s surface temperature over the last century with most of the change occurring since the 1980’s. To test the hypothesis, I gathered data of male, young of the year birds during autumn migration for a select number of species with different wintering strategies, i.e. resident to long-distance migration. This data came from two Swedish bird observatories where standardized wing and weight measurements have been collected since 1986, coincident with the observed climate warming. The results of this study show that during this period, changes in body mass and wing length did not support the hypothesis that global warming has had a broad impact on the morphology of birds. Given that these results contradict that of other studies, analysis from species across a much wider latitudinal breadth of Europe, including, additional species and different age and sex classes should be investigated.
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Wood, Adrian Mark. "Recent Ostracoda and Mid-Pilocene global warming." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.496746.
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Ma, Xiaofang. "Extra media influences on the issue-attention cycle a content analysis of global warming coverage in the People's daily and the New York times, 1998-2007 /." Ohio : Ohio University, 2008. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1218165001.
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Boda, Pranav. "Effects of global warming on transmission line sag." Thesis, Wichita State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/5377.
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Global warming has forced the power industry to adapt its infrastructure and develop technology in order to mitigate the effects and reduce the extent to which it will affect the operation of the electrical grid. With this goal in mind, the project attempts to quantify the effect of global warming on transmission line sag. First, a climate model that could predict temperature data for the time period (2001-2100) was needed. Next, a relationship between temperature and electricity demand needed to be quantified. Using this relationship and the temperature values generated by the climate model, the predicted electricity demand values were calculated for the examined time period. Since the voltage at which power is transported remains constant, the rate at which power is delivered will be given by the current flowing through the conductor. Using the estimated current values, the temperature of the conductor was calculated. This value is then used to calculate incremental sag due to the additional electrical demand.
The calculated incremental sag is then plotted across time to show the increase in sag as temperatures increase. The plots also show various spikes in transmission line sag values ranging from less than an inch to just over two inches over the examined time period which does not significantly affect the operation of the grid. However, the project was performed using ideal values and is only a best case scenario. Overall, the project was successful in establishing that a relationship between global warming and transmission sag does exist, and that it needs to be addressed during future infrastructure planning.Thesis (M.S.)--Wichita State University, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
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Fankhauser, Samuel. "Greenhouse economics and the costs of global warming." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302696.
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Park, Jacob. "Development of the global warming agenda in Japan." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69313.
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Kabanets, Vladyslav. "Clean energy - earth's only chance against global warming." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/10010.
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Ologunloluwa, Kehinde, and Jonathan Emeka Nwosu. "The effects of global warming on the ecosystem." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/10017.
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Ferrett, Samantha Joanne. "El Nino Southern Oscillation stability under global warming." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/19362.
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Typically, multi-model ensemble studies show mixed responses of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) under global warming, so it is currently unknown how, or even if, global warming will impact ENSO and its teleconnections. ENSO is governed by various ocean-atmosphere interactions in the equatorial Pacific, which provide either positive amplifying or negative damping feedbacks and are not always accurate in models. This results in uncertainty in projected ENSO responses. In a flux adjusted HadCM3 perturbed physics ensemble, the Bjerknes' stability index (BJ index), a measure of ENSO stability, has been used to analyse the strength of ENSO feedbacks and their response under the SRES A1B warming scenario with respect to mean climate conditions. Despite mean sea surface temperature biases being minimised by flux adjustment, the important dominant feedbacks, namely the latent heat flux feedback, shortwave flux feedback, the thermocline feedback and the zonal advective feedback are found to be too weak in the ensemble. Common model biases cause weak ocean-atmosphere interactions such as a weak response of ocean currents to wind stress anomalies, a weak thermocline slope response to wind stress anomalies and weak thermodynamic dampings. These biases are linked to overly strong zonal surface ocean currents and convective response biases. Under global warming, a large increase in thermodynamic damping, caused by increasing shortwave damping, is found. This increase is linked to a strong convective response and overrides other feedback responses, resulting in a weakening BJ index in contrast to increasing ENSO amplitude. Positive feedback responses are also found but counteract each other, so have relatively little impact on total ENSO stability. Results here show that common model biases, such as the cold tongue bias, are linked to persistent ENSO feedback biases pointing to areas of improvement in future models. Results also suggest that caution must be exercised when using the BJ index to assess ENSO, as the BJ index is not always representative of ENSO amplitude. This may be caused by non-linearities in ENSO feedbacks which are not accounted for by the linear approximations used in the BJ index, or by ENSO feedbacks not being directly comparable in magnitude, as assumed by the BJ index calculation.
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Stewart, Terry L. "COAL, GLOBAL WARMING, AND THE CLEAN AIR ACT." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2014. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/97.
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In the early 1990s many scientists claimed that there was a scientific consensus that the anthropogenic production of greenhouse gases was causing global warming. Carbon dioxide is produced in far greater quantities than other greenhouse gases. Over 80 percent of the carbon dioxide produced in the United States comes from coal-fired power plants. If global warming is a threat to the welfare and survival of future generations, the United States, as one of the greatest producers of greenhouse gases,has an obligation to reduce its production of these gases.
In order to determine the most effective way to reduce the production of greenhouse gases in the United States, this study examines recent efforts by the Clinton and Obama administrations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from coal-fired power plants.The Clinton and Obama administrations were selected for this study because both administrations were Democratic, and both had avowed political agendas to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. For the first two years each administration enjoyed the support of Democratic majorities in both Houses of Congress, and they had similar political support for the remainder of their time in office.
This study will show that President Obama’s executive approach to reducing carbon dioxide emissions from coal-fired power plants has been more effective than the legislative approach of the Clinton administration. The study will indicate that a scientific consensus about anthropogenic global warming and the political will to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from coal-fired power plants did not exist during the 1990s. The study also shows that, despite the effectiveness of the Obama administration in reducing carbon dioxide emissions, there are many problems with the executive approach to the problem. The study suggests that the Clean Air Act has ceded to much legislative power to the Executive branch of government, and that success in reducing carbon dioxide emissions from coal-fired power plants is too dependent on the will of the Executive.
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Paiva, Sobrinho Ranulfo 1. "Avaliação de cenarios no contexto do aquecimento global : estudo de caso da bacia rural do Monjolinho, Piracicaba-SP." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/258502.
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Orientadores: Antonio Carlos Zuffo, Rozely Ferreira dos SantosDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T09:41:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PaivaSobrinho_Ranulfo1_M.pdf: 1791729 bytes, checksum: 787620cb6a44e874ece86d8e0332fbe2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
Resumo: Um dos efeitos do aquecimento global é o aumento da ocorrência de precipitações extremas, as quais podem gerar diversos impactos negativos às áreas rurais, como enchentes e erosão. Assim, nas áreas de produção agrícola, como as da cana-de-açúcar, é importante que os usos da terra estejam distribuídos ao longo da bacia de modo a minimizarem os processos de escoamento superficial e de erosão perante tais eventos extremos. Além disso, que tais usos possam auxiliar no seqüestro de carbono, reduzindo os gases de efeito estufa. Diante desses critérios, este trabalho foi desenvolvido em uma área produtora de cana-de-açúcar, com problemas ambientais, e partindo-se do cenário atual, gerou-se novos cenários que atendam os requisitos legais ambientais, possam gerar lucro e ocupação de mão-de-obra, além de minimizar o escoamento superficial, a erosão, e aumentar o seqüestro de carbono. Foram utilizadas modelagem espacial dinâmica, ecologia da paisagem, valoração econômica, para quantificar cada cenário perante os critérios selecionados. Após isso, atribuindo-se funções de valores a cada critério, utilizou-se o método multicriterial, Compromise Programming (CP) para selecionar os melhores cenários. A utilização dos vários métodos mostrou-se adequada perante os propósitos do trabalho.
Abstract: One of the global warming effects is the increase of extreme rainfalls, which can cause many negative impacts to rural areas, such as floods and erosion. So, it is important that an equitable land use is distributed along river basins, especially in the ones where there are agricultural fields, since it can help to minimize runoff and soil erosion caused by extreme events. Furthermore, culture or cultures that help in carbon absorption presented in the atmosphere are able to reduce gases responsible for the green house effect. In this context, this work is developed in a sugar cane production area, which presents environmental problems, and aims to create scenarios that respects legal issues, generates profits, helps land occupation, settles labor force, minimizes runoff and soil erosion and increases carbon absorption. The reference scenario is the one found today, just as it is, and the produced ones are made with the assistance of a GIS tool - IDRISI. GIS also helps in the spatial dynamic modeling, landscape ecology characterization and value ration of economical issues, in order to quantify and compare each produced scenario, according to the chosen criteria. The Compromise Programming (CP) multi-criteria method is chosen to rank these scenarios and proved itself to be an effective tool. It is produced 14 different scenarios, taking into account 11 criteria (3 economical, 3 social, 3 environmental and 2 technical), in 2 different weights scenarios; one is to assess the 14 alternatives and the other is to verify the economical sustainability of the best alternatives. So, the economical criteria have theirs weights tripled. The three best alternatives pointed out by the CP remained the same despite the weights scenario, which proves their sustainability.
Mestrado
Recursos Hidricos, Energeticos e Ambientais
Mestre em Engenharia Civil
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Ianni, Daniele. "Viticoltura e global warming: come combattere il cambiamento climatico." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.
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Il riscaldamento globale è un fenomeno tangibile causato da gas climalteranti in grado di trattenere i raggi uv all'interno dell'atmosfera terrestre, causando un aumento delle temperature medie globali. In viticoltura questo aumento di temperatura accelera le fasi fenologiche della pianta, modificando la composizione degli acini che risultano più zuccherini e meno acidi, con ripercussioni negative sul prodotto finale, che risulterà molto alcolico, poco acido e con caratteristiche di astringenza e problemi di colore. Questo studio focalizza l'attenzione sulle tecniche agronomiche da utilizzare per contrastare questi aspetti negativi. Cimature, defogliazioni e uso di antitraspiranti in post-invaiatura aiutano a rallentare l'accumulo zuccherino delle bacche tramite una riduzione dell'attività fotosintetica. La potatura minima e il ritardo della potatura invernale dopo il germogliamento sono altre due tecniche in grado di rallentare la maturazione delle bacche con lo scopo di riequilibrare maturità fenolica e tecnologica alla vendemmia.
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Di, Nezio Pedro N. "Climate Response of the Equatorial Pacific to Global Warming." Scholarly Repository, 2008. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_theses/157.
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The climate response of the equatorial Pacific to increased greenhouse gases is investigated using numerical experiments from five climate models participating in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report. Changes in the heat budget of the surface layer in response to CO2 doubling (2xCO2) are analyzed in experiments with full-coupled ocean dynamics; and compared to experiments with uncoupled ocean dynamics. In full-coupled experiments, weaker ocean zonal currents driven by a slowing down of the Walker circulation reduce the ocean heat flux divergence throughout the equatorial Pacific. The resulting ocean dynamical heating enhances the surface warming due to increased clear-sky surface radiation in response to 2xCO2. The total radiative plus ocean dynamical heating are stabilized by evaporation and cloud feedbacks over the warm pool and by increased ocean vertical heat transport over the cold tongue. Increased near-surface thermal stratification enhances vertical heat transport in the cold tongue despite a reduction in vertical velocity. This ocean dynamical cooling is the dominant negative term in the heat budget changes over the eastern Pacific; and represents a strengthening of the processes leading to the annual cycle of the cold tongue, which increases by 0.4 K as a result. The stratification response is found to be a permanent feature of the equilibrium climate potentially linked to both thermodynamical and dynamical changes within the equatorial Pacific. To conclude, the relationship between the heat budget changes and the SST response is discussed along with implications for detecting these signals in the modern observational record.
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Kim, Taehyun. "Corporate newspapers, global warming, and the editorial vigor hypothesis." Online access for everyone, 2007. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Summer2007/t_kim_071707.pdf.
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Bayr, Tobias [Verfasser]. "Tropical atmospheric circulation changes under global warming / Tobias Bayr." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1045194751/34.
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Kendall, Paul. "Spectroscopic studies of atmospheric molecules related to global warming." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.404954.
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Borgen, Linda, and Louise Henriksson. "A cultural comparison of attitudes toward global warming issues." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen för Pedagogik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-20012.
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SummaryThis study intends to give the reader explanations of attitudes regarding the importance of global warming issues and modification of behaviors in order to mitigate problems. Measurements of optimism, locus of control and self-esteem have been used as mediat-ing factors. Data is collected from Indonesia and Sweden through questionnaires.BackgroundGlobal warming problems are today one of the most important missions politicians together with scientists have to resolve, and this includes an economic division of re-sponsibility worldwide. Psychology has a huge role in order to understand and change individuals' attitudes toward global warming issues.ObjectiveOur purpose with the study is to explore cultural differences in attitudes regarding global warming, specifically regarding the importance of global warming issues and regarding modification of behaviors in order to mitigate problems.MethodWith the use of questionnaires a quantitative study was conducted in the two cultures Indonesia and Sweden. Measurements of individualism/collectivism, Locus of control, Optimism and Self-esteem were used as mediating variables between culture and attitudes regarding global warming.ResultIndonesian respondents found global warming issues to be more important, than Swedish respondents. Swedish respondents were more willing to modify their behavior in order to mitigate global warming problems, than Indonesian respondents.
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Hara, Kei 1963. "The strategy of Japanese oil companies under global warming." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8473.
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Thesis (S.M.M.O.T.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, Management of Technology Program, 2002.Includes bibliographical references (leaf 65).
Global warming is becoming a greater issue for human beings. People's life has become rich, comfortable and convenient, especially in developed countries. The rich life is supported by huge energy consumption and the energy consumption by human beings destroys natural balance of the earth. As consumption of oil is one of the highest contributors of greenhouse gases emissions, we need to reduce oil consumption- in order to cope with global warming. For oil companies, this is a tough business circumstance. Oil demand will diminish and oil companies will face severer competition and need to contribute energy conservation as well. This thesis analyses business circumstance of oil business in Japan and competences of ExxonMobil Japan and argues its future strategy. The analysis found that a competition in Japanese oil industry is a price competition and core competencies are all to compete price competition. The competition will be keener due to diminished oil demand. The argument suggests that the company should change its product from oil to service related to oil. Though the differentiation of oil product is difficult because of the quality regulations, services can be differentiated. As services can be improved by the feedback from customers. getting information on customer needs is another key issue. The thesis recommends that the company should collaborate with other industries and provide services beyond the current industry boundary.
by Kei Hara.
S.M.M.O.T.
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Hein, James Everett. "Movement-Countermovement Dynamics in the Global Warming Policy Conflict." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1338406978.
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Nordrum, Amy L. "“War on Global Warming”: Militarized Language in Environmental Journalism." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1273610932.
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Burzynski, Joseph P. "Global Warming and Composition Studies: The Case for Intervention." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1469018207.
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McConnell, Jennifer Lynn. "Environmental Journalism: Testing the Media's Approach to Global Warming." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/292238.
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Newell, Peter. "The international politics of global warming : a non-governmental account." Thesis, Keele University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362965.
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This PhD project explores the political influence of four sets of non-governmental actors upon the international politics of global warming. The forms of influence attributable to Working Group 1 of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (the body set up to advise governments on the science of climate change), the mass media's coverage of global warming, and the political involvement of both the fossil fuel lobbies and environmental groups in the policy debate on climate change, are understood via use of literatures on the dimensions of power appropriate to understanding the significance of non-state actors. The project stems from a widely acknowledged absence of a detailed understanding of the role of non-governmental organisations in international environmental politics, which extends to the international politics of global warming. The influence of each group of actors is conceptualised in different ways, so that the forms of power used to describe the various groups are not compared. Rather, the aim of the thesis is to assess what a less state-centred reading of the international politics of global warming, derived from a discussion of the role of the above actors, has to offer existing explanations. The analysis of these groups of actors sheds light on different aspects of the way the issue of climate change has been addressed at the international level. The conclusions drawn about the influence of these actors are used to critique the popular use of Regime accounts in international environmental politics that focus upon the process of institutional bargaining between states, which are argued to provide an inadequate basis for explanation of the global politics of climate change.
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Stewart, Rebecca. "Global warming in freshwaters : implications for the microbial-meiofaunal loop." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2012. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/8624.
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Climate change can have potentially catastrophic effects upon biodiversity and food web structure and according to the fourth IPCC report, ambient temperatures will rise by between 3.0-5.0 °C over the next century, with already an average increase in global surface temperature of ~0.74°C in the past 100 years. This has known implications in ecology from individuals to ecosystems. The microbial loop consists of small organisms ranging in body size from bacteria (1-15 μm), single-celled eukaryotes (10-1000 μm) and multicellular organisms (250 – 1000 μm) that assimilate dissolved organic carbon into the “classical food web”. ! The principal goal of this thesis was to assess how rising global temperatures might impact the natural microbial assemblages in 20 mesocosms under 2 treatments – 10 warmed (in line with IPCC predictions) and 10 ambient. The abundance and body mass of 4 major microbial loop taxa (desmids, flagellates, heterotrophic protists and meiofauna) were quantified at monthly intervals over a 2-year period. Secondly, in a microcosm experiment, the population dynamics of three pure cultures of ciliates were monitored across a temperature gradient; the rate of population decline under starvation and changes in body size were quantified.! Results showed that (1) rising global temperatures alters the size spectrum in the autotrophic protists, (2) temperature interacts with temporal and spatial gradients, resulting in changes in phenology (3) these changes in phenology are observable at both the community level and the population level within the microbial assemblage of the mesocosms and (4) extinction rates and body mass reduction in experimental microcosms were faster at warmer temperatures and partially support predictions of the metabolic theory of ecology.! The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of (1) continued research into the role that small organisms play in community and ecosystem ecologyand (2) the use of these small organisms in experiments as models to inform ecological theory by scaling up from microcosms and finally, (3) I discuss future directions in freshwater microbial ecology, focusing on the increased use of molecular techniques.
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Thomas, Christopher Kent. "Global warming and world ecosystem distribution : toward quantifying ecosystem change." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/67126.
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Nakayama, Chika. "Awareness of global warming and car purchasing behavior in Singapore." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2008. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3372.
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The purpose of this study was to determine consumers' attitudes toward and perceptions of global warming and hybrid cars and examine the car purchasing behavior in Singapore. The benefits of the study will provide marketers with insight of consumers' demand for cars in Singapore. Findings will help automakers develop more effective, consumer-oriented advertising plans for cars in Asia as Singapore consists of diverse Asian ethnic backgrounds- Chinese, Indian, and Malaysain.
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SCIACCALUGA, GIOVANNI. "International law and the challenge of global warming-forced migrations." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/929281.
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I “rifugiati climatici”, ovvero quella categoria di persone che, a causa del riscaldamento globale antropogenico, iniziato con l’avvento della società industriale, sarebbe costretta a lasciare i propri luoghi di origine, fanno parte del dibattito politico e giuridico internazionale ormai da qualche decennio. Nonostante appaia chiaro che il clima e l’ambiente abbiano giocato un ruolo cruciale nei fenomeni migratori sin dagli albori dell’umanità, quel che risulta oggi “nuovo” e, quindi, rilevante è l’origine umana dei cambiamenti del clima oggi in atto. Come risaputo, sono infatti numerose attività sociali ed economiche – combustione di energie fossili, allevamento intensivo di animali, utilizzo dei trasporti, etc. – ad aver avviato il c.d. effetto serra su scala planetaria.
È, invero, tale componente climalterante antropica a rendere il fenomeno del riscaldamento globale, con tutte le conseguenze ad esso legate, rilevante ai fini del diritto e dell’ordinamento internazionale, giacché sembra possibile (e certamente eticamente doveroso) indagare sui regimi di responsabilità che sono (o dovrebbero) essere applicabili al fine di porre rimedio a talune attività che rischiano di alterare in maniera eccessiva gli equilibri climatici ed ambientali su cui le nostre società ed il nostro benessere si basano da secoli.
Fra i vari effetti dei cambiamenti del clima, quello delle “migrazioni climatiche” è sicuramente fra i più sentiti, sensibili e controversi. A partire dal 1990, infatti, gli studi dell’Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) hanno sottolineato come il riscaldamento globale potrebbe essere in grado, nell’arco dei decenni, di intensificare in modo estremamente significativo i flussi migratori su scala globale, con innumerevoli persone costrette o spinte a migrare a causa di fenomeni come siccità, alluvioni, cicloni, innalzamento del livello degli oceani o desertificazione. Nonostante permangano, come si vedrà nel prosieguo, cruciali e notevoli differenze con riguardo alla “quantificazione” del fenomeno in oggetto, è ormai fuori discussione che il riscaldamento globale giochi un ruolo sempre più determinante nell’aumento dei flussi migratori, futuri e attuali. Se, infatti, per taluni il fenomeno dei “rifugiati climatici” sembra ancora abbastanza lontano nel tempo, è anche vero che in determinati contesti geografici – si pensi ai micro-Stati insulari, al Bangladesh, o ad alcune regioni del Sahel – le migrazioni indotte dai cambiamenti climatici hanno già iniziato a farsi strada.
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Quale deve e quale può essere il ruolo del diritto internazionale in tutto questo? In estrema sintesi, il presente studio tenta di rispondere a tale quesito. Data la natura globale del cambiamento climatico, sia per le sue origini che per i suoi effetti, è indubbio che l’ordinamento internazionale venga in rilievo; a maggior ragione quando si deve ragionare sul fenomeno delle migrazioni internazionali causate o indotte dal clima: diversi elementi di politica e diritto internazionale entrano, infatti, in gioco. Si pensi alla mitigazione dei ed all’adattamento ai cambiamenti del clima, alle politiche migratorie, ai diritti fondamentali, alla protezione internazionale ed alla cooperazione interstatale.
Onde gettare un poco di luce su un tema decisamente complesso, sintesi (o somma) di due fenomeni di per sé assai difficili – la natura dei cambiamenti del clima antropogenici e la natura delle migrazioni umane – il presente studio, muovendo da una premessa iniziale nella quale si tenta di sottolineare come il mantenimento degli equilibri climatici ed ecosistemici tipici dell’Olocene sia un obiettivo imprescindibile, esordisce con un capitolo dedicato al come “concettualizzare” i c.d. rifugiati climatici: molto spesso, infatti, si sente parlare di tale categoria senza un’adeguata consapevolezza riguardo alle sue caratteristiche e, di conseguenza, anche riguardo al perché essa debba rilevare (o meno) nell’alveo del diritto internazionale.
La prima parte indaga, dunque, sulla relazione intercorrente fra riscaldamento globale e fenomeni migratori, per poi concentrarsi su un’analisi critica delle due maggiori scuole di pensiero che, nell’arco degli ultimi decenni, hanno affrontato lo studio della questione, ovvero il massimalismo ed il minimalismo. Un simile lavoro serve per creare le basi sulle quali diventa possibile fornire una concettualizzazione della categoria rilevante ed utile ai fini dello studio della materia dal punto di vista internazionalistico, andando, quindi, a sciogliere un nodo concettuale che (troppo spesso), tanto nei media quanto in dottrina, appare eccessivamente intricato e superficialmente affrontato.
Sulla scorta delle ricerche e delle proposte avanzate nella prima parte, la seconda indaga sulle ragioni per cui il diritto internazionale dovrebbe farsi carico, soprattutto in ottica di concessione di protezione internazionale, di un particolare sotto-insieme della macro-categoria dei c.d. rifugiati climatici (così come caratterizzato e definito nella prima parte della tesi). Sovente, ci si è dedicati allo studio del fenomeno senza affrontare adeguatamente una domanda in realtà cruciale: perché e quali “rifugiati climatici” dovrebbero essere tutelati ai sensi dell’ordinamento internazionale?
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Analizzando diritti, principi e consuetudini esistenti, la seconda parte vuole, pertanto, identificare la base giuridica in forza della quale sarebbe doveroso che la Comunità internazionale ed i suoi soggetti si attivassero a tutela di coloro i quali sono effettivamente costretti a lasciare il proprio Stato di origine a causa dei cambiamenti climatici antropogenici.
Se un tale obbligo esiste, appare allora doveroso capire se e quali strumenti attualmente vigenti possono essere in grado di rispondere alla necessità di tutelare i c.d. rifugiati climatici. La terza parte analizza, quindi, la possibile applicabilità di alcuni strumenti di protezione internazionale, dalla Convenzione di Ginevra sullo status di rifugiato ai Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement del 1998. Si vedrà, quindi, come essi appaiono – quantomeno in ottica di medio-breve periodo – largamente inadeguati a tal fine e ciò, primariamente, a causa della “novità” storica dei cambiamenti climatici antropogenici, un fenomeno che ha iniziato a vedere la propria regolamentazione internazionale “solo” fra i venticinque e trent’anni orsono.
La parte conclusiva tenta, di conseguenza, di identificare ed enucleare i principi generali ed i meccanismi normativi che, nel corso dei prossimi anni, dovrebbero essere presi in considerazione allorquando si andranno (presumibilmente) a creare o implementare nuovi strumenti di tutela dedicati ai “rifugiati climatici” (locuzione che, seppur giuridicamente del tutto impropria, resta simbolicamente e comunicativamente di un’efficacia ad oggi ineguagliata)
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Yusoff, Ismail. "Modelling climate change impacts on groundwater resources in the west Norfolk chalk aquifer." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327282.
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Li, Zhan. "Media performance and global policy making a comparative study of press coverage on global warming /." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium, 2007. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?3260947.
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Larsson, Mattias. "Can effects from global warming be seen in Swedish snow statistics?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-303773.
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This study is a result from a major investigation about the snow conditions in Sweden since the beginning of the twentieth century. For this purpose, data were analysed with respect to the maximum snow depth and the number of days with snow cover every year from some more than forty selected stations. These stations were then divided into different regions and means were calculated for each series. The data are presented in the shape of different histograms in the four following categories; the whole period in request (1900-2003), the latest 43 years (1961-2003), consecutive mean values for every decade and time series with the highest frequented fluctuations equalized. To be able to detect any trends in the plotted time series two statistical methods, simple linear regression and Mann-Kendall’s test, were applied. The calculations belonging to these tests are showed in tables. To be able to answer the question if the global warming can be related to the latest 3-4 decades predominantly warm winters in the southern part of Sweden I have been studying correlations in snow data with respect to the northern hemispheres mean temperature for the winter season. Corresponding estimates of the correlation coefficients have also been made with respect to the Swedish winter mean temperature. The response of the tests shows that it has not been such dramatic change in the snow conditions in the long run. The magnitude of the slope for the adjusted regression lines implies that the maximum snow depth and the number of days with snow cover in average have been on a fairly constant level during the latest hundred years. When it comes to the maximum snow depth one can distinguish a tendency for a small rise in Götaland and northern Norrland. This is also the only cases which are statistical significant for the period in request (1905-2003). For the shorter period 1961-2003 however, the number of days with snow cover has decreased quite substantially in the southern part of Sweden corresponding to a decrease about 40% in Götaland and 20% in Svealand. The test based on simple linear regression gives significant results in both cases while Mann-Kendall only establishes the trend for Götaland. A closer view of the maximum snow depth for the shorter period (1961-2003) does not give the same response but there is at least evidence for a significant decrease in Svealand in the test with simple linear regression. It corresponds to a decrease of about 30% since 1960. One cannot immediately relate the changes in the Swedish snow climate to the global warming. Estimated values of the correlation coefficient do not even give significant results for the period 1961-2003 despite of the fact that the global mean temperature has raised quite considerably since 1970. The corresponding calculations for the Swedish winter mean temperature show that it plays a very important roll if the precipitation in Götaland and Svealand is coming as rain or snow while it does not matter at all in northern Norrland.Denna studie är ett resultat av en omfattande undersökning av snöförhållandena i Sverige sedan början av 1900-talet. Jag har för detta ändamål analyserat data av maximala snödjup och antalet dagar med snötäcke per kalenderår från ett 40-tal utvalda stationer. Dessa stationer har sedan delats upp på olika regioner varefter medelvärden har räknats fram i resp. fall. Datamaterialet illustreras här i form av olika stapeldiagram uppdelat på fyra följande kategorier; hela tidsserien, perioden 1961-2003, konsekutiva 10-årsmedelvärden samt en tidsserie med de mest högfrekventa svängningarna bortdämpade. För att kunna bedöma eventuella trender i de uppritade tidsserierna så har jag använt mig av de båda statistiska metoderna enkel linjär regression resp. Mann-Kendall's test. Tillhörande beräkningar redovisas på tabellform. För att svara på frågan om den globala uppvärmningen kan sättas i samband med de senaste 30-40 årens övervägande snöfattiga vintrar i södra Sverige så har jag studerat korrelationen av snödata gentemot det norra halvklotets vintermedeltemperatur. Motsvarande beräkningar av korrelationskoefficienter har också genomförts för den svenska vintermedeltemperaturen Utslaget på testerna visar att det inte har skett så dramatiska förändringar i snöförhållandena på lång sikt. Magnituden på lutningskoefficienten för de anpassade regressionslinjerna tyder på att det maximala snödjupet och antalet dagar med snötäcke i medeltal har legat på en ganska konstant nivå under de senaste hundra åren. När det gäller maximala snödjup så kan man paradoxalt nog se en tendens till en svag uppgång för Götaland och norra Norrland. Det är också de enda fallen som är statistiskt säkerställda för tidsserien som helhet. För den kortare perioden 1961-2003 så kan man däremot se att antalet dagar med snötäcke har minskat relativt kraftigt i södra Sverige motsvarande en nedgång på cirka 40% i Götaland och 20% i Svealand. Test med enkel linjär regression ger signifikanta resultat i båda fallen medan Mann-Kendall endast fastställer trenden för Götaland. En närmare undersökning av det maximala snödjupet för den kortare tidsserien ger dock inte lika tydligt utslag i statistiken men man kan trots allt urskilja en signifikant minskning för Svealand i testet med enkel linjär regression. Det rör sig här om en nedgång på cirka 30% efter 1960. Det går inte att omedelbart relatera förändringarna i det svenska snöklimatet till den globala uppvärmningen. Beräknade värden på korrelationskoefficienten ger inte ens signifikant utslag för perioden 1961-2003 trots att den globala medeltemperaturen har ökat ganska markant sedan 1970. Motsvarande beräkningar för den svenska vintermedeltemperaturen visar att den har väldigt stor betydelse för om nederbörden i Götaland och Svealand faller som regn eller snö medan det för norra Norrland inte har någon nämnvärd påverkan.
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Schwirplies, Claudia [Verfasser]. "Individuals' (re-)action in the face of global warming / Claudia Schwirplies." Kassel : Universitätsbibliothek Kassel, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1070262048/34.
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Cooke, Ana L. "Collaborating in Public: How Openess Shapes Global Warming Articles in Wikipedia." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2018. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/1171.
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Prominent in its own right and also an exemplar of a growing trend of open collaborations, Wikipedia represents a shift in how the public seeks and participates in knowledge circulation around high-stakes issues. Wikipedians take up genres, they collaborate to represent “the facts” about public issues, and they do so in environments of ever-shifting texts and unstable rhetorical constraints. This dissertation takes a novel, diachronic approach to tracing these dynamics of textual uptake, genre enactment, collaboration, and instability. Specifically, I trace how the global warming-related articles in Wikipedia changed over time, particularly in the wake of the publication of the 2007 International Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report. In doing so, I explore the epistemic and rhetorical implications of what happens when the public collaborates to construct “the truth” about high-stakes issues. I trace how Wikipedians enact genre in an unstable environment by analyzing how arguments unfold in Wikipedia talk pages, how the article text and citations change, as well as the larger network of global warming-related articles. This analysis yields several significant findings. In chapter 2, I find that Wikipedians’ arguments create boundaries around the discursive spheres that can be cited within different articles, which suggests the significance of arguments not only about the topic but about genre as a deliberative resource in networked discourse. In chapter 3, I find that editors’ work in enacting genre results in facts becoming more at issue, or destabilized, within articles through the course of 2007. This analysis suggests that arguments about genre, and the easy availability of circulating texts online, may challenge consensus about controversial issues. In chapter 4, I use argument and network analysis to trace both Article for Deletion discussions and also the larger ecosystem of articles about global warming. This analysis shows how the talk page and article editing practices that I trace in earlier chapters become sedimented within the site’s information architecture, shaping what Internet users may learn about the issue. In aggregate, this dissertation contributes to understanding not only how the openness that characterizes online collaborative environments shapes public discourse around controversy, but also the dynamics of public uptake and discussion of texts in the networked era.