Academic literature on the topic 'Global Urbanism'

Abstract Purpose of Review While there has been extensive discussion on the various forms of temporary uses in urban settings, little is known on the ways in which temporary and health urbanisms connect. Now, a turning point has been reached regarding the interactions between health and the built environment and the contributions made by urban planning and other built environment disciplines. In the context of the post-pandemic city, there is a need to develop a health-led temporary urbanism agenda than can be implemented in various settings both in the Global South and North. Recent Findings Health-led temporary urbanism requires a reinterrogation of current models of urban development including designing multifunctional spaces in urban environments that provide sites for temporary urbanism-related activities. A healthy city is an adaptable city and one that provides opportunities for citizen-led interventions intended to enhance well-being by blending the temporary with the permanent and the planned with the improvised. Summary Health-led temporary urbanism contributes to the call for more trans- and inter-disciplinary discussions allowing to more thoroughly link urban planning and development with health.

ResumenEl Nuevo Urbanismo americano es un enfoque de planificación y desarrollo urbano en EEUU, basado en cómo se han construido ciudades y pueblos antes de la invención del automóvil. Calles peatonalizadas, viviendas y tiendas en las proximidades, parques y espacios públicos accesibles junto a oficinas, escuelas y edificios gubernamentales. Cada uno contribuyendo a la dinámica de un tejido urbano de alta calidad. Los 10 Principios del Nuevo Urbanismo son un conjunto de principios aplicables a cualquier proyecto urbano, de cualquier escala, desde un edificio hasta la escala metropolitana. A continuación, os expongo un sistema de puntuación que he creado para evaluar y clasificar en un ranking las sedes internacionales de las grandes empresas tecnológicas de Silicon Valley para comprobar si estas grandes empresas tecnológicas contribuyen al Nuevo Urbanismo de ciudades peatonalizadas y densas, o favorecen la dispersión suburbana, dependiente del uso del automóvil.AbstractNew Urbanism is an American urban planning and development approach based on the principles of how urban areas used to be built before the invention of the automobile. Cities were built as dense urban environments with lots of life and vibrancy at street level with a mix of homes, shops and restaurants next to offices, schools and government buildings, surrounded by parks and public spaces, each one contributing to the dynamics of a high-quality urban fabric. The 10 Principles of New Urbanism are urban planning guidelines that can be applied to any project site of any size, from the small scale of a single building to the large metropolitan scale. I have created a point system to evaluate the international headquarters of Silicon Valley's Big Tech giants to see if these global tech companies are contributing to automobile-based suburban sprawl or to a pedestrian-friendly New Urbanist environment.

This thematic issue explores the evolution of the New Urbanism, a normative planning and urban design movement that has contributed to development throughout the world. Against a dominant narrative that frames the movement as a straightforward application of principles that has yielded many versions of the same idea, this issue instead proposes an examination of New Urbanism as heterogeneous in practice, shaped through multiple contingent factors that spell variegated translations of core principles. The contributing authors investigate how variegated forms of New Urbanism emerge, interrogate why place-based contingencies lead to differentiation in practice, and explain why the movement continues to be represented as a universal phenomenon despite such on-the-ground complexities. Together, the articles in this thematic issue offer a powerful rebuttal to the idea that our understanding of the New Urbanism is somehow complete and provide original ideas and frameworks with which to reassess the movement’s complexity and understand its ongoing impact.

Abstract For more than 50 years, archaeologists have debated whether or not Egypt was a “civilization without cities.” The publication of Nadine Moeller’s book, The Archaeology of Urbanism in Ancient Egypt: From the Predynastic Period to the End of the Middle Kingdom, provides the opportunity to reconsider this issue, using a more complete record of the relevant archaeological finds. I present a new, flexible approach to urban definition, and then I examine the ways in which ancient Egyptian urbanism resembled and differed from other early urban traditions. I conclude that Egypt was indeed an urban society, and that Egyptian urban patterns were highly distinctive within the canon of ancient urban systems. I place these points within the context of competing ideas about the nature of global history.

Around the world, the number of air passengers has quintupled since 1980. During the same time, air traffic in the Pearl River Delta--the urban region that includes Hong Kong, Shenzhen, and Guangzhou--has risen by a factor of 50. Scholars have typically studied that expansion by analyzing mega-projects like 'starchitect' passenger terminals and high-speed airport railways. Yet they have ignored the emergence of parallel transport systems designed to plug less privileged people and places into the infrastructure of global mobility. Cheaper, rattier, and more geographically diffuse, these networks cater to passengers whose movement across international borders is limited by their income, citizenship, or place of birth. These incipient air travelers, and the so-called "transborder" systems that they use, have radically reordered the cross-border flow of goods and people in the Pearl River Delta. Focusing on Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA), the dissertation examines how the airport has been redesigned to accommodate larger and more diverse passenger flows. Tracing the movement of different types of passengers--the retiree, the toddler, the migrant worker--it demonstrates how each traveler’s trajectory is determined by intersecting political, logistical, and financial considerations. The dissertation also investigates a network of airport check-in terminals that allow passengers to fly through HKIA without applying for a Hong Kong visa. Located deep inside Mainland China, these "upstream" check-in facilities cater to passengers who have difficulty obtaining a visa; such as Chinese tourists with a rural hukou, or African businessmen. A sealed ferry transports passengers from Mainland China to HKIA, where they are shuttled via an underground train to their departure gate. Isolated from other passenger flows, upstream travelers thus technically never enter Hong Kong. Through interviews, photographs, and digital mapping techniques, Airport Urbanism documents how HKIA--as well as the boundary between Mainland China and Hong Kong--have been reconfigured to abet the global circulation of capital and labor. In so doing, the dissertation posits airport infrastructure as a useful lens for interpreting broader changes in the regulation of cross-border mobility and the spatial articulation of national frontiers.

How do young South Africans assert agency? This study uses Emirbayer and Mische's (1998) theoretical conception of agency as temporally embedded and constantly reconfiguring; and combines it with the idea of shifting strategies as manifestations of agency. I introduce the seminal works in South African everyday youth literature to orient my study to explore how youth in South Africa assert agency through everyday strategies. Using qualitative methods - photo voice, focus groups, mapping and individual interviews - with four teenage girls from a high school in Mitchell's Plain, this study offers an enriched approach to a conception of youth agency, by overlaying a youth study with a theoretical conception of agency. The girls' everyday accounts show that as young teenagers they are waiting to enter the unknown prospect of teenagehood. To navigate their everyday lives, they draw on iterative (past), practical evaluative (present) and projective (future) agency in shifting configurations to maximise their agency in their lifeworlds. Although their agency is in tension with structures of safety concerns, familial expectations and culturally validated narratives of being a 'good girl'; the girls find ways around and through these limitations by strategically asserting their agency. This study applies a comprehensive theory of agency to a small youth study with rich everyday descriptions, in an effort towards enriching and grounding a conception of youth agency in an urban environment in the Global South.

Geography
Ph.D.
After the Smart City: Global ambitions and urban policymaking in Philadelphia is a study of the relationships between digital information and communication technologies, urban policy initiatives for economic development, and the material, spatial consequences of Philadelphia's shift from an industrial manufacturing city to a node in the globalized economy. The rise of `smart city' policy initiatives signaled a shift in urban governance strategies to use digital, information and communication technologies such as sensors, smartphone applications, and other forms of embedded network equipment, combined with analytic monitoring software, to improve the flow of people, goods, and information through a city. In Philadelphia, the `smart city' acted as a rhetorical device to signal a promising, creative, vibrant, and intelligent city for globally oriented, knowledge and innovation-driven enterprise. The city's primary use of the `smart city' term was to describe a civic-engagement effort to build an online, workforce education application to train low-literacy residents--often living in formerly-industrial, now marginalized neighborhoods--with the skills to compete for entry-level jobs in the globalized economy. Jobs, if they materialized, would likely locate in the premium areas of the globalized economy, continuing the social and economic marginalization of much of the city. The research asks: Did the `smart city' vision and associated programs in Philadelphia, such as Digital On-Ramps, result in a lessening of economic inequality, a key stated goal of the programs and promise of the vision? If not, what alternative impacts resulted from them? This work suggests that one possibility is that the vision and associated programs evolved to form a script that promoted Philadelphia as a global city and ultimately drove a new form of digital and infrastructural inequality grounded in a series of new geographies. The analysis concludes by considering the spatial consequences of the `smart city' discussion, arguing that the `smart city' primarily benefited the already-prominent business districts of the city. This dissertation's findings contribute to literature in critical urban geography by discussing the implications of networked information and communication technologies on policy making and the ways urban policies are enrolled in larger shifts in governance strategies to position cities as relevant and competitive worldwide. The key finding of the dissertation is that rhetoric matters: the rhetorical construction of the `smart city' is closely intertwined with the shaping of the `smart city' through policy, practice and applications. The rhetoric of the smart city acted for economic development, creating a discourse of technological determinism in the actually-existing `smart city'. While much recent scholarship on the `smart city' examines the data, control, and infrastructural change side of the topic, to fully critique the `smart city' necessitates examining both sides which work differently despite using the same descriptive language. This division served to shift attention and resources away from addressing the actual inequality--of failing schools and a lack of skills relevant to employers--towards solving problems through an unproven online and smartphone application-platform. In Philadelphia, which serves as the contextual focus of this dissertation, the resources were deployed on basis of a technocratic ideology that masks inequality behind a curtain of perceived need, which shifted the policy discussion away from affecting widespread, formative change and toward technological solutions.
Temple University--Theses

Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, February 2015.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 271-295).
This dissertation revises the history of internationalism through a study of the American architects Marion Mahony and Walter Burley Griffin, who practiced in the United States, Australia, and India between 1895 and 1949. Unlike previous studies of internationalism, which have focused exclusively on the transfer of architectural and planning knowledge from the putative 'West' to the 'non-West', this dissertation uncovers a global formulation of community proposed within the colonipl periphery. It does so through a sustained analysis of two objects by Mahony and Griffin: Magic of America, an unpublished memoir and political treatise consisting of correspondence and essays, which Mahony compiled and edited between 1938 and 1949, and Castlecrag, a residential suburb along Sydney's Middle Harbour, which Mahony and Griffin developed between 1920 and 1935. Delineating the scope and provenance of their theoretical writings on imperialism, democracy, international conflict, and trade, as well as their design of common property at Castlecrag, this study charts the emergence of a non-nationalist alternative to empire. Concomitantly, it argues that the conceptual sources and motivations for this alternative, global community were far removed from instrumental politics, and flowed instead from a moral-philosophical thesis that evaluative meaning existed in our relations with others. Finally, this dissertation examines how Mahony's and Griffin's written and built work was shaped by the dialectic offin-de-siecle utopianism and International Socialism.
by Shiben Banerji.
Ph. D.

This study employed a comparative urbanism methodology to explore the interrelationship between formal approaches to urban governance and urban informality in Logan, Australia and Cape Town, South Africa. Through in-depth interviews, observations and a co-design workshop, the study investigates points of disconnection in the margins and ties these to issues of power, inclusion and the notion of a 'good' city. It proposes avenues for conducting comparative urban research across Global North and South cities. The thesis furthers knowledge of co-productive research with vulnerable participants, articulates the role of intermediaries in inclusive alternative citymaking, and challenges negative assumptions of urban informality.

Space is the expression of society, and contemporary society is built around flows; hence the existence of a characteristic spatial form. However, most people still live in places and perceive their space by virtue of them. The coexistence of these two conflicting spatial logics results in a structural schizophrenia that threatens to break the channels of communication in society. The challenge of building bridges between the two entails dealing with processes that involve, in addition to material practices, other dimensions of social space. That is why both that multidimensionality and the procedures that enable the reconstruction of places in the context that it determines have assumed great relevance. With regard to the multidimensionality, the thesis acknowledges the fact that history -which underpins local identities- can be integrated into the physical environment to facilitate its experience simultaneously to that of other strictly spatial facets of what may be called 'interpreted places', where material heritage can play a significant role. With regard to the procedures, it highlights the importance of community processes in the reconstruction both of inclusive narratives and the places that they represent and in which they are represented. However, it is also argued that in the current context, which involves the disintegration of civil society, these processes may not be implemented in the absence of citizen mobilizations that demand the revision of institutional approaches that tend to generate 'altered places'. In Barcelona the gestation of this state of things had a decisive moment in 1986, when the city was nominated as an Olympic venue. That event can be understood as the beginning of a stage in which a quantum leap in the cultural-identitarian claims of the local urban movement took place, both from a quantitative and a qualitative perspective: quantitative, as much as it involved a change of scale in relation to the demands that had addressed the importance of heritage in previous stages, from the architectural element or complex to the urban area; qualitative because, on that scale, non-monumental heritage sites -especially the industrial- became appreciated per se rather than as mere releasers or containers of public space. This phenomenon began to manifest through the renewal of the Port Vell, starting from 1988. After the 1993-1997 period, which was marked both by the ebb of the Olympics and the municipal debt, the period that has been characterized by the urbanization of the so-called New Projects has become a prime setting for its development. This is suggested by the rise of citizen mobilizations in opposition to redevelopment plans that has been registered between 1998 and 2006. Among them, the ones that have affected Trinitat Nova neighbourhood, Lesseps Square, and Parc Central del Poblenou area have had a particular social and spatial impact. From a cultural viewpoint, this reality suggests the possibility of preserving 'spaces of hope' in the construction of an alternative globalization, provided that they acquire and consolidate a structural meaning through the combination of multiple local processes. From a political point of view, it reveals the role of participatory planning as a locus of encounter for actors and strategies that otherwise may be irreconcilable. Finally, a material stance highlights the complex impact of the above on the physical environment, in a time when the social emphasis on images and discourses can result either in a lively coherence between the perception, conception and experience of space, or an extraordinary lack of correlation between them.
El espacio es la expresión de la sociedad, y la sociedad contemporánea está construida en torno a flujos. De ambas constataciones se deriva la existencia de una forma espacial característica. Sin embargo, la mayor parte de las personas sigue viviendo en lugares y percibe su espacio en virtud de ellos. La coexistencia de estas dos lógicas espaciales opuestas tiene como consecuencia una 'esquizofrenia estructural' que amenaza con romper los canales de comunicación de la sociedad. El reto de tender puentes entre ambas obliga a hacer frente a procesos que involucran, además de las prácticas materiales, otras dimensiones del espacio social. De ahí que tanto la multidimensionalidad de este último como los procedimientos que posibilitan la reconstrucción de los lugares en el marco que determina hayan cobrado gran relevancia. En relación con el primer aspecto, se pone de relieve que la historia, vertebradora de las identidades locales, puede integrarse en el medio físico para facilitar su experiencia simultánea a la de otras facetas estrictamente espaciales de lo que cabe denominar 'lugares interpretados', en los que el patrimonio material puede asumir un papel significativo. En relación con el segundo aspecto, se hace patente la importancia de los procesos comunitarios en la reconstrucción de narraciones inclusivas, así como de los lugares que representan y que las representan. Pero también que en el contexto actual, caracterizado por la desintegración de la sociedad civil, dichos procesos pueden no implementarse si no es como resultado de movilizaciones ciudadanas en demanda de la revisión de planteamientos impulsados por las instituciones y destinados a generar 'lugares alterados'. En Barcelona la gestación de este estado de cosas tuvo un momento determinante en 1986, con la nominación olímpica de la ciudad. En el periodo que se inició con ella se produjo un salto cuantitativo y cualitativo en las reivindicaciones culturales-identitarias del movimiento vecinal. Cuantitativo porque implicó un cambio de escala en relación con las demandas de componente patrimonial de etapas anteriores: desde la pieza o conjunto arquitectónico al área urbana. Cualitativo porque, a tal escala, el patrimonio no monumental -en especial el industrial- pasó a valorarse per se en vez de como mero liberador o contenedor de espacio público. Tal fenómeno empezó a evidenciarse con el proceso de reordenación del Port Vell, a partir de 1988. Una vez superada la etapa 1993-1997, marcada por el reflujo de los JJOO y la deuda municipal, el periodo caracterizado por el urbanismo de los New Projects ha devenido un escenario privilegiado para su desarrollo. Así lo sugiere el repunte registrado entre 1998 y 2006 en las movilizaciones ciudadanas en oposición a planes de remodelación, entre las cuales han tenido un particular impacto social y espacial las que han afectado al barrio de Trinitat Nova, a la plaza Lesseps y al sector Parc Central del Poblenou. Desde una vertiente fundamentalmente cultural, la realidad analizada apunta a la posibilidad de mantener abiertos 'espacios de esperanza' en la construcción de una globalización alternativa. Desde un punto de vista eminentemente político, revela la condición del planeamiento urbanístico participado de punto de encuentro de actores y estrategias diversas. Desde una perspectiva material, pone de relieve la compleja incidencia de lo anterior sobre el medio físico, en un momento en el que el acento puesto en las imágenes y los discursos puede traducirse tanto en una vivaz coherencia entre la percepción, la concepción y la vivencia del espacio, como en una extraordinaria falta de correspondencia entre las mismas.

Afin de réduire les erreurs d'aménagement du tissu urbain, sources d'inconfort pour les usagers, les ingénieurs et urbanistes sont demandeurs de connaissances sous forme de régies expertes, que le code présenté est susceptible de produire. Conçu pour devenir, à terme, un outil d'aide à la conception, le code de calcul CODYFLOW permet de simuler le microclimat généré par un ensemble bâti. Le point initial de nos travaux a consisté dans la définition de l'objet d'étude, le tissu urbain présentant culturellement et historiquement une grande diversité. La modélisation in fine des mécanismes thermophysiques conduisant à de très gros codes, nous avons convenu de ne pas traiter l'îlot urbain dans sa globalité mais de nous limiter à des unités urbaines élémentaires (rue, place) qu'une étude urbanistique a permis de décrire de manière exhaustive. Une approche systémique de l'objet étudié a permis de construire l'organisation générale du code de calcul qui se présente sous la forme d'un assemblage de modules décrivant chacun le comportement thermique d'une partie du système physique. Chacun des sous-systèmes ainsi déterminés est sollicité par les contraintes climatiques : température d'air, écoulements aérauliques, rayonnements solaires directs et diffus, humidité de l'air. La réponse observée est le champ de vitesse, de température et d'humidité caractéristiques du microclimat généré par l'unité urbaine. Ces variables permettent la prédiction de la sensation de confort ou d'inconfort ressentie par un usager de l'espace urbain
In order to reduce design error in urban planning, source of discomfort for the users, designers of urban spaces are looking for expert knowledge and skilled rules that may be achieved by the presented calculation code. Built to become a helpful conceiving code, CODYFLOW allows to simulate the micro-climate in the vicinity of the buildings. The first purpose of our work was to define the subjects studied; the urban fabric of Reunion Island presenting a cultural and historical diversity. The modelisation of thermal and aeraulic exchanges leading to heavy code, instead of dealing with the urban island as a whole, we have focused our study on the elementary urban unit wich compound it (street, square). These urban units were described by an exhaustive way, thanks to an urbanistic study. A systemic approach allows us to build the general structure of the calculation code, which is shown as an assembling of units, each of them describing the thermal behaviour of a part of the physical system. Each of these units is solicited by climatic factors: air temperature, wind, sunshine, humidity. The observed response is the field of temperature, speed and humidity, characterizing the micro-climate generated by the urban unit. These parameters allow us to predict the confort or discomfort sensation felt by the user

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This thesis approaches the recent architectures produced in Latin America between 1991 and 2011. Aims to demonstrate the emergence of a new generation of architects, which can be seen from the criterion of the generations, recognizing it linked to the dynamics of global generations. Moreover, the thesis comprises these architectures such as an emerging complex system, as a set of numerous connections and interactions which act on each other in network, producing qualities or properties characteristic of emergence. These architectural systems work interconnected, forming a collective whole. Some common themes, but not homogeneous, were prioritized in order to baste and sew some consistency to the historic building. Guidelines related to interpretations of context and tectonic dimension were developed as a coherent alternative to this structure, besides emphasis on public and social dimension of architecture, especially when articulated to the difficult circumstances of the Latin American cities. Such analysis has been attentive to the historical process of emergence and affirmation of this new generation, understanding it not as a simple way of continuity or natural evolution of the architectures produced in Latin America since the last century, much less as an attitude of break with the generations past, but rather as a dialectical interpretation between certain modernities that can be resumed and the development of new attitudes inherent to the connection possibilities that these architects make with the global generations. The results achieved signaled efforts of transcendence and overcoming of this supposed dichotomy in an attempt to break through the barriers and shorten distances.
Esta tese aborda as arquiteturas recentes produzidas na América Latina entre 1991 e 2011. Tem por objetivo comprovar o surgimento de uma nova geração de arquitetos que pode ser observada a partir do critério das gerações, reconhecendo-a vinculada à dinâmica das gerações globais. Além disso, a tese compreende estas arquiteturas como um sistema complexo emergente, como um conjunto de numerosas conexões e interações que agem mutuamente em rede, produzindo qualidades ou propriedades características da emergência. Constituem sistemas arquitetônicos que trabalham interconectados, formando um todo coletivo. Alguns temas comuns, porém não homogêneos, foram priorizados no sentido de alinhavar e costurar certa coerência à construção histórica. Pautas vinculadas às interpretações de contexto e dimensão tectônica foram desenvolvidas como uma alternativa bastante coerente para esta estruturação, além da ênfase dada à dimensão pública e social da arquitetura, principalmente quando articulada às difíceis circunstâncias das cidades latino-americanas. Tal análise esteve atenta ao processo histórico de surgimento e afirmação desta nova geração, entendendo-o não como um simples percurso de continuidade ou evolução natural das arquiteturas produzidas na América Latina desde o século passado, e muito menos como uma atitude de ruptura com as gerações anteriores, mas sim, como uma interpretação dialética entre certas modernidades que podem ser retomadas e o desenvolvimento de novas atitudes propositivas inerentes às possibilidades de conexão que estes arquitetos estabelecem no movimento das gerações globais. Os resultados alcançados sinalizaram esforços de transcendência e superação dessa suposta dicotomia, na tentativa de romper as barreiras e encurtar distâncias.

Temporary urbanism has become a distinctive feature of urban life after the 2008 global financial crisis. This book offers a critical exploration of its emergence and establishment as a seductive discourse and as an entangled field of practice encompassing architecture, visual and performative arts, urban regeneration policies and planning. Drawing on seven years of semi-ethnographic research, it explores the politics of temporariness from a situated analysis of neighbourhood transformation, media representations and wider political and cultural shifts in austerity London. Through a longitudinal engagement with projects and practitioners, the book tests the power of aesthetic and cultural interventions and highlights tensions between the promise of vacant space re-appropriation and its commodification. Against the normalisation of ephemerality, it presents a critique of the permanence of temporary urbanism as a glamorisation of the anticipatory politics of precarity which are transforming cities, subjectivities and imaginaries of urban action.

The history of theatre has often been written as a history of great writers, actors, or directors. This book takes a different approach: The contributors examine the history of performance from the perspective of theatre spaces and stage technologies. Art, literature, religion, law, urbanism, architecture, technology - this interdisciplinary book discusses how these fields relate to theatre and performance. Geographically, it covers a significant portion of the globe; chronologically, it ranges from ancient times to the present. This book provides a timely attempt to combine cultural and global history.

Although the term “compact city” appears frequently in academic accounts on sustainable urbanism as well as in professional descriptions of planning projects, it is often used in a general manner to indicate such ideas as high density, mixed uses, walkability, and transit oriented development, all linking to the common principles of New Urbanism. Unfortunately this misses some important points, as the concept of compact city possesses the power to generate dynamic urban forms, utilize cutting-edge technologies, address pressing environmental issues, and respond to distinctive geographical and cultural contexts, thus challenging conventional notions of urbanism. The awareness of the limitations of the current practice leads to the introduction of Vertical Urbanism as an alternative discourse on the compact city responding proactively to the state of contemporary metropolises characterized by density, complexity, and verticality. The reinvented concept of Vertical Urbanism moves away from the Modernist notion promoting tall buildings as dominant urban typology to explore physically interactive and socially engaged forms addressing the city as a multi-layered and multi-dimensioned organism. Informed by complex systems ranging from underground mass transit to futuristic ecology of vertical urban farm, this experimental urban design approach envisions a holistic organization of infrastructure, space, and ecology ina three-dimensional framework. This paper derives from a series of urban design research studios under the common theme of Vertical Urbanism conducted in four different cities in the United States and China during 2010-2014 and recently shifted to Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. These studio stook on various sites and design questions such as urban infrastructure, transit system, and urban waterfront redevelopments, testing the concept in different geographic and cultural settings. Sensitivity to locality in both ecological and cultural terms was emphasized across these studios although the schemes often engaged speculative and innovative modes of design production. This paper examines a number of issues around the urban design approach of Vertical Urbanism, including the drive for density and vitality, the relationship between horizontal and vertical dimensions, space of flow and scalar shift, as well as ecological and social adaptability of mega forms; but above all, it tries to explore the capacity of global urban tactics in providing localized design solutions.

La urbanización actual es un fenómeno de naturaleza indudablemente compleja, en ella puede reconocerse cierta homogenización formal y funcional de territorios debido a los modos de crecimiento propios de procesos globales de fragmentación y segregación socio espacial. Cada ciudad comparte características con otras ciudades, sin embargo, manifiesta particularidades propias que deben ser interpretadas desde la mirada urbano-arquitectónica del Nuevo Urbanismo. Esto significa centrarse en las relaciones espaciales-sociales que conforman el espacio público. En el contexto de esta problemática global-local se pone a consideración un estudio de la las periferias -internas y externas- que forman parte de las nuevas geografías urbanas de la Ciudad de San Juan, Argentina, propio de los procesos contemporáneos. En él se expone la estrategia proyectual central para la articulación urbanística y social, con el propósito de contrarrestar el fenómeno de periferización y desigualdad socio-espacial, dado por el proceso de ocupación no sustentable de la planta urbana. Current urbanization is undoubtedly a phenomenon of complex nature, in it certain formal and functional homogenization of territories are recognized due to growth modes brought on by global fragmentation processes and socio-spatial segregations. Each city shares characteristics with other cities, however, each one manifests its own characteristics that must be interpreted from the urban- architectural look of New Urbanism. This means focusing on socio-spatial relations that make up the public space. In the context of this global-local problematic a study is set to consider internal and external peripheries that are part of the new urban geographies of the City of San Juan, Argentina, due to contemporary processes. In it the central design strategy for the urban and social articulation is exposed, in order to counteract the phenomenon of peripheralization and socio-spatial inequality, given by the process of unsustainable occupation of the urban plant.

Reducing carbon emissions to mitigate global warming is a major problem facing mankind. Since city is the main region of global carbon emission, it is of great significance to promote low-carbon development and build low-carbon city. The urban block scale is the key aspect of the construction of low-carbon city, thus the scientifically compiled urban design guidelines have a kind of quite essential practical guiding value for the construction of low-carbon cities. For this reason, the shortcomings of the methods are summarized in this paper through combing, comparing and analyzing the relevant literature from four aspects of calculation and evaluation of carbon emission in block scale, carbon emission and block shape, optimization design method of low carbon block shape, scientific guidance and control of low carbon block form. Furthermore, the key issues, main problems to be solved and aims of future study are discussed.

Qatar is one of few Middle Eastern oil producing countries that realized the vitality of a needed swift transformation from resources to knowledge economy. Until a few decades ago, Qatar was dominated by nomadic people whose livelihood depended on fishing, pearling, camel breeding, and fishing ships building. However, the discovery of oil and gas has encouraged not only socio-economic change, but environmental change as well. The discussed account will cover the main strategies adopted by the country to create a distinctive model of development in the Middle East. The study also analyzes the shift over the past decade which reveals how Qatar views investments in knowledge-based urban development as essential vehicles to survive in a globalized and competitive world. More significantly, the study illustrates an interesting form of urban resilience in the face of major challenges which faced Qatar in the last decade including, winning the bid to host the FIFA World Cup 2022, the decline of oil prices and the air, sea and ground blockade imposed by its adjacent neighbors. The study sheds light on different urban planning strategies and policies adopted to shift the focus from creating a mega city with an image which resonate with typical global cities to a more sustainable, resilient, knowledge-based and decentralized urbanity. The model of Qatar is analyzed holistically in the paper to go form the strategic planning decisions all the way to case studies and best practice planning projects. The study demonstrates how Qatar has captured the world’s imagination by balancing global aspirations and local necessities in a sustainable and resilience context. This paper examines a framework for city and urban regions inspired by the theory of placemaking and its relevance to the boundaries of human urbanism. The paper sheds new light on the transformation of the city from a metropolitan exploiting the oil and gas revenues to a multi-centered model of urbanism. In doing so, the city adopted a number of significant strategies include the well distributed livable urban centers, transit-oriented development, introducing compacted urbanism and encouraging models of mixed use development. The paper concludes with a planning matrix which suggest that for Qatar, adopting such strategies and the deliberate move towards multi=centered urbanism is inevitable in the age of post globalizing world, the need for an urban human scale and the challenges of post Carbon paradigm.

El presente trabajo aborda problemáticas en torno a nuevas dinámicas territoriales, la presión urbana, y las urbanizaciones cerradas (UC) en territorios no metropolitanos de la Argentina, centrándose en ámbitos rurales de valor paisajístico y ambiental. Se toma como caso de estudio, la ciudad de Chascomús (Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina), y se utiliza el concepto naturbanización (Prados, 2009) como marco conceptual y metodológico. Éste explica cómo la presencia de espacios de valor paisajístico y ambiental, o la existencia de un espacio protegido estimula los procesos de urbanización en las proximidades de los mismos. Dichos procesos son entendidos en la acepción más amplia del término urbanización, ésta es, la extensión de usos urbanos y las consecuencias derivadas del cambio de usos por efecto de la urbanización. Al mismo tiempo, se aborda la contradicción existente entre los debates globales en “desarrollo y urbanismo sustentable” y la práctica real. This paper broaches problems related to new territorial dynamics, urban pressure, and gated communities (UC) in non-metropolitan areas of Argentina with landscape and environmental value, either rural or protected areas. The city of Chascomús (Buenos Aires, Argentina) is taken as a case of study and the concept of naturbanization (Prados, 2009) is used as a conceptual framework and methodology for the analysis. The concept explains how spaces with landscape and environmental value or protected areas, stimulate urbanization processes in their surroundings. These processes are understood in the widest sense of the term urbanization, which is the extension of urban land uses and the consequences of land uses change due to urbanization. At the same time, the contradiction between global debates on "sustainable urbanism and development" and real practice is approached

Urban regeneration defines the actions to convert old areas into new functional and spatial sustainable forms by attracting new activities, new commerce’s, renovate urban infrastructure, upgrade the urban environment and transform the social structure [9]. The integrated urban regeneration operation involves an intervention at the urban level that intend according to the Toledo Declaration on Urban Development, to optimize, conserve and revalue the entire existing urban capital (social, built environment, heritage, etc.), compared to other forms of intervention in which, in all this urban capital, only the value of the land is prioritized and preserved by traumatic demolition and by replacing the entire urban and - most lamentably - social capital [11]. In order to be able to develop the studied area from all points of view, efforts must be made on all levels on which it has been agreed to implement actions, in order to achieve the proposed results. Thus, in order to be able to develop the area economically, efforts must be made to adapt the commercial facilities for the new population concentrations. The authors defined in the paper, the concept of commercial urbanism which means all the efforts and means put in place by architects, urban planners, economists to adapt trade to new living conditions, new concentrations of population.

Indonesian students have lagged behind their global peers since before the COVID-19 pandemic. Given the risk of significant loss and permanence of the phenomenon in low- and middle-income countries, along with the particularly lengthy period of school closure in Indonesia, this paper aims to give an insight into the discussion on student learning progress during school closures. We will present the impact of the closures on primary school students’ achievement in Bukittinggi, the third-largest city on the island of Sumatra and a highly urbanised area. The city has consistently performed well in most education-related measures due to a strong cultural emphasis on education and a supportive government (Nihayah et al., 2020), but has been significantly affected during the pandemic as most students are confined to their homes with very limited teacher-student interaction.