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Journal articles on the topic 'Global trade; Biogenetic resources'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Sachdeva, S. K. "Global Sourcing and Global Manufacturing Competitiveness." Paradigm 1, no. 2 (1998): 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971890719980216.

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We are at the beginning of a major change in global economy. The decade will see increasing polarisation of super regional trade agreements. With increasing world trade great opportunities are developing thrust on global manufacturing competitiveness and formation of international, multinational and transnational firms percolating various aspects of glolml sourcing for achieving internationalisation in their operations with utilisation of local resources and creating source partnering throughout the world.

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Suranova, T. G., S. S. Zenin, and G. N. Suvorov. "PRINCIPLES AND PATTERNS OF LEGAL REGULATION OF GENOME-WIDE SEQUENCING IN THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA (PRC)." Issues of Law 20, no. 3 (2020): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/pro-prava200311.

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The global genome sequencing market is developing at a very fast pace, and this is happening most rapidly in China. Amid the economic boom, demand for advanced medical services is extremely high. In view of this, the principles and laws of normative regulation of this activity carried out using both legislative and administrative legal instruments deserve attention. For the domestic legislator, the Chinese experience in regulating the use of genetic resources in conducting international joint research, collecting, storing, using and providing external human genetic resources in China, and ethi

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Oki, T., and S. Kanae. "Virtual water trade and world water resources." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 7 (2004): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0456.

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Global virtual water trade was quantitatively estimated and evaluated. The basic idea of how to estimate unit requirement of water resources to produce each commodity is introduced and values for major agricultural and stock products are presented. The concept of virtual water and the quantitative estimates can help in assessing a more realistic water scarcity index in each country, projecting future water demand for food supply, increasing public awareness on water, and identifying the processes wasting water in the production. Really required water in exporting countries is generally smaller

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Fuse, Masaaki, Kenichi Nakajima, and Hiroshi Yagita. "Global Flow of Metal Resources in the Used Automobile Trade." Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals 74, no. 3 (2010): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet.74.171.

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5

Fuse, Masaaki, Kenichi Nakajima, and Hiroshi Yagita. "Global Flow of Metal Resources in the Used Automobile Trade." MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 50, no. 4 (2009): 703–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.mbw200818.

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Chapagain, A. K., A. Y. Hoekstra, and H. H. G. Savenije. "Water saving through international trade of agricultural products." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 10, no. 3 (2006): 455–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-10-455-2006.

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Abstract. Many nations save domestic water resources by importing water-intensive products and exporting commodities that are less water intensive. National water saving through the import of a product can imply saving water at a global level if the flow is from sites with high to sites with low water productivity. The paper analyses the consequences of international virtual water flows on the global and national water budgets. The assessment shows that the total amount of water that would have been required in the importing countries if all imported agricultural products would have been produ

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Chapagain, A. K., A. Y. Hoekstra, and H. H. G. Savenije. "Water saving through international trade of agricultural products." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 2, no. 6 (2005): 2219–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-2-2219-2005.

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Abstract. Many nations save domestic water resources by importing water-intensive products and exporting commodities that are less water intensive. National water saving through the import of a product can imply saving water at a global level if the flow is from sites with high to sites with low water productivity. The paper analyses the consequences of international virtual water flows on the global and national water budgets. The assessment shows that the total amount of water that would have been required in the importing countries if all imported agricultural products would have been produ

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Klimek, Peter, Michael Obersteiner, and Stefan Thurner. "Systemic trade risk of critical resources." Science Advances 1, no. 10 (2015): e1500522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500522.

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In the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, the role of strongly interconnected markets in causing systemic instability has been increasingly acknowledged. Trade networks of commodities are susceptible to cascades of supply shocks that increase systemic trade risks and pose a threat to geopolitical stability. We show that supply risk, scarcity, and price volatility of nonfuel mineral resources are intricately connected with the structure of the worldwide trade networks spanned by these resources. At the global level, we demonstrate that the scarcity of a resource is closely related to the suscep

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9

Rastyannikova, Elizaveta. "GLOBAL NON-FERROUS METALLURGY RESOURCES MARKET." Eastern Analytics, no. 3 (2020): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2227-5568-2020-03-109-130.

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Since the beginning of the XXI century, the raw material of non-ferrous metallurgy began to acquire new outlines. First, due to the growing demand for resources from the rapidly developing countries of Asia (China, India, South Korea), the volume of world production and international flows of both raw ore and ore dressing – concentrates have increased. Secondly, the concentration of countries that produce raw materials on the one hand and consume them on the other has increased. The article is devoted to comparative statistical analysis of international flows of raw materials of non-ferrous me

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Shelley, Louise I. "Corruption & Illicit Trade." Daedalus 147, no. 3 (2018): 127–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00506.

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Illicit trade in diverse commodities–including drugs, people, natural resources, and counterfeit goods–is a significant component of the global economy. And illicit trade could not be possible without both high- and low-level forms of corruption. Transnational corruption has facilitated the global growth of illicit trade, undermining governance, the economy, health, social order, and sustainability in all regions of the world. This essay explores the convergences of corruption, illicit trade markets, and the legitimate economy, and identifies strategies for combatting them.

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Barbosa Jr, Ricardo, and Matheus Hoffmann Pfrimer. "Global agricultural trade and genetic resources as a point of contention." Ateliê Geográfico 12, no. 3 (2018): 6–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ag.v12i3.56711.

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International agricultural trade has greatly altered the way food is grown, negatively affecting peasant livelihood and the natural environment. While the literature on this is extensive, efforts to understand how genetic variety is effected within such a process is limited. Wherefore, in this paper we explore the factors that determine the place of genetic resources in international trade. This is done by creating a conceptual framework to analyse different forms of power, a process necessary due to its contemporary fungible nature, in an attempt to asses how biotechnology can disclose power’

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Ali, Tariq, Jikun Huang, Jinxia Wang, and Wei Xie. "Global footprints of water and land resources through China's food trade." Global Food Security 12 (March 2017): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2016.11.003.

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Semanur, Soyyigit, Topuz Hüseyin, and Özekicioğlu Halil. "An Alternative View to the Global Coal Trade: Complex Network Approach." Studies in Business and Economics 15, no. 1 (2020): 270–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sbe-2020-0020.

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AbstractThe role of energy for the developmental process of nations is a known fact due to being crucial input for any phase of production of goods and services. That’s the reason why countries that are rich in energy resources also have strategic power in terms of the international trade of these resources. On the other hand, it becomes important to provide energy security for countries that are resource-poor. Although green energy has become preferred one, fossil fuel energy keeps its place as one of the most used energy resources. That's why in this study it is aimed to determine major prov

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Wang, Chun Yue, and Feng Li. "Game Analysis of Virtual Water Trade under the Perspective of International Trade." Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (June 2014): 2046–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.2046.

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As the global water resource is becoming more and more serious,a new way of solving the water resources problems with the idea of virtual water trade gains attention gradually.Using the prisoner’s dilemma in game theory model,analyzes the water resource game and international trade respectively.Combines the water resource and its security with the international trade,then build the game model of virtual water trade.Through analysis of these three games,find the water resources and the international trade game have equilibrium differences and complementarities returns,the implementation of virt

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Safriel, Uriel N., Sergei Volis, and Salit Kark. "CORE AND PERIPHERAL POPULATIONS AND GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 42, no. 4 (1994): 331–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.1994.10676584.

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Environmental conditions outside the periphery of a species' distribution prevent population persistence, hence peripheral populations live under conditions different from those of core populations. Peripheral areas are characterized by variable and unstable conditions, relative to core areas. Peripheral populations are expected to be genetically more variable, since the variable conditions induce fluctuating selection, which maintains high genetic diversity. Alternatively, due to marginal ecological conditions at the periphery, populations there are small and isolated; the within-population d

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Liu, Wenfeng, Marta Antonelli, Matti Kummu, et al. "Savings and losses of global water resources in food‐related virtual water trade." Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water 6, no. 1 (2018): e1320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1320.

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17

Khan, Rabnawaz. "Impact of Monetary Policies on the Exchange Rate and Global Trade Evidence from Ghana." American International Journal of Business and Management Studies 2, no. 1 (2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.46545/aijbms.v2i1.143.

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The impact of monetary policies and their implementation by the exchange rate covered the economic condition of Ghana. The social inclusion and conversion factors change the implemented policies of nations, where the real price, trade, technology, a price rate, and price level of ratio take an important part of growth. The reform of the financial sector favors the free-floating of the exchange rate and global trade under the premise of flexible exchange rates. The tragedy of country growth and exchange rate toward a trajectory of growth with the growth-enhancing effect through social inclusion

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18

Muradov, K. "Russia–ASEAN: Trade and Global Value Chains." World Economy and International Relations, no. 8 (2015): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-8-25-39.

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Traditional trade statistics that originate in customs records is inadequate to measure the complex interdependencies in today’s globalized economy, or what is known as the global value chains. The article focuses on Russia–ASEAN trade. The author applies innovative methods of measuring trade in value added terms in order to capture the unobserved bilateral linkages behind the officially recorded trade flows. First, customs and balance of payments sources of bilateral trade data are briefly reviewed. For user, there are at least two inherent problems in those data: the inconsistencies in “mirr

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Turner, James A., Joseph Buongiorno, and Shushuai Zhu. "Effects of the Free Trade Area of the Americas on Forest Resources." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 34, no. 1 (2005): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s106828050000160x.

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The effects of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) agreement on the forest sectors and resources of member countries are investigated. A model of wood supply within the spatial partial-equilibrium Global Forest Products Model is developed to link international trade and deforestation. The direct effects of tariff changes and the indirect effects of income changes induced by trade liberalization are considered. The FTAA has a small positive impact on the region's forest resources. Higher harvests of industrial roundwood in most countries are offset by increased afforestation due to the i

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Suweis, Samir, Joel A. Carr, Amos Maritan, Andrea Rinaldo, and Paolo D’Odorico. "Resilience and reactivity of global food security." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 22 (2015): 6902–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1507366112.

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The escalating food demand by a growing and increasingly affluent global population is placing unprecedented pressure on the limited land and water resources of the planet, underpinning concerns over global food security and its sensitivity to shocks arising from environmental fluctuations, trade policies, and market volatility. Here, we use country-specific demographic records along with food production and trade data for the past 25 y to evaluate the stability and reactivity of the relationship between population dynamics and food availability. We develop a framework for the assessment of th

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Holland, Robert Alan, Kate A. Scott, Martina Flörke, et al. "Global impacts of energy demand on the freshwater resources of nations." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 48 (2015): E6707—E6716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1507701112.

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The growing geographic disconnect between consumption of goods, the extraction and processing of resources, and the environmental impacts associated with production activities makes it crucial to factor global trade into sustainability assessments. Using an empirically validated environmentally extended global trade model, we examine the relationship between two key resources underpinning economies and human well-being—energy and freshwater. A comparison of three energy sectors (petroleum, gas, and electricity) reveals that freshwater consumption associated with gas and electricity production

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Liu, Wenfeng, Hong Yang, Yu Liu, et al. "Water resources conservation and nitrogen pollution reduction under global food trade and agricultural intensification." Science of The Total Environment 633 (August 2018): 1591–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.306.

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23

Holz, Franziska, Philipp M. Richter, and Ruud Egging. "A Global Perspective on the Future of Natural Gas: Resources, Trade, and Climate Constraints." Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 9, no. 1 (2015): 85–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/reep/reu016.

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Livani, Talajeh, and Jennifer Solotaroff. "Promoting Women’s Participation in Cross-border Trade in South Asia." ANTYAJAA: Indian Journal of Women and Social Change 4, no. 1 (2019): 9–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455632719832208.

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Historically, practitioners and policymakers have overlooked gender issues in the trade space; however, research in recent decades strongly suggests that trade is not gender neutral. Cross-border trade produces changes in employment and prices, and these changes have different effects on women and men. Moreover, because women and men do not have equal access to education, networks, transportation and productive resources, their ability to seize trade-related opportunities differs. General trade barriers, such as deficient infrastructure and cumbersome regulatory and documentary requirements, a

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25

Yokoo, Hide-Fumi, and Thomas C. Kinnaman. "Global Reuse and optimal waste policy." Environment and Development Economics 18, no. 5 (2013): 595–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x13000235.

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AbstractElectronic waste generated from the consumption of durable goods in developed countries is often exported to underdeveloped countries for reuse, recycling and disposal with unfortunate environmental consequences. The lack of efficient disposal policies within developing nations coupled with global free trade agreements make it difficult for consumers to internalize these costs. This paper develops a two-country model, one economically developed and the other underdeveloped, to solve for optimal tax policies necessary to achieve the efficient allocation of economic resources in an econo

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Niemi, Jyrki. "The significance of agricultural input trade in global food production." Suomen Maataloustieteellisen Seuran Tiedote, no. 28 (January 31, 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.33354/smst.75562.

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During the last 40 years, we have seen that despite a doubling of global population, agricultural production has expanded faster still, suggesting that global food security has increased. The volume of cereals production has more than doubled and world meat production has more than quadrupled, for example. The traded volumes of food products have been expanding even more rapidly than world’s output. Since 1960, each 1 percent increase in food output has been accompanied by 3 percent trade increase. Consequently, the economic value of food products traded worldwide has increased almost thirtyfo

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Martens, Deborah, Annelien Gansemans, Jan Orbie, and Marijke D'Haese. "Trade Unions in Multi-Stakeholder Initiatives: What Shapes Their Participation?" Sustainability 10, no. 11 (2018): 4295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114295.

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There is a growing concern about the extent to which multi-stakeholder initiatives (MSIs), designed to improve social and environmental sustainability in global supply chains, give a meaningful voice to less powerful stakeholders. Trade unions are one particular civil society group whose participation in MSIs has received little scholarly attention so far. The objective of this paper is to examine the determinants that enable and constrain trade union participation in MSIs. Based on interviews, focus groups, observations and document analysis we determine local trade union participation in thr

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Zhang, Xufang, Changyou Sun, Jason Gordon, Cheng Li, and Ian A. Munn. "Antidumping Duty Investigations and Decisions in the Global Forest Products Industry." Forest Science 66, no. 6 (2020): 666–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxaa022.

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Abstract Special tariffs have been increasingly adopted to protect domestic industries from potential injury caused by unfair international trade. In this study, a multinomial logit model is employed to examine the patterns and determinants of antidumping duty investigations in the global forest products industry. From 1995 to 2015, a total of 372 relevant cases are identified. The number of firms and the inclusion of unions as a petitioner generally improve the probability of an affirmative decision. The characteristics of petition countries have shown more impacts on the decisions than those

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Ahmed, Hamna, and Farah Said. "Determinants of Export Performance in the Wake of the Global Financial Crisis: Evidence from South Asia." Pakistan Development Review 51, no. 4II (2012): 227–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v51i4iipp.227-243.

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The idea that trade is important for economic growth dates back to the nineteenth century when classical economists like Adam Smith, Ricardo, John Stuart Mill etc. advocated the favourable effects of international trade on output. Since then a rich body of both theoretical and empirical literature has evolved with regards to exports and trade policy. Within this overall literature, two competing approaches that can be broadly identified are Import Substitution industrialisation (IS) and Export-Led (EL) growth. According to the EL growth hypothesis, exports can promote economic growth through t

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Debaere, Peter. "The Global Economics of Water: Is Water a Source of Comparative Advantage?" American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 6, no. 2 (2014): 32–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.6.2.32.

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With newly available data, I investigate to what extent countries' international trade exploits the very uneven water resources on a global scale. I find that water is a source of comparative advantage and that relatively water abundant countries export more water-intensive products. Additionally, water contributes significantly less to the pattern of exports than the traditional production factors labor and physical capital. This suggests relatively moderate disruptions to overall trade on a global scale due to changing precipitation in the wake of climate change. (JEL F14, O13, O19, Q15, Q25

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Khalil, Samina, and Zeeshan Inam. "Is Trade Good for Environment? A Unit Root Cointegration Analysis." Pakistan Development Review 45, no. 4II (2006): 1187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v45i4iipp.1187-1196.

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One of the most debatable issues surrounding globalisation is the concern that trade hurts the environment, both locally and globally. Economists argue that expanding trade from domestic market to international market not only increases market share of each country but also rising competition among the nations and improve efficiency of utilising scarce resources because each country produces those goods in which she has comparative advantages. But on the other hand, environmental economists have opposed global trade and argue that the costs of spreading trade to international markets are deple

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Qiang, Wenli, Shuwen Niu, Xiang Wang, Cuiling Zhang, Aimin Liu, and Shengkui Cheng. "Evolution of the Global Agricultural Trade Network and Policy Implications for China." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (2019): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010192.

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Global agricultural trade plays an essential role in balancing supply and demand regarding agricultural products worldwide. Based on complex network theory, two types of agricultural trade networks weighted by the physical quantity and monetary value were built. In both networks, eight groups of agricultural products showed diverse variation in time and space. During 1986 to 2016, the total physical trade increased by 2.55 times with a gradual growth process, and total monetary value increased 1.98 times with fluctuation. The cumulative distribution of node degree and strength followed power-l

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Tamea, S., P. Allamano, J. A. Carr, P. Claps, F. Laio, and L. Ridolfi. "Local and global perspectives on the virtual water trade." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 3 (2013): 1205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1205-2013.

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Abstract. Recent studies on fluxes of virtual water are showing how the global food and goods trade interconnects the water resources of different and distant countries, conditioning the local water balances. This paper presents and discusses the assessment of virtual water fluxes between a single country and its network of trading partners, delineating a country's virtual water budget in space and time (years 1986–2010). The fluxes between the country under study and its importing/exporting partners are visualized with a geographical representation shaping the trade network as a virtual river

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Tamea, S., P. Allamano, J. A. Carr, P. Claps, F. Laio, and L. Ridolfi. "Local and global perspectives on the virtual water trade." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 11 (2012): 12959–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-12959-2012.

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Abstract. Recent studies on fluxes of virtual water are showing how the global food and goods trade interconnects the water resources of different and distant countries, conditioning the local water balances. This paper presents and discusses the assessment of virtual water fluxes between a single country and its network of trading partners, delineating a country's virtual water budget in space and time (years 1986–2010). The fluxes between the country under study and its importing/exporting partners are visualized with a geographical representation shaping the trade network as a virtual river

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Yang, H., L. Wang, K. C. Abbaspour, and A. J. B. Zehnder. "Virtual water highway: water use efficiency in global food trade." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 1 (2006): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-3-1-2006.

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Abstract. Amid an increasing water scarcity in many parts of the world, virtual water trade as both a policy instrument and practical means to balance the regional, national and global water budget has received much attention in recent years. Built upon the knowledge of virtual water accounting in the literature, this study examines the efficiency of the resource use embodied in the global virtual water trade from the perspectives of exporting and importing countries. Different characteristics between "green" and "blue" virtual water corresponding to rainfed and irrigated agriculture are elabo

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Rosenberg, Robin L. "Trade and the Environment: Economic Development versus Sustainable Development." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 36, no. 3 (1994): 129–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166530.

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It should come as no surprise that the environmentalist community in the Americas, whose expectations were raised by the bold, global “Agenda 21” of the 1992 Earth Summit, the informal title accorded the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), would be concerned that the forces of free market capitalism and the urgency for economic development have proven to be more powerful than the regional movement towards sustainable development. By virtue of the region's large share of the planet's environmental resources, the global environmental agenda, which includes, inter al

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STONE, CHRISTOPHER D. "The crisis in global fisheries: can trade laws provide a cure?" Environmental Conservation 24, no. 2 (1997): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892997000155.

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Fisheries, over-capacity and subsidiesA consensus is emerging regarding world fisheries.Overall, the world's living marine resources are being overexploited; in many major areas a reprieve in the level of fishing would assure larger and more valuable fish supplies in the long term. Less would be more.The system is uneconomical and unsustainable. We are paying an unnecessarily high price, in capture costs and environmental degradation, for a dwindling catch.Conventional management measures (including time, space and gear constraints) have not proved themselves capable of stanching excessive fis

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Montanía, Claudia V., Teresa Fernández-Núñez, and Miguel A. Márquez. "The role of the leading exporters in the global soybean trade." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 67, No. 7 (2021): 277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/433/2020-agricecon.

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This paper examines the global soybean market in a holistic way, analyses the land use and other historical determinants of soybean exports, such as labour and capital endowments, soybean productivity, international prices and demand conditions through an empirical model. In addition, it pays particular attention to the role of leading exporters in the export changes and the nature of the connections between them in an interrelated system. The results suggest that the productivity per hectare and the land used to harvest soybeans are the main factors explaining soybean exports in a global cont

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Sun, Jing, Harold Mooney, Wenbin Wu, et al. "Importing food damages domestic environment: Evidence from global soybean trade." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 21 (2018): 5415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1718153115.

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Protecting the environment and enhancing food security are among the world’s Sustainable Development Goals and greatest challenges. International food trade is an important mechanism to enhance food security worldwide. Nonetheless, it is widely concluded that in international food trade importing countries gain environmental benefits, while exporting countries suffer environmental problems by using land and other resources to produce food for exports. Our study shows that international food trade can also lead to environmental pollution in importing countries. At the global level, our metaanal

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Azhar, Usman, Samina Khalil, and Mohsin Hasnain Ahmed. "Environmental Effects of Trade Liberalisation: A Case Study of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 46, no. 4II (2007): 645–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v46i4iipp.645-655.

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Within today’s global economy countries now trade more intensively and frequently than in the past. Trade has become an increasingly important global economic activity, with annual trade volumes increasing sixteen fold over the last fifty years and the ratio of world exports to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) now approaching twenty percent. With this recent acceleration of global trade, countries throughout the world have benefited from more investment, industrial development, and employment and income growth. Other positive effects include increased mobility of capital, increased ease of movemen

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Konar, M., Z. Hussein, N. Hanasaki, D. L. Mauzerall, and I. Rodriguez-Iturbe. "Virtual water trade flows and savings under climate change." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 1 (2013): 67–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-67-2013.

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Abstract. The international trade of food commodities links water and food systems, with important implications for both water and food security. The embodied water resources associated with food trade are referred to as "virtual water trade". We present the first study of the impact of climate change on global virtual water trade flows and associated savings for the year 2030. In order to project virtual water trade under climate change, it is essential to obtain projections of both bilateral crop trade and the water-use efficiency of crops in each country of production. We use the Global Tra

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Danso, Sunkung. "Political Economy and Regional Policy: The Impact of US-China Trade Tension on the Global Economic Growth." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 3 (2020): 2224–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v3i3.1155.

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This paper uses a systematic literature review to discuss US-China trade tension. The study discusses the US-China trade tension and its impact on the global economy because the US-China trade war is imminent at the point in time since President Trump came to power in 2016. This research aims to examine how US-China trade tension is unfolding and the significant change of this trade tension on the world economy. The systematic literature review was engaged to capture the sequence of the event as they are happening between the US and China with regards to trade barriers. This research reviewed

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Smith, Fiona. "Natural resources and global value chains: What role for the WTO?" International Journal of Law in Context 11, no. 2 (2015): 135–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744552315000038.

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AbstractNatural resources are critical to global value chains as minerals, good climate and fertile soil are commonly required for the beginning of the chain, with the consequence that any interruption in their supply threatens the chain's continued integrity. Trade in such resources provides a valuable source of income for resource-rich states. Yet exploitation of natural resources can result in their exhaustion and biodiversity loss, while their extraction can lead to environmental damage and human rights abuses, with the result that any positive contribution to sustainable development for r

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Amineh, Mehdi Parvizi, and Henk Houweling. "II. Caspian Energy: Oil and Gas Resources and the Global Market." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 2, no. 3 (2003): 391–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156915003322986325.

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AbstractThis article develops several concepts of critical geopolitics and relates them to the energy resources of the Caspian Region. Energy resources beyond borders may be accessed by trade, respectively by conquest, domination and changing property rights. These are the survival strategies of human groups in the international system. The article differentiates between demand-induced scarcity, supply-induced scarcity, structural scarcity and the creation, respectively, transfer of property rights. Together, the behaviors referred to by these concepts create a field of social forces that cros

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Ray, Subrata Ray. "Globalization and its impact on Human Resource Management practice of India." Journal of Global Economy 6, no. 3 (2010): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v6i3.62.

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The approaching of the 21 century globalization poses unique HRM challenges to business chiefly those functioning across countrywide boundaries as transnational or global enterprises. Global trade is considered by the open flow of human and economic resources particularly in the developed economies of European Union (EU), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), other regional groupings such as the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the Southern African Development Community, etc. Competing in global markets require

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Hazell, Peter, and Stanley Wood. "Drivers of change in global agriculture." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1491 (2007): 495–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2166.

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As a result of agricultural intensification, more food is produced today than needed to feed the entire world population and at prices that have never been so low. Yet despite this success and the impact of globalization and increasing world trade in agriculture, there remain large, persistent and, in some cases, worsening spatial differences in the ability of societies to both feed themselves and protect the long-term productive capacity of their natural resources. This paper explores these differences and develops a country×farming systems typology for exploring the linkages between human ne

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Anderer, Christina, Andreas Dür, and Lisa Lechner. "Trade policy in a “GVC World”: Multinational corporations and trade liberalization." Business and Politics 22, no. 4 (2020): 639–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bap.2020.4.

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AbstractThe globalization of production is changing the political economy of trade policymaking: Traditional supporters of free trade (exporters seeking market access in foreign countries) are joined by new actors (companies needing intermediates from abroad for their production processes) in their lobbying efforts for trade liberalization. Multinational corporations (MNCs) play a crucial role in this new alliance due to their strong involvement in international trade and endowment with resources that can be used to lobby policymakers. We derive an argument from these premises that leads to th

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Erokhin, Vasily, and Anna Ivolga. "How to Ensure Sustainable Development of Agribusiness in the Conditions of Trade Integration." International Journal of Sustainable Economies Management 1, no. 2 (2012): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsem.2012040102.

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The World Trade Organization (WTO) is currently the leading international organization regulating the issues of liberalization of international trade. In October 2011 the long process of Russia-WTO negotiations was completed. The problem is that the Russian accession into WTO is more related to the general unification of Russian trade policy, not to the effective development of agricultural production. Russian agricultural producers are against integration into the global trade system in the frameworks of WTO. National agricultural production would not be able to compete effectively with forei

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Rapoport, G., and A. Guerts. "Global Economic Crisis of 2008-2009: Sources and Roots." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 11 (November 20, 2009): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2009-11-18-31.

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In the article the global crisis of 2008-2009 is considered as superposition of a few regional crises that occurred simultaneously but for different reasons. However, they have something in common: developed countries tend to maintain a strong level of social security without increasing the real production output. On the one hand, this policy has resulted in trade deficit and partial destruction of market mechanisms. On the other hand, it has clashed with the desire of several oil and gas exporting countries to receive an exclusive price for their energy resources.

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Ramirez-Vallejo, J., and P. Rogers. "Virtual water flows and trade liberalization." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 7 (2004): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0407.

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The linkages between agricultural trade and water resources need to be identified and analyzed to better understand the potential impacts that a full liberalization, or lack thereof, will have on water resources. This paper examines trade of virtual water embodied in agricultural products for most countries of the world. The main purpose of the paper, however, is to examine the impact of trade liberalization on virtual-water trade in the future. Based on a simulation of global agricultural trade, a scenario of full liberalization of agriculture was used to assess the net effect of virtual wate

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