Relevant bibliographies by topics / Global trade; Biogenetic resources

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Global trade; Biogenetic resources'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Global trade; Biogenetic resources"

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Sachdeva, S. K. "Global Sourcing and Global Manufacturing Competitiveness." Paradigm 1, no. 2 (January 1998): 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971890719980216.

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We are at the beginning of a major change in global economy. The decade will see increasing polarisation of super regional trade agreements. With increasing world trade great opportunities are developing thrust on global manufacturing competitiveness and formation of international, multinational and transnational firms percolating various aspects of glolml sourcing for achieving internationalisation in their operations with utilisation of local resources and creating source partnering throughout the world.
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Suranova, T. G., S. S. Zenin, and G. N. Suvorov. "PRINCIPLES AND PATTERNS OF LEGAL REGULATION OF GENOME-WIDE SEQUENCING IN THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA (PRC)." Issues of Law 20, no. 3 (2020): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/pro-prava200311.

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The global genome sequencing market is developing at a very fast pace, and this is happening most rapidly in China. Amid the economic boom, demand for advanced medical services is extremely high. In view of this, the principles and laws of normative regulation of this activity carried out using both legislative and administrative legal instruments deserve attention. For the domestic legislator, the Chinese experience in regulating the use of genetic resources in conducting international joint research, collecting, storing, using and providing external human genetic resources in China, and ethical principles in conducting biogenetic studies will be extremely useful.
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Oki, T., and S. Kanae. "Virtual water trade and world water resources." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 7 (April 1, 2004): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0456.

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Global virtual water trade was quantitatively estimated and evaluated. The basic idea of how to estimate unit requirement of water resources to produce each commodity is introduced and values for major agricultural and stock products are presented. The concept of virtual water and the quantitative estimates can help in assessing a more realistic water scarcity index in each country, projecting future water demand for food supply, increasing public awareness on water, and identifying the processes wasting water in the production. Really required water in exporting countries is generally smaller than virtually required water in importing countries, reflecting the comparative advantage of water use efficiency, and it is estimated to be 680 km3/y for 2000. On the contrary the virtually required water for the same year is estimated to be 1,130 km3/y, and the difference of 450 km3/y is virtually saved by global trade. However, solely virtual water should not be used for any decision making since the idea of virtual water implies only the usage and influence of water and no concerns on social, cultural, and environmental implications. Virtual water trade also does not consider other limiting factors than water.
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Fuse, Masaaki, Kenichi Nakajima, and Hiroshi Yagita. "Global Flow of Metal Resources in the Used Automobile Trade." Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals 74, no. 3 (2010): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet.74.171.

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Fuse, Masaaki, Kenichi Nakajima, and Hiroshi Yagita. "Global Flow of Metal Resources in the Used Automobile Trade." MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 50, no. 4 (2009): 703–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.mbw200818.

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Chapagain, A. K., A. Y. Hoekstra, and H. H. G. Savenije. "Water saving through international trade of agricultural products." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 10, no. 3 (June 30, 2006): 455–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-10-455-2006.

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Abstract. Many nations save domestic water resources by importing water-intensive products and exporting commodities that are less water intensive. National water saving through the import of a product can imply saving water at a global level if the flow is from sites with high to sites with low water productivity. The paper analyses the consequences of international virtual water flows on the global and national water budgets. The assessment shows that the total amount of water that would have been required in the importing countries if all imported agricultural products would have been produced domestically is 1605 Gm3/yr. These products are however being produced with only 1253 Gm3/yr in the exporting countries, saving global water resources by 352 Gm3/yr. This saving is 28 per cent of the international virtual water flows related to the trade of agricultural products and 6 per cent of the global water use in agriculture. National policy makers are however not interested in global water savings but in the status of national water resources. Egypt imports wheat and in doing so saves 3.6 Gm3/yr of its national water resources. Water use for producing export commodities can be beneficial, as for instance in Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana and Brazil, where the use of green water resources (mainly through rain-fed agriculture) for the production of stimulant crops for export has a positive economic impact on the national economy. However, export of 28 Gm3/yr of national water from Thailand related to rice export is at the cost of additional pressure on its blue water resources. Importing a product which has a relatively high ratio of green to blue virtual water content saves global blue water resources that generally have a higher opportunity cost than green water.
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Chapagain, A. K., A. Y. Hoekstra, and H. H. G. Savenije. "Water saving through international trade of agricultural products." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 2, no. 6 (November 4, 2005): 2219–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-2-2219-2005.

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Abstract. Many nations save domestic water resources by importing water-intensive products and exporting commodities that are less water intensive. National water saving through the import of a product can imply saving water at a global level if the flow is from sites with high to sites with low water productivity. The paper analyses the consequences of international virtual water flows on the global and national water budgets. The assessment shows that the total amount of water that would have been required in the importing countries if all imported agricultural products would have been produced domestically is 1605 Gm3/yr. These products are however being produced with only 1253 Gm3/yr in the exporting countries, saving global water resources by 352 Gm3/yr. This saving is 28% of the international virtual water flows related to the trade of agricultural products and 6% of the global water use in agriculture. National policy makers are however not interested in global water savings but in the status of national water resources. Egypt imports wheat and in doing so saves 3.6 Gm3/yr of its national water resources. Water use for producing export commodities can be beneficial, as for instance in Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana and Brazil, where the use of green water resources (mainly through rain-fed agriculture) for the production of stimulant crops for export has a positive economic impact on the national economy. However, export of 28 Gm3/yr of national water from Thailand related to rice export is at the cost of additional pressure on its blue water resources. Importing a product which has a relatively high ratio of green to blue virtual water content saves global blue water resources that generally have a higher opportunity cost than green water.
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Klimek, Peter, Michael Obersteiner, and Stefan Thurner. "Systemic trade risk of critical resources." Science Advances 1, no. 10 (November 2015): e1500522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500522.

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In the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, the role of strongly interconnected markets in causing systemic instability has been increasingly acknowledged. Trade networks of commodities are susceptible to cascades of supply shocks that increase systemic trade risks and pose a threat to geopolitical stability. We show that supply risk, scarcity, and price volatility of nonfuel mineral resources are intricately connected with the structure of the worldwide trade networks spanned by these resources. At the global level, we demonstrate that the scarcity of a resource is closely related to the susceptibility of the trade network with respect to cascading shocks. At the regional level, we find that, to some extent, region-specific price volatility and supply risk can be understood by centrality measures that capture systemic trade risk. The resources associated with the highest systemic trade risk indicators are often those that are produced as by-products of major metals. We identify significant strategic shortcomings in the management of systemic trade risk, in particular in the European Union.
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Rastyannikova, Elizaveta. "GLOBAL NON-FERROUS METALLURGY RESOURCES MARKET." Eastern Analytics, no. 3 (2020): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2227-5568-2020-03-109-130.

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Since the beginning of the XXI century, the raw material of non-ferrous metallurgy began to acquire new outlines. First, due to the growing demand for resources from the rapidly developing countries of Asia (China, India, South Korea), the volume of world production and international flows of both raw ore and ore dressing – concentrates have increased. Secondly, the concentration of countries that produce raw materials on the one hand and consume them on the other has increased. The article is devoted to comparative statistical analysis of international flows of raw materials of non-ferrous metals. The leading countries in the world exporting non-ferrous metal ores and countries importing them have been identified. The impact of new applications of non-ferrous metals on increasing international trade, such as the expansion of the production of batteries for electromobile and consumer electronics, the development of nuclear energy, etc., is highlighted.
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Shelley, Louise I. "Corruption & Illicit Trade." Daedalus 147, no. 3 (July 2018): 127–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00506.

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Illicit trade in diverse commodities–including drugs, people, natural resources, and counterfeit goods–is a significant component of the global economy. And illicit trade could not be possible without both high- and low-level forms of corruption. Transnational corruption has facilitated the global growth of illicit trade, undermining governance, the economy, health, social order, and sustainability in all regions of the world. This essay explores the convergences of corruption, illicit trade markets, and the legitimate economy, and identifies strategies for combatting them.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Global trade; Biogenetic resources"

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Dutfield, Graham. "The international biotrade, conservation and intellectual property rights." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365657.

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Sutherland, Johanna, and mhsjaireth@netspeed com au. "Power and the Global Governance of Plant Genetic Resources." The Australian National University. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Department of International Relations, 2000. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20091228.092344.

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This thesis explores the location and nature of the power that is deepening and broadening the revolution in modern biotechnologies, and which is inherent in the global governance of one type of genetic resource — plant genetic resources. Plant genetic resources are of increasing importance within the global political economy and ecology because of the power/knowledge networks contributing to, and responding to developments in the biotechnology sector, and concerned with the rampant erosion of biological diversity. The thesis argues that transnational norms, values and knowledge are important aspects of power. Discursive power, and particularly the power inherent in discourses of sustainable development, security and human rights, are a central focus of the thesis. The thesis challenges realist, neo-realist and other structural analyses of power which focus on relative distributions of power at the level of individual states or at the global level.
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Thanitcul, Sakda. "The WTO and Unilateral Trade Measures to Protect Global Resources - A Thai Perspective on the Shrimp-Turtle Case." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/147443.

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Mason, Nicholas Craig. "Forging a New Global Commons Introducing common property into the global genetic resource debate." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Political Science and Communication, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/904.

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This thesis provides an analysis of recent attempts to regulate the governance of genetic resources through the initiation of new global commons regimes. These attempts have arisen out of a combination of the growing recognition of genetic resources' value and global nature; a new resurgence in support for the common property paradigm; and, during a period in which the world is becoming increasingly globalised, with many governance competencies moving to the supranational level. They can be viewed as part of a broader effort to proffer the common property approach as a legitimate alternative in the property regime debate: a debate that has increasingly become trapped in the public-private dichotomy at the dawn of the twenty-first century. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the success of these attempts, and offer suggestions about how future attempts might be more successful. While there are a multitude of books, articles, opinion pieces and media reports produced that concern themselves with property theory, intellectual property theory, the efficacy or morality of applying property regimes to living materials, and the threats and promises of globalisation, all of which influence the notion of a potential global genetic commons, relatively little has been written directly on the idea of applying global common property regimes to genetic resource governance issues. The first part of this thesis constructs a theory of a global genetic commons, drawing inspiration from a variety of sources, while the second part tests this theory in order to analyse the outcomes of the recent attempts, and suggest directions for future research. The thesis finds that the conception of a global genetic commons is indeed a valid one, and that while not all attempts so far have been successful, the common property paradigm does offer valuable insights for the future governance of genetic resources at the global level.
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Giljum, Stefan, Monika Dittrich, Franz Stephan Lutter, and Mirko Lieber. "Global patterns of material flows and their socio-economic and environmental implications: a MFA study on all countries world-wide from 1980 to 2009." MDPI, 2014. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5322/1/resources%2D03%2D00319.pdf.

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This paper assesses world-wide patterns of material extraction, trade, consumption and productivity based on a new data set for economy-wide material flows, covering used materials for all countries world-wide between 1980 and 2009. We show that global material extraction has grown by more than 90% over the past 30 years and is reaching almost 70 billion tonnes today. Also, trade volumes in physical terms have increased by a factor of 2.5 over the past 30 years, and in 2009, 9.3 billion tonnes of raw materials and products were traded around the globe. China has turned into the biggest consumer of materials world-wide and together with the US, India, Brazil and Russia, consumes more than 50% of all globally extracted materials. We also show that the per-capita consumption levels are very uneven, with a factor of more than 60 between the country with the lowest and highest consumption in 2009. On average, each human being consumed 10 tonnes of materials in 2009, 2 tonnes more than in 1980. We discuss whether decoupling of economies' growth from resource use has occurred and analyse interrelations of material use with human development. Finally, we elaborate on key environmental problems related to various material groups.
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Kinuthia, Wanyee. "“Accumulation by Dispossession” by the Global Extractive Industry: The Case of Canada." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30170.

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This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad.
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Turner, James Alan. "Trade liberalization and forest resources : a global modeling approach /." 2004. http://www.library.wisc.edu/databases/connect/dissertations.html.

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Rogers, Paul F. "Losing Control: Global Security in the Twenty-first Century." 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6264.

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'Losing Control combines a glimpse behind the security screens with sharp analysis of the real global insecurities - growing inequality and unsustainability.' The New Internationalist The attacks in New York and Washington on 11th September 2001 took most of the world by surprise. It showed that, for those living in the West, the threat of terrorist attack is now very real. Maintaining control of global security has become a matter of paramount importance to all Western governments. As the war against 'terrorism' widens into a war against particular states who may have played little part in the disaster, the idea that we can maintain global security by desperately clinging to our current security paradigm becomes increasingly improbable. In Losing Control, Paul Rogers calls for a radical re-thinking of western perceptions of security that embraces a willingness to address the core issues of global insecurity. This acclaimed book has already become an essential guide for anyone who wishes to understand the current crisis, and this updated edition contains a new preface and a new chapter which address the specific problems that have arisen since the attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. Drawing on examples from around the world, Rogers analyses the legacy of the Cold War's proliferation of weapons of mass destruction; the impact of human activity on the global ecosystem; the growth of hypercapitalism and resulting poverty and insecurity; the competition for energy resources and strategic minerals; biological warfare programmes; and paramilitary actions against centres of power. The new edition brings the whole analysis right up to date, arguing persuasively that the world's elite cannot maintain control and that a far more emancipatory and sustainable approach to global security has to be developed.
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Bennett, Abigail. "Small-scale Fisheries and the Global Economy: Understanding Common-pool Resource Governance in the Context of Market Pressures, Neoliberal Policies, and Transnational Institutions." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/12166.

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The purpose of this dissertation is to contribute to a better understanding of how global seafood trade interacts with the governance of small-scale fisheries (SSFs). As global seafood trade expands, SSFs have the potential to experience significant economic, social, and political benefits from participation in export markets. At the same time, market connections that place increasing pressures on resources pose risks to both the ecological and social integrity of SSFs. This dissertation seeks to explore the factors that mediate between the potential benefits and risks of global seafood markets for SSFs, with the goal of developing hypotheses regarding these relationships.

The empirical investigation consists of a series of case studies from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. This is a particularly rich context in which to study global market connections with SSFs because the SSFs in this region engage in a variety of market-oriented harvests, most notably for octopus, groupers and snappers, lobster, and sea cucumber. Variation in market forms and the institutional diversity of local-level governance arrangements allows the dissertation to explore a number of examples.

The analysis is guided primarily by common-pool resource (CPR) theory because of the insights it provides regarding the conditions that facilitate collective action and the factors that promote long-lasting resource governance arrangements. Theory from institutional economics and political ecology contribute to the elaboration of a multi-faceted conceptualization of markets for CPR theory, with the aim of facilitating the identification of mechanisms through which markets and CPR governance actually interact. This dissertation conceptualizes markets as sets of institutions that structure the exchange of property rights over fisheries resources, affect the material incentives to harvest resources, and transmit ideas and values about fisheries resources and governance.

The case studies explore four different mechanisms through which markets potentially influence resource governance: 1) Markets can contribute to costly resource governance activities by offsetting costs through profits, 2) markets can undermine resource governance by generating incentives for noncompliance and lead to overharvesting resources, 3) markets can increase the costs of resource governance, for example by augmenting monitoring and enforcement burdens, and 4) markets can alter values and norms underpinning resource governance by transmitting ideas between local resource users and a variety of market actors.

Data collected using participant observation, survey, informal and structured interviews contributed to the elaboration of the following hypotheses relevant to interactions between global seafood trade and SSFs governance. 1) Roll-back neoliberalization of fisheries policies has undermined cooperatives’ ability to achieve financial success through engagement with markets and thus their potential role as key actors in resource governance (chapter two). 2) Different relations of production influence whether local governance institutions will erode or strengthen when faced with market pressures. In particular, relations of production in which fishers own their own means of production and share the collective costs of governance are more likely to strengthen resource governance while relations of production in which a single entrepreneur controls capital and access to the fishery are more likely to contribute to the erosion of resource governance institutions in the face of market pressures (chapter three). 3) By serving as a new discursive framework within which to conceive of and talk about fisheries resources, markets can influence norms and values that shape and constitute governance arrangements.

In sum, the dissertation demonstrates that global seafood trade manifests in a diversity of local forms and effects. Whether SSFs moderate risks and take advantage of benefits depends on a variety of factors, and resource users themselves have the potential to influence the outcomes of seafood market connections through local forms of collective action.


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Books on the topic "Global trade; Biogenetic resources"

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Green, Edmund. The global trade in coral. Cambridge: World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 1999.

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1921-, Conklin Edgar C., and Ray D. Michael, eds. The global economy in transition. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice-Hall, 1997.

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C, Conkling Edgar, and Ray D. Michael 1935-, eds. The global economy in transition. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1997.

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C, Conkling Edgar, Ray D. Michael 1935-, and Berry, Brian Joe Lobley, 1935-, eds. The global economy: Resource use, locational choice, and international trade. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall, 1993.

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Ecosystem services and global trade of natural resources: Ecology, economics, and policies. New York: Routledge, 2010.

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Crosson, Pierre R. Resources and global food prospects: Supply and demand for cereals to 2030. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 1992.

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Corp, Computer Technology Research, ed. E-commerce: Implementing global marketing strategies. Charleston, SC: Computer Technology Research Corp., 1999.

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Running out: Global scarcity and the economic paradigm. New York: Algora Pub., 2005.

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Smale, Melinda. Understanding global trends in the use of wheat diversity and international flows of wheat genetic resources. Mexico, D.F: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, 1996.

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Liu, Lewis-Guodo. Internet resources and services for international business: A global guide. Phoenix, Ariz: Oryx Press, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Global trade; Biogenetic resources"

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Aguin-Pombo, Dora. "Biological Invasions and Global Trade." In Natural Resources, Sustainability and Humanity, 83–99. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1321-5_6.

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Rodríguez, Fabricio. "Contested Resources and South-South Inequalities: What Sino-Brazilian Trade Means for the “Low-Carbon” Bioeconomy." In Bioeconomy and Global Inequalities, 265–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68944-5_13.

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AbstractThis article explores Brazil’s relationship of trade dependency to China and its implications for the former’s attempt to lead the way into a low-carbon bioeconomy. While actors from Brazil’s sucro-energetic sector try to rescale the use of agrofuels as a clean source of bio-based energy, China’s growing demand for Brazilian resources places a structural constraint on any Brazilian attempt to move away from fossil developmental paradigms. The chapter shows how green narratives of South-South cooperation—entailing the “low-carbon bioeconomy” on the Brazilian side, and the concept of “ecological civilization” on the Chinese side—collide with the high-carbon qualities of Sino-Brazilian trade. Importantly, Brazilian exports to China are currently adding to the carbon-intensive quality of the global economy. Additionally, bilateral trade is indicative of a new pattern of global inequality in which Brazilian geographies of oil, iron ore and soy extraction provide the material basis for China’s economic transformation.
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Lourie, Linda S. "The U.S. Position on Developing Trade Agreements Concerning Intellectual Property." In Intellectual Property Rights III Global Genetic Resources: Access and Property Rights, 77–83. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/1998.intellectualpropertyrights.c7.

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Seppelt, Ralf, Ameur M. Manceur, Jianguo Liu, Eli P. Fenichel, and Stefan Klotz. "Synchronized Peak Rate Years of Global Resources Use Imply Critical Trade-Offs in Appropriation of Natural Resources and Ecosystem Services." In Atlas of Ecosystem Services, 301–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96229-0_46.

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Fry, Hannah M., Alan G. Wilson, and Frank T. Smith. "A Dynamic Global Trade Model With Four Sectors: Food, Natural Resources, Manufactured Goods and Labour." In Approaches to Geo&;#x02010;mathematical Modelling, 71–90. Chichester, UK: John Wiley &;#38; Sons, Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118937426.ch6.

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Fuss, Maryegli, and Lei Xu. "Unintended Environmental Impacts at Local and Global Scale—Trade-Offs of a Low-Carbon Electricity System." In The Future European Energy System, 237–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60914-6_13.

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AbstractThe focus on expanding the sector coupling and binding the electricity system and end-user sectors like the transport and industry bring attention to environmental trade-offs. Otherwise, unintended environmental impacts could potentially impede the transformation process. Given that, this paper aims to identify and discuss environmental burdens that should require government attention. For that, the approach of coupling Life Cycle Assessment with the electricity market model (ELTRAMOD) is presented. Results show that the large impact on land use occupation as a regional issue requires attention due to diversified permitting mechanisms and eligibility criteria for solar fields among European member states. Metal and ozone depletion bring the challenge that transformation processes need attention on global limits related to finite resources and fugitive losses of anthropogenic substances.
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Craglia, Max, and Katarzyna Pogorzelska. "The Economic Value of Digital Earth." In Manual of Digital Earth, 623–43. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9915-3_19.

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Abstract In this chapter, we approach the economic value of Digital Earth with a broad definition of economic value, i.e., the measure of benefits from goods or services to an economic agent and the trade-offs the agent makes in view of scarce resources. The concept of Digital Earth has several components: data, models, technology and infrastructure. We focus on Earth Observation (EO) data because this component has been undergoing the most dramatic change since the beginning of this century. We review the available recent studies to assess the value of EO/geospatial/open data and related infrastructures and identify three main sets of approaches focusing on the value of information, the economic approach to the value of EO to the economy from both macro- and microeconomic perspectives, and a third set that aims to maximize value through infrastructure and policy. We conclude that the economic value of Digital Earth critically depends on the perspective: the value for whom, what purpose, and when. This multiplicity is not a bad thing: it acknowledges that Digital Earth is a global concept in which everyone can recognize their viewpoint and collaborate with others to increase the common good.
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PECK, TIM. "Global forest and wood resources." In The International Timber Trade, 16–45. Elsevier, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-85573-190-5.50008-3.

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Frank, Kenneth A., Katrina Mueller, Ann Krause, William W. Taylor, and Nancy J. Leonard. "The intersection of global trade, social networks, and fisheries." In Globalization: Effects on Fisheries Resources, 385–423. Cambridge University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511542183.020.

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Chang-Howe, Wenjia. "Define the Process of Human Resource Integration in Cross-Border Acquisitions: Evidence from Chinese Oversea Acquisitions." In Global Market and Global Trade [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97132.

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This research focuses on integration during and after mergers and acquisitions where one firm (Chinese) has a dominant position in comparison with another (Western firm). Using the critical incident approach, 30 interviews were conducted with representatives of 13 firms that have undergone Chinese-Western mergers and acquisitions (M&As) during the period from 2005 to 2019. This study aims to analyse the HR integration process in pre-and post-acquisition to determine the critical success factors, and present a framework that determines the success or failure factors and the actions required. The findings have important implications for an organisation post-acquisition phenomenon from a human resource point of view. As a result, it presents an overview of this critical post-HR integration phenomenon and posits that using an integrated approach from the human resources perspective is essential to ultimately enhance the acquisition integration success rate.
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Conference papers on the topic "Global trade; Biogenetic resources"

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Popkov, Vyacheslav, Alexander Sterenberg, Vladimir Gusev, and Andrey Tyutyaev. "COGNITIVE GEOLOGY OF SUPERIMPOSED SCATTERING OF MOBILE ORE ELEMENTS, PROPER FORMS OF MULTISCALE STRUCTURAL STRESS STABILITY, BIOGENETIC ACCESS CODE OF RESOURCES AND FIELD ARTEFACTS." In GEOLINKS International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2020/b1/v2/11.

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The authors present the theory is numerical / analytical method of multi-scaled 4D geomechanics – geo-dynamics of energy integration in geo-physical rhythms of Eigen-solution of Navier-Stokes equations for multi-level geological time space of evolution in structural compacted mass transfer at the basis of Newton’s Differential Law ∫V∫TρdS·∂2ξ/∂t2 following the integration formula of A. Einstein E(u,t)=ρVC2+∫V∫Tρ‹uv›dtdx. Сreate the theory (Restoration) and Maintenance of Water Eco-System with Given Parameters. They establish the geophysical seismic rhythms of geological cycles in deep structural formations of the Volga-Urals and Siberia and Kamchatka at dissipative emission, adsorption and nuclear magnetic resonance. The authors propose the systematic velocity model of convective diffusion drift of ρ<uv> in deep phase components of heterogenic structures with complexly structured geology in off-shore and global aeration of Middle Ridges from the Urals to the Rocky Mountains. They have also considered the energy time space of more than 4,5 billion years to find the organic markers of quantum photo-synthesis and multiple circulating energy waves in physical and chemical reactions of compacted formation genesis in fissile and relict shales, including the facies with symmetrical absolutely-saturated porosity of classical fields. They establish the geophysical seismic rhythms of geological cycles in deep structural formations of the Volga-Urals and Siberia and Kamchatka at dissipative emission, adsorption and nuclear magnetic resonance. The authors propose the systematic velocity model of convective diffusion drift of ρ‹uv› in deep phase components of heterogenic structures with complexly structured geology in off-shore and global aeration of Middle Ridges from the Urals to the Rocky Mountains. They have also considered the energy time space of more than 4.5 billion years to find the organic markers of quantum photo-synthesis and multiple circulating energy waves in physical and chemical reactions of compacted formation genesis in fissile and relict shales, including the facies with symmetrical absolutely-saturated porosity of classical fields’ cognitive geology, artefacts.
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Khubiev, Kaisyn, Turusbek Asanov, and Marat Kudaikulov. "Global Trends of Modern World Economic Development." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c09.01978.

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The article considers factors and tendencies of world economic development, defining a new level of aggravation of struggle for resources and markets. They include: global socialization; concentration and centralization of capital; the struggle for a new economic and trade division of the world; countercyclicality and debt nature of the modern global economy. Is considered a new competitive space combat technological unemployment caused by modern technological revolutions. There is a big trend of the formation of a unipolar economic and trade space-based mega-projects and related threats. For the first time explores the manifestation of the "phenomenon of Trump" in economic policy.
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Bal, Harun, Erhan İşcan, Duygu Serin Oktay, and Selçuk Loğoğlu. "The Relation of Carbon Emission and Foreign Trade." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c09.01981.

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The rapid increase in the world population and the tecnological developments' positive contribution to industrialization has increased demand for resources. The excessive use of the factors to meet these needs has confronted mankind with the pronlem of climate change which is the of the most serious problems of the past. Global warming and climate change have changed the structure of gas components in the atmosphere and have allowed countries to take the problem to the global perspective. The national responsibilities are closely related to the foreing trade of the countries. In this context, the study of the relationship between carbon emissions and international trade relations has been the aim of the study. Using the dynamic paned data method, the relationship between carbon emissions and international trade was examined for 33 OECD countries between 2000-2013. As a result of the empirical results, the relationship between import variable and carbon emission is positive and statistically significant, while the relation between export and carbon emissions is negative and statistically significant. Subsequently, it was aimed to determine the long-term existence of carbon emissions and international trade relations for Turkey by using the ARDL approach. The relationship between Turkey's carbon emissions, imports, exports and heavy industrial product varieties has examined by using ARDL approach. The empirical results show that Turkey wont be able to say anything definite about the relationship between the variables of trade and and carbon emissions because protocol obligations are low and accepted late.
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Azer, Özlem Arzu. "Political and Economic Integration of the Central Asian and South Caucasian Turkish Republics into the Global World." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00244.

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With the dissolution of Soviet Union, former Soviet Republics’ central planned economy transformed into free market economy and structural reforms were made as parallel of this development. These former socialist countries have some diffficulties to adopt capitalism due to absence of some fundamental feautures of capitalism and inheritance of Soviet Union. Ending big threat of communism, the jeo-strategical importance of the region increased for the West because these countries own the oil and gas resources besides they are starting point or transit country of the energy pipelines. However, these transition countries could not develop economically and poverty became the major problem for most of Central Asian and South Caucasian Turkic Republics. As economic problems lead weakness of governance, ethnical conflicts and border conflicts threat these new independent countries. The region seems in the center of war for power due to rich natural resources and pipelines as well as the connection point to Afghanistan and being the exit to the Black Sea. This paper seeks economic situations of Central Asian and South Caucasian Turkic Republics which jeo-strategical importance increased due to natural resources and geographic location during Post Cold-War era. This work is based on statistical data provided by United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database (COMTRADE), United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and International Monetary Fund (IMF), covering the period of 1990-2008 and contains Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan.
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Mohite, S. D. D. "LNG Imports - A Strategic Choice for GCC Region." In SPE Energy Resources Conference. SPE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/spe-169980-ms.

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Abstract Although Middle East region is blessed with 43% of global proven gas reserves equivalent at 80 trillion cubic meters, of which 50 % are in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, apart from the challenge of historic under-investment, regional gas endowments have been highly uneven and unique. The region is responding to gas shortages by boosting supplies through a combination of E&P developments and imports. As per IEA, the current 240 billion cubic meters (BCM) demand is expected to rise to 300 BCM by 2020 and 600 BCM by 2030. About 90% of incremental energy demand for power generation would come from gas then. Strategic investment will have to focus on creating large volumes of storage capacity as well as peak deliverability to cope with rising imports and power demand requirements. Currently, Dubai and Kuwait import LNG through floating storage and regasification unit (FSRU) projects. At first these imports were seasonal (i.e. summer demand for electricity for air conditioning) and on a spot or short-term basis. Now, demand extends into all but the winter months and soon demand will be year round. The expansion of FSRU in Kuwait in to a permanent facility would increase capacity from 500 MMSCF/d to 3 BCF/d in two phases. This 11.0 million ton per annum (MMTPA) Kuwaiti LNG project under phase-I, is likely to replace the country's FSRU by 2020, mainly to replace the fuel oil firing in power plants. Abu Dhabi is developing a 8.7 MMTPA project in the Emirate of Fujairah on the Indian Ocean outside the Strait of Hormuz. Depending on supply-demand dynamics, Abu Dhabi may be both an importer and exporter of LNG, possibly relying on gas from the Shah and Bab fields. Bahrain has plans to develop 3.6 MMPTA shore-based import facility. Oman has combined Oman LNG and Qalhat LNG projects for integrated benefits, is developing unconventional gas reserves and would reduce gas subsidies to improve the demand equilibrium. Yemen continues to export LNG but has interruptions because of security issues. While Qatar gains geo-political benefits from its broader LNG export customers, with plans to expand its LNG capacity further, the possibility of it supplying gas to its neighbors is remote. Whereas, Saudi Arabia is better dedicated to its oil-field development, has realized benefits of developing and commercializing its gas fields, for both power and job generation. In view of the above, LNG thus remains a strategic choice for GCC countries mainly due to: Most environment-friendly and efficient option for rapidly escalating power demand at ~ 8% p.a.Techno-economics favoring fuel mix of LSFO and LNG for power and industries, instead of crude and dieselRefinery-Petrochemical integration becomes a more viable optionLimitations on geo-technical and geo-political contentious issues on developing non-associated gas fieldsChallenges on speeding up trade and strengthening exchange of power using 2009-set GCC grid, at full capacitySlow diversification into high-profile renewable power projects and its bold initiatives
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Paraschiv (Ganea), Gabriela Iuliana, Stefania-Rodica Hubel (Angel), and Elena Condrea. "The Life Cycle of Biodegradable and Compostable Packaging from the Perspective of Developing a Sustainable Bioeconomy." In 2nd International Conference Global Ethics - Key of Sustainability (GEKoS). LUMEN Publishing House, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/gekos2021/13.

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This paper aims to present a study linked with the evaluation of the life cycle of both biodegradable and compostable packaging focusing on the impact these have upon the environment, regardless of the life-cycle stage, actually looking at it as a whole. In this article, the evaluation process will focus on the final stage of the product's life - decommissioning and reintegration into the environment. At present, in order for products to be approved by consumers, who are increasingly selective about health and environmental protection, they need to send an appropriate message. The message for consumers can take different forms, being informed about: rational use of resources in the production process, economical and sustainable packaging, attestation of the quality of the product in question, the fact that they are sustainable (compared to similar products in trade). The explosive development of design technologies and software allows the identification of design solutions that lead to the optimization of the project in a new, clean, environmentally friendly formula. Eco-design must ensure technical and aesthetic accuracy, while identifying the optimal shape depending on the chosen material. Consumers are particularly concerned about its persistence in the environment, due to the decomposition time of 100 to 400 years (Zins Beauchesne et al., 2008), its non-renewable fossil resources and the amount of waste allocated to it. The presence of dispersed plastics in nature associated with their persistence in the environment causes major impacts on terrestrial and marine ecosystems (Allsopp et al., 2006). In this context, the objectives of this article are risk assessment, environmental performance assessment, environmental impact assessment and identification of possible changes in each phase of the life cycle of both biodegradable as well as compostable packaging, which in turn may be the originator source of environmental benefits.
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Shetty, Devdas, Louis Manzione, and Claudio Campana. "Virtual Product Design Using Innovative Mechatronic Techniques for Global Supply Chain." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-64228.

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Global economic pressures have influenced industries to reduce budgets and look for innovative solutions. New product development procedures, especially in automotive, aerospace, industries today deploy increasingly sophisticated solutions to streamline and speed up product development as well as to improve overall product quality. With new digital factory layout tools and improved 3-D visualizations, manufacturers can digitally design and validate full factories in up to half the time previously required to do the job. Virtual product design procedures involving simulation of complex systems allows designers to develop system without finalizing the hardware. The simulation procedure can be as “what if” scenario when the hardware doesn’t exist. There are two critical issues to consider: speed and complexity. Trade-offs between simulation speed and the level of accuracy is necessary because of system resources available. As the simulation becomes faster with faster processors but the use of multicore systems help simulation. The interactive modeling is crucial to the design process, and it can occur in a mixed environment where real and virtual objects are combined. The key aspect of the virtual environments is that the visual representation of system partitioning and interaction lends itself to mechatronic applications. They also reduce system complexity from a developer’s standpoint, allowing concentration on the application details. Virtual simulations enable everyone to work on development before the first prototype is completed. Engineers can validate the entire operating cycle for the machine by driving the simulation with control system logic and timing. With industries leading all-digital design, validation, and commissioning of factory automation devices, virtual commissioning of factory-floor layout is becoming important. This paper will examine in detail the capability can offer manufacturers the ability to digitally design and layout either new factories or assembly lines much more quickly without putting any physical equipment into place, a method that can cut the time needed for such tasks. The paper discusses a strategy to take that virtual world into the physical world, but also being able to tie it back, so that information that would come from the shop floor could make it back to design.
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Dresdner, Gideon, Saurav Shekhar, Fabian Pedregosa, Francesco Locatello, and Gunnar Rätsch. "Boosting Variational Inference With Locally Adaptive Step-Sizes." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/322.

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Variational Inference makes a trade-off between the capacity of the variational family and the tractability of finding an approximate posterior distribution. Instead, Boosting Variational Inference allows practitioners to obtain increasingly good posterior approximations by spending more compute. The main obstacle to widespread adoption of Boosting Variational Inference is the amount of resources necessary to improve over a strong Variational Inference baseline. In our work, we trace this limitation back to the global curvature of the KL-divergence. We characterize how the global curvature impacts time and memory consumption, address the problem with the notion of local curvature, and provide a novel approximate backtracking algorithm for estimating local curvature. We give new theoretical convergence rates for our algorithms and provide experimental validation on synthetic and real-world datasets.
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Chen, Lei, Juhchin A. Yang, Albert J. Shih, and Bruce L. Tai. "Investigation of Finite Element Thermal Models for Workpiece Temperature in Cylinder Boring." In ASME 2015 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2015-9415.

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The accuracy and computational efficiency of four finite element thermal models for workpiece temperature in cylinder boring are studied. High temperature in precision cylinder boring of automotive engine block can distort the workpiece, leading to thermally-induced dimensional and geometrical errors. In cylinder boring, the depth of cut is small compared to the bore diameter, so a fine mesh is usually needed to analyze the workpiece temperature distribution; however fine mesh on a relatively large workpiece also takes extensive computational resources. To understand the trade-off between accuracy and computational efficiency, the advection, surface heat, heat carrier, and ring heat finite element thermal models are introduced and compared quantitatively in a boring process. It is found comparable global temperature estimation from all four models. For the temperature near the cutting zone, the advection and surface heat models are more accurate to predict local temperatures but consume more computational resources. The heat carrier model predicts the surface temperature with reasonable accuracy and computational time. The ring heat model is the most computationally efficient but fails to accurately estimate local peak temperatures.
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Kim, Jong Deog, and Sung Gwi Kim. "Evaluation and Prospect on Comprehensive Fishing-Village Development Project in the Republic of Korea." In ASME 2003 22nd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2003-37333.

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In terms of fishery policy in the Republic of Korea (hereinafter Korea), efficient resources management and the improvement of the infrastructure have been main targets of the industrial policy for a long time. On the other hand, fishermen’s society has maintained an exclusive and conservative socio-economic structure based on fishery cooperatives. However, with the advent of the new global trade order, the so-called Uruguay Round (UR), Korea’s fishery policy was requested to change the existing paradigm. To address this change in circumstances, the Korea government has begun to emphasize a people-oriented policy, for example, welfare, safety, education and diversified income sources, etc., instead of a production-oriented policy. In particular, the new law — Act on Special Tax for Rural Development — was enacted in 1994 to provide financial funding for various policy changes, including the implementation of the Comprehensive Fishing-village Development Project (hereinafter CFDP) as a new measure to address fishermen’s difficulties originating from the new trade round. CFDP aimed at raising the competitiveness of the fishery and the improvement of the quality of life in fishing-villages. The present study was conducted as an interim evaluation of the socio-economic effects of the projects implemented in the early stage of the CFDP, from 1994 to 1998.
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