Journal articles: 'Global seismology'

1

Gilbert, Freeman. "Theoretical Global Seismology." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 80, no. 7 (1999): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/99eo00054.

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Ballai, I. "Global Coronal Seismology." Solar Physics 246, no. 1 (April 5, 2007): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11207-007-0415-3.

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Dahlen, F. A., Jeroen Tromp, and Thorne Lay. "Theoretical Global Seismology." Physics Today 52, no. 8 (August 1999): 61–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.882788.

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Anonymous. "Reflection Seismology: A Global Perspective Reflection Seismology: The Continental Crust." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 66, no. 47 (1985): 1184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/eo066i047p01184.

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Ni, J. "New trends in global seismology." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 72, no. 35 (1991): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/90eo00285.

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Banerjee, D. "Observational review on global waves." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 3, S247 (September 2007): 369–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921308015111.

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AbstractWith multi-wavelength observations from ground and space-based instruments it has been possible to detect waves in a number of different wavelengths simultaneously and to, consequently, study their propagation properties. High-resolution wave observations combined with forward MHD modelling can give an unprecedented insight into the connectivity of the magnetized solar atmosphere, which further gives us a realistic chance to construct the structure of the magnetic field in the stellar atmosphere. This type of exploration is also termed as magnetic seismology. In this review I will focus on global waves, like EIT waves. I will also address the possibility of finding out the properties of magnetic structures while studying the interaction of global waves with coronal loops. A Promising new way to probe stellar atmosphere is to use our knowledge of coronal seismology on the Sun and to apply it to more distant stars. It will also enable us to measure properties such as the lengths of loops linked with stellar flares and the strengths of coronal magnetic fields on stars. In the last part I will review the current status of the stellar coronal seismology.

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Schweitzer, Johannes, and Thorne Lay. "IASPEI: its origins and the promotion of global seismology." History of Geo- and Space Sciences 10, no. 1 (April 16, 2019): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hgss-10-173-2019.

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Abstract. International cooperation in seismology emerged rapidly at the beginning of the 20th century following the successful recording of earthquakes at great distances. The International Seismological Association (ISA) founded in 1904 was dissolved in 1922 and evolved into the Seismology Section of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), ultimately becoming the International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI) to recognize the important role of the structure and physical properties of the Earth. Through the last hundred years, the commissions and working groups of the association have played a major role in setting international standards in such areas as the naming of seismic phases, data exchanges, travel-time tables, magnitude scales, and reference Earth models. The activities of IASPEI continue to have a focus on the societal impacts of earthquakes and tsunamis, with four regional commissions playing a major role in promoting high standards of seismological education, outreach, and international scientific cooperation.

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Albini, Paola, Roger M. W. Musson, Andrea Rovida, Mario Locati, Antonio A. Gomez Capera, and Daniele Viganò. "The Global Earthquake History." Earthquake Spectra 30, no. 2 (May 2014): 607–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/122013eqs297.

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The study of earthquakes from historical sources, or historical seismology, was considered an early priority for the Global Earthquake Model (GEM) project, which commissioned a study of historical seismicity on a global scale. This was the Global Earthquake History (GEH) project, led jointly by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV; Milan, Italy) and the British Geological Survey (BGS; UK). GEH was structured around three complementary deliverables: archive, catalog, and the Web infrastructure designed to store both the archive and catalog. The Global Historical Earthquake Archive (GHEA) provides a complete account of the global situation in historical seismology for large earthquakes. From GHEA, the Global Historical Earthquake Catalogue (GHEC v1.0) was derived—a world catalog of earthquakes for the period 1000–1903, with magnitudes of Mw7 and over. Though much remains to be done, the data here presented show that the compilation of both archive and catalog contribute to an improved understanding of the Global Earthquake History.

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Mosser, B. "Giant planets seismology." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 181 (1997): 251–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900061192.

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The giant planets Jupiter and Saturn belong to the interesting category of possible goals for remote seismic analysis. Their first seismic observations and their analysis were attempted in 1987 and 1991 respectively, under Philippe Delache's initiative. The theoretical analysis of giant planets seismology reveals the strong signature of the dense planetary core and the tiny one of the hydrogen plasma phase transition. The asymptotic formalism makes possible to obtain pertinent information for the observation of planetary oscillations and for their analysis. Specific observational techniques were developed to detect the seismic signature of giant planets. However, the first observations (Schmider et al. 1991, Mosser et al. 1993) of Jovian oscillations remain tentative. Even if the Jovian origin of the signal is beyond doubt, the interpretation in terms of Jovian global modes remains speculative. The collision of comet SL9 onto Jupiter provided an unexpected and unique opportunity to search for oscillations excited by the cometary impacts (Mosser et al. 1996). Seismic observations of Saturn remain negative so far. Therefore, this review focuses on Jupiter. Finally, the almost 10-years long experience of seismic observations of Jupiter and Saturn has not yet provided new constraints for planetary interior models. However, guidelines for future observational projects dedicated to Jovian seismology can be drawn. The different techniques of observation are compared, and observational requirements are precisely described.

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Pavlis, G. L. ""Modern Global Seismology" by Thorne Lay and Terry Wallace." Seismological Research Letters 66, no. 6 (November 1, 1995): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.66.6.92.

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Masters, G. ""Theoretical Global Seismology" by A. Dahlen and J. Tromp." Seismological Research Letters 70, no. 5 (September 1, 1999): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.70.5.537.

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Tromp, J. "Dawn of a New Era in Computational Global Seismology." Seismological Research Letters 72, no. 6 (November 1, 2001): 639–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.72.6.639.

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Komatitsch, D. "The Spectral-Element Method, Beowulf Computing, and Global Seismology." Science 298, no. 5599 (November 29, 2002): 1737–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1076024.

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Wang, Sheng, and Hrvoje Tkalčić. "Seismic event coda-correlation's formation: implications for global seismology." Geophysical Journal International 222, no. 2 (May 25, 2020): 1283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa259.

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SUMMARY The seismic-event-coda correlograms are characterized by many prominent features, which, if understood thoroughly, could supply valuable information on the internal structure of the Earth. To further refine our knowledge and be able to utilize that information, all-embracing comprehension of coda-correlation's formation apart from a conjecture, is a pre-requisite. Here, we conduct a comprehensive analysis that aims at a quantitative ‘dissection’ of the formation mechanism of coda correlation. Our analysis presents relevant implications for global seismology. We demonstrate that coda correlation is dominated by a few contributions, most of which arise from the late-coda time window, 3 hr after the earthquake origin time. Our identification analysis confirms that the contributions are cross-terms between body waves. That represents an observational proof of the conjecture that coda-correlation features are formed due to body waves arriving at a pair of receivers with the same slowness. We further quantify the relationship between body-wave cross-terms and event-receiver geometries and Earth structure, which has significant practical implications. Our analysis demonstrates that body-wave cross-terms that contribute to the same coda-correlation feature sample the Earth along fundamentally different paths. They are significantly different depending on event locations, although the resulting time variation is quite small if the late coda (e.g. 3–9 hr after event origin time) is used. That explains why the late coda is more effective than an earlier time window in producing relatively stable features, as empirically suggested by previous studies. Our study enables quantitative and practical understanding of coda-correlation features in terms of their formation progress, and this opens a way to distill valuable information about Earth structure from coda correlation.

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Grigoryan, S. S. "Problems of global geomechanics, seismology, and earthquake-resistant construction." Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering 29, no. 6 (November 1992): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02125528.

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Schmelzbach, Cedric, Stefanie Donner, Heiner Igel, David Sollberger, Taufiq Taufiqurrahman, Felix Bernauer, Mauro Häusler, Cédéric Van Renterghem, Joachim Wassermann, and Johan Robertsson. "Advances in 6C seismology: Applications of combined translational and rotational motion measurements in global and exploration seismology." GEOPHYSICS 83, no. 3 (May 1, 2018): WC53—WC69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2017-0492.1.

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Over the past few decades, the potential of collocated measurements of 6C data (3C of translational and 3C of rotational motion) has been demonstrated in global seismology using high-sensitivity, observatory-based ring laser technology. Proposed applications of 6C seismology range from tomographic reconstruction of near-receiver structure to the reduction of nonuniqueness in seismic source inverse problems. Applications to exploration problems have so far been hampered by the lack of appropriate sensors, but several applications have been proposed and demonstrated with array-derived rotational motion estimates. With the recent availability of, for example, fiber-optic-based high-sensitivity rotational motion sensors, widespread applications of 6C techniques to exploration problems are in sight. Potential applications are based on, for example, the fact that the extended set of combined translational and rotational motion observations enables carrying out array-type processing with single-station recordings such as wavefield separation and surface-wave suppression. Furthermore, measuring the rotational component (curl) of the seismic wavefield enables direct isolation of the S-wave constituents and could significantly improve S-wave exploration. Rotational measurements provide estimates of the spatial wavefield gradient at the free surface that allow carrying out analyses such as local slowness estimation and wavefield reconstruction. Furthermore, rotational motion measurements can help to resolve wavefield infidelity introduced by seismic instruments that are not well-coupled to the ground.

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Malischewsky, Peter. "Seismic tomography. With applications in global seismology and exploration geophysics." Tectonophysics 172, no. 3-4 (February 1990): 369–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(90)90043-8.

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Romanowicz, Barbara, Jean François Karczewski, Michel Cara, Pascal Bernard, Jean Borsenberger, Jean-Michel Cantin, Bernard Dole, et al. "The GEOSCOPE program: Present status and perspectives." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 81, no. 1 (February 1, 1991): 243–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0810010243.

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Abstract GEOSCOPE is a global three-component digital broadband seismological network deployed by France. It presently counts 22 stations, with a final goal of 25 stations, representing the French contribution to the new generation global seismological network, an international effort coordinated through the Federation of Digital Seismic Networks, and the basic tool for global seismology of the 1990s.

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Lackner, Stephanie. "Earthquakes on the surface: earthquake location and area based on more than 14 500 ShakeMaps." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 6 (June 20, 2018): 1665–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-1665-2018.

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Abstract. Earthquake impact is an inherently interdisciplinary topic that receives attention from many disciplines. The natural hazard of strong ground motion is the reason why earthquakes are of interest to more than just seismologists. However, earthquake shaking data often receive too little attention by the general public and impact research in the social sciences. The vocabulary used to discuss earthquakes has mostly evolved within and for the discipline of seismology. Discussions on earthquakes outside of seismology thus often use suboptimal concepts that are not of primary concern. This study provides new theoretic concepts as well as novel quantitative data analysis based on shaking data. A dataset of relevant global earthquake ground shaking from 1960 to 2016 based on USGS ShakeMap data has been constructed and applied to the determination of past ground shaking worldwide. Two new definitions of earthquake location (the shaking center and the shaking centroid) based on ground motion parameters are introduced and compared to the epicenter. These definitions are intended to facilitate a translation of the concept of earthquake location from a seismology context to a geographic context. Furthermore, the first global quantitative analysis on the size of the area that is on average exposed to strong ground motion – measured by peak ground acceleration (PGA) – is provided.

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Baruah, Santanu, Chandan Dey, Prachurjya Borthakur, G. Narahari Sastry, and Andrew J. Michael. "An International Virtual Workshop on Global Seismology and Tectonics (IVWGST-2020)." Seismological Research Letters 92, no. 5 (June 23, 2021): 3231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200402.

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Abstract An International Virtual Workshop on Global Seismology and Tectonics (IVWGST-2020) was organized by the Geoscience and Technology Division of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, India from 14 to 25 September 2020. This workshop predominantly catered to undergraduate, postgraduate, and Ph.D. students, scientists, and academicians from across the globe. The primary motive of IVWGST-2020 was to inspire the participating students, perturbed by the unprecedented situation brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic, with quality lecture sessions, so as to lift their spirits. The virtual workshop served as a conduit for the students and researchers to directly interact with several pioneers and prominent geoscience researchers from around the world. Lectures, via Microsoft Teams, were given by 15 eminent speakers from diverse geoscience forums and institutions, and were attended by more than 1000 participants, mostly students and researchers, from 30 different countries. This report briefly summarizes the agenda, describes our experiences hosting the virtual workshop, and documents the challenges faced.

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Kanao, Masaki, Dapeng Zhao, Douglas A. Wiens, and Éléonore Stutzmann. "Recent advance in polar seismology: Global impact of the International Polar Year." Polar Science 9, no. 1 (March 2015): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polar.2014.12.003.

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Tkalčić, Hrvoje. "Complex inner core of the Earth: The last frontier of global seismology." Reviews of Geophysics 53, no. 1 (February 21, 2015): 59–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014rg000469.

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Green, William. "Reviews." Leading Edge 41, no. 7 (July 2022): 502–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle41070502.1.

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Blizzards and Broken Grousers: A Year of Antarctic Glaciology, by Les R. Denham, ISBN 978-1-560-80377-5, 2020, SEG, 348 p. Foundations of Modern Global Seismology, second edition, by Charles Ammon, Aaron Velasco, Thorne Lay, and Terry Wallace, ISBN 978-0-128-15679-7, 2020, Academic Press, 604 p.

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Kawaler, Steven D. "Probing the Extraordinary Ends of Ordinary Stars: White Dwarf Seismology with the Whole Earth Telescope." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 155 (1995): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100036800.

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AbstractDuring the final evolution of most stars, they shed their outer skin and expose their core of the hot ashes of nuclear burning. As these hot and very dense cores cool into white dwarf stars, they go through episodes of multiperiodic, nonradial g-mode pulsation. The tools of stellar seismology allow us to use the pulsation spectra as powerful probes into the deep interiors of these stars. Progress in white dwarf seismology has required significant international cooperation, since another consequence of the complex pulsations of these stars is decoding the true pulsation frequencies requires a coordinated global effort involving high-speed photometric observations. Through one such effort, the Whole Earth Telescope project, we have located subsurface composition changes, detected differential rotation and magnetic fields, and measured fundamental quantities such as stellar mass, luminosity, and distance to extraordinary accuracy.

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Yang, Yi, Xiaodong Song, and Adam T. Ringler. "An Evaluation of the Timing Accuracy of Global and Regional Seismic Stations and Networks." Seismological Research Letters 93, no. 1 (November 10, 2021): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220210232.

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Abstract Clock accuracy is a basic parameter of any seismic station and has become increasingly important for seismology as the community seeks to refine structures and dynamic processes of the Earth. In this study, we measure the arrival time differences of moderate repeating earthquakes with magnitude 5.0–5.9 in the time range of 1991–2017 at the same seismic stations by cross-correlating their highly similar waveforms and thereby identify potential timing errors from the outliers of the measurements. The method has very high precision of about 10 ms and shows great potential to be used for routine inspection of the timing accuracy of historical and future digital seismic data. Here, we report 5131 probable cases of timing errors from 451 global and regional stations available from the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology Data Management Center, ranging from several tens of milliseconds to over 10 s. Clock accuracy seems to be a prevailing problem in permanent stations with long-running histories. Although most of the timing errors have already been tagged with low timing quality, there are quite a few exceptions, which call for greater attention from network operators and the seismological community. In addition, seismic studies, especially those on temporal changes of the Earth’s media from absolute arrival times, should be careful to avoid misinterpreting timing errors as temporal changes, which is indeed a problem in some previous studies of the Earth’s inner core boundary.

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Praderie, F., A. Mangeney, Ph Lemaire, P. Puget, and G. S. Bisnovatyi-Kogan. "Prospect for stellar seismology on board an interplanetary spacecraft." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 123 (1988): 549–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900158681.

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We describe a stellar seismology photometric experiment which we have proposed to embark on-board the interplanetary vehicles belonging to the VESTA mission (France - USSR mission towards Mars and the asteroids belt, to be launched about 1994). The objective is to use the cruise time to obtain long, uninterrupted observations of the white light fluctuations in a few late-type stars, with a view to the detection of global non-radial modes at the level 10−5 to 10−6 mag. We have performed a design-study of the instrumentation, formed by a 5 cm spherical collector, working in two spectral bands 1500 A wide, with two photomultipliers as detectors. Advantages and difficulties of the system are briefly discussed.

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Gu, Y. Jeffrey, and Michael J. Rycroft. "Preface to the Special Issue on “Arrays and Array Methods in Global Seismology”." Surveys in Geophysics 30, no. 4-5 (August 4, 2009): 269–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10712-009-9080-4.

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Lanzano, Giovanni, Lucia Luzi, Carlo Cauzzi, Jarek Bienkowski, Dino Bindi, John Clinton, Massimo Cocco, et al. "Accessing European Strong-Motion Data: An Update on ORFEUS Coordinated Services." Seismological Research Letters 92, no. 3 (February 17, 2021): 1642–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200398.

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Abstract Strong ground motion records and free open access to strong-motion data repositories are fundamental inputs to seismology, engineering seismology, soil dynamics, and earthquake engineering science and practice. This article presents the current status and outlook of the Observatories and Research Facilities for European Seismology (ORFEUS) coordinated strong-motion seismology services, namely the rapid raw strong-motion (RRSM) and the engineering strong-motion (ESM) databases and associated web interfaces and webservices. We compare and discuss the role and use of these two systems using the Mw 6.5 Norcia (Central Italy) earthquake that occurred on 30 October 2016 as an example of a well-recorded earthquake that triggered major interest in the seismological and earthquake engineering communities. The RRSM is a fully automated system for rapid dissemination of earthquake shaking information, whereas the ESM provides quality-checked, manually processed waveforms and reviewed earthquake information. The RRSM uses only data from the European Integrated Waveform Data Archive, whereas the ESM also includes offline data from other sources, such as the ITalian ACcelerometric Archive (ITACA). Advanced software tools are also included in the ESM to allow users to process strong-motion data and to select ground-motion waveform sets for seismic structural analyses. The RRSM and ESM are complementary services designed for a variety of possible stakeholders, ranging from scientists to the educated general public. The RRSM and ESM are developed, organized, and reviewed by selected members of the seismological community in Europe, including strong-motion data providers and expert users. Global access and usage of the data is encouraged. The ESM is presently the reference database for harmonized seismic hazard and risk studies in Europe. ORFEUS strong-motion data are open, “Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable,” and accompanied by licensing information. The users are encouraged to properly cite the data providers, using the digital object identifiers of the seismic networks.

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Ringler, Adam T., Robert E. Anthony, Peter Davis, Carl Ebeling, Katrin Hafner, Robert Mellors, Simon Schneider, and David C. Wilson. "Improved Resolution across the Global Seismographic Network: A New Era in Low-Frequency Seismology." Seismic Record 2, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0320220008.

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Abstract The Global Seismographic Network (GSN)—a global network of ≈150 very broadband stations—is used by researchers to study the free oscillations of the Earth (≈0.3–10 mHz) following large earthquakes. Normal-mode observations can provide information about the radial density and anisotropic velocity structure of the Earth (including near the core–mantle boundary), but only when signal-to-noise ratios at very low frequencies are sufficiently high. Most normal-mode observations in the past three decades have been made using Streckeisen STS-1 vault seismometers. However, these sensors are no longer being manufactured or serviced. Candidate replacement sensors, the Streckeisen STS-6 and the Nanometrics T-360GSN, have been recently installed in boreholes, postholes, and vaults at several GSN stations and GSN testbeds. In this study, we examine normal-mode spectra following three Mw 8 earthquakes in 2021 and from one Mw 8.2 earthquake in 2014 to evaluate the change in GSN low-frequency performance on the vertical component. From this analysis, we conclude that the number of GSN stations capable of resolving normal modes following Mw 8 earthquakes has nearly doubled since 2014. The improved observational capabilities will help better understand the radial velocity and density estimates of the Earth.

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Liu, Pengcheng, Stephen Hartzell, and William Stephenson. "Non-linear multiparameter inversion using a hybrid global search algorithm: applications in reflection seismology." Geophysical Journal International 122, no. 3 (December 1995): 991–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1995.tb06851.x.

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Kwon, Ryun-Young, Maxim Kramar, Tongjiang Wang, Leon Ofman, Joseph M. Davila, Jongchul Chae, and Jie Zhang. "GLOBAL CORONAL SEISMOLOGY IN THE EXTENDED SOLAR CORONA THROUGH FAST MAGNETOSONIC WAVES OBSERVED BYSTEREOSECCHI COR1." Astrophysical Journal 776, no. 1 (September 25, 2013): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/776/1/55.

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Li, Zhenhua, and Mirko van der Baan. "Tutorial on rotational seismology and its applications in exploration geophysics." GEOPHYSICS 82, no. 5 (September 1, 2017): W17—W30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2016-0497.1.

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Traditionally, seismological interpretations are based on the measurement of only translational motions, such as particle displacement, velocity, and/or acceleration, possibly combined with pressure changes; yet theory indicates that rotational motions should also be observed for a complete description of all ground motions. The recent and ongoing development of rotational sensors renders a full analysis of the translational and rotational ground motion possible. We have developed the basic mathematical theory related to rotational motion. And we also evaluated several instruments used to directly measure the rotational ground motion, which may be applicable for exploration geophysics. Finally, we made several applications of rotational motion in exploration geophysics, namely, (1) P- and S-wavefield separation, (2) wavefield reconstruction, (3) ground-roll removal, (4) microseismic event localization and reflection seismic migration by wavefield extrapolation, and (5) moment tensor inversion. The cited research shows that in particular, the information on the spatial gradient of the wavefield obtained by rotational sensors is beneficial for many purposes. This tutorial is meant to (1) enhance familiarity with the concept of rotational seismology, (2) lead to additional applications, and (3) fast track the continued development of rotational sensors for global and exploration geophysical use.

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Mazroui, Alya Al, and Sufian Farrah. "The UAE Seeks Leading Position in Global Rain Enhancement Research." Journal of Weather Modification 49, no. 1 (October 1, 2017): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.54782/jwm.v49i1.562.

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Rain enhancement offers an unrealised potential for arid and semi-arid countries and beyond, to ensure sustainable water supplies for countries suffering from shortages. Cloud seeding operations have been conducted in the UAE since the 1990s and continue today with 6 Beechcraft King Air C90 aircrafts.The UAE Research Program for Rain Enhancement Science is an initiative of the UAE Ministry of Presidential Affairs, overseen by the National Center of Meteorology and Seismology (NCMS), that offers a grant of US$ 5 million over a three-year period, to be shared by up to five winning research proposals, selected by a two-stage merit review decision process.The aim is to enhance and further develop capacity in the field both locally and globally by developing research and operational capacities while spurring global research collaborations in the region. Due to the success of the Program, ground-breaking work is already being carried out on precipitation enhancement through the use of nanotechnology, land cover modification, innovative algorithms, ice production processes, aerosols optimization and observation of the electrical aspects of rain generation.

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Seriani, G., and S. P. Oliveira. "Numerical modeling of mechanical wave propagation." La Rivista del Nuovo Cimento 43, no. 9 (September 2020): 459–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40766-020-00009-0.

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Abstract The numerical modeling of mechanical waves is currently a fundamental tool for the study and investigation of their propagation in media with heterogeneous physical properties and/or complex geometry, as, in these cases, analytical methods are usually not applicable. These techniques are used in geophysics (geophysical interpretation, subsoil imaging, development of new methods of exploration), seismology (study of earthquakes, regional and global seismology, accurate calculation of synthetic seismograms), in the development of new methods for ultrasonic diagnostics in materials science (non-destructive methods) and medicine (acoustic tomography). In this paper we present a review of numerical methods that have been developed and are currently used. In particular we review the key concepts and pioneering ideas behind finite-difference methods, pseudospectral methods, finite-volume methods, Galerkin continuous and discontinuous finite-element methods (classical or based on spectral interpolation), and still others such as physics-compatible, and multiscale methods. We focus on their formulations in time domain along with the main temporal discretization schemes. We present the theory and implementation for some of these methods. Moreover, their computational characteristics are evaluated in order to aid the choice of the method for each practical situation.

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Lecocq, Thomas, Stephen P. Hicks, Koen Van Noten, Kasper van Wijk, Paula Koelemeijer, Raphael S. M. De Plaen, Frédérick Massin, et al. "Global quieting of high-frequency seismic noise due to COVID-19 pandemic lockdown measures." Science 369, no. 6509 (July 23, 2020): 1338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abd2438.

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Human activity causes vibrations that propagate into the ground as high-frequency seismic waves. Measures to mitigate the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused widespread changes in human activity, leading to a months-long reduction in seismic noise of up to 50%. The 2020 seismic noise quiet period is the longest and most prominent global anthropogenic seismic noise reduction on record. Although the reduction is strongest at surface seismometers in populated areas, this seismic quiescence extends for many kilometers radially and hundreds of meters in depth. This quiet period provides an opportunity to detect subtle signals from subsurface seismic sources that would have been concealed in noisier times and to benchmark sources of anthropogenic noise. A strong correlation between seismic noise and independent measurements of human mobility suggests that seismology provides an absolute, real-time estimate of human activities.

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Benedetti, E., M. Branzanti, L. Biagi, G. Colosimo, A. Mazzoni, and M. Crespi. "Global Navigation Satellite Systems Seismology for the 2012 Mw 6.1 Emilia Earthquake: Exploiting the VADASE Algorithm." Seismological Research Letters 85, no. 3 (May 1, 2014): 649–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220130094.

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Koper, Keith D. "The Importance of Regional Seismic Networks in Monitoring Nuclear Test-Ban Treaties." Seismological Research Letters 91, no. 2A (October 2, 2019): 573–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220190160.

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Abstract The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) prohibits the testing of all nuclear weapons, no matter how small. Although the CTBT is not yet in force, its verification is supported by the International Monitoring System (IMS), which is about 90% complete. Using IMS data, seismologists are able to detect well-coupled underground nuclear explosions with yields larger than ∼0.5–1 kt anywhere in the world with high confidence. Lowering the detection threshold significantly, say to yields of 10−4–10−1 kt fully coupled, will require augmenting IMS data with records from thousands of seismometers that are deployed in various regional, national, and global networks. It will also require routine analysis (detection, location, and characterization) of small seismic events (M 0–3) that are well recorded only at local distances (<150–200 km). This is the same problem faced by operators of regional seismic networks, who are tasked with developing earthquake catalogs as complete as possible without contamination from explosions and other nonearthquake sources. In the future, verification seismology is likely to become increasingly intertwined with the data, methods, and expertise of regional seismic network operators. Here, I highlight some of the important contributions to verification seismology that have recently been made using data recorded by regional seismic networks in North America, with a focus on small events recorded at local distances.

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Fuchs, Sven, Graeme Beardsmore, Paolo Chiozzi, Orlando Miguel Espinoza-Ojeda, Gianluca Gola, Will Gosnold, Robert Harris, et al. "A new database structure for the IHFC Global Heat Flow Database." International Journal of Terrestrial Heat Flow and Applications 4, no. 1 (March 22, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31214/ijthfa.v4i1.62.

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Periodic revisions of the Global Heat Flow Database (GHFD) take place under the auspices of the International Heat Flow Commission (IHFC) of the International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI). A growing number of heat-flow values, advances in scientific methods, digitization, and improvements in database technologies all warrant a revision of the structure of the GHFD that was last amended in 1976. We present a new structure for the GHFD, which will provide a basis for a reassessment and revision of the existing global heat-flow data set. The database fields within the new structure are described in detail to ensure a common understanding of the respective database entries. The new structure of the database takes advantage of today's possibilities for data management. It supports FAIR and open data principles, including interoperability with external data services, and links to DOI and IGSN numbers and other data resources (e.g., world geological map, world stratigraphic system, and International Ocean Drilling Program data). Aligned with this publication, a restructured version of the existing database is published, which provides a starting point for the upcoming collaborative process of data screening, quality control and revision. In parallel, the IHFC will work on criteria for a new quality scheme that will allow future users of the database to evaluate the quality of the collated heat-flow data based on specific criteria.

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Ringler, Adam T., Robert E. Anthony, David C. Wilson, Dan Auerbach, Scott Bargabus, Pete Davis, Michael Gunnels, et al. "A Review of Timing Accuracy across the Global Seismographic Network." Seismological Research Letters 92, no. 4 (March 31, 2021): 2270–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200394.

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Abstract The accuracy of timing across a seismic network is important for locating earthquakes as well as studies that use phase-arrival information (e.g., tomography). The Global Seismographic Network (GSN) was designed with the goal of having reported timing be better than 10 ms. In this work, we provide a brief overview of how timing is kept across the GSN and discuss how clock-quality metrics are embedded in Standard for Exchange of Earthquake Data records. Specifically, blockette 1001 contains the timing-quality field, which can be used to identify time periods when poor clock quality could compromise timing accuracy. To verify the timing across the GSN, we compare cross-correlation lags between collocated sensors from 1 January 2000 to 1 January 2020. We find that the mean error is less than 10 ms, with much of the difference likely coming from the method or uncertainty in the phase response of the instruments. This indicates that timing across the GSN is potentially better than 10 ms. We conclude that unless clock quality is compromised (as indicated in blockette 1001), GSN data’s timing accuracy should be suitable for most current seismological applications that require 10 ms accuracy. To assist users, the GSN network operators have implemented a “gsn_timing” metric available via the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology Data Management Center that helps users identify data with substandard timing accuracy (the 10 ms design goal of the GSN).

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Di Giacomo, Domenico, and Dmitry A. Storchak. "One hundred plus years of recomputed surface wave magnitude of shallow global earthquakes." Earth System Science Data 14, no. 2 (February 3, 2022): 393–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-393-2022.

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Abstract. Among the multitude of magnitude scales developed to measure the size of an earthquake, the surface wave magnitude Ms is the only magnitude type that can be computed since the dawn of modern observational seismology (beginning of the 20th century) for most shallow earthquakes worldwide. This is possible thanks to the work of station operators, analysts and researchers that performed measurements of surface wave amplitudes and periods on analogue instruments well before the development of recent digital seismological practice. As a result of a monumental undertaking to digitize such pre-1971 measurements from printed bulletins and integrate them in parametric data form into the database of the International Seismological Centre (ISC, http://www.isc.ac.uk, last access: August 2021), we are able to recompute Ms using a large set of stations and obtain it for the first time for several hundred earthquakes. We summarize the work started at the ISC in 2010 which aims to provide the seismological and broader geoscience community with a revised Ms dataset (i.e., catalogue as well as the underlying station data) starting from December 1904 up to the last complete year reviewed by the ISC (currently 2018). This Ms dataset is available at the ISC Dataset Repository at https://doi.org/10.31905/0N4HOS2D (International Seismological Centre, 2021d).

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Simonenko, Sergey V. "THE PREDICTION OF THE THERMOHYDROGRAVIDYNAMIC THEORY CONCERNING THE STRONGEST INTENSIFICATIONS OF THE GLOBAL NATURAL PROCESSES OF THE EARTH SINCE 18 JULY, 2017 AND BEFORE 26 FEBRUARY, 2018." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 8 (August 31, 2017): 127–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i8.2017.2199.

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The article presents (on 21 August, 2017) the prediction of the established global prediction thermohydrogravidynamic principle (of the developed thermohydrogravidynamic theory containing the cosmic geophysics and the cosmic seismology based on the author’s generalization of the first law of thermodynamics for non-stationary cosmic gravitation) concerning the strongest intensifications (since 18 July, 2017 and before 26 February, 2018) of the global seismotectonic, volcanic, climatic and magnetic processes of the Earth determined by the maximal (near 7 November, 2017) combined integral energy gravitational influence on the internal rigid core of the Earth (and on the Earth as a whole) of the planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars and Jupiter) and the Sun due to the gravitational interactions of the Sun with Jupiter Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. The prediction is based on the established global prediction thermoshydrogravidynamic principle (used for the considered real planetary configurations of the Earth and the planets of the Solar System during the range 2004 2017) and on the statistical analysis of the previous strongest earthquakes occurred near the calculated dates of the local maximal combined planetary and solar integral energy gravitational influences (during the range 2004 2016) on the internal rigid core of the Earth.

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Kumar, Rajiv, Ram Bichar Singh Yadav, and Silvia Castellaro. "Regional Earthquake Magnitude Conversion Relations for the Himalayan Seismic Belt." Seismological Research Letters 91, no. 6 (September 16, 2020): 3195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200204.

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Abstract We present regional earthquake magnitude conversion relations among different magnitude scales (Mw, Ms, mb, ML, and MD) for the Himalayan seismic belt developed from data of local, regional, and international seismological agencies (International Seismological Centre [ISC], National Earthquake Information Centre [NEIC], Global Centroid Moment Tensor Solution [CMT], International Data Centre [IDC], China Earthquake Administration [BJI], and National Centre for Seismology [NDI]). The intra- (within the same magnitude scale) and inter- (with different magnitude scales) magnitude regression relations have been established using the general orthogonal regression and orthogonal distance regression techniques. Results show that the intra-magnitude relations for Mw, Ms, and mb reported by the Global CMT, ISC, and NEIC exhibit 1:1 relationships, whereas ML reported by the IDC, BJI, and NDI deviates from this relationship. The IDC underestimates Ms and mb compared with the ISC, NEIC, and Global CMT; this may be due to different measurement procedures adopted by the IDC agency. The inter-magnitude relations are established between Mw,Global CMT and Ms, mb, and ML reported by the ISC, NEIC, IDC, and NDI, and compared with the previously developed regional and global regression relations. The duration (MD) and local (ML) magnitudes reported by NDI exhibit a 1:1 relationship. The derived magnitude regression relations are expected to support the homogenization of the earthquake catalogs and to improve seismic hazard assessment in this region.

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Bedding, Timothy R., Allan S. Brun, Jørgen Christensen-Dalsgaard, Ashley Crouch, Peter De Cat, Raphael A. García, Laurent Gizon, et al. "Joint Discussion 17 Highlights of recent progress in the seismology of the Sun and Sun-like stars." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 2, no. 14 (August 2006): 491–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921307011635.

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AbstractThe seismology and physics of localized structures beneath the surface of the Sun takes on a special significance with the completion in 2006 of a solar cycle of observations by the ground-based Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) and by the instruments on board theSolar and Heliospheric Observatory(SOHO). Of course, the spatially unresolved Birmingham Solar Oscillation Network (BiSON) has been observing for even longer. At the same time, the testing of models of stellar structure moves into high gear with the extension of deep probes from the Sun to other solar-like stars and other multi-mode pulsators, with ever-improving observations made from the ground, the success of theMOSTsatellite, and the recently launchedCoRoTsatellite. Here we report the current state of the two closely related and rapidly developing fields of helio- and asteroseimology.

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Engvold, Oddbjørn, Franz-Ludwig Deubner, and Hartmut Ripken. "10 Solar activity." Transactions of the International Astronomical Union 23, no. 1 (1997): 119–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0251107x00011287.

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The time period covered by this report (1 July 1993 - 30 June 1996) has seen the flawless launch and operation of SOHO, the full development of the Global Oscillation Network (GONG) and other seismology networks, a continued successful operation of YOHKOH, the southern and northern passages of ULYSSES, as well as significant advances in high resolution solar observing techniques.The topics of the present report have been chosen with the aim to maintain a long-term balance in the coverage of activities of the three Commissions, ranging from instrumentation and observing techniques to the most important work and new scientific results from studies of the Sun and Heliosphere. It is our intention to provide critical reviews of the field, which may also be useful for the non-specialist reader.

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Rusmanugroho, Herurisa, Ryan Modrak, and Jeroen Tromp. "Anisotropic full-waveform inversion with tilt-angle recovery." GEOPHYSICS 82, no. 3 (May 1, 2017): R135—R151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2016-0025.1.

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By allowing spatial variations in the direction of the anisotropic fast axis, tilted transverse isotropy (TTI) helps to image complex or steeply dipping structures. Without a priori geologic constraints, however, recovery of all the anisotropic parameters can be nontrivial and nonunique. We adopt two methods for TTI inversion with tilt-angle recovery: one based on the familiar Voigt parameters, and another based on the so-called Chen and Tromp parameters known from regional and global seismology. These parameterizations arise naturally in seismic wave propagation and facilitate straightforward recovery of the tilt angle and anisotropic strength. In numerical experiments with vertical transversely isotropic starting models and TTI target models, we find that the Voigt as well as the Chen and Tromp parameters allow quick and robust recovery of steeply dipping anticlinal structures.

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Ritsema, Jeroen, and Vedran Lekić. "Heterogeneity of Seismic Wave Velocity in Earth's Mantle." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 48, no. 1 (May 30, 2020): 377–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-082119-065909.

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Seismology provides important constraints on the structure and dynamics of the deep mantle. Computational and methodological advances in the past two decades improved tomographic imaging of the mantle and revealed the fine-scale structure of plumes ascending from the core-mantle boundary region and slabs of oceanic lithosphere sinking into the lower mantle. We discuss the modeling aspects of global tomography including theoretical approximations, data selection, and model fidelity and resolution. Using spectral, principal component, and cluster analyses, we highlight the robust patterns of seismic heterogeneity, which inform us of flow in the mantle, the history of plate motions, and potential compositionally distinct reservoirs. In closing, we emphasize that data mining of vast collections of seismic waveforms and new data from distributed acoustic sensing, autonomous hydrophones, ocean-bottom seismometers, and correlation-based techniques will boost the development of the next generation of global models of density, seismic velocity, and attenuation. ▪ Seismic tomography reveals the 100-km to 1,000-km scale variation of seismic velocity heterogeneity in the mantle. ▪ Tomographic images are the most important geophysical constraints on mantle circulation and evolution.

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47

Simonenko, Sergey V. "THE PREDICTION OF THE THERMOHYDROGRAVIDYNAMIC THEORY CONCERNING THE FIRST SUBRANGE IN 2018 OF THE STRONGEST INTENSIFICATIONS OF THE GLOBAL NATURAL PROCESSES SINCE 26 FEBRUARY AND BEFORE 24 AUGUST, 2018." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 6, no. 2 (February 28, 2018): 346–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i2.2018.1581.

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The article presents (on 28 February, 2017) the prediction (made on 25 February, 2018) of the established global prediction thermohydrogravidynamic principle (of the developed thermohydrogravidynamic theory containing the cosmic geophysics and the cosmic seismology based on the author’s generalization of the first law of thermodynamics for non-stationary cosmic gravitation of the Solar System and our Galaxy) concerning the first subrange (in 2018) of the strongest intensifications (since 26 February and before 24 August, 2018) of the global seismotectonic, volcanic, climatic and magnetic processes of the Earth determined by the minimal (in 2018 near 26 May, 2018) combined integral energy gravitational influence on the internal rigid core of the Earth (and on the Earth as a whole) of the planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars and Jupiter) and the Sun due to the gravitational interactions of the Sun with Jupiter Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. The prediction is based on the established global prediction thermohydrogravidynamic principle (used for the considered real planetary configurations of the Earth and the planets of the Solar System during the range 2004 ÷ 2018) and on the statistical analysis of the previous strongest earthquakes occurred near the calculated dates of the local minimal combined planetary and solar integral energy gravitational influences (during the range 2004 ÷ 2017) on the internal rigid core of the Earth.

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Guenaga, David L., Omar E. Marcillo, Aaron A. Velasco, Chengping Chai, and Monica Maceira. "The Silencing of U.S. Campuses Following the COVID-19 Response: Evaluating Root Mean Square Seismic Amplitudes Using Power Spectral Density Data." Seismological Research Letters 92, no. 2A (January 20, 2021): 941–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200391.

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Abstract In response to the COVID-19 global pandemic, many populated and active regions have become deserted and show significant reductions in their background seismicity, especially campuses across the United States (U.S.). Seismic sensors located in the vicinity of or within U.S. campuses show that anthropogenic seismic noise remains elevated during the ordinary, nonpandemic, academic year, only subduing during periods of recess (e.g., winter break). Here, we use power spectral density (PSD) data computed by the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology Data Management Center for quality assessment to calculate root mean square (rms) amplitude and analyze the effects of the COVID-19 school closures. We processed and analyzed PSD data for 46 seismic stations located within 50 m of a U.S. university or college. Results show that 42 campus stations show an overall rms drop following a statewide school closure.

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Grandpierre, Attila. "Activity Cycle in the Solar Core." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 137 (1993): 75–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100017504.

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AbstractI analyze here the recent solar seismology data relevant to the core regarding the energetics. The result is that the magnetic torsional oscillations are hardly able to support the observed rate of change of the solar core rotation. Interpreting the solar neutrino data as directly coming from the core and showing the activity cycle of the core, the energetics of the core can be balanced. I show here a simple model for the global and local activity-related changes of the solar core. The parameters of this model are consistent with the values derived by the Convective Flare Theory. This model is able to interpret the anticorrelation of the sunspot number with the neutrino flux, the related changes in the rotation of the core and the first which interprets the observed activity-related element abundance anomalies with a model for the solar core.

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Matthews, Jaymie M. "Seismology of Pulsating Ap Stars: Results From The Past Decade, Prospects For The Next." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 139 (1993): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100117087.

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AbstractSince the discovery of the first rapidly oscillating Ap (roAp) star in 1978 by Kurtz, this class of magnetic chemically-peculiar pulsators has grown to over two dozen. The eigenfrequency spectra of roAp stars (with periods of ∼ 6 – 15 min) are consistent with nonradial p- modes of low degree and high overtone n, not unlike the Sun's five-minute oscillations seen in integrated light. However, unlike the Sun, the strong global dipole fields of roAp stars significantly affect the pulsations.Although much of the effort in the last decade has been towards detecting new roAp candidates and refining the frequencies of known variables, initial “seismic” analyses have already yielded important results. Measurements of fundamental frequency spacings constrain the luminosities and radii of some roAp stars. In addition, mode splitting provides: (1) an independent determination of rotation period, even in the absence of longer-term light variations; (2) limits on the rotational inclination i and magnetic obliquity β; and (3) an indication of the relative internal field strengths of certain roAp stars. Very recently, the temperature - optical depth structure of the atmosphere of HR 3831 was inferred from optical and IR photometry of its oscillations.Judging from current developments, the next decade promises exciting results on both observational and theoretical fronts. Several roAp stars have now been monitored for over a decade, allowing us to investigate long-term period changes due to evolution, binarity, etc. Eigenfrequency models for stars in the mass and radius range appropriate for Ap stars are becoming available, as well as explicit treatments of the perturbations due to magnetic fields. Armed with these, we may be able to place some roAp stars on a theoretical (or “asteroseismological H-R“) diagram to derive independently their masses and main-sequence ages.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Global seismology'

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