Academic literature on the topic 'Global Production Ecosystems'
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Journal articles on the topic "Global Production Ecosystems"
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Novák, Viliam. "Ecosystems and Global Changes." Acta Horticulturae et Regiotecturae 24, s1 (May 1, 2021): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ahr-2021-0012.
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Abstract Increasing population has led to the increasing demand for food, raw materials, and energy. Continuing land use changes, intensification of its exploitation, deforestation, fossil fuel combustion, and related carbon dioxide production have been contributing to change of water and energy balance of the globe, thus changing conditions for life. Other reasons for changing conditions on the Earth are natural changes in interactions between the Earth and outer space. Actual climate change is a part of other global changes resulting in both natural and anthropogenic changes. It is mostly felt as a change of global temperature and increase of precipitation intensities and totals. Flood periods are followed by long periods without precipitations. Increasing population as well as increasing consumption of resources lead to the increasing imbalance between our planet production and consumption. To preserve good conditions for population of the Earth, it is necessary to decrease consumption of energy, raw materials, and food to reach equilibrium between Earth´s ecosystem production and consumption of the ecosystem products.
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Link, Jason S., and Reg A. Watson. "Global ecosystem overfishing: Clear delineation within real limits to production." Science Advances 5, no. 6 (June 2019): eaav0474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav0474.
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The well-documented value of marine fisheries is threatened by overfishing. Management typically focuses on target populations but lacks effective tools to document or restrain overexploitation of marine ecosystems. Here, we present three indices and accompanying thresholds to detect and delineate ecosystem overfishing (EOF): the Fogarty, Friedland, and Ryther indices. These are based on widely available and readily interpreted catch and satellite data that link fisheries landings to primary production using known limits of trophic transfer efficiency. We propose theoretically and empirically based thresholds for each of those indices; with these criteria, several ecosystems are fished sustainably, but nearly 40 to 50% of tropical and temperate ecosystems exceed even extreme thresholds. Applying these criteria to global fisheries data results in strong evidence for two specific instances of EOF, increases in both pressure on tropical fish and a climate-mediated polar shift. Here, we show that these two patterns represent evidence for global EOF.
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Vedrova, Estella F., Fedor I. Pleshikov, and Vladimir Ya Kaplunov. "Net Ecosystem Production of Boreal Larch Ecosystems on the Yenisei Transect." Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 11, no. 1 (January 2006): 173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11027-006-1016-4.
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Alongi, Daniel M. "Carbon Balance in Salt Marsh and Mangrove Ecosystems: A Global Synthesis." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 10 (September 30, 2020): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8100767.
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Mangroves and salt marshes are among the most productive ecosystems in the global coastal ocean. Mangroves store more carbon (739 Mg CORG ha−1) than salt marshes (334 Mg CORG ha−1), but the latter sequester proportionally more (24%) net primary production (NPP) than mangroves (12%). Mangroves exhibit greater rates of gross primary production (GPP), aboveground net primary production (AGNPP) and plant respiration (RC), with higher PGPP/RC ratios, but salt marshes exhibit greater rates of below-ground NPP (BGNPP). Mangroves have greater rates of subsurface DIC production and, unlike salt marshes, exhibit active microbial decomposition to a soil depth of 1 m. Salt marshes release more CH4 from soil and creek waters and export more dissolved CH4, but mangroves release more CO2 from tidal waters and export greater amounts of particulate organic carbon (POC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), to adjacent waters. Both ecosystems contribute only a small proportion of GPP, RE (ecosystem respiration) and NEP (net ecosystem production) to the global coastal ocean due to their small global area, but contribute 72% of air–sea CO2 exchange of the world’s wetlands and estuaries and contribute 34% of DIC export and 17% of DOC + POC export to the world’s coastal ocean. Thus, both wetland ecosystems contribute disproportionately to carbon flow of the global coastal ocean.
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Woodson, C. Brock, and Steven Y. Litvin. "Ocean fronts drive marine fishery production and biogeochemical cycling." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 6 (January 26, 2015): 1710–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1417143112.
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Long-term changes in nutrient supply and primary production reportedly foreshadow substantial declines in global marine fishery production. These declines combined with current overfishing, habitat degradation, and pollution paint a grim picture for the future of marine fisheries and ecosystems. However, current models forecasting such declines do not account for the effects of ocean fronts as biogeochemical hotspots. Here we apply a fundamental technique from fluid dynamics to an ecosystem model to show how fronts increase total ecosystem biomass, explain fishery production, cause regime shifts, and contribute significantly to global biogeochemical budgets by channeling nutrients through alternate trophic pathways. We then illustrate how ocean fronts affect fishery abundance and yield, using long-term records of anchovy–sardine regimes and salmon abundances in the California Current. These results elucidate the fundamental importance of biophysical coupling as a driver of bottom–up vs. top–down regulation and high productivity in marine ecosystems.
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Liao, Chang, and Qianlai Zhuang. "Reduction of Global Plant Production due to Droughts from 2001 to 2010: An Analysis with a Process-Based Global Terrestrial Ecosystem Model." Earth Interactions 19, no. 16 (December 1, 2015): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/ei-d-14-0030.1.
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Abstract Droughts dramatically affect plant production of global terrestrial ecosystems. To date, quantification of this impact remains a challenge because of the complex plant physiological and biochemical processes associated with drought. Here, this study incorporates a drought index into an existing process-based terrestrial ecosystem model to estimate the drought impact on global plant production for the period 2001–10. Global Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) gross primary production (GPP) data products are used to constrain model parameters and verify the model algorithms. The verified model is then applied to evaluate the drought impact. The study indicates that droughts will reduce GPP by 9.8 g C m−2 month−1 during the study period. On average, drought reduces GPP by 10% globally. As a result, the global GPP decreased from 106.4 to 95.9 Pg C yr−1 while the global net primary production (NPP) decreased from 54.9 to 49.9 Pg C yr−1. This study revises the estimation of the global NPP and suggests that the future quantification of the global carbon budget of terrestrial ecosystems should take the drought impact into account.
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Hall, Robert, Jennifer Tank, Michelle Baker, Emma Rosi-Marshall, Michael Grace, and Erin Hotchkiss. "High Rates of Ecosytem Metabolism in Five Western Rivers." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 33 (January 1, 2011): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.2011.3799.
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Primary production and respiration are core functions of river ecosystems that in part determine the carbon balance. Gross primary production (GPP) is the total rate of carbon fixation by autotrophs such as algae and higher plants and is equivalent to photosynthesis. Ecosystem respiration (ER) measures rate at which organic carbon is mineralized to CO2 by all organisms in an ecosystem. Together these fluxes can indicate the base of the food web to support animal production (Marcarelli et al. 2011), can predict the cycling of other elements (Hall and Tank 2003), and can link ecosystems to global carbon cycling (Cole et al. 2007).
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Zak, Donald R., Kurt S. Pregitzer, and George E. Host. "Landscape variation in nitrogen mineralization and nitrification." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 6 (December 1, 1986): 1258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-223.
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Potential nitrogen mineralization and nitrification were studied in three upland forest ecosystems to develop an understanding of nitrogen turnover on a landscape basis. The northern Michigan forests studied were an oak ecosystem primarily associated with glacial outwash features and two sugar maple ecosystems that occurred on morainal landforms but differed in the diversity and abundance of ground flora species. Four randomly chosen stands separated by at least 6 km were sampled within each of the three ecosystems. Potential net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification were determined by an aerobic laboratory incubation. Litter was collected from all ecosystems during autumn. Litter production, nitrogen returned to the forest floor, and net mineralization differed by a factor of two between the oak and sugar maple ecosystems. The species-rich sugar maple ecosystems exhibited a fourfold increase in potential nitrification compared with the species-poor sugar maple ecosystem. Nitrification was virtually absent in the oak ecosystem. The distribution of ecosystems could be used to predict differences in potential mineralization and nitrification. Areas susceptible to nitrate loss following intensive forest management practices may be related to the occurrence of plant associations. In this upland landscape, high nitrification potentials appear to be confined to species-rich sugar maple forests.
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Spahni, R., R. Wania, L. Neef, M. van Weele, I. Pison, P. Bousquet, C. Frankenberg, et al. "Constraining global methane emissions and uptake by ecosystems." Biogeosciences Discussions 8, no. 1 (January 11, 2011): 221–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-8-221-2011.
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Abstract. Natural methane (CH4) emissions from wet ecosystems are an important part of today's global CH4 budget. Climate affects the exchange of CH4 between ecosystems and the atmosphere by influencing CH4 production, oxidation, and transport in the soil. The net CH4 exchange depends on ecosystem hydrology, soil and vegetation characteristics. Here, the LPJ-WHyMe global dynamical vegetation model is used to simulate global net CH4 emissions for different ecosystems: northern peatlands (45°–90° N), naturally inundated wetlands (60° S–45° N), rice agriculture and wet mineral soils. Mineral soils are a potential CH4 sink, but can also be a source with the direction of the net exchange depending on soil moisture content. The geographical and seasonal distributions are evaluated against multi-dimensional atmospheric inversions for 2003–2005, using two independent four-dimensional variational assimilation systems. The atmospheric inversions are constrained by the atmospheric CH4 observations of the SCIAMACHY satellite instrument and global surface networks. Compared to LPJ-WHyMe the inversions result in a significant reduction in the emissions from northern peatlands and suggest that LPJ-WHyMe maximum annual emissions peak about one month late. The inversions do not put strong constraints on the division of sources between inundated wetlands and wet mineral soils in the tropics. Based on the inversion results we adapt model parameters in LPJ-WHyMe and simulate the surface exchange of CH4 over the period 1990–2008. Over the whole period we infer an increase of global ecosystem CH4 emissions of +1.11 Tg CH4 yr−1, not considering potential additional changes in wetland extent. The increase in simulated CH4 emissions is attributed to enhanced soil respiration resulting from the observed rise in land temperature and in atmospheric carbon dioxide that were used as input. The long-term decline of the atmospheric CH4 growth rate from 1990 to 2006 cannot be fully explained with the simulated ecosystem emissions. However, these emissions show an increasing trend of +3.62 Tg CH4 yr−1 over 2005–2008 which can partly explain the renewed increase in atmospheric CH4 concentration during recent years.
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Spahni, R., R. Wania, L. Neef, M. van Weele, I. Pison, P. Bousquet, C. Frankenberg, et al. "Constraining global methane emissions and uptake by ecosystems." Biogeosciences 8, no. 6 (June 23, 2011): 1643–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1643-2011.
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Abstract. Natural methane (CH4) emissions from wet ecosystems are an important part of today's global CH4 budget. Climate affects the exchange of CH4 between ecosystems and the atmosphere by influencing CH4 production, oxidation, and transport in the soil. The net CH4 exchange depends on ecosystem hydrology, soil and vegetation characteristics. Here, the LPJ-WHyMe global dynamical vegetation model is used to simulate global net CH4 emissions for different ecosystems: northern peatlands (45°–90° N), naturally inundated wetlands (60° S–45° N), rice agriculture and wet mineral soils. Mineral soils are a potential CH4 sink, but can also be a source with the direction of the net exchange depending on soil moisture content. The geographical and seasonal distributions are evaluated against multi-dimensional atmospheric inversions for 2003–2005, using two independent four-dimensional variational assimilation systems. The atmospheric inversions are constrained by the atmospheric CH4 observations of the SCIAMACHY satellite instrument and global surface networks. Compared to LPJ-WHyMe the inversions result in a~significant reduction in the emissions from northern peatlands and suggest that LPJ-WHyMe maximum annual emissions peak about one month late. The inversions do not put strong constraints on the division of sources between inundated wetlands and wet mineral soils in the tropics. Based on the inversion results we diagnose model parameters in LPJ-WHyMe and simulate the surface exchange of CH4 over the period 1990–2008. Over the whole period we infer an increase of global ecosystem CH4 emissions of +1.11 Tg CH4 yr−1, not considering potential additional changes in wetland extent. The increase in simulated CH4 emissions is attributed to enhanced soil respiration resulting from the observed rise in land temperature and in atmospheric carbon dioxide that were used as input. The long-term decline of the atmospheric CH4 growth rate from 1990 to 2006 cannot be fully explained with the simulated ecosystem emissions. However, these emissions show an increasing trend of +3.62 Tg CH4 yr−1 over 2005–2008 which can partly explain the renewed increase in atmospheric CH4 concentration during recent years.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Global Production Ecosystems"
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Lindström, Robin. "Flexibility or coerced resilience: Analysing the role of flex crops in the global production ecosystem." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-194678.
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Large parts of Earth’s natural ecosystems have been converted into simplified production system. These production systems, named the Global Production Ecosystems (GPE) are characterised by homogenised and industrial production, that delivers predictable yields of biomass and is highly connected through global trade. The anthropogenic inputs required to keep this predictability is likely to cause environmental degradation and could cause novel risks in the long term. The rise of flex crops is a phenomenon that is likely to further promote this homogenisation and industrialisation. These are crops with multiple and flexible uses that are increasingly targeted by agribusinesses to feed the demands of food, feed, fuel and other industrial products. This study examines global flex crops production ecosystem through the lens of resilience thinking, by analysing production data over time, including the social and environmental impacts of inputs, and assess the national concentration of production. I find that flex crops have expanded and intensified more so than similar crops. Since 1961 flex crops harvested area have increased in more than 150% in size, while similar crops have increased 10%. At the same time yields for flex crops have almost tripled, while similar crops have doubled their yield. I also find that in some aspects flex crops are heavily reliant on anthropogenic inputs. On a global scale the use of inputs is generally concentrated to a small number of countries, but that the average use of inputs varies greatly between countries. These findings indicate that the development of flex crops is an important to research to understand the GPE and that using resilience thinking is key to understand this phenomenon.
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Altinalmazis, kondylis Andreas. "Tree diversity effects on root production, decomposition and nutrient cycling under global change." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021BORD0067.
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L'hypothèse de l'assurance prévoit que les forêts composées de mélanges d'espèces d'arbres pourraient mieux résister aux conditions environnementales stressantes que les forêts composées d'une seule espèce d'arbre. La majorité des travaux antérieurs ont testé cette hypothèse en se focalisant sur la productivité et les variables de réponse associées sans prendre en compte les processus souterrains. L’objectif principal de ma thèse était d’étudier l’effet de la diversité des espèces d’arbres sur les processus souterrains impliqués dans la décomposition des racines à travers des gradients climatiques. J'ai émis l'hypothèse que le mélange d'espèces ayant des systèmes racinaires contrastés entraînerait une faible compétition souterraine, et se traduirait par la production de plus biomasse de racines fines. En outre, j'ai émis l'hypothèse que les racines ayant des caractéristiques chimiques et morphologiques contrastées dans les peuplements mixtes se décomposent plus rapidement. Dans des conditions de stress hydrique, j'ai émis l'hypothèse d'une décomposition plus lente mais d’une atténuation des mélanges d'arbres sur la décomposition en raison de l'amélioration des conditions micro-environnementales. Pour tester ces hypothèses, j'ai examiné la variation des caractéristiques fonctionnelles des racines et leurs conséquences sur les flux de C, N et P à l'échelle de l'écosystème à travers l’étude de : 1) la ségrégation verticale des racines et la biomasse des racines fines, 2) la dynamique des racines fines et les flux de nutriments associés et 3) la décomposition des racines fines et des feuilles mortes. Dans ce cadre, trois deux expériences de terrain ont été réalisé, l'une avec une expérience de plantation d'arbres de 10 ans avec du bouleau et du pin près de Bordeaux (expérience ORPHEE), la seconde le long d'un gradient latitudinal de forêts de hêtres matures dans les Alpes françaises (expérience BIOPROFOR).Les résultats obtenus montrent que les racines de bouleaux et de pins présentaient une distribution verticale similaire et une biomasse souterraine similaire de racines dans les mélanges d'arbres par rapport aux monocultures, contrairement à ma première hypothèse. Cependant, l'attribution plus importante du pin mais pas du bouleau à la croissance des racines dans les horizons du sol supérieur dans des conditions moins limitatives en eau suggère des conditions localement favorables qui peuvent conduire à une compétition asymétrique à la profondeur du sol. De plus, la production et la décomposition des racines fines étaient similaires dans les mélanges et dans les monocultures, en contradiction avec ma deuxième hypothèse. Il est intéressant de noter que les racines de bouleau, mais pas les racines de pin, ont libéré du P pendant leur décomposition, ce qui suggère un rôle important du bouleau dans le cycle du P et pour la nutrition en P des arbres sur ces sols sableux limités en P. Conformément à ma troisième hypothèse, j'ai observé une décomposition plus lente de la litière de feuilles et des racines fines en réponse à une sécheresse estivale prolongée, tout au long du gradient latitudinal dans les Alpes. Cependant, cette décomposition plus lente sous la sécheresse n'a pas été atténuée dans les peuplements forestiers à essences mixtes par rapport aux peuplements à essences uniques. Il est intéressant de noter qu’il y a une libération nette d'azote dans les racines fines en décomposition mais pas dans la litière de feuilles en décomposition, ce qui suggère un rôle distinct des racines fines dans le cycle de l'azote. En conclusion, j'ai constaté que le mélange des espèces d'arbres n'atténue pas les effets négatifs du changement climatique. Cette thèse démontre que la promotion de mélanges peut toujours être bénéfique pour au moins une des espèces d'arbres mélangées, par l'ajout d'espèces, car une espèce d'arbre peut en faciliter la nutrition minérale d’une autre par des flux souterrains de N et de PThe insurance hypothesis predicts that forests with tree species mixtures may resist better to stressful environmental conditions than forests composed of only one tree species. Most of the currently available literature tested this hypothesis for aboveground productivity and its related response variables, but less is known about belowground processes. In my PhD thesis, I studied the drivers of belowground productivity and decomposition across climatic gradients and how they are affected by tree mixtures. I hypothesized that mixing of tree species with contrasting rooting patterns and fine root morphologies, would result in a release of competitive pressure belowground, and translate into higher fine root standing biomass and increased fine root productivity. Moreover, I hypothesized that roots with contrasting chemical and morphological characteristics in mixed stands would decompose faster, which may be particularly important under nutrient-limited conditions. Under water-limiting conditions, such as during extreme summer drought, I hypothesized overall slower decomposition but an attenuating effect of tree mixtures on decomposition due to improved micro-environmental conditions, in particular for leaves, since roots decompose in a more buffered soil environment. To test these hypotheses I examined the variation in tree root functional traits (across- and within-species), and its consequences for fluxes of C, N and P at the ecosystem scale. I addressed three main objectives and associated research questions to quantify the interactive effect of tree mixtures and climate on: 1) vertical root segregation and fine root standing biomass, 2) fine root dynamics and their associated nutrient fluxes and 3) fine root- and leaf litter decomposition. I could benefit from two different field experiments for my work, one with a 10-year-old tree-plantation experiment with birch and pine close to Bordeaux (ORPHEE experiment), the second along a latitudinal gradient of mature beech forests in the French Alps (BIOPROFOR experiment).I observed that roots from the birch and pine tree-plantation showed similar vertical distribution and similar belowground root standing biomass in tree mixtures compared to monocultures, contrary to my first hypothesis. However, the greater allocation of pine but not of birch to root growth within the top soil horizons under less water-limiting conditions suggests locally favourable conditions that may lead to soil depth-specific asymmetric competition. In the same experiment, fine root production and decomposition were similar in mixtures and in monocultures, in contradiction with my second hypothesis. Moreover, I did not observe any interactive effects of tree mixtures with stand density or water availability. Interestingly though, birch roots, but not pine roots released P during root decomposition, which suggests an important role of birch in the P-cycle and for P nutrition of trees on these P-limited sandy soils. In line with my third hypothesis, I observed a slower decomposition of leaf litter and fine roots in response to reinforced and prolonged summer drought, irrespective of the position along the latitudinal gradient in the Alps. However, this slower decomposition under drought was not attenuated in forest stands with mixed tree species compared to single species stands. Compared to leaf litter, fine roots decomposed slower and released less C. Interestingly, I found a net N release in decomposing fine roots but not in decomposing leaf litter, which suggests a distinct role of fine roots in the N cycle. In conclusion, I found that mixing tree species did not attenuate negative effects of climate change. However, this thesis demonstrates that promoting mixtures can still be beneficial for at least one of the admixed tree species, through species addition (i.e., complementing one tree species with another tree species), as one tree species may facilitate another via belowground fluxes of N and P
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Gordon, Line. "Land Use, Freshwater Flows and Ecosystem Services in an Era of Global Change." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Univ, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-16.
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Deutsch, Lisa. "Global trade, food production and ecosystem support : Making the interactions visible." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Institutionen för systemekologi, Univ, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-232.
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Barnes, Mallory L., M. Susan Moran, Russell L. Scott, Thomas E. Kolb, Guillermo E. Ponce-Campos, David J. P. Moore, Morgan A. Ross, Bhaskar Mitra, and Sabina Dore. "Vegetation productivity responds to sub-annual climate conditions across semiarid biomes." WILEY-BLACKWELL, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/616989.
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In the southwest United States, the current prolonged warm drought is similar to the predicted future climate change scenarios for the region. This study aimed to determine patterns in vegetation response to the early 21st century drought across multiple biomes. We hypothesized that different biomes (forests, shrublands, and grasslands) would have different relative sensitivities to both climate drivers (precipitation and temperature) and legacy effects (previous-year's productivity). We tested this hypothesis at eight Ameriflux sites in various Southwest biomes using NASA Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) from 2001 to 2013. All sites experienced prolonged dry conditions during the study period. The impact of combined precipitation and temperature on Southwest ecosystems at both annual and sub-annual timescales was tested using Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). All biomes studied had critical sub-annual climate periods during which precipitation and temperature influenced production. In forests, annual peak greenness (EVImax) was best predicted by 9-month SPEI calculated in July (i.e., January-July). In shrublands and grasslands, EVImax was best predicted by SPEI in July through September, with little effect of the previous year's EVImax. Daily gross ecosystem production (GEP) derived from flux tower data yielded further insights into the complex interplay between precipitation and temperature. In forests, GEP was driven by cool-season precipitation and constrained by warm-season maximum temperature. GEP in both shrublands and grasslands was driven by summer precipitation and constrained by high daily summer maximum temperatures. In grasslands, there was a negative relationship between temperature and GEP in July, but no relationship in August and September. Consideration of sub-annual climate conditions and the inclusion of the effect of temperature on the water balance allowed us to generalize the functional responses of vegetation to predicted future climate conditions. We conclude that across biomes, drought conditions during critical sub-annual climate periods could have a strong negative impact on vegetation production in the southwestern United States.
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Durant, Valerie A. "Sustainable urban agriculture and forestation : the edible connected city." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26246.
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Current global agricultural practices are recognized as unsustainable. The increase in overall human population as well as the global trend of rural to urban migration, partially as a result of historically and continual unsustainable agricultural practices, exacerbates the vicious cycle of poverty and hunger in developing countries. Furthermore, cities and regions in developed countries practice unsustainable food production, distribution and consumption patterns, and as a result, exceed their global ecological footprint (Rees 2009). Consequently, the world is facing a global food (FAO 2009) and water crisis (UN Sick Water 2010). Cities and Regions must learn to feed themselves to address local food insecurity as well as protect from the climate effects of increased urbanization, including the Urban Heat Island effect (UHIe) by optimizing and fully integrating the local ecosystem services of food, water and forest within a tightly woven compact urban form through the implementation of strategic urban and regional food system planning. Cities can mitigate climate change and reduce the UHIe, by implementing sustainable intensive urban agriculture approaches through policy and zoning interventions that include concepts such as intensively productive urban agriculture that includes green roofs, vertical farming and greenways as continuously productive and edible urban landscapes, referred to in this paper as continuously productive urban agriculture and forestation (CPUAF) in the private and public realm. A highly participative, adaptive systems approach is explored as the key to sustainability within an economic world order that included corporate social responsibility and social enterprise as the foundation for the integration of multiple synergies. An increasing body of evidence often links urban forestation with urban greenery initiatives, as a carbon sink to reduce UHI effects, to reduce GHG emissions and as a tool for urban beautification and place making (ISDR: 2009,109). Urban agriculture, through the production of local food is increasingly recognized as a means to reduce fossil fuel emissions by reducing transportation and production outputs, to provide a secure local food source, enhance biodiversity and educate the public regarding food source while fostering a sense of community, environmental awareness and stewardship. This thesis explores the links between intensive urban agriculture and forestation, and the relationship between climate change, and the UHI’s as an adaptation and mitigation process in global cities, implemented as a interconnected, integrated, holistic urban management approach that has a further benefit of providing food security and a sustainable and local urban food source.Dissertation (MTRP)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Town and Regional Planning
unrestricted
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Mishra, Amrit Kumar. "Global change effects on seagrass ecosystem." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.1/10808.
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Long and short effects of increased CO2 on seagrass carbon metabolism were investigated. Cymodocea nodosa meadows, exposed to long term elevated CO2 at shallow volcanic CO2 seeps off Greece and Italy were investigated using population reconstruction techniques. Growth, morphometry, density, biomass and age structure was affected by high CO2. Above to below ground biomass ratio of C. nodosa were higher at CO2 seeps. C. nodosa population grew faster but longevity of plants was lower at the seeps. The present recruitment (sampled year) of the seagrass was higher near the seeps. Carbon to nitrogen ratios (%DW) in leaves and annual leaf production of C. nodosa were higher at seeps. Elements (Fe and Cd, Cu, Co, Hg, Pb, Mn, Ni and Zn) were analysed from sediments and P. oceanica and C. nodosa compartments from CO2 seeps off Greece and Italy. Sediment Quality Guidelines Quotient pollution index indicated higher element level seeps than reference sites with possibility of moderate to adverse biological impacts. Element concentration in the sediments and seagrass compartments were higher at seeps. Higher accumulation of elements in the seagrass compartments were observed. Net community production (NCP) and community respiration (CR) of intertidal Z. noltii and unvegetated sediment communities were measured under air exposed and CO2 enriched conditions seasonally. Increase in NCP of Z. noltii and sediment community were observed with elevated CO2 concentrations than natural conditions within similar light range. NCP of Z. noltii was higher than sediment community in both summer and winter seasons under CO2 enriched conditions. CR of both communities were less affected under CO2 enriched conditions. Light compensation point of Z. noltii were lower than sediment communities in summer season with elevated CO2 levels. Seasonal community production of Z. noltii were higher than sediment communities. Significant effect of light on NCP was observed from linear regression model.Foram investigados efeitos a curto e longo prazo do CO2 no metabolismo do carbono das ervas marinhas. As pradarias de Cymodocea nodosa, expostas durante um longo período a CO2 elevado, no vento vulcânico de CO2 ao largo da Grécia e da Itália, foram investigadas utilizando técnicas de reconstrução populacional. O Crescimento, a morfometria, a densidade, a biomassa e a estrutura etária foram afetados pelo alto teor de CO2. A razão entre a biomassa da parte aérea e parte subterrânea de C. nodosa foi superior nos ventos de CO2. A população de C. nodosa cresceu mais rapidamente, mas a longevidade das plantas foi menor nos ventos de CO2. O recrutamento atual (ano amostrado) da erva marinha foi maior perto das infiltrações. As taxas de carbono - azoto (% PS) nas folhas e a produção foliar anual de C. nodosa foram maiores nos ventos de CO2. Os elementos (Fe e Cd, Cu, Co, Hg, Pb, Mn, Ni e Zn) foram analisados a partir de sedimentos e das várias partes de P. oceanica e C. nodosa dos ventos de CO2 ao largo da Grécia e da Itália. O Índice de Poluição do Quociente das Diretivas de Qualidade do Sedimento indicou que o nível de elemento é mais alto nos sítios de CO2 do que nos de referência com possibilidade de impactos biológicos moderados a adversos. A concentração de elementos nos sedimentos e nas várias partes das plantas foi maior nos sítios de CO2. Foi observada uma maior acumulação de elementos nas das ervas marinhas. A produção liquida da comunidade (NCP) e a respiração da comunidade (CR) das populações intertidais de Z. noltei e de zonas não sedimentadas foram medidas sob condições expostas ao ar e enriquecidas com CO2, sazonalmente. O NCP de Z. noltei e dos sedimentos comunidade foi mais elevado em concentrações elevadas de CO2 do que as condições naturais, para um intervalo de luz semelhante. O NCP de Z. noltei foi maior do que no sedimento da comunidade nas estações de verão e inverno, em condições enriquecidas com CO2. A CR de ambas as comunidades foi menos afetada em condições enriquecidas com CO2. O ponto de compensação para a luz de Z. noltii foi menor do que o dos sedimentos das comunidades na estação do verão com elevados níveis de CO2. A produção comunitária sazonal de Z. noltii foi maior do que no sedimento das comunidades. O efeito significativo da luz no NCP foi observado a partir do modelo de regressão linear.
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Yang, Jing. "Tango with the global, national, and local : new multi-functional organizations in the Chinese independent documentary ecosystem." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-08-4345.
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Compared to the early days of China’s New Documentary Movement in the 1990s, Chinese independent documentary in the past decade has become more diverse in topic and style, thanks to technologies such as digital video cameras and the internet. Independent documentaries capture a fast-changing China in progress, and have thus drawn scholarly attention from cultural or social studies perspectives. However, industrial development in the past decade has often been neglected in favor of textual analysis of films. Since the marketization of independent documentaries in the 1990s was mainly through international film festivals, and a domestic industry has been lacking, it is easy to assume that Chinese independent documentarians today still have to follow the same path as their counterparts in the 1990s. However, my research on the Chinese independent documentary scene in Beijing in 2009 showed me a picture of a burgeoning domestic industry for independent documentaries, with a handful of newly emerged multi-functional independent film organizations practicing production, distribution and exhibition. Since a real industry has not yet formed, I use “ecosystem” instead of “industry” in the context of Chinese independent documentary. This study compares three representative organizations which are different from each other in nature and emphases, from their birth and evolution to their work and strategies. I argue that these organizations have created new possibilities and opportunities for today’s Chinese independent documentaries, through their different strategies in balancing themselves in a three-legged system of the global, national and local forces and resources.text
Books on the topic "Global Production Ecosystems"
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Manzur-ul-Haque, Hashmi, and United Nations Environment Programme, eds. The state of the environment. London: Butterworths, 1987.
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Global supply chain ecosystems: Strategies for competitive advantage in a complex world. Kogan Page, 2015.
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Kirchman, David L. Microbial primary production and phototrophy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0006.
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This chapter is focused on the most important process in the biosphere, primary production, the turning of carbon dioxide into organic material by higher plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Photosynthetic microbes account for roughly 50% of global primary production while the other half is by large, terrestrial plants. After reviewing the basic physiology of photosynthesis, the chapter discusses approaches to measuring gross and net primary production and how these processes affect fluxes of oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of aquatic ecosystems. It then points out that terrestrial plants have high biomass but relatively low growth, while the opposite is the case for aquatic algae and cyanobacteria. Primary production varies greatly with the seasons in temperate ecosystems, punctuated by the spring bloom when the biomass of one algal type, diatoms, reaches a maximum. Other abundant algal types include coccolithophorids in the oceans and filamentous cyanobacteria in freshwaters. After the bloom, small algae take over and out-compete larger forms for limiting nutrients because of superior uptake kinetics. Abundant types of small algae include two coccoid cyanobacteria, Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus, the latter said to be the most abundant photoautotroph on the planet because of its large numbers in oligotrophic oceans. Other algae, often dinoflagellates, are toxic. Many algae can also graze on other microbes, probably to obtain limiting nitrogen or phosphorus. Still other microbes are mainly heterotrophic but are capable of harvesting light energy. Primary production in oxic environments is carried out by oxygenic photosynthetic organisms, whereas in anoxic environments with sufficient light, it is anaerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis in which oxygen is not produced. Although its contribution to global primary production is small, anoxygenic photosynthesis helps us understand the biophysics and biochemistry of photosynthesis and its evolution on early Earth. These microbes as well as aerobic phototrophic and heterotrophic microbes make up microbial mats. These mats can provide insights into early life on the planet when a type of mat, “stromatolites,” covered vast areas of primordial seas in the Proterozoic.
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Thrush, Simon, Judi Hewitt, Conrad Pilditch, and Alf Norkko. Ecology of Coastal Marine Sediments. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804765.001.0001.
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Marine sediments dominate the seafloor, creating one of the largest ecosystems on earth. Marine sediments contain some of the steepest known natural chemical gradients and are extraordinarily productive and reactive, particularly in shallow water. The plants and animals that live on and in marine sediments create highly heterogeneous conditions that strongly influence ecosystem functions and how marine ecosystems drive and respond to change. Seafloor biodiversity is a key mediator of ecosystem functioning, but its role is often excluded from global budgets or simplified to black boxes in ecosystem models. Despite this, marine sediments are fascinating places to study population, community and ecosystem ecology. This book provides an overview of soft-sediment ecosystems and how and why we should study them. It addresses the interactions between marine organisms and their physical and chemical environment, why we need to carefully design research and provides basic steps needed to both formulate good ecological questions and translate them into empirical studies of real-world ecosystems. It provides a context for different points of entry into soft-sediment ecology by offering a high-level approach. It is designed to help you think about the connections between different system components and drivers of change and identify how you can make a contribution to developing knowledge on the biodiversity and functioning of soft sediments and understanding ecosystem change, human impacts and the need for restoration.
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Hong, Yu. Making a Home-Base Strategy. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040917.003.0005.
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This chapter traces the evolution of mobile communications as a site of China’s “home-base” industrial strategy and, after the 2008 global economic crisis, as part of intensified geopolitical struggle in the techno-economic realm. This chapter, first, historicizes telecom development through successive network generations, starting from fixed-line networks to second-generation and then third-generation mobile networks. As the business ecosystem includes network-equipment production, handset production, and content development and distribution, this chapter, then, explores market-specific trajectories, dynamics, and challenges so as to make sense of varying state actions and the obstacles they faced under the general 3G developmental framework. Lastly, to underscore the state’s diluted interventionist capacity, the coda explores how the 3G mobile communications development has affected state strategies and competitive structures in the 4G era.
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Randall, Nicola, and Barbara Smith. The Biology of Agroecosystems. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198737520.001.0001.
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The Biology of Agroecosystems provides an introduction to the biological and ecological attributes of ecosystems and the biological impacts of agriculture on the wider environment. Global human populations are rising and diets are becoming ever more complicated, leading to requirements for increased levels of food production. Natural biotopes are becoming increasingly fragmented as agricultural activities expand around them. Agroecosystems occur from the tropics to subarctic environments and comprise systems as varied as annual crops, perennial grasslands, orchards, and agroforestry systems. They presently cover almost 40 per cent of the terrestrial land surface and significantly shape landscapes at a global scale. The book outlines the origin and development of agriculture and summarizes the characteristics of different types of agroecosystems. The conflicts between management of land for productivity and conservation of natural resources are discussed, and some of the key biological issues (loss of biodiversity, instability, susceptibility to pests, for example) are explored. Individual chapters introduce the role of functional groups such as pollinators, nutrient cycling organisms, and pest regulators; the importance of soils and soil organisms for agriculture; and the biological impacts of water use in agroecosystems. Globalization of agriculture is explored, and includes drivers of change, such as shifting diets, and biological challenges, such as the spread of pest species. The final chapters outline different management methods for sustainable management of agroecosystems, and consider the future challenges and opportunities for agriculture and the biology of agroecosystems.
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Vernallis, Carol, Amy Herzog, and John Richardson, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Sound and Image in Digital Media. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199757640.001.0001.
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This collection of essays explores the relations between sound and image in a rapidly shifting landscape of audiovisual media in the digital age. Featuring contributions from scholars who bring with them an impressive array of disciplinary expertise, from film studies and philosophy to musicology, pornography, digital gaming, and media studies, the book charts new territory by analyzing what it calls the “media swirl” and the “audiovisual turn.” It draws on a range of media texts including blockbuster cinema, video art, music videos, video games, amateur video compilations, visualization technologies, documentaries, and immersive theater to address myriad subjects such as the transition of cinematic discourses to digital production and distribution, the relations between screens and public space, and the shifting nature of noise within digital ecosystems. It also examines noise, droning, and silence as recurring themes in New Extremist films of Europe, along with temporal and generic anomalies by citing examples such as the Silent Hill videogame series, the performance/installation Sleep No More, and the poetics of David Lynch’s Inland Empire. In addition, the book discusses the translation of information into digital media, how music has both shaped and become embedded within the aesthetic culture of political conflict, the nature of “realism” in relation to new audiovisual media networks, and the accelerated aesthetics of networked mediascape and the ways in which they may be connected to contemporary labor and global capitalism.
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Smil, Vaclav. Grand Transitions. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190060664.001.0001.
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The modern world was created through the combination and complex interactions of five grand transitions. First, the demographic transition changed the total numbers, dynamics, structure, and residential pattern of populations. The agricultural and dietary transition led to the emergence of highly productive cropping and animal husbandry (subsidized by fossil energies and electricity), a change that eliminated famines, reduced malnutrition, and improved the health of populations but also resulted in enormous food waste and had many environmental consequences. The energy transition brought the world from traditional biomass fuels and human and animal labor to fossil fuel, ever more efficient electricity, lights, and motors, all of which transformed both agricultural and industrial production and enabled mass-scale mobility and instant communication. Economic transition has been marked by relatively high growth rates of total national and global product, by fundamental structural transformation (from farming to industries to services), and by an increasing share of humanity living in affluent societies, enjoying unprecedented quality of life. These transitions have made many intensifying demands on the environment, resulting in ecosystemic degradation, loss of biodiversity, pollution, and eventually change on the planetary level, with global warming being the most worrisome development. This book traces the genesis of these transitions, their interactions and complicated progress as well as their outcomes and impacts, explaining how the modern world was made—and then offers a forward-thinking examination of some key unfolding transitions and appraising their challenges and possible results.
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Ivanišová, Eva, Ľubomír Belej, and Adriana Kolesárová, eds. CASEE Online Winter School. Food Environment and Health Risk Assessment in Danube Region (DanubeFEHRA). Book of Abstracts. Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Slovakia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15414/2021.9788055223322.
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Why have we organized winter school? We believe everyone should be able to understand how important is Food Environment and Health Risk Assessment in Danube Region. The environment plays a crucial role in people’s physical, mental and social well-being. The degradation of the environment, through air pollution, noise, chemicals, poor quality water and loss of natural areas, combined with lifestyle changes, may be contributing to substantial increases of civilisation diseases. The production and consumption of sufficient, affordable and nutritious food, while conserving the natural resources and ecosystems on which food systems depend, is vital. Food systems play a central role in all societies and are fundamental to ensuring sustainable development. Sustainable food systems are critical to resolving issues of food security, poverty alleviation and adequate nutrition, and they play an important role in building resilience in communities responding to a rapidly changing global environment. 13 students from around the world joined our 2- week Winter School Programme in Slovak republic, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences. CASEE Online Winter School was multidisciplinary, encompassing chemistry, environment, microbiology, nutrition, quality assurance, sensory analysis, management, food engineering and manufacturing and also about very actual problematic Covid-19 and its impact on agri-food sector. The Winter School gave our participants an idea of how interesting these topics really are. Online lectures were provided by experts in agri-food sector from Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, professional lecturers from prestige universities all over the world, state authorities, research institutes and SMEs as well as representatives from CASEE universities.
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Wilsey, Brian J. The Biology of Grasslands. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198744511.001.0001.
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This accessible text provides a concise but comprehensive introduction to the biology of global grasslands. Grasslands are vast in their extent, with native and non-native grasslands now covering approximately 50 percent of the global terrestrial environment. They are also of vital importance to humans, providing essential ecosystem services and some of the most important areas for the production of food and fibre worldwide. It has been estimated that 60 percent of calories consumed by humans originate from grasses, and most grain consumed is produced in areas that were formerly grasslands or wetlands. Grasslands are also important because they are used to raise forage for livestock, represent a source of biofuels, sequester vast amounts of carbon, provide urban green-space, and hold vast amounts of biodiversity. Intact grasslands contain an incredibly fascinating set of plants, animals, and microbes that have interested several generations of biologists, generating pivotal studies to important theoretical questions in ecology. As with other titles in the Biology of Habitats Series, the emphasis is on the organisms that dominate this environment although restoration, conservation, and experimental aspects are also considered. The Biology of Grasslands is suitable for both senior undergraduate and graduate students (in departments of biology, geography, and environmental science) taking courses in grassland ecology, plant ecology, and rangeland ecology as well as the many professional ecologists and conservation biologists requiring an authoritative overview of the topic.
Book chapters on the topic "Global Production Ecosystems"
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Panikov, N. S., A. S. Belyaev, A. M. Semenov, and V. V. Zelenev. "Methane Production and Uptake in Some Terrestrial Ecosystems of the Former USSR." In Biogeochemistry of Global Change, 221–44. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2812-8_12.
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Bienfang, Paul K., and David A. Ziemann. "The Role of Coastal High Latitude Ecosystems in Global Export Production." In Primary Productivity and Biogeochemical Cycles in the Sea, 285–97. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0762-2_16.
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Kellomäki, Seppo, and Timo Karjalainen. "Sequestration of carbon in the Finnish boreal forest ecosystem managed for timber production." In Forest Ecosystems, Forest Management and the Global Carbon Cycle, 59–68. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61111-7_6.
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Zaman, M., K. Kleineidam, L. Bakken, J. Berendt, C. Bracken, K. Butterbach-Bahl, Z. Cai, et al. "Climate-Smart Agriculture Practices for Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions." In Measuring Emission of Agricultural Greenhouse Gases and Developing Mitigation Options using Nuclear and Related Techniques, 303–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55396-8_8.
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AbstractAgricultural lands make up approximately 37% of the global land surface, and agriculture is a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Those GHGs are responsible for the majority of the anthropogenic global warming effect. Agricultural GHG emissions are associated with agricultural soil management (e.g. tillage), use of both synthetic and organic fertilisers, livestock management, burning of fossil fuel for agricultural operations, and burning of agricultural residues and land use change. When natural ecosystems such as grasslands are converted to agricultural production, 20–40% of the soil organic carbon (SOC) is lost over time, following cultivation. We thus need to develop management practices that can maintain or even increase SOCstorage in and reduce GHG emissions from agricultural ecosystems. We need to design systematic approaches and agricultural strategies that can ensure sustainable food production under predicted climate change scenarios, approaches that are being called climate‐smart agriculture (CSA). Climate‐smart agricultural management practices, including conservation tillage, use of cover crops and biochar application to agricultural fields, and strategic application of synthetic and organic fertilisers have been considered a way to reduce GHG emission from agriculture. Agricultural management practices can be improved to decreasing disturbance to the soil by decreasing the frequency and extent of cultivation as a way to minimise soil C loss and/or to increase soil C storage. Fertiliser nitrogen (N) use efficiency can be improved to reduce fertilizer N application and N loss. Management measures can also be taken to minimise agricultural biomass burning. This chapter reviews the current literature on CSA practices that are available to reduce GHG emissions and increase soil Csequestration and develops a guideline on best management practices to reduce GHG emissions, increase C sequestration, and enhance crop productivity in agricultural production systems.
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Warman, Russell. "Global analysis of trends in wood sourcing." In Forest Ecosystem Management and Timber Production, 65–84. Title: Forest ecosystem management and timber production : divergence and resource use resilience / Russell Warman. Description: New York : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429485831-4.
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Singh, Balwant, Shefali Mishra, Deepak Singh Bisht, and Rohit Joshi. "Growing Rice with Less Water: Improving Productivity by Decreasing Water Demand." In Rice Improvement, 147–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66530-2_5.
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AbstractRice is a staple food for more than half of the global population. With the increasing population, the yield of rice must correspondingly increase to fulfill the requirement. Rice is cultivated worldwide in four different types of ecosystems, which are limited by the availability of irrigation water. However, water-limiting conditions negatively affect rice production; therefore, to enhance productivity under changing climatic conditions, improved cultivation practices and drought-tolerant cultivars/varieties are required. There are two basic approaches to cultivation: (1) plant based and (2) soil and irrigation based, which can be targeted for improving rice production. Crop plants primarily follow three mechanisms: drought escape, avoidance, and tolerance. Based on these mechanisms, different strategies are followed, which include cultivar selection based on yield stability under drought. Similarly, soil- and irrigation-based strategies consist of decreasing non-beneficial water depletions and water outflows, aerobic rice development, alternate wetting and drying, saturated soil culture, system of rice intensification, and sprinkler irrigation. Further strategies involve developing drought-tolerant cultivars through marker-assisted selection/pyramiding, genomic selection, QTL mapping, and other breeding and cultivation practices such as early planting to follow escape strategies and decreasing stand density to minimize competition with weeds. Similarly, the identification of drought-responsive genes and their manipulation will provide a technological solution to overcome drought stress. However, it was the Green Revolution that increased crop production. To maintain the balance, there is a need for another revolution to cope with the increasing demand.
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Whitmore, Harland Wm. "Summary of Production, Employment, Wages, and Prices." In The World Economy, Population Growth, and the Global Ecosystem, 167–78. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230607309_10.
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Zaman, M., K. Kleineidam, L. Bakken, J. Berendt, C. Bracken, K. Butterbach-Bahl, Z. Cai, et al. "Greenhouse Gases from Agriculture." In Measuring Emission of Agricultural Greenhouse Gases and Developing Mitigation Options using Nuclear and Related Techniques, 1–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55396-8_1.
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AbstractThe rapidly changing global climate due to increased emission of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs) is leading to an increased occurrence of extreme weather events such as droughts, floods, and heatwaves. The three major GHGs are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). The major natural sources of CO2 include ocean–atmosphere exchange, respiration of animals, soils (microbial respiration) and plants, and volcanic eruption; while the anthropogenic sources include burning of fossil fuel (coal, natural gas, and oil), deforestation, and the cultivation of land that increases the decomposition of soil organic matter and crop and animal residues. Natural sources of CH4 emission include wetlands, termite activities, and oceans. Paddy fields used for rice production, livestock production systems (enteric emission from ruminants), landfills, and the production and use of fossil fuels are the main anthropogenic sources of CH4. Nitrous oxide, in addition to being a major GHG, is also an ozone-depleting gas. N2O is emitted by natural processes from oceans and terrestrial ecosystems. Anthropogenic N2O emissions occur mostly through agricultural and other land-use activities and are associated with the intensification of agricultural and other human activities such as increased use of synthetic fertiliser (119.4 million tonnes of N worldwide in 2019), inefficient use of irrigation water, deposition of animal excreta (urine and dung) from grazing animals, excessive and inefficient application of farm effluents and animal manure to croplands and pastures, and management practices that enhance soil organic N mineralisation and C decomposition. Agriculture could act as a source and a sink of GHGs. Besides direct sources, GHGs also come from various indirect sources, including upstream and downstream emissions in agricultural systems and ammonia (NH3) deposition from fertiliser and animal manure.
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Knowles, Roger. "Methane: Processes of Production and Consumption." In Agricultural Ecosystem Effects on Trace Gases and Global Climate Change, 145–56. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/asaspecpub55.c10.
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Stevens, Gunnar, and Sebastian Draxler. "Appropriation of the Eclipse Ecosystem: Local Integration of Global Network Production." In Proceedings of COOP 2010, 287–308. London: Springer London, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-211-7_16.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Global Production Ecosystems"
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Marcelino-Jesus, Elsa, Andreia Artifice, Joao Sarraipa, Fernando Luís-Ferreira, Elisabeth Ilie-Zudor, and Ricardo Jardim-Goncalves. "Aquaculture Production Processes and Training Validation Through Serious Games." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-66941.
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Nowadays, and due to the shortage of wild fish in our seas, rivers and lakes has led to the growth of the aquaculture industry and consequently to the increase of existing aquaculture fish in the markets for domestic consumption to a global scale. In this sense, aquaculture plays a central role to feed the world population in a healthy way and simultaneously for the preservation of the aquatic ecosystems. Thus, the aquaculture production process can be determined by several factors namely biological, technological, economic, and environmental. The authors intend to address and validate such factors related to production processes in the AquaSmart project using serious games. The Serious Games strategy proposes to demonstrate the technological results of the project, namely data analytics tools able to generate new knowledge to improve aquaculture production processes. Additionally, it also intends to work as supporting training and marketing material, validating both the tools and the training programme.
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Paraschiv (Ganea), Gabriela Iuliana, Stefania-Rodica Hubel (Angel), and Elena Condrea. "The Life Cycle of Biodegradable and Compostable Packaging from the Perspective of Developing a Sustainable Bioeconomy." In 2nd International Conference Global Ethics - Key of Sustainability (GEKoS). LUMEN Publishing House, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/gekos2021/13.
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This paper aims to present a study linked with the evaluation of the life cycle of both biodegradable and compostable packaging focusing on the impact these have upon the environment, regardless of the life-cycle stage, actually looking at it as a whole. In this article, the evaluation process will focus on the final stage of the product's life - decommissioning and reintegration into the environment. At present, in order for products to be approved by consumers, who are increasingly selective about health and environmental protection, they need to send an appropriate message. The message for consumers can take different forms, being informed about: rational use of resources in the production process, economical and sustainable packaging, attestation of the quality of the product in question, the fact that they are sustainable (compared to similar products in trade). The explosive development of design technologies and software allows the identification of design solutions that lead to the optimization of the project in a new, clean, environmentally friendly formula. Eco-design must ensure technical and aesthetic accuracy, while identifying the optimal shape depending on the chosen material. Consumers are particularly concerned about its persistence in the environment, due to the decomposition time of 100 to 400 years (Zins Beauchesne et al., 2008), its non-renewable fossil resources and the amount of waste allocated to it. The presence of dispersed plastics in nature associated with their persistence in the environment causes major impacts on terrestrial and marine ecosystems (Allsopp et al., 2006). In this context, the objectives of this article are risk assessment, environmental performance assessment, environmental impact assessment and identification of possible changes in each phase of the life cycle of both biodegradable as well as compostable packaging, which in turn may be the originator source of environmental benefits.
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Stysley, Paul R., D. Barry Coyle, Greg B. Clarke, Erich Frese, Gordon Blalock, Peter Morey, Richard B. Kay, Demetrios Poulios, and Michael Hersh. "Laser production for NASA's Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) lidar." In SPIE Defense + Security, edited by Monte D. Turner and Gary W. Kamerman. SPIE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2239889.
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Sarbu, Teodor, Angela Dorogan, Cristina Grosu, and Cristina Elena Stroe. "Innovative tool for the circular design of technical textiles." In The 8th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2020.iv.20.
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Our planet is going through political, economic, social and ecological crisis, which are constantly feeding each other. Human activities driven by a rapidly growing global population, unsustainable economic growth, technological innovations, but also inappropriate production practices and consumption models- create increasing pressures on ecosystems and natural resources. Neither the social nor the ecological crisis can't be overpassed without changing the way of our economic system works and which involves the manner how innovative transformations take place. In this context, it is mandatory to use design as a strategy consist of people to understand the basic principles of design: user orientation, empathy, mental and physical process, future orientation, visual approach, co-creativity, interconnection of complex systems, continuous testing and iteration. The circular design is an innovative tool for implementing the circular economy whose main purpose is: "to connect all material flows, integrating them in a circular process, which ensures efficient consumption of resources and minimizes the amount of resulting waste". The paper presents a practical example of using an interactive map, owned by Delft University of Technology (Netherlands), applied as a technical analysis tool, in order to determine the reuse potential of a technical product components, specifically a laptop bag for transporting personal IT equipment.
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Khursheed, Aaiysha, George Simons, Brad Souza, and Jennifer Barnes. "Quantification of Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions From California Self-Generation Incentive Program Projects." In ASME 2007 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2007-22109.
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Over the past few decades, interest in the effects of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on global climate change has peaked. Increasing temperatures worldwide have been blamed for numerous negative impacts on agriculture, weather, forestry, marine ecosystems, and human health. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reports that the primary GHG emitted in the U.S. is carbon dioxide (CO2), most of which stems from fossil fuel combustion [1]. In fact, CO2 represents approximately 85% of all GHG emissions nationwide. The other primary GHGs include nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), ozone (O3), and fluorinated gases. Since the energy sector is responsible for a majority of the GHGs released into the atmosphere, policies that address their mitigation through the production of electricity using renewable fuels and distributed generation are of significant interest. Use of renewable fuels and clean technologies to meet energy demand instead of relying on traditional electrical grid systems is expected to result in fewer CO2 and CH4 emissions, hence reducing global climate change impacts. Technologies considered cleaner include photovoltaics, wind turbines, and combined heat and power (CHP) devices using microturbines or internal combustion engines. The Self-Generation Incentive Program (SGIP) in California [2] provides incentives for the installation of these technologies under certain circumstances. This paper assesses the GHG emission impacts from California’s SGIP during the 2005 program year by estimating the reductions in CO2 and CH4 released when SGIP projects are in operation. Our analysis focuses on these emissions since these are the two GHGs characteristic of SGIP projects. Results of this analysis show that emissions of GHGs are reduced due to the SGIP. This is because projects operating under this program reduce reliance on electricity generated by conventional power plants and encourage the use of renewable fuels, such as captured waste heat and methane.
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Chang, Shunli, and Qingdong Shi. "Net ecosystem production in the arid land in northwest China from 1982 to 2001." In Second International Conference on Earth Observation for Global Changes, edited by Xianfeng Zhang, Jonathan Li, Guoxiang Liu, and Xiaojun Yang. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.836463.
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Holthus, Paul F. "Creating Multi-Sectoral Ocean Industry Leadership in Marine Spatial Management." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79044.
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Marine spatial management is emerging as a key tool for managing and conserving marine ecosystems. The development and implementation of ocean zoning, especially Marine Protected Area (MPA) networks, is expanding rapidly around the world. At a global scale, ocean zoning and MPAs are being pursued in many processes through a variety of governmental, inter-governmental (e.g. UN agencies, regional bodies), with significant input from non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Ocean industries, e.g. oil and gas, shipping, fisheries, aquaculture, etc. are the principle user group affected by ocean zoning. Important new ocean uses are under development as well, e.g. offshore wind, ocean energy, carbon sequestration. The creation of ocean zones, such as MPA networks, will have major effects on industry access to marine space and resources, with significant implications for exploration, development, production and transport. It is essential that the industry constructively engage with marine spatial management efforts and stakeholders to ensure that the process is well informed and balanced. This will increase the potential for industry to respect the management regulations of ocean areas often far removed from the reach of governments. Unfortunately, industry is often not present at key ocean zoning developments, especially at the international level, and is not engaged in a constructive, coordinated manner that brings together the range of industries operating in the marine environment. Barriers to industry involvement in marine spatial management include: 1) Lack of understanding of the movement and momentum behind ocean zoning efforts; 2) Limited engagement in the multi-stakeholder processes where zoning is moving most rapidly, e.g. Convention on Biological Diversity, because industry is engaged in sectoral processes; 3) Lack of means for engaging the broader ocean business community on marine management and sustainability issues, particularly at a global level. This paper will outline the need, opportunity and progress in creating proactive, constructive industry leadership and collaboration on ocean zoning, including: 1) Developing an understanding of marine spatial management issues, stakeholders and process; 2) Actively engaging in key international multi-stakeholder processes that are pursuing MPAs and other zoning efforts; 3) Building constructive relationships among ocean industries and other ocean zoning stakeholders; 4) Creating practical experience by constructively engaging in ocean zoning developments in a specific regions.
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Palliggiano, Diana, Paola Maria Pedroni, Elena Pavanel, Michele Marconi, Assel Baizhigitova, Jason Sali, Timothy Reed, and Pippa Howard. "Addressing and managing reliance and potential impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services of Oil & Gas global operations." In International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/155445-ms.
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Tabeta, Shigeru, and Haruki Yoshimoto. "Investigation of Carbon Budget Around Artificial Upwelling Generator by a Coupled Physical-Biological Model." In ASME 2007 26th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2007-29653.
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There are several projects of generating upwelling by artificial structures to enhance the primary production expecting fish catch increase. From the view point of global environment, CO2 budget between atmosphere and ocean due to such technologies are also interesting. In this study, a coupled physical-biological model was developed to simulate the nitrogen and carbon cycles around artificial upwelling generator. The model is focusing on the degradation of particulate organic matter, because the process should much affects on the efficiency of the biological pump. The model is tuned by using the experimental data and applied to simulate the material cycle in the target area which is located north of Ikitsuki Island located northwest of Kyusyu, Japan, where an artificial seabed mound is installed to generate upwelling. The long-term carbon budget is also estimated by vertical one-dimensional ecosystem model using the parameters determined from the results of the three-dimensional coupled physical-biological model.
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Burra, K. G., and A. K. Gupta. "Isothermal Splitting of CO2 to CO Using Cobalt-Ferrite Redox Looping." In ASME 2020 Power Conference collocated with the 2020 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2020-16960.
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Abstract Rising atmospheric CO2 levels from significant imbalance between carbon emissions from fossil fuel utilization, especially for energy and chemicals, and natural carbon sequestration rates is known to drive-up the global temperatures and associated catastrophic climate changes, such as rising mean sea level, glacial melting, and extinction of ecosystems. Carbon capture and utilization techniques are necessary for transition from fossil fuel infrastructure to renewable energy resources to help delay the dangers of reaching to the point of positive feedback between carbon emissions and climate change which can drive terrestrial conditions to uninhabitable levels. CO2 captured from the atmosphere directly or from flue gases of a power plant can be recycled and transformed to CO and syngas for use as energy and value-added chemicals. Utilizing renewable energy resources to drive CO2 conversion to CO via thermochemical redox looping can provide a carbon negative renewable energy conversion pathway for sustainable energy production as well as value-added products. Substituted ferrites such as Co-ferrite, Mnferrite were found to be promising materials to aid the conversion of CO2 to CO at lower reduction temperatures. Furthermore, the conversion of these materials in the presence of Al2O3 provided hercynite cycling, which further lowered the reduction temperature. In this paper, Co-ferrite and Co-ferrite-alumina prepared via co-precipitation were investigated to understand their potential as oxygen carriers for CO2 conversion under isothermal redox looping. Isothermal reduction looping provided improved feasibility in redox conversion since it avoids the need for temperature swinging which improves thermal efficiency. These efforts alleviates the energy losses in heat recovery while also reducing thermal stresses on both the materials and the reactor. Lab-scale testing was carried out at 1673 K on these materials for extended periods and multiple cycles to gain insights into cyclic performance and the feasibility of sintering, which is a common issue in iron-oxide-based oxygen carriers. Cobalt doping provided with lowering of reduction temperature requirement at the cost of oxidation thermodynamic spontaneity that required increased oxidation temperature. At the concentrations examined, these opposing phenomenon made isothermal redox operation feasible by providing high CO yields comparable to oxygen carriers in the literature, which were operated at different temperatures for reduction and oxidation. Significantly high CO yields (∼ 750 μmol/g) were obtained from Co-ferrite isothermal redox looping. Co-ferrite-alumina provided lower CO yields compared to Co-ferrite. The oxygen storage was similar to those reported in the literature on isothermal H2O splitting, but with improved morphological stability at high temperature, especially compared to ferrite. This pathway of oxygen carrier development is considered suitable with further requirement in optimization for scaling of renewable CO2 conversion into valuable products.