Relevant bibliographies by topics / Global population

Academic literature on the topic 'Global population'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Global population"

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Morgan, Douglas, Ricardo Dominguez, Temitope Keku, and Paris Heidt. "UNIQUE GLOBAL POPULATION." American Journal of Gastroenterology 99 (October 2004): S42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14309/00000434-200410001-00125.

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Demeny, Paul. "Global population trends." Environmental Impact Assessment Review 10, no. 4 (December 1990): 323–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0195-9255(90)90026-v.

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McNicoll, Geoffrey, and Nicholas Polunin. "Population and Global Security." Population and Development Review 24, no. 3 (September 1998): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2808174.

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Alford, Ross A., Philip M. Dixon, and Joseph H. K. Pechmann. "Global amphibian population declines." Nature 412, no. 6846 (August 2001): 499–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35087658.

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Houlahan, Jeff E., C. Scott Findlay, Andrea H. Meyer, Sergius L. Kuzmin, and Benedikt R. Schmidt. "Global amphibian population declines." Nature 412, no. 6846 (August 2001): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35087661.

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Jasny, B. R. "Global population growth continuing." Science 346, no. 6206 (October 9, 2014): 204–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.346.6206.204-k.

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Doyle, Rodger. "Global Fertility and Population." Scientific American 276, no. 3 (March 1997): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0397-26.

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Winker, Margaret A. "The Aging Global Population." JAMA 276, no. 21 (December 4, 1996): 1758. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1996.03540210066037.

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Ryazantsev, Sergey, and Evgenia Moiseeva. "The impact of global climate change on migration in the Russian Federation and Central Asian countries." Population 25, no. 3 (September 29, 2022): 18–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2022.25.3.2.

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Global climate change has a dramatic impact on the environment, transforming the conditions of human life and economic activities, which affects migration patterns as well. Climatic conditions have always played a crucial role in population distribution in Russia. Today, the impact of severe climatic regime of the Northern Russian territories is becoming increasingly aggravated with the negative effects of the global climate change, spurring up the population outflow from such strategically important regions as the Far North, Siberia, and the Far East. This study aims at estimating the role of environmental factors in this process on the basis of analysis of statistical data on the distribution of migrants by reasons for resettlement. Results of the analysis proved that climatic conditions are a powerful push/pull factor of internal migration in Russia; hence, as the climate change progresses, the population outflow especially from the Russian North is likely to become more intense. On the other hand, the climate change has already become a serious problem for Central Asian countries, creating risks for food security, water supply and energy systems there. Gradual environmental deterioration provokes socio-economic crises which force the population of vulnerable areas to migrate in search of livelihood sustainability. The majority of such migrants resettle within their countries, but a part is likely to move to Russia following the traditional labor migration patterns. Our preliminary estimates show that by 2050Russia is going to get additionally up to 120,000 migrants from Central Asia in total. In the authors' opinion this trend should be considered as positive both from the point of view of a contribution to the population of Russia, and from the point of view of Central Asian population's adaptation to the climate change.
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Cha, Yee-Min, and Scott A. Brown. "Media Clips: Global Population Explosion; U.S. Population Growth." Mathematics Teacher 105, no. 3 (October 2011): 170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mathteacher.105.3.0170.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Global population"

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Alvarez, Luis Emilio. "Radiation dose to the global flying population." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/103443.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2016.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 57-60).
Civil airliner passengers and crew are exposed to elevated levels of radiation relative to being at sea level. Previous studies have assessed the radiation dose received in particular cases or for cohort studies. Here we present the first estimate of the total radiation dose received by the worldwide civilian flying population. We simulated flights globally from 2000 to 2013 using schedule data, applying a radiation propagation code to estimate the dose associated with each flight. Passengers flying in Europe and North America exceed the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) annual dose limits at an annual average of 510 or 420 flight hours per year, respectively. However, this falls to 160 or 120 hours on specific routes under maximum exposure conditions.
by Luis Emilio Alvarez.
S.M.
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Garcia-Carreras, Bernardo. "Global effects of climate change on animal population dynamics." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/14695.

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Climate change affects many statistical descriptions of the environment. The impact of changes in mean environmental conditions on animal populations has been widely reported. The variability and autocorrelation of environmental variables are also changing over time, yet less research has focussed on what impact these changes may have on populations. Is the research focus on changes in mean conditions justified? How do changes in different statistical descriptions of climate change affect populations, and how do the impacts compare? To answer these questions, we developed a simple stochastic population model, explicitly linked to the environment, and compared the impacts of changes in environmental mean and variability. We found, using both the long-term stochastic growth rate and extinction risk as proxies for population fitness, that changes in variability have a significant impact on population dynamics. The main gradient along which the relative importance of changes in environmental mean and variability varied was the population's distance from its ideal environment. We also re-analysed existing population models to yield the sensitivity of the population to changes in environmental mean and variability. Results support the findings from our model, and confirm the importance of changes in variability for population dynamics. Previous theoretical and laboratory studies concluded that the autocorrelation in the environment in part affects the autocorrelation in population time series. So far, this hypothesis has not been tested using empirical data. We used a database of population time series to find that the autocorrelation in mean summer temperature is significantly correlated with the autocorrelation in population time series. Results also show that environmental variables have become less autocorrelated in most geographical regions, suggesting that populations' autocorrelation may also be changing. Autocorrelation in population time series has been linked to extinction; these results may therefore have important implications for animal populations.
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Lutz, Wolfgang, and Samir KC. "Dimensions of global population projections: what do we know about future population trends and structures?" The Royal Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0133.

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The total size of the world population is likely to increase from its current 7 billion to 8-10 billion by 2050. This uncertainty is because of unknown future fertility and mortality trends in different parts of the world. But the young age structure of the population and the fact that in much of Africa and Western Asia, fertility is still very high makes an increase by at least one more billion almost certain. Virtually, all the increase will happen in the developing world. For the second half of the century, population stabilization and the onset of a decline are likely. In addition to the future size of the population, its distribution by age, sex, level of educational attainment and place of residence are of specific importance for studying future food security. The paper provides a detailed discussion of different relevant dimensions in population projections and an evaluation of the methods and assumptions used in current global population projections and in particular those produced by the United Nations and by IIASA.
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Liddle, Brantley T. (Brantley Thomas). "The environment-development-population system : a treatment of global sustainability." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10004.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1998.
Includes bibliographical references (v. 2, p. [268]-278).
by Brantley T. Liddle.
Ph.D.
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Mishra, Amrit Kumar. "Global change effects on seagrass ecosystem." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/11296.

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Rising carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in the atmosphere will increase the average pCO2 level in the world oceans, which will have a knock-on effect on the marine ecosystem. Coastal seagrass communities one of the most productive marine ecosystems are predicted to benefit from the increase in CO2 levels, but long-term effects of elevated CO2 on seagrass communities are less understood. Population reconstruction techniques was used to investigate the population dynamics of Cymodocea nodosa meadows, exposed to long term elevated CO2 at volcanic seeps off Greece and Italy. Effect of elevated CO2 was noticed on the growth, morphometry, density, biomass and age structure at CO2 seeps. Above to below ground biomass ratio of C. nodosa were higher at CO2 seeps than at reference sites. The plastochrome interval were similar at all CO2 seeps. The shoot age and shoot longevity of plants were lower at seeps than reference sites. The present recruitment (sampled year) of the seagrass were higher than long-term average recruitment of the communities near the seeps. Carbon to nitrogen ratios (%DW) of C. nodosa were higher in leaves at seeps. Annual leaf production was higher near the seeps. This study suggests increased production of C. nodosa under elevated CO2 levels, but other co-factors such as nutrients, trace metal toxicity must also be taken into consideration while predicting effects of future CO2 concentrations. Volcanic CO2 seeps are now being used as natural analogues for ocean acidification studies although these areas can be affected by trace element input and may alter ecosystem responses to gradient in carbonate chemistry. Here Fe and a range of trace elements (Cd, Co, Cu, Hg, Mn, Pb, Ni and Zn) were analysed from sediments and from the roots, rhizomes and leaves of seagrass at six CO2 seeps and reference sites off Greece and Italy. There were higher metal levels in sediment and seagrasses at all CO2 seeps than reference sites. Sediment Quality Guideline Quotient, a commonly used pollution index, indicated that some of the metals (Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni) were in high enough concentrations to have adverse biological effects, such as Cu at Ischia site and Hg at Vulcano. Higher accumulation of elements from sediments in roots and leaves at CO2 seeps were found from Bio Sediment Accumulation Factor index. There were higher levels of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in leaves and rhizomes for P. oceanica and higher levels of Cd, Co, Cu, Fe and Zn in C. nodosa compartments at CO2 seeps. Fe and Mn were found with positive correlation within sediment-roots and sediment-rhizomes, whereas Cd, Co and Pb were found with positive correlation in compartments of C. nodosa. In P. oceanica positive correlation were only observed for Cd within sediment-roots and plant compartments. Low pH and ocean acidification increased the concentration of elements at CO2 seeps than reference sites. Thus, caution is needed, when using volcanic seep systems as analogue for the effects of rising CO2, as metals can reach levels that are toxic to seagrass, masking any potential benefits of increased levels of carbon dioxide for seagrass productivity. Net community production (NCP) and community respiration (CR) were measured under air exposed and CO2 enriched conditions for intertidal Z. noltei meadows and unvegetated sediment communities during emersion in summer and winter seasons. Community production and respiration were measured in-situ using benthic chambers. CO2 flux under air and CO2 enriched conditions were measured over a series of short term incubations (30min) using an infra-red gas analyser. Incident photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) was recorded during the incubations covering the daily and seasonal variation. Linear regression model was used to test the effects of irradiance on net community production. NCP of Z. noltei community were higher under CO2 enriched conditions than air exposed conditions in both summer and winter seasons. There was no effect of CO2 on the CR rate of Z. noltei community in summer season. NCP of sediment community were higher in summer season and winter season under CO2 enriched conditions. Sediment CR rates were higher in winter than summer season. The light compensation point of Z. noltei and sediment community were lower in both seasons under CO2 enriched conditions. Seasonal budget of community production was higher in Z. noltei than sediment communities. A clear effect of PAR was noticed on the net community production of both communities. Higher PAR intensities resulted in higher NCP under CO2 enriched conditions for both communities. CO2 enrichment will have a positive effect on the intertidal communities during emersion.
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Dodgson, Richard Paul. "The women's health movement and the international conference on population and development : global social movement, population and the changing nature of international relations." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285376.

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Fitzpatrick, S. F. "Global population genetic structure of the pelagic blue shark (Prionace glauca)." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.557408.

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The blue shark, Prionace glauca, a large oceanic/pelagic predator with a continuous circumglobal distribution in temperate and tropical waters, is the most abundant and widespread of all extant shark species. They are heavily exploited in targeted and incidental fisheries worldwide. Concerns have been raised over the sustainability of such exploitation as severe declines in numbers have been recently observed. Sound management of any exploited fishery requires a proper understanding of the population sub structuring and basic breeding biology of the species involved. This is lacking for this ecological and economically important inhabitant of the open seas. In this study, we have developed nuclear microsatellite and mitochondrial (mtDNA) molecular markers for blue sharks. These were used in an assessment of the global population genetic structure of the species involving over 900 specimens sampled over its distribution range. Based on micro satellite data and 21 blue shark litters (N = 578 embryos), we have characterised the mating system ofthe species. Results from the analyses of microsatellite (16 loci) and mtDNA sequence (3,1 07bp) data indicate the presence of multiple stocks on a global scale (i.e. genetic substructuring). These genetic stocks were defined by major oceanic regions, thus confirming earlier physical tagging studies, which suggest that the equator acts as a barrier to dispersal between northern and southern oceans. Analysis of data comprising 32 complete mtDNA genomes, representing the distribution range species, provides new insights into the evolutionary history of blue sharks. Microsatellite DNA profiling of blue shark litters revealed a high incidence of polyandry (80.0%) in the species. Females of multiply sired litters were larger than those of single paternity litters. Furthermore, females demonstrated a tendency to have litters sired by more males as they became older and larger. Results are discussed in light of the high energetic cost associated with the aggressive nature of copulations.
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Saebelfeld, Manja [Verfasser]. "Community and population dynamics in lakes under global change / Manja Saebelfeld." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1149050667/34.

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Webb, Michael William S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Population strategies to decrease sodium intake : a global cost-effectiveness analysis." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84846.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Political Science, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 69-77).
Excessive sodium consumption is both prevalent and very costly in many countries around the world. Recent research has found that more than 90% of the world's adult population live in countries with mean intakes exceeding the World Health Organization's recommendation, and that more than a million deaths every year may be attributable to excess sodium. This study uses a simulation model to estimate, for the first time, the cost-effectiveness of government interventions to reduce population sodium consumption in every country in the world. It reveals substantial heterogeneity in cost-effectiveness by country that has never before been identified, and illustrates, also for the first time, the sensitivity of intervention efficacy to the theoretical-minimum-risk exposure distribution of sodium intake. The study makes a number of additional contributions. It offers a comprehensive appraisal of the methodological strengths and limitations of the surveys, imputation models, randomized controlled trials, prospective cohort studies, meta-analyses, and simulation models that together constitute the evidence base for public health recommendations on sodium intake, as well as for this study's own analysis. These methodological issues, some raised for the first time, are evaluated systematically to allow the relative quality of each input to be assessed and to inform prioritization of further research. The study also uses economic theory to ground a discussion of the proper nature and scope of government policies targeting population sodium consumption, and presents an up-to-date survey of sodium reduction initiatives around the world.
by Michael William Webb.
S.M.
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Juzak, Damian. "Effect of population characteristics and seasonal variation on anthrax epidemiology." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Internationell hälsa, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-41631.

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Introduction Anthrax is a disease caused by the spores of Bacillus anthracis and can have a high fatality rate. It is a zoonosis and mostly affecting animals. In this study I want to find out risk factors on population scale for anthrax cases and deaths in humans and animals, and look at the relation of anthrax with weather patterns. Methods I searched for anthrax outbreaks in different countries, mainly yearly reports. I looked at human cases, human deaths, livestock deaths and wildlife deaths. Different risk factors were considered: country size, population characteristics, Human Development Index (HDI), total cattle number, cattle per human ratio, mean annual temperature, mean temperature of the warmest 1 and 3 months, annual precipitation and minimum and maximum precipitation in 1 month and 3 months. Linear regression was used. Statistics were repeated without China because it was often the single outlier in the figures. Statistics were also repeated with the countries aggregated in continents because of the modifiable area unit problem. Results Data was found for 28 countries resulting in 36 data points. There was a significant relation between human cases and cattle number, human deaths, country size and population size. There were also significant relations between wildlife deaths and population size, country size and mean temperature of the warmest month. Without China relations between human cases and maximum precipitation in 1 and 3 months, and between livestock deaths and country size were significant. For continents a significant relation between human cases and cattle ratio, cattle deaths and HDI. Conclusion This study mainly shows that high cattle numbers and cattle deaths due to anthrax are risk factors for human cases. Also seasonal precipitation is a risk factor. Bigger country size and population size may be indirect risk factors as these usually accompany higher cattle numbers.
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Books on the topic "Global population"

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Feder, Natasha. Population & global sustainability. Toronto: Conservation Council of Ontario, 1992.

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Martins, Jo M., Fei Guo, and David A. Swanson. Global Population in Transition. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77362-9.

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Steve, Parker. Industry, population and global footprint. Mankato, Minn: QEB Pub., 2010.

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Population, resources, and conflict. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2011.

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Schwarz, John C. Global population from a Catholic perspective. Mystic, CT: Twenty-Third Publications, 1998.

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Moffett, George D. Global population growth: 21st century challenges. New York, N.Y: Foreign Policy Association, 1994.

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Critical masses: The global population challenge. New York: Viking, 1994.

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Mathematics and global survival. 2nd ed. Needham Heights, Mass: Ginn Press, 1991.

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Women, population and global crisis: A political-economic analysis. London: Zed Books, 1997.

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Birdsall, Nancy. Another look at population and global warming. Washington, DC (1818 H St., N.W., Washington 20433): Country Economics Department, the World Bank, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Global population"

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Snooks, Graeme Donald. "Population." In Global Transition, 229–53. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780333984796_13.

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Lawrence, Roderick J. "Population Policies." In Global Environmental Change, 579–83. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5784-4_92.

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Cohen, Robin, Paul Kennedy, and Maud Perrier. "Population and migration." In Global Sociology, 213–30. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-27246-1_13.

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Egerer, Matthias, Markus Zimmer, and Markus Probeck. "Population." In Regional Assessment of Global Change Impacts, 139–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16751-0_16.

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Räikkä, Juha. "Population Politics." In Encyclopedia of Global Justice, 880–81. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9160-5_34.

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ten Have, Henk, and Maria do Céu Patrão Neves. "Population Ethics." In Dictionary of Global Bioethics, 833. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54161-3_410.

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Aginam, Obijiofor. "Global Governance." In Macrosocial Determinants of Population Health, 159–67. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-70812-6_7.

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Liu, Yujie, and Jie Chen. "Mapping Global Population Changes." In Atlas of Global Change Risk of Population and Economic Systems, 87–94. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6691-9_5.

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AbstractThe increase in greenhouse gas emissions caused by human activities is considered as the main cause of global warming (Stocker et al. 2013). The rapid growth of population and economic activities in the twentieth century has brought unprecedented pressure on climate and the environment, and population has become an important topic in climate change research (Min et al. 2011; Diaz and Moore 2017; Forzieri et al. 2017). Accurate and robust predictions of population size and spatial distribution will help to assess the impact of climate change on socioeconomic development, human health, and resource demand and distribution, and provide a scientific basis for designing strategies to control greenhouse gas emissions and developing mitigation and adaptation policies (Lutz and Kc 2011; Field et al. 2014; Gerland et al. 2014).
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McCormick, John. "Population And Resources." In Introduction to Global Studies, 37–58. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-352-00400-7_3.

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Coole, Diana. "Population sustainability." In Essential Concepts of Global Environmental Governance, 196–97. Second edition. | Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367816681-79.

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Conference papers on the topic "Global population"

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Galiano, Gonzalo, and Ansgar Jüngel. "Global existence of solutions for a strongly coupled population system." In Mathematical Modelling of Population Dynamics. Warsaw: Institute of Mathematics Polish Academy of Sciences, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4064/bc63-0-9.

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Kuffer, Monika, Claudio Persello, Karin Pfeffer, Richard Sliuzas, and Vinodkumar Rao. "Do we underestimate the global slum population?" In 2019 Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event (JURSE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jurse.2019.8809066.

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Chen, Jianxin, Qing Liu, Junqin Huang, and Yun Hou. "An Adaptive Genetic Algorithm Based on Multi-population Parallel Evolutionary and Variable Population Size." In 2010 Second Global Congress on Intelligent Systems (GCIS). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gcis.2010.102.

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Motahari, Sara, Kosol Jintaseranee, Phyllis Reuther, and Hui Zang. "Regularity-based wireless subscriber population estimation." In GLOBECOM 2012 - 2012 IEEE Global Communications Conference. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/glocom.2012.6503942.

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KAPITZA, SERGEY. "GLOBAL POPULATION GROWTH AND THE FUTURE OF HUMANKIND." In Proceedings of the Conference on Future of the Universe and the Future of Our Civilization. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812793324_0022.

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El-Mihoub, Tarek A., Lars Nolle, and Christoph Tholen. "A Sequential Population-Based Search for AUVs." In Global Oceans 2020: Singapore - U.S. Gulf Coast. IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieeeconf38699.2020.9389365.

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Askarzadeh, Alireza, Leandro dos Santos Coelho, Carlos Eduardo Klein, and Viviana Cocco Mariani. "A population-based simulated annealing algorithm for global optimization." In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (SMC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/smc.2016.7844961.

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Shcherbacheva, Anna, and Tuomo Kauranne. "Population dynamics with limited perception establish global swarm topology." In European Conference on Artificial Life 2013. MIT Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/978-0-262-31709-2-ch093.

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Devoid, Wayne. "Multi-Resolution Global Population Model for Overflight Risk Analyses." In AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2006-6503.

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Freire, Sergio, Thomas Kemper, Martino Pesaresi, Aneta Florczyk, and Vasileios Syrris. "Combining GHSL and GPW to improve global population mapping." In IGARSS 2015 - 2015 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2015.7326329.

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Reports on the topic "Global population"

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Ezeh, Alex. Beyond Eight Billion: Why Population Continues to Matter for Global Development. Population Council, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pdr2022.1004.

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Dudhia, Jimy. Evolution in Cloud Population Statistics of the MJO: From AMIE Field Observations to Global Cloud-Permitting Models. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1222461.

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Zhang, Chidong. Evolution in Cloud Population Statistics of the MJO: From AMIE Field Observations to Global Cloud-Permiting Models. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1411217.

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Striessnig, Erich, Claudia Reiter, and Anna Dimitrova. Global improvements in Years of Good Life since 1950. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2021.res1.2.

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Human well-being at the national aggregate level is typically measured by GDP per capita, life expectancy or a composite index such as the HDI. A more recent alternative is the Years of Good Life (YoGL) indicator presented by Lutz et al. (2018; 2021). YoGL represents a refinement of life expectancy in which only those person-years in a life table are counted that are spent free from material (1), physical (2) or cognitive limitations (3), while being subjectively perceived as satisfying (4). In this article, we present the reconstruction of YoGL to 1950 for 140 countries. Since life expectancy – as reported by the UN World Population Prospects in fiveyearly steps – forms the basis of our reconstruction, the presented dataset is also available on a five-yearly basis. In addition, like life expectancy, YoGL can be flexibly calculated for different sub-populations. Hence, we present separate YoGL estimates for women and men. Due to a lack of data, only the material dimension can be reconstructed based directly on empirical inputs since 1950. The remaining dimensions are modelled based on information from the more recent past.
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5

Kollias, Pavlos. Evolution in Cloud Population Statistics of the MJO: From AMIE Field Observations to Global-Cloud Permitting Models Final Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1343071.

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6

Gradín, Carlos. WIID Companion (March 2021): global income distribution. UNU-WIDER, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/wtn/2021-6.

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This document is part of a series of technical notes describing the compilation of a new companion database that complements the UNU-WIDER World Income Inequality Database. It aims at facilitating the analysis of inequality as well as progress in achieving the global goal of reducing inequality within and across countries. This new dataset includes an annual series reporting the income distribution at the percentile level for all citizens in the world, regardless of where they live, from 1950 to the present. The global distribution is displayed along with the country-level information used to produce it. The dataset also includes estimates of various global absolute and relative inequality measures, and the income share of key population groups. All estimates are further disaggregated by the contribution of inequalities within and between countries, as well as by each country’s geographical region and income group. While previous technical notes described the selection of country income distribution series and the integration and standardization process to overcome the heterogeneity in original welfare concepts and other methods, I here describe all the necessary additional steps and assumptions made to construct the new global dataset.
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7

Deng, Min. Evolution in Cloud Population Statistics of the MJO. From AMIE Field Observations to Global-Cloud Permitting Models final report Version 1. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1233850.

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8

Chiel, Elad, and Christopher J. Geden. Development of sustainable fly management tools in an era of global warming. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598161.bard.

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House flies (Muscadomestica) are global pests of animal agriculture, causing major annoyance, carrying pathogens among production facilities and humans and thus have profound impacts on animal comfort and productivity. Successful fly control requires an integrated pest management (IPM) approach that includes elements of manure management, mass trapping, biological control, and selective insecticide use. Insecticidal control of house flies has become increasingly difficult due to the rapidity with which resistance develops, even to new active ingredients. Global climate change poses additional challenges, as the efficacy of natural enemies is uncertain under the higher temperatures that are predicted to become more commonplace in the future. The two major objectives of this research project were: 1) to develop a cost-effective autodissemination application method of Pyriproxifen (PPF), an insect growth regulator, for controlling house flies; 2) to study the effect of increasing temperatures on the interactions between house flies and their principal natural enemies. First, we collected several wild house fly populations in both countries and established that most of them are susceptible to PPF, although one population in each country showed initial signs of PPF-resistance. An important finding is that the efficacy of PPF is substantially reduced when applied in cows’ manure. We also found that PPF is compatible with several common species of parasitoids that attack the house fly, thus PPF can be used in IPM programs. Next, we tried to develop “baited stations” in which house flies will collect PPF on their bodies and then deliver and deposit it in their oviposition sites (= autodissemination). The concept showed potential in lab experiments and in outdoor cages trials, but under field conditions the station models we tested were not effective enough. We thus tested a somewhat different approach – to actively release a small proportion of PPF-treated flies. This approach showed positive results in laboratory experiments and awaits further field experiments. On the second topic, we performed two experimental sets: 1) we collected house flies and their parasitoids from hot temperature and mild temperature areas in both countries and, by measuring some fitness parameters we tested whether the ones collected from hot areas are better adapted to BARD Report - Project 4701 Page 2 of 16 heat. The results showed very little differences between the populations, both of flies and parasitoids. 2) A “fast evolution” experiment, in which we reared house flies for 20 generations under increasing temperatures. Also here, we found no evidence for heat adaptation. In summary, pyriproxyfen proved to be a highly effective insect growth regulator for house flies that is compatible with it’s natural enemies. Although our autodissemination stations yielded disappointing results, we documented the proportion of flies in a population that must be exposed to PPF to achieve effective fly control. Both the flies and their principal parasitoids show no evidence for local adaptation to high temperatures. This is an encouraging finding for biological control, as our hypothesis was that the fly would be adapting faster to high temperatures than the parasitoids. BARD Report - Project 4701 Page 3 of 16
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9

Gust, Sarah. Global Universal Basic Skills: Current Deficits and Implications for World Development. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-risewp_2022/114.

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How far is the world away from ensuring that every child obtains the basic skills needed to be internationally competitive? And what would accomplishing this mean for world development? Based on the micro data of international and regional achievement tests, we map achievement onto a common (PISA) scale. We then estimate the share of children not achieving basic skills for 159 countries that cover 98.1 percent of world population and 99.4 percent of world GDP. We find that at least two-thirds of the world’s youth do not reach basic skill levels, ranging from 24 percent in North America to 89 percent in South Asia and 94 percent in Sub-Saharan Africa. Our economic analysis suggests that the present value of lost world economic output due to missing the goal of global universal basic skills amounts to over $700 trillion over the remaining century, or 11 percent of discounted GDP.
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10

Breiman, Adina, Jan Dvorak, Abraham Korol, and Eduard Akhunov. Population Genomics and Association Mapping of Disease Resistance Genes in Israeli Populations of Wild Relatives of Wheat, Triticum dicoccoides and Aegilops speltoides. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697121.bard.

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Wheat is the most widely grown crop on earth, together with rice it is second to maize in total global tonnage. One of the emerging threats to wheat is stripe (yellow) rust, especially in North Africa, West and Central Asia and North America. The most efficient way to control plant diseases is to introduce disease resistant genes. However, the pathogens can overcome rapidly the effectiveness of these genes when they are wildly used. Therefore, there is a constant need to find new resistance genes to replace the non-effective genes. The resistance gene pool in the cultivated wheat is depleted and there is a need to find new genes in the wild relative of wheat. Wild emmer (Triticum dicoccoides) the progenitor of the cultivated wheat can serve as valuable gene pool for breeding for disease resistance. Transferring of novel genes into elite cultivars is highly facilitated by the availability of information of their chromosomal location. Therefore, our goals in this study was to find stripe rust resistant and susceptible genotypes in Israeli T. dicoccoides population, genotype them using state of the art genotyping methods and to find association between genetic markers and stripe rust resistance. We have screened 129 accessions from our collection of wild emmer wheat for resistance to three isolates of stripe rust. About 30% of the accessions were resistant to one or more isolates, 50% susceptible, and the rest displayed intermediate response. The accessions were genotyped with Illumina'sInfinium assay which consists of 9K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. About 13% (1179) of the SNPs were polymorphic in the wild emmer population. Cluster analysis based on SNP diversity has shown that there are two main groups in the wild population. A big cluster probably belongs to the Horanum ssp. and a small cluster of the Judaicum ssp. In order to avoid population structure bias, the Judaicum spp. was removed from the association analysis. In the remaining group of genotypes, linkage disequilibrium (LD) measured along the chromosomes decayed rapidly within one centimorgan. This is the first time when such analysis is conducted on a genome wide level in wild emmer. Such a rapid decay in LD level, quite unexpected for a selfer, was not observed in cultivated wheat collection. It indicates that wild emmer populations are highly suitable for association studies yielding a better resolution than association studies in cultivated wheat or genetic mapping in bi-parental populations. Significant association was found between an SNP marker located in the distal region of chromosome arm 1BL and resistance to one of the isolates. This region is not known in the literature to bear a stripe rust resistance gene. Therefore, there may be a new stripe rust resistance gene in this locus. With the current fast increase of wheat genome sequence data, genome wide association analysis becomes a feasible task and efficient strategy for searching novel genes in wild emmer wheat. In this study, we have shown that the wild emmer gene pool is a valuable source for new stripe rust resistance genes that can protect the cultivated wheat.
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