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Journal articles on the topic 'Global income distribution'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Onaran, Özlem, and Giorgos Galanis. "Income Distribution and Growth: A Global Model." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 46, no. 10 (January 2014): 2489–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a46265.

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2

Argitis, George, and Christos Pitelis. "GLOBAL FINANCE, INCOME DISTRIBUTION AND CAPITAL ACCUMULATION." Contributions to Political Economy 25, no. 1 (June 23, 2006): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cpe/bzl005.

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3

Hillebrand, Evan. "The Global Distribution of Income in 2050." World Development 36, no. 5 (May 2008): 727–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.05.013.

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4

Roope, Laurence, Miguel Niño-Zarazúa, and Finn Tarp. "How polarized is the global income distribution?" Economics Letters 167 (June 2018): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2018.03.013.

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5

Park, Donghyun. "Recent trends in the global distribution of income." Journal of Policy Modeling 23, no. 5 (July 2001): 497–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0161-8938(01)00059-x.

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6

Melchior, Arne, and Kjetil Telle. "Global Income Distribution 1965–98: Convergence and Marginalisation." Forum for Development Studies 28, no. 1 (June 2001): 75–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08039410.2001.9666158.

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7

Aguiar de Medeiros, Carlos, and Nicholas Trebat. "Inequality and Income Distribution in Global Value Chains." Journal of Economic Issues 51, no. 2 (April 3, 2017): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2017.1320916.

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8

Sefil-Tansever, Sinem. "Income Distribution in Turkey during the Global Financial Crisis." Research in Applied Economics 9, no. 3 (September 8, 2017): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/rae.v9i3.11709.

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The aim of this study is to examine mechanism responsible for the behavior of the income and earning inequality in Turkey during the global financial crisis based on data from the 2006 to 2014 Income and Living Conditions Survey. Gini decomposition by income source is employed in order to provide an analysis of the contribution of the various income sources to the evolution of income inequality and to assess the impact of a marginal percentage change in the income from a particular source on income inequality. For examining the contributions of specific variables (education, position in occupation, economic sector) to the interpretation of labor earnings inequality in terms of their gross and marginal contribution, we use static decomposition of Theil T index.

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9

Klinov, V. G., and A. A. Sidorov. "World trends in the distribution of national incomes and problems of economic and social development." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 7 (July 28, 2018): 30–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2018-7-30-44.

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The authors have analyzed trends of ever-growing inequality in the distribution of income and wealth in major national and world economies over the last 40 years. The prospects of further increase in the unequal distribution of national incomes are fraught with far-reaching social, political and economic upheavals. The prospects of this kind are highly possible because of the trend to decrease the rates of income taxes (coerced by global competition) that leads to unequal national income distribution. The authors elaborate patterns of possible changes in fiscal policy that could serve for better quality of life for all strata of the population despite unequal distribution of national incomes.

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10

Minor, Rebeca Rodríguez. "Compassionate Capitalism - The Pursuit of Equal Income Distribution." Asian Journal of Social Science Studies 2, no. 4 (November 20, 2017): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/ajsss.v2i4.262.

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During the last decades, the great weaknesses of capitalism have flourished. Inequality of income distribution has worsened painfully, the gap between rich and poor widens more and more every day, and just a few lucky entrepreneurs in the world are able to enjoy the capital benefits of the global system. Hunger, poverty, demographic explosion, ageing, and unbridled mass migration, among other factors, have become critical social dilemmas directly related to capitalist deviations, all of which cause us to foresee a chaotic world scenario in the near future. The numbers shown in this article confirm that the world’s economic disparity, instead of diminishing, is increasing at an alarming rate. Unfortunately, since the world economy completely depends on capitalism, this system is still extremely powerful and influential in global decision-making, thus further aggravating economic disparity. Therefore, as it is not possible to avoid the capitalist system, we will make proposals that are feasible for implementing within the current capitalist tendencies in order to alleviate global imbalance. Compassionate Capitalism is an alternative that promotes flexibilization of the system in order to make it more sustainable. It seeks to diminish corporate control over the economy and markets by regaining the State’s economic intervention so that profits are fairly redistributed for the common welfare. The information used for the study is based on the most recent international reports and global circumstances of the topics in question.

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11

Pogge; Reddy, Thomas; Sanjay G. "Unknown: The Extent, Distribution and Trend of Global Income Poverty." Enrahonar. Quaderns de filosofia 40 (July 7, 2008): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/enrahonar.297.

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12

MYRZHYKBAYEVA, Ainur, Gulnur RAIKHANOVA, Serikzhan BAIBOSSYNOV, Azamat ZHANSEITOV, and Argyn TUKEYEV. "THE TRENDS AND THE REASONS BEHIND SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCED INEQUALITY: THE CASE OF BRAZIL." Public Administration and Civil Service, no. 2-77 (June 29, 2021): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.52123/1994-2370-2021-315.

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This article combines individual data from household surveys in the Latin American countries to obtain a regional income and analyse its distribution and recent changes. It concentrates upon whether distributive changes in the countries over the past decade have improved income distribution between individuals or widened gaps. The region’s indicators of global inequality declined considerably during 1997-2014. This decline in global inequality is explained essentially by the reduction of inequality within Latin American countries, especially in Brazil. The incomes of the inhabitants of Latin America are now more equal in relative terms than a decade ago, although differences in the countries’ average incomes have increased.

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13

Hung, Ho-fung. "Recent Trends in Global Economic Inequality." Annual Review of Sociology 47, no. 1 (July 31, 2021): 349–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-090320-105810.

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Since the 1980s, globalization has reduced between-country inequality and increased within-country inequality in most countries. There has been a debate about whether global inequality, which combines both between- and within-country inequalities, increased or decreased. With more adequate and updated data over the past two decades, this debate has been settled. Global inequality unmistakably diminished in the age of globalization. Underlying this reduction in aggregate global inequality is the rise of China and India into the middle strata of the global income distribution, income stagnation of the working class in rich countries, and the expansion of internal inequality in poor and rich countries. This shift in global income distribution contributed to new geopolitical conflicts and political backlash against globalization in the developed world. This global distributive politics will in turn determine the future of globalization and shape the trajectory of global income inequality change.

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14

Madrueño-Aguilar, Rogelio. "Global Income Distribution and the Middle-Income Strata: Implications for the World Development Taxonomy Debate." European Journal of Development Research 29, no. 1 (January 2017): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2015.61.

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15

Galbraith, James K. "A global macroeconomics – yes, macroeconomics, dammit – of inequality and income distribution." Review of Keynesian Economics 7, no. 1 (January 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/roke.2019.01.01.

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16

Othman, Anwar Hasan Abdullah, Syed Musa Alhabshi, Salina Kassim, Adam Abdullah, and Razali Haron. "The impact of monetary systems on income inequity and wealth distribution." International Journal of Emerging Markets 15, no. 6 (April 2, 2020): 1161–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-06-2019-0473.

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PurposeThis study uses the autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL) econometric approach to investigate empirically the effects of cryptocurrencies, the gold standard and traditional fiat money on global income inequality measured based on the Gini coefficient, and various ratios of income inequality distribution such as top 1 per cent, top 10 per cent, top 40 per cent and top 50 per cent.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses the ARDL econometric approach.FindingsThe findings indicated that cryptocurrency and gold standard monetary systems contributed significantly to reducing global inequality of income and wealth distribution. Conversely, the traditional fiat money system contributes positively to global income and wealth inequality while also contributing significantly to their fluctuation.Practical implicationsThis suggests that the fiat monetary system results in the coercive redistribution of income and wealth if governments pursue a social welfare policy. They must resolve this conflict between the current fiat monetary system and social policy by opting for an alternative monetary system such as cryptocurrency or gold standard. These alternative monetary systems offer the promise of resolving the income and wealth inequality associated with the traditional monetary system which are accompanied with the channels of inflation, lack of financial inclusion and debt creation, and to offer a more sustainable financial system.Originality/valueThe study recommends that monetary policy must be revisited to account for its direct effect on income and wealth redistribution to achieve social welfare goals.

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17

Gilbert, Marius, Giulia Conchedda, Thomas P. Van Boeckel, Giuseppina Cinardi, Catherine Linard, Gaëlle Nicolas, Weerapong Thanapongtharm, et al. "Income Disparities and the Global Distribution of Intensively Farmed Chicken and Pigs." PLOS ONE 10, no. 7 (July 31, 2015): e0133381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133381.

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18

Navarro, Jose, and Vegard Skirbekk. "Income inequality and religion globally 1970–2050." Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis 28 (April 4, 2018): 175–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30674/scripta.70072.

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Economic inequality is a paramount issue for the future of global affairs and interreligious relations. This study contributes to the field by providing the first ever estimates of global inequality by religion. We combine estimations and projections of religious compositions and distribution of income by age and sex across the world between 1970 and 2050. Understanding economic inequality from a religious dimension can contribute to decreasing tension, creating targeted pol-icies and reducing the risks of social upheaval and conflict. We find that in societies with higher proportions of religiously unaffiliated populations, income distribution is more equal than in religious ones. We also describe the inequality of distribution of income within religious groups and find that Christian and Jewish societies tend to be the most unequal, while inequality has risen substantially across all societies, concomitant with strong economic growth. Societies formed of Muslim, Hindu and unaffiliated populations are among the more equal ones. Muslim societies have experienced the highest rise in income inequality of all religions since 1990.

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19

LEATHERMAN, JOHN C., and DAVID W. MARCOUILLER. "Income Distribution Characteristics of Rural Economic Sectors: Implications for Local Development Policy." Growth and Change 27, no. 4 (October 1996): 434–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1996.tb00976.x.

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20

HALLERÖD, BJÖRN. "Gender inequality from beyond the grave: intra-household distribution and wellbeing after spousal loss." Ageing and Society 33, no. 5 (April 12, 2012): 783–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x12000268.

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ABSTRACTThe present article integrates research on spousal loss among older people and research on intra-household income distribution and relates pre-loss intra-household distribution of incomes to post-loss wellbeing. Data are drawn from the Swedish Panel Survey of Ageing and the Elderly (PSAE) and consist of couples that were married in the mid-1990s (N=1,503) and that were either still married (N=1,262) or who had experienced spousal loss (N=241) in 2002–03. The results showed that large intra-household pre-loss income differences increased the occurrence of psycho-social problems among both widows and widowers. Hence, unequal intra-household distribution of resources makes the coping process harder for both men and women. It was also shown that unequal pre-loss distribution of incomes affected a measure of global wellbeing among widowers. Widows suffered to a greater degree from economic difficulties, but these difficulties were not related to pre-loss distribution of incomes. Thus, the overall results showed that a gendered labour market that generates an unequal intra-household distribution of incomes has repercussions not only for gender equality among intact households, but also for the coping process of both widows and widowers.

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21

Nazir, Muhammad, Asim Al-Ansari, Khalifa Al-Khalifa, Muhanad Alhareky, Balgis Gaffar, and Khalid Almas. "Global Prevalence of Periodontal Disease and Lack of Its Surveillance." Scientific World Journal 2020 (May 28, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2146160.

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Background. Periodontal disease is a public health problem and is strongly associated with systemic diseases; however, its worldwide distribution is not fully understood. Objective. To evaluate global data of periodontal disease: (1) among adolescents, adults, and older population and (2) in low-, middle-, and high-income countries. Methods. This ecological study included data of periodontal disease from the World Health Organization’s data bank which are based on the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN code: 0 = no disease; 1 = bleeding on probing; 2 = calculus; 3 = periodontal pocket (PD) 4-5 mm; 4 = PD (6+ mm). Age- and income-related periodontal disease inequalities were evaluated across the globe. Results. Compared with 9.3% of adults and 9.7% of older persons, 21.2% of adolescents had no periodontal disease (P=0.005). Nearly 18.8% of adolescents compared with 8.9% of adults and 5% of older persons had bleeding on probing (P≤0.001). Similarly, 50.3% of adolescents, 44.6% of adults, and 31.9% older persons demonstrated the occurrence of calculus (P=0.01). On the other hand, older persons had the highest prevalence of PD 4-5 mm and PD 6+ mm than adults and adolescents (P≤0.001). The distribution of periodontitis (CPITN code 3 + 4) in adults differed significantly in low- (28.7%), lower-middle- (10%), upper-middle- (42.5%), and high-income countries (43.7%) (P=0.04). However, no significant differences in periodontitis (CPITN code 3 + 4) were observed in adolescents and older persons in low- to high-income countries. Conclusions. Within the limitations of data, this study found that the distribution of periodontal disease increases with age. Periodontitis was the most common in older persons and in population from high-income countries.

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22

Fails, Matthew D., and Jonathan Krieckhaus. "Colonialism, Property Rights and the Modern World Income Distribution." British Journal of Political Science 40, no. 3 (July 2010): 487–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123410000141.

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Influential studies by Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson claim that colonial legacies explain the origins of development-promoting property rights and thus account for the modern world income distribution. Specifically, they argue that European colonial powers engineered a global ‘reversal of fortune’, bringing property rights and prosperity to relatively uninhabited colonies while imposing inefficient institutions on locales with less potential for settlement. We re-evaluate their theoretical arguments and empirical findings and come to a different conclusion. We concur that British colonialism dramatically restructured four colonies, resulting in phenomenal economic success. For the majority of the world, however, colonialism had no discernible effect on property rights. We conclude that contemporary development studies must find another explanation for the modern world income distribution.

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23

Ahmed, Amer, Maurizio Bussolo, Marcio Cruz, Delfin S. Go, and Israel Osorio-Rodarte. "Global Inequality in a more educated world." Journal of Economic Inequality 18, no. 4 (July 20, 2020): 585–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10888-020-09440-z.

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Abstract Better-educated and younger cohorts from developing countries are entering the global labor market. This education wave is altering the skill and geographic composition of the global labor market, and impacting income distribution, at the national and global levels. This paper analyzes how this education wave reshapes global inequality over the long run using a general-equilibrium macro-micro simulation framework that covers harmonized household surveys for almost 90% of the world population. The findings suggest that global income inequality will likely decrease by 2030. The expanding supply of better educated workers from developing countries will be a key factor, especially in supporting the reduction of income disparities between countries. The education wave will also minimize, mainly for developing countries, increases of within-country inequality linked to technological progress and its widening of wage premia.

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24

Vedder, Richard. "TAXES, GROWTH, EQUITY, AND WELFARE." Social Philosophy and Policy 23, no. 2 (May 23, 2006): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026505250606016x.

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The scholarly literature suggests high or increased tax burdens tend to reduce economic growth, lowering incomes. Some argue, however, that low taxes and high economic growth can have adverse income distribution consequences or can lead to utility-reducing under-consumption of needed public goods. Evidence is presented questioning those assertions. People seek happiness by moving, and tend to migrate to low tax areas. Moreover, there is little evidence that governmental expansion leads to truly greater equality. Appropriately measured, income equality is actually far greater than typically claimed. Moreover, income data suggest that the international equalization of incomes and global reduction of poverty largely reflect private sector activity, namely market forces working where the rule of law and strong protection of property rights prevails.

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Alvaredo, Facundo, Lucas Chancel, Thomas Piketty, Emmanuel Saez, and Gabriel Zucman. "The Elephant Curve of Global Inequality and Growth." AEA Papers and Proceedings 108 (May 1, 2018): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20181073.

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We present new evidence on global inequality and growth since 1980 using the World and Wealth Income Database. We plot the curve of cumulated growth from 1980 to 2016 by percentile of the global distribution of income per adult. This curve has an elephant shape due to high growth rates at the median (fast growth in China and India), modest growth rates above the median, and explosive growth rates at the top. We project the evolution of global inequality between now and 2050 combining projected macro growth rates and within country inequality evolution based on past trends.

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26

Izyumov, Alexei, and John Vahaly. "Recent trends in factor income shares: a global perspective." Journal of Economic Studies 41, no. 5 (September 2, 2014): 696–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-12-2012-0174.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide estimates of factor income shares for 79 developed, developing and transition economies representing close to 90 percent of the world output and to test for income share convergence. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses data from the United Nations National Accounts and World Bank World Development Indicator databases and the factor-income-share estimation methodology developed in Bernanke and Gurkaynak (2001) and Gollin (2002). Findings – The authors estimate indicated that the average levels of capital income (profit) shares in developing and transition countries are 1.4-1.5 times higher than in developed economies. During the period studied, profit shares in all groups of countries trended upwards. As a result, the “global” profit share increased thus extending the “labor share squeeze” of the 1980s and 1990s. Practical implications – The finding of persistent and significant differences in factor shares in countries of different development levels calls into question the assumption of uniform factor shares’ often made in studies of economic growth. The detection of a broadly based upward trend in profit shares has implications for studies of income distribution and inequality. Originality/value – The paper's contribution is in providing updated estimates of factor income shares for the broad sample of countries, including in particular transition economies, not covered in previous studies; confirming the positive link between profit share and country's income level; countering claims of factor income convergence and establishing the upward trend in “global” profit share.

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27

Biró, Tamás Sándor, Zoltán Néda, and András Telcs. "Entropic Divergence and Entropy Related to Nonlinear Master Equations." Entropy 21, no. 10 (October 11, 2019): 993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21100993.

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We reverse engineer entropy formulas from entropic divergence, optimized to given classes of probability distribution function (PDF) evolution dynamical equation. For linear dynamics of the distribution function, the traditional Kullback–Leibler formula follows from using the logarithm function in the Csiszár’s f-divergence construction, while for nonlinear master equations more general formulas emerge. As applications, we review a local growth and global reset (LGGR) model for citation distributions, income distribution models and hadron number fluctuations in high energy collisions.

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Tsai, Pan-Long, Chao-Hsi Huang, and Chih-Yuan Yang. "Impact of Globalization on Income Distribution Inequality in 60 Countries: Comments." Global Economy Journal 12, no. 3 (August 17, 2012): 1850266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/1524-5861.1845.

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In a recent article in the Global Economy Journal, Lei Zhou, Basudeb Biswas, Tyler Bowles and Peter J. Saunders (2011) have shown that globalization does not contribute to income inequality in a sample of 60 countries. In this comments we have demonstrated that their conclusion is misleading for improperly pooling countries with extremely different economic systems in their regression analyses. Specifically, only countries with sufficiently high level of development could expect to benefit from globalization as far as income distribution is concerned.

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Lakner, Christoph, and Branko Milanovic. "Global Income Distribution: From the Fall of the Berlin Wall to the Great Recession." World Bank Economic Review 30, no. 2 (August 12, 2015): 203–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhv039.

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30

Auld, M. Christopher. "Global country-level estimates of associations between adult height and the distribution of income." American Journal of Human Biology 30, no. 6 (October 4, 2018): e23138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23152.

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31

Johnson, Paul, and Chris Papageorgiou. "What Remains of Cross-Country Convergence?" Journal of Economic Literature 58, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 129–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.20181207.

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We examine the record of cross-country growth over the past fifty years and ask if developing countries have made progress on closing the income gap between their per capita incomes and those in the advanced economies. We conclude that, as a group, they have not and then survey the literature on absolute convergence with particular emphasis on that from the last decade or so. That literature supports our conclusion of a lack of progress in closing the income gap between countries. We close with a brief examination of the recent literature on cross-individual distribution of income, which finds that despite the lack of progress on cross country convergence, global inequality has tended to fall since 2000. ( JEL E01, E13, O11, O47, F41, F62)

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CHERENKO, L. M. "Ukrainian Middle Class in the New Millennium: Trends and Prospects." Demography and social economy, no. 4 (December 4, 2020): 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/dse2020.04.071.

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Ukrainian society has undergone various transformations over the past twenty years. Adverse economic conditions and ineffi cient income distribution policies deterred the for mation of a large middle-income group, which should become the basis of the middle class. Developed countries, which in the last century reached the peak growth of the number and importance of the middle class, today indicate the process of “blurring” of this social group against the background of growing inequality. Against the background of global trends, Ukraine is facing a double blow — the income distribution, which is already shift ed towards low incomes, leaves no chance for positive changes in the social structure of society. Th e a im of the article is to establish trends in the formation of the middle-income group in Ukraine over a twenty-year period and assess the prospects for the formation of the middle class in the future, taking into account today’s Ukrainian realities and global trends. Th e novelty of the work is the analysis of a long series of dynamics to establish the trends of the middleincome group according to the classical approaches for international comparisons and according to the purely Ukrainian approach. In addition, micromodeling of incomes (expenditures) for 2020, taking into account the macroeconomic situation, allows us to assess the impact of the coronavirus crisis and quarantine measures on changes in the number of middle-income groups and the prospects of the middle class in Ukraine. Within the article classical methods of analysis of long series of data, in particular, the index method (basic and chain indices) are used for studying the dynamic changes in the formation of midd leincome groups. In order to assess the size of the middle-income group in 2020, the method of micromodeling is used: the 2020 microdata is modeled on the basis of the 2019 microdata (microfi le of the household living condition survey) and macro forecast data for the current year. Analysis of the dynamics of incomes, expenditures and various property character istics of the middle-income group over the past twenty years does not show positive trends. Quite the contrary, in Ukraine there is an impact of the global trend of “blurring” of the middle-income group as the basis of the middle class, with its specifi c features in consumer and investment behavior. Th e events of the last year also do not inspire optimism — by the end of the year the general decline in living standards and the growth of poverty is expected. In such conditions, the main burden of the crisis is expected to fall on the middle-income group. Th e article also considers the problem of the importance of forming the middle class for society and the feasibility of forming politics to this goal.

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Besley, Timothy, and Robin Burgess. "Halving Global Poverty." Journal of Economic Perspectives 17, no. 3 (August 1, 2003): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/089533003769204335.

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The Millennium Development Goals—global targets that the world's leaders set at the Millennium Summit in September 2000—are an ambitious agenda for reducing poverty. As a central plank, these goals include halving the proportion of people living below a dollar a day from around 30 percent of the developing world’s population in 1990 to 15 percent by 2015—a reduction in the absolute number of poor of around one billion. This paper examines what economic research can tell us about how to fulfill these goals. It begins by discussing poverty trends on a global scale—where the poor are located in the world and how their numbers have been changing over time. It then discusses the relationship of economic growth and income distribution to poverty reduction. Finally, it suggests an evidence-based agenda for poverty reduction in the developing world.

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Wang, Qian, and Qiao-Mei Liang. "Will a carbon tax hinder China’s efforts to improve its primary income distribution status?" Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 20, no. 8 (February 28, 2014): 1407–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11027-014-9553-8.

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35

Marcantonio, Richard, Debra Javeline, Sean Field, and Agustin Fuentes. "Global distribution and coincidence of pollution, climate impacts, and health risk in the Anthropocene." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 21, 2021): e0254060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254060.

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Previous research demonstrates that low-income countries face higher risks than high-income countries from toxic pollution and climate change. However, the relationship between these two risks is little explored or tested, and efforts to address the risks are often independent and uncoordinated. We argue that the global risks from toxic pollution and climate change are highly correlated and should be jointly analyzed in order to inform and better target efforts to reduce or mitigate both risks. We provide such analysis for 176 countries and found a strong (rs = -0.798;95%CI -0.852, -0.727) and significant (p<0.0001) relationship between the distribution of climate risk and toxic pollution. We also found that inequities in pollution production, economic status, and institutional readiness are interconnected and exacerbate risk for countries already in the highest risk categories for both toxic and non-toxic (greenhouse gas) pollution. The findings have policy implications, including the use of the proposed Target assessment to decide where best to address toxic and non-toxic pollution simultaneously, based on the need to minimize human suffering and maximize return on effort.

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36

Chotikapanich, Duangkamon, Rebecca Valenzuela, and D. S. Prasada Rao. "Global and regional inequality in the distribution of income: Estimation with limited and incomplete data." Empirical Economics 22, no. 4 (December 1997): 533–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01205778.

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37

van Ruijven, Bas J., Brian C. O’Neill, and Jean Chateau. "Methods for including income distribution in global CGE models for long-term climate change research." Energy Economics 51 (September 2015): 530–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2015.08.017.

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38

Roope, Laurence, Miguel Niño-Zarazúa, and Finn Tarp. "Corrigendum to “How polarized is the global income distribution?” [Econom. Lett. 167 (2018) 86–89]." Economics Letters 202 (May 2021): 109809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2021.109809.

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Hornstein, Paula, Hubert Tuyishime, Miriam Claire Mutebi, Nwamaka Lasebikan, Fidel Rubagumya, and Temidayo Fadelu. "Authorship gender equity in global oncology publications." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2021): 11008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.11008.

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11008 Background: There is increasing recognition of authorship inequity in academic medicine specialty publications. Analyses in other specialties note that female authors consistently comprise a minority of the first authors and an even smaller percentage of last authors. While this trend may be improving, we hypothesize that significant authorship gender disparities still exist in global oncology journals. Methods: This study comprehensively analyzes the gender distribution of authors for articles published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology Global Oncology (JCO GO), a premier journal in the field, from its inauguration in 2016 to March 2020. A total of 608 articles were identified as matching one of the following six article types: original report, editorial, commentary, case report, special article, and review article. We collected data such as the author’s position, gender, institutional affiliation, and country affiliation. Author gender was categorized as male, female, or indeterminate based on first name probabilities assessed by genderize.io, with a threshold probability of 0.8 based on prior studies. Authorship distribution was analyzed by region and country income level according to the World Bank classification. Results: Of the 608 article first authors, 47.5% were identified as male, while 41.4% were female. Male authors made up a comparatively higher proportion of the 592 last authors; 57.1% were identified as male compared to 32.1% who were female. A similar trend was seen among the 4102 middle authors; 51.4% were identified as male and 38.1% were female. The percentage of authors deemed indeterminate in the cohort was less than 11%. Female authors were more underrepresented among authors from low-income countries; they made up 21.6% of first authors and 9.1% of last authors. Authorship gender by world regions is summarized in Table below. Conclusions: Our analysis shows that authorship inequities persist in global oncology publications. Female authors from lower-income countries, and regions in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, were markedly underrepresented. The underlying reasons for underrepresentation of female authors are multifactorial; further studies are needed to elucidate these factors and to develop and evaluate mitigating strategies.[Table: see text]

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Inklaar, Robert, and D. S. Prasada Rao. "Cross-Country Income Levels over Time: Did the Developing World Suddenly Become Much Richer?" American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 265–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20150155.

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The latest global survey on relative prices and income levels, for the year 2011, showed changes to relative income levels that were larger in lower income countries, thereby narrowing the world income distribution compared to estimates based on the previous, 2005, survey. This paper examines whether changes in measurement methodology between the 2005 and 2011 survey can explain these large differences. We construct a counterfactual set of relative prices for 2005 that harmonizes measurement, and we no longer find systematic differences across income levels, implying that international income inequality based on the 2005 survey was overstated. (JEL C82, D31, E01, E23, E31, O11)

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Knaul, Felicia Marie, Hector Arreola-Ornelas, Natalia M. Rodriguez, Oscar Méndez-Carniado, Xiaoxiao Jiang Kwete, Esteban Puentes-Rosas, and Afsan Bhadelia. "Avoidable Mortality: The Core of the Global Cancer Divide." Journal of Global Oncology, no. 4 (December 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.17.00190.

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Purpose The incidence of infection-associated cancers and lethality of cancers amenable to treatment are closely correlated with the income of countries. We analyzed a core part of this global cancer divide—the distribution of premature mortality across country income groups and cancers—applying novel approaches to measure avoidable mortality and identify priorities for public policy. Methods We analyzed avoidable cancer mortality using set lower- and upper-bound age limits of 65 and 75 years (empirical approach), applying cancer-specific and country income group–specific ages of death (feasibility approach), and applying cancer-specific ages of death of high-income countries to all low- and middle-income countries (LMICs; social justice approach). We applied these methods to 2015 mortality data on 16 cancers for which prevention is possible and/or treatment is likely to result in cure or significant increase in life expectancy. Results At least 30% and as much as 50% of cancer deaths are premature, corresponding to between 2.6 and 4.3 million deaths each year, and 70% to 80% are concentrated in LMICs. Using the feasibility approach, 36% of cancer deaths are avoidable; with the social justice approach, 45% of cancer deaths are avoidable. Five cancer types—breast, colorectal, lung, liver, and stomach—account for almost 75% of avoidable cancer deaths in LMICs and worldwide. Conclusion Each year, millions of premature cancer deaths could be avoided with interventions focused on four priority areas: infection-associated cancers, lifestyle and risk factors, women’s cancers, and children’s cancers. Our analysis of the global burden and the specific cancer types associated with avoidable cancer mortality suggests significant opportunities for health systems to redress the inequity of the global cancer divide.

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Darvas, Zsolt. "Economic growth and income distribution implications of public spending and tax decisions." Society and Economy 42, no. 4 (November 20, 2020): 351–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2020.00025.

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AbstractBoth the level and composition of public expenditures and revenues have implications for economic development, as argued by the ‘fiscal multiplier’ and the ‘quality of public finance’ literature. Public finance decisions also influence the distribution of income. By reviewing the literature, I argue for a fair distribution of income as reflected in low income inequality, not particularly because of the impact of income inequality on long-term growth (which is a controversial issue), but primarily because income inequality typically implies inequality of opportunity. European Union countries have very diverse public finance structures and different levels of effectiveness, and there is room for improvement in growth and equality impacts in all countries. A general guideline would be that the most effective approach comprises progressive taxes and inheritance taxes, spending on education, health and public infrastructure, and better government effectiveness. At the height of the 2008 global and the subsequent European financial and economic crises, the fiscal consolidation strategies of EU countries largely relied on cutting public investment and social spending (except pensions), which is the opposite of what is suggested in the literature. Better fiscal rules and good fiscal institutions are needed to safeguard growth- and distribution friendly expenditures in a crisis.

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Borraz, Fernando, and Jose Ernesto Lopez-Cordova. "Has Globalization Deepened Income Inequality in Mexico?" Global Economy Journal 7, no. 1 (January 2007): 1850103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1237.

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In this paper we use household survey data to study the evolution of income distribution in Mexico over the last decade, a period of rapid integration to the global and North American economies -- "globalization" for short. We measure differences in income inequality, over time and across Mexican states, and relate them to regional differences in the degree of globalization, controlling for the potential endogenous relationship between the two. We use the percent of state employment in exporting firms or in firms with foreign capital participation, as well as data on state trade, as proxies for integration to the world economy. Our findings strongly indicate that globalization has not raised income inequality in Mexico. On the contrary, we present compelling evidence showing that income distribution is more equitable in states that are more closely linked to the world economy and that those states exhibit larger declines in inequality. We also find some statistical evidence suggesting that deepening globalization results in reduced inequality, although our results are sketchier on this point, perhaps because such effect is only observable in the long run. As a potential explanation of why globalization might improve the distribution of income among Mexican households, we show that states that are more integrated to the world economy offer better work opportunities for low-skilled women relative to more educated female workers.

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Payne, B. Keith, Jazmin L. Brown-Iannuzzi, and Jason W. Hannay. "Economic inequality increases risk taking." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 18 (April 17, 2017): 4643–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1616453114.

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Rising income inequality is a global trend. Increased income inequality has been associated with higher rates of crime, greater consumer debt, and poorer health outcomes. The mechanisms linking inequality to poor outcomes among individuals are poorly understood. This research tested a behavioral account linking inequality to individual decision making. In three experiments (n= 811), we found that higher inequality in the outcomes of an economic game led participants to take greater risks to try to achieve higher outcomes. This effect of unequal distributions on risk taking was driven by upward social comparisons. Next, we estimated economic risk taking in daily life using large-scale data from internet searches. Risk taking was higher in states with greater income inequality, an effect driven by inequality at the upper end of the income distribution. Results suggest that inequality may promote poor outcomes, in part, by increasing risky behavior.

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Guillén, Mauro, and Emilio Ontiveros. "Retos para la economía internacional en un mundo cambiante." Studies of Applied Economics 32, no. 3 (March 5, 2020): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/eea.v32i3.3239.

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This paper explores the most important transformations that the global economy is going through. It focuses in aspects related to technological change, demographic dynamics, macroeconomic issues, climatic challenges and developments in the distribution of income. It also analyses the implications of these changes for the new balance of power in the global economy.

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Padullés Cubino, Josep, Josep Vila Subirós, and Carles Barriocanal Lozano. "Examining floristic boundaries between garden types at the global scale." Investigaciones Geográficas, no. 61 (June 15, 2014): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/ingeo2014.61.05.

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Gardens represent important sources of goods and services for their owners. This functionality translates directly into the types of plants cultivated in a given garden, and terminology has been developed to distinguish each category of garden according to its purpose. The factors explaining the differentiation and distribution of gardens have not previously been explored at the global scale. In this study, the plant lists for 44 sets of gardens from around the world were analyzed to explore their taxonomic similarities and the factors shaping each garden. Several biophysical and socioeconomic variables were examined at the appropriate scale for their roles in garden species distribution. Physical and climatic factors (temperature, rainfall, potential evapotranspiration and distance between settlements) were found to be significantly related with species makeup; all of these factors were less important than GDP per person, a proxy for household income, which was determined to be the primary driver of garden composition. All of the studied socioeconomic factors, such as language similarity among settlements and population density, were significant drivers of species distribution. However, the present analysis omits a number of variables due to data unavailability, such as garden size and owner gender, which have been previously recognized as influences on garden plant composition. The genera cultivated in different gardens were found to be very different from each other, and the definitions of each type are hard to establish from these data alone. Finally, the implications of likely future income variations, such those caused by severe economic crisis, and global climate change on bio-cultural diversity and food security are discussed.

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Rutschman, Ana Santos. "Is There a Cure for Vaccine Nationalism?" Current History 120, no. 822 (December 21, 2020): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2021.120.822.9.

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The scramble among nations for limited supplies of COVID-19 vaccines has drawn attention to long-standing inequities in public health between the global North and South. The COVID-19 Vaccine Global Access Facility (COVAX) is one of several initiatives to pool resources to acquire vaccines for lower-income countries and coordinate distribution. But months before any vaccine had been approved, high-income countries accounting for only a fraction of the global population had already placed orders for more than half of the projected early supply of vaccine doses. The new mechanisms may not be an instant cure for vaccine nationalism, but they may prove to be an incremental step toward more effective and more equitable collaboration.

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Ehrlich, Isaac, and Yun Pei. "Human Capital as Engine of Growth: The Role of Knowledge Transfers in Promoting Balanced Growth within and across Countries." Asian Development Review 37, no. 2 (September 2020): 225–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/adev_a_00155.

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Unlike physical capital, human capital has both embodied and disembodied dimensions. It can be perceived not only as skill and acquired knowledge but also as knowledge spillover effects between overlapping generations and across different skill groups within and across countries. We illustrate the roles these characteristics play in the process of economic development, the relation between income growth and income and fertility distributions, and the relevance of human capital in determining the skill distribution of immigrants in a balanced-growth global equilibrium setting. In all three illustrations, knowledge spillover effects play a key role. The analysis offers new insights for understanding the decline in fertility below the population replacement rate in many developed countries, the evolution of income and fertility distributions across developing and developed countries, and the often asymmetric effects that endogenous immigration flows and their skill composition exert on the long-term net benefits from immigration to natives in source and destination countries.

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Wright, Naomi J., Monica Langer, Irena CF Norman, Melika Akhbari, Q. Eileen Wafford, Niyi Ade-Ajayi, Justine Davies, Dan Poenaru, Nick Sevdalis, and Andy Leather. "Improving outcomes for neonates with gastroschisis in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review protocol." BMJ Paediatrics Open 2, no. 1 (December 2018): e000392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2018-000392.

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IntroductionThere is a significant disparity in outcomes for neonates with gastroschisis in high-income countries (HICs) compared with low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Many LMICs report mortality rates between 75% and 100% compared with <4% in HICs.AimTo undertake a systematic review identifying postnatal interventions associated with improved outcomes for gastroschisis in LMICs.Methods and analysisThree search strings will be combined: (1) neonates; (2) gastroschisis and other gastrointestinal congenital anomalies requiring similar surgical care; (3) LMICs. Databases to be searched include MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest Dissertations and Thesis Global, and the Cochrane Library. Grey literature will be identified through Open-Grey, ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry and ISRCTN registry (Springer Nature). Additional studies will be sought from reference lists of included studies. Study screening, selection, data extraction and assessment of methodological quality will be undertaken by two reviewers independently and team consensus sought on discrepancies. The primary outcome of interest is mortality. Secondary outcomes include complications, requirement for ventilation, parenteral nutrition duration and length of hospital stay. Tertiary outcomes include service delivery and implementation outcomes. The methodology of the studies will be appraised. Descriptive statistics and outcomes will be summarised and discussed.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required since no new data are being collected. Dissemination will be via open access publication in a peer-reviewed medical journal and distribution among global health, global surgery and children’s surgical collaborations and international conferences.ConclusionThis study will systematically review literature focused on postnatal interventions to improve outcomes from gastroschisis in LMICs. Findings can be used to help inform quality improvement projects in low-resource settings for patients with gastroschisis. In the first instance, results will be used to inform a Wellcome Trust-funded multicentre clinical interventional study aimed at improving outcomes for gastroschisis across sub-Saharan Africa.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018095349.

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Xi, Dingli. "Financial Market Development and Income Distribution Inequality in the Emerging Markets." Asian Business Research 4, no. 3 (October 8, 2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/abr.v4i3.653.

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The disruptive effects of the subprime financial crisis have raised new global concerns toward the increasing income distribution inequality. Nowadays, it has become one of the mainstays of public and scientific discourse around the world. Theoretical financial Kuznets curve suggests that the relationship between financial market development and income distribution inequality follows an inverted U-shaped pattern. However, current literature failed to support this hypothesis. The expansion of the financial market truly provides more relative opportunities for the poor which benefits the equalization. But those advantage opportunities are likely to be captured by some specific groups instead of all population. The majority literature on this academic field focus on developed countries with cross-sectional and panel data analysis that providing controversial results. They emphasize the financial development as a consequence of economic growth without deep analysis of the financial market development as an independent entity in determining the inequality. This study proposes to use a more comprehensive and rigorous method to identify the direct relationship between financial market development and income distribution inequality in 10 most typical emerging markets. Both short-run and long-run impacts of financial market development on income distribution inequality are examined and defined by utilizing time-series data and error-correction modelling technique. By providing a better understanding of the relationship, the findings of the research would make contributions to financial market policy adjustments in developing countries.

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