Relevant bibliographies by topics / Global income distribution

Academic literature on the topic 'Global income distribution'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Global income distribution"

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Onaran, Özlem, and Giorgos Galanis. "Income Distribution and Growth: A Global Model." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 46, no. 10 (January 2014): 2489–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a46265.

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Argitis, George, and Christos Pitelis. "GLOBAL FINANCE, INCOME DISTRIBUTION AND CAPITAL ACCUMULATION." Contributions to Political Economy 25, no. 1 (June 23, 2006): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cpe/bzl005.

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Hillebrand, Evan. "The Global Distribution of Income in 2050." World Development 36, no. 5 (May 2008): 727–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.05.013.

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Roope, Laurence, Miguel Niño-Zarazúa, and Finn Tarp. "How polarized is the global income distribution?" Economics Letters 167 (June 2018): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2018.03.013.

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Park, Donghyun. "Recent trends in the global distribution of income." Journal of Policy Modeling 23, no. 5 (July 2001): 497–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0161-8938(01)00059-x.

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Melchior, Arne, and Kjetil Telle. "Global Income Distribution 1965–98: Convergence and Marginalisation." Forum for Development Studies 28, no. 1 (June 2001): 75–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08039410.2001.9666158.

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Aguiar de Medeiros, Carlos, and Nicholas Trebat. "Inequality and Income Distribution in Global Value Chains." Journal of Economic Issues 51, no. 2 (April 3, 2017): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2017.1320916.

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Sefil-Tansever, Sinem. "Income Distribution in Turkey during the Global Financial Crisis." Research in Applied Economics 9, no. 3 (September 8, 2017): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/rae.v9i3.11709.

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The aim of this study is to examine mechanism responsible for the behavior of the income and earning inequality in Turkey during the global financial crisis based on data from the 2006 to 2014 Income and Living Conditions Survey. Gini decomposition by income source is employed in order to provide an analysis of the contribution of the various income sources to the evolution of income inequality and to assess the impact of a marginal percentage change in the income from a particular source on income inequality. For examining the contributions of specific variables (education, position in occupation, economic sector) to the interpretation of labor earnings inequality in terms of their gross and marginal contribution, we use static decomposition of Theil T index.
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Klinov, V. G., and A. A. Sidorov. "World trends in the distribution of national incomes and problems of economic and social development." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 7 (July 28, 2018): 30–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2018-7-30-44.

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The authors have analyzed trends of ever-growing inequality in the distribution of income and wealth in major national and world economies over the last 40 years. The prospects of further increase in the unequal distribution of national incomes are fraught with far-reaching social, political and economic upheavals. The prospects of this kind are highly possible because of the trend to decrease the rates of income taxes (coerced by global competition) that leads to unequal national income distribution. The authors elaborate patterns of possible changes in fiscal policy that could serve for better quality of life for all strata of the population despite unequal distribution of national incomes.
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Minor, Rebeca Rodríguez. "Compassionate Capitalism - The Pursuit of Equal Income Distribution." Asian Journal of Social Science Studies 2, no. 4 (November 20, 2017): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/ajsss.v2i4.262.

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During the last decades, the great weaknesses of capitalism have flourished. Inequality of income distribution has worsened painfully, the gap between rich and poor widens more and more every day, and just a few lucky entrepreneurs in the world are able to enjoy the capital benefits of the global system. Hunger, poverty, demographic explosion, ageing, and unbridled mass migration, among other factors, have become critical social dilemmas directly related to capitalist deviations, all of which cause us to foresee a chaotic world scenario in the near future. The numbers shown in this article confirm that the world’s economic disparity, instead of diminishing, is increasing at an alarming rate. Unfortunately, since the world economy completely depends on capitalism, this system is still extremely powerful and influential in global decision-making, thus further aggravating economic disparity. Therefore, as it is not possible to avoid the capitalist system, we will make proposals that are feasible for implementing within the current capitalist tendencies in order to alleviate global imbalance. Compassionate Capitalism is an alternative that promotes flexibilization of the system in order to make it more sustainable. It seeks to diminish corporate control over the economy and markets by regaining the State’s economic intervention so that profits are fairly redistributed for the common welfare. The information used for the study is based on the most recent international reports and global circumstances of the topics in question.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Global income distribution"

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Rodigues, Domingos de Gouveia. "Pricing policy, income distribution, economic growth, productivity, technological progress and global competitiveness in the dynamics of the capitalist economies." Thesis, University of York, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357120.

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Butler, Colin David. "Inequality and sustainability." View thesis entry in Australian Digital Theses Program, 2002. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20030324.171924/index.html.

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Fischer, Manfred M., Florian Huber, and Michael Pfarrhofer. "The regional transmission of uncertainty shocks on income inequality in the United States." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2019. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6774/1/2018%2D01%2D10_FischerHuberPfarrhofer_Inequality.pdf.

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This paper explores the relationship between household income inequality and macroeconomic uncertainty in the United States. Using a novel large-scale macroeconometric model, we shed light on regional disparities of inequality responses to a national uncertainty shock. The results suggest that income inequality decreases in most states, with a pronounced degree of heterogeneity in terms of the dynamic responses. By contrast, some few states, mostly located in the Midwest, display increasing levels of income inequality over time. Forecast error variance and historical decompositions highlight the importance of uncertainty shocks in explaining income inequality in most regions considered. Finally, we explain differences in the responses of income inequality by means of a simple regression analysis. These regressions reveal that the income composition as well as labor market fundamentals determine the directional pattern of the dynamic responses.
Series: Working Papers in Regional Science
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Fischer, Manfred M., Florian Huber, and Michael Pfarrhofer. "The transmission of uncertainty shocks on income inequality: State-level evidence from the United States." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6368/1/us%2Dstates_uncertainty.pdf.

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In this paper, we explore the relationship between state-level household income inequality and macroeconomic uncertainty in the United States. Using a novel large-scale macroeconometric model, we shed light on regional disparities of inequality responses to a national uncertainty shock. The results suggest that income inequality decreases in most states, with a pronounced degree of heterogeneity in terms of shapes and magnitudes of the dynamic responses. By contrast, some few states, mostly located in the West and South census region, display increasing levels of income inequality over time. We find that this directional pattern in responses is mainly driven by the income composition and labor market fundamentals. In addition, forecast error variance decompositions allow for a quantitative assessment of the importance of uncertainty shocks in explaining income inequality. The findings highlight that volatility shocks account for a considerable fraction of forecast error variance for most states considered. Finally, a regression-based analysis sheds light on the driving forces behind differences in state-specific inequality responses.
Series: Working Papers in Regional Science
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Carvalho, Ana Luísa da Cunha. "A erosão da classe média europeia, o crescimento da nova classe média global e o caso português." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13542.

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Mestrado em Economia Internacional e Estudos Europeus
O declínio das classes médias Ocidentais está associado à crescente polarização entre uma pequena mas poderosa elite e uma classe trabalhadora progressivamente maior e mais pobre, esta última enfrentando tendências de deterioração das suas condições materiais e laborais. À erosão e empobrecimento da classe média estão associadas outras dimensões, que agravam este preocupante cenário: o aumento das desigualdades dentro dos países, a hereditariedade patrimonial e de oportunidades (oposta ao sistema meritocrático), a destruição do modelo social, e o enfraquecimento das perspectivas de ascensão socioeconómica. Embora focando essencialmente os contextos Europeu e Norte-Americano, revelou-se crucial, para a arquitectura de uma boa visão geral das tendências globais com impacto na classe média, abranger as novas classes média em desenvolvimento hoje geograficamente dispersas. No mundo em desenvolvimento observa-se a diminuição das taxas de pobreza absoluta. Não subestimando o êxito da contracção da pobreza extrema, nesses mesmos países o aumento das desigualdades é igualmente visível, e poderá estar a contribuir para a criação de bases perigosas e instáveis que minem, a médio ou longo prazo, o desenvolvimento sustentável dessas economias.
The declining Western middle-classes' trend is associated with the increasing polarization between a small but powerful elite and a growing lower class facing the deterioration of material and labor conditions. Other dimensions are at stake in this worrying scenario of a poorer and diminishing middle-class: the rise of inequality within-countries, the inheritance of wealth and opportunities opposing to a meritocratic system, the farewell of the social model and the weakening of economic and social upward mobility. While focusing on the European and North-American contexts, and in order to provide a good overview of the global trends that impact on this group, it seemed important to connect the development of the rise of new middle classes from all around the world. In the non-Western part of the world we call "the rest", the absolute poverty rates are declining. Such accomplishment may present itself to the world as a challenge surpassed but also masking the reality of a rising inequality, maybe building dangerous foundations for a sustainable development of societies and economies. This paper focuses on an analysis of what being middle-class means and why it is a class with major importance to the full success of nations, considering the ongoing international trends and prospects.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Teixeira, Lucas Azeredo da Silva 1982. "Uma investigação sobre o endividamento dos trabalhadores norte-americanos dos anos 1980 aos anos 2000." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/286342.

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Orientador: José Carlos de Souza Braga
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T14:14:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Teixeira_LucasAzeredodaSilva_M.pdf: 2429408 bytes, checksum: 63f83d0828c01c76f9abcb7f264cb891 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010
Resumo: Esta dissertação discute as origens do processo que mais chamou atenção na economia norte-americana, antes da eclosão da crise do subprime: o crescente endividamento do consumidor. Partindo da idéia de que este "modelo" da economia americana não poderia ser imitado por nenhum outro país, buscam-se as origens das assimetrias do sistema monetário internacional no ocaso de Bretton Woods e no surgimento do atual padrão monetário internacional. Em seguida, é exposta a trajetória de endividamento/enriquecimento líquido dos macrossetores institucionais da economia norte americana, para, desta forma, mostrar um dos principais fatos estilizados da economia norte-americana: o crescente endividamento das famílias a partir dos anos 1980. Estas mantiveram, de forma geral, um padrão de gastos menor que o fluxo de rendas, de modo a terem um superávit financeiro (enriquecimento líquido) até então. A partir do início dos anos 1980, este superávit reduziu-se paulatinamente, devido ao crescente endividamento, alcançando valores negativos e crescentes, na segunda metade dos anos 1990. Segundo a hipótese adotada neste trabalho, as causas deste endividamento são encontradas na mudança na distribuição de renda (aumento da concentração) e nas desregulamentações e inovações financeiras, que se desenvolvem a partir do fim dos anos 1970. Tendo em vista que este aspecto vem sendo bem explorado na literatura especializada, a dissertação concentra sua explicação na mudança no padrão de distribuição de renda. Analisando por esse prisma, chega-se a conclusão que não se trata de endividamento das famílias, ou dos consumidores, mas, mais especificamente, dos trabalhadores norte-americanos, que tiveram que se endividar para financiar seus gastos, em um contexto de salários reais estagnados. Por fim, os rumos da economia norte-americana pós-crise são brevemente avaliados
Abstract: The purpose of this dissertation is to discuss the origins of a critical process in the North American economy before the subprime crisis, namely, the increasing debt of households. Considering that north-american economic "model" couldn't be copied by any other country, the origins of the asymmetries within the international monetary system(s) are pursued in the Bretton Woods case, as well as, the development of the current international monetary pattern. Then the net-borrowing path of institutional macro sectors are presented as contributing factors containing strong evidence for one of the more significant and stylized facts of North American economy, i.e. the growing debt of primarily American households since the 1980s. Prior to this, spending, in general, was notably less than their annual income flow, resulting in a financial surplus. Beginning in the 1980s, this surplus had been gradually reduced due to an increasing indebtedness and, in the second half of the 1990s, a mounting deficit was introduced. It is argued that the causes of this indebtedness are alterations in income distribution (an increased concentration of income) and the process of financial deregulation and innovation, developed in the late 1970s. Considering that the latter has previously been explored in great detail, this particular examination explores the changes on income distribution pattern. Based on this perspective, it is concluded that the indebtedness does not come from families or households in general but, more specifically, from North American workers, who had to finance their spending through an on-going stagnation, or even deterioration, of the real wages at their disposal. Further, the direction of the North American economy after the crisis is evaluated in the contexts of these findings
Mestrado
Ciências Economicas
Mestre em Ciências Econômicas
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Lakner, Christoph. "The determinants of incomes and inequality : evidence from poor and rich countries." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:dbfaef0e-a195-46f3-ba12-db5d3a8bf035.

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This thesis consists of four separate chapters which address different aspects of inequality and income determination. The first three chapters are country-level studies which examine (1) how incomes are shaped by spatial price differences, (2) the factor income composition, and (3) enterprise size. The final chapter analyses how income inequality changed at the global level. The first chapter investigates the implications of regional price differences for earnings differentials and inequality in Germany. I combine a district-level price index with administrative earnings data from social security records. Prices have a strong equalising effect on district average wages in West Germany, but a weaker effect in East Germany and at the national level. The change in overall inequality as a result of regional price differences is small (although significant in many cases), because inequality is mostly explained by differences within rather than between districts. The second chapter is motivated by the rapid increase in top income shares in the United States since the 1980s. Using data derived from tax filings, I show that this pattern is very similar after controlling for changes in tax unit size. Over the same period as top income shares increased, the composition of these incomes changed dramatically, with the labour share rising. Using a non-parametric copula framework, I show that incomes from labour and capital have become more closely associated at the top. This association is asymmetric such that top wage earners are more likely to also receive high capital incomes, compared with top capital income recipients receiving high wages. In the third chapter, I investigate the positive cross-sectional relationship between enterprise size and earnings using panel data from Ghana. I find evidence for a significant firm size effect in matched firm-worker data and a labour force panel, even after controlling for individual fixed effects. The size effect in self-employment is stronger in the cross-section, but it is driven by individual time-invariant characteristics. The final chapter studies the global interpersonal income distribution using a newly constructed and improved database of national household surveys between 1988 and 2008. The chapter finds that the global Gini remains high and approximately unchanged at around 0.7. However, this hides a substantial change in the global distribution from a twin-peaked distribution in 1988 into a single-peaked one now. Furthermore, the regional composition of the global distribution changed, as China graduated from the bottom ranks. As a result of the growth in Asia, the poorest quantiles of the global distribution are now largely from Sub-Saharan Africa. By exploiting the panel dimension of the dataset, the analysis shows which decile-groups within countries have benefitted most over this 20-year period. In addition, the chapter presents a preliminary assessment of how estimates of global inequality are affected by the likely underreporting of top incomes in surveys.
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Rabelo, Ana Carolina D. "The Clean Development Mechanism and its Potential as a Development Tool: A Socio-Economic Study of Communities Hosting Projects in Brazil." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1113831347.

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Butler, Colin David, and Colin Butler@anu edu au. "Inequality and Sustainability." The Australian National University. National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, 2002. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20030324.171924.

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Global civilisation, and therefore population health, is threatened by excessive inequality, weapons of mass destruction, inadequate economic and political theory and adverse global environmental change. The unequal distribution of global foreign exchange adjusted income is both a cause and a reflection of global social characteristics responsible for many aspects of these inter-related crises. ¶ The global distribution of foreign exchange adjusted income for the period 1964-1999 is examined. Using data for more than 99% of the global population, a substantial divergence in its distribution is found. The global Gini co-efficient, adjusted for national income inequality, increased from an already high value of 71% in 1964 to peak at more than 80% in 1995, before falling, very slightly, to 79% in 1999. The global distribution of purchasing parity power income is also examined, for a similar period. Though also found to be extremely unequal, its trend has not been to increased inequality. Implications of the differences between these two trends are discussed. ¶ A weighted time series index of global environmental change (IGEC) for the period 1960-1997 was also calculated. This uses nine categories of global time series environmental data, each scaled so that 100% represents the level of each category in nature prior to anthropogenic change; zero represents decline to a critical point. This index fell from 82% in 1960 to 55% in 1997, and will further decline during this century. ¶ Using evidence from several disciplines, it is argued that the decline in the IGEC correlates with major macro-environmental changes, which, combined with flawed social responses to scarcity and its perception, place at risk the ability of civilisation to function. This could occur because of the interaction of conflict, economically disastrous extreme climatic events, deterioration of other ecosystem services, regional food and water insecurity, and currently unforeseen events. Uncertainty regarding both a safe rate of decline and the tolerable nadir of the IGEC is substantial. ¶ Substantial reduction in the inequality of foreign exchange adjusted income is vital to enhance the development of policies able to reverse the decline in the environmental goods which underpin civilisation, and to promote the co-operation needed to maximise the chance that civilisation will survive.
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Buček, Jan. "Komparace daňové zátěže zaměstnanců v ČR a v USA." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-263884.

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The purpose of the master thesis is to compare the tax burden of employees in the Czech Republic and in the United States of America according to the legislation in 2016. The theoretical part is devoted to the description of tax systems, focusing on the taxation of income from employment. In the part United States I briefly mention the development of the tax system. The practical part consists of two chapters. The first one is focused on the calculation of the effective tax rate for taxpayers from selected types of households. The second one deals with global progressivity of the income tax. Equal income distribution in society is analyzed using the Lorenz curve and the Gini coefficient. The calculations indicate progressive tax effects both in the Czech Republic and in the United States with higher rate of tax progression and also higher inequality of income distribution in the United States. In the issue of effective rates of income tax is evident higher tax burden in the United States. Differences of total effective rates are decreasing between both countries.
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Books on the topic "Global income distribution"

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Bourguignon, François. Global redistribution of income. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2006.

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Sala-i-Martin, Xavier. The disturbing "rise' of global income inequality. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2002.

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ubker, Malte Lu. Assessing the impact of past distributional shifts on global poverty levels. Geneva: International Labour Office, 2002.

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Piketty, Thomas. Top incomes: A global perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.

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Milanović, Branko. Global income inequality: What it is and why it matters. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2006.

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Brecher, Jeremy. Global village or global pillage: Economic reconstruction from the bottom up. Boston, MA: South End Press, 1994.

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Brecher, Jeremy. Global village or global pillage: Economic reconstruction from the bottom up. 2nd ed. Cambridge, Mass: South End Press, 1998.

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Bohn, Sarah. The great recession and distribution of income in California. San Francisco, CA: Public Policy Institute of California, 2011.

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Bussolo, Maurizio. Is the developing world catching up?: Global convergence and national rising dispersion. [Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2008.

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Milanovic, Branko. Worlds apart: Measuring international and global inequality. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Global income distribution"

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Carbonaro, Giuseppe. "Global Indicators of Poverty." In Income and Wealth Distribution, Inequality and Poverty, 254–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84250-4_17.

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Carnoy, Martin. "Global: Does Higher Education Expansion Equalize Income Distribution." In Understanding Global Higher Education, 13–15. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6351-044-8_3.

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Wu, Ximing, Andreas Savvides, and Thanasis Stengos. "The Global Joint Distribution of Income and Health." In Recent Advances in Estimating Nonlinear Models, 249–79. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8060-0_12.

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Baumol, William J. "Hypotheses on Routinization of Innovation, Foreign Competition and Income Distribution." In Global Competition and Integration, 209–28. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5109-6_9.

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Salerno, Mario Sergio, Glauco Arbix, and Demétrio G. C. de Toledo. "Social Development and Income Distribution: The Conditions of the Brazilian Auto Industry Growth." In Global Automobile Demand, 69–89. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137516176_4.

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Berry, Albert, and Frances Stewart. "Market Liberalization and Income Distribution: The Experience of the 1980s." In Global Development Fifty Years after Bretton Woods, 211–51. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25570-2_11.

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Luciani, Giacomo. "The Impacts of the Energy Transition on Growth and Income Distribution." In The Geopolitics of the Global Energy Transition, 305–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39066-2_13.

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Chotikapanich, Duangkamon, Rebecca Valenzuela, and D. S. Prasada Rao. "Global and Regional Inequality in the Distribution of Income: Estimation with Limited and Incomplete Data." In Income Inequality, Poverty, and Economic Welfare, 65–78. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-51073-1_5.

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López-Feldman, A., and José Jorge Mora Rivera. "The Effects of Climate Change on Poverty and Income Distribution: A Case Study for Rural Mexico." In Economic Tools and Methods for the Analysis of Global Change Impacts on Agriculture and Food Security, 25–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99462-8_3.

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Vet, Cassandra, Danny Cassimon, and Anne Van de Vijver. "Getting the Short End of the Stick: Power Relations and Their Distributive Outcomes for Lower-Income Countries in Transfer Pricing Governance." In Taxation, International Cooperation and the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, 3–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64857-2_1.

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AbstractIt is widely recognized that international corporate taxation holds a distributional bias toward advanced economies and that developing countries only play a marginal role in tax governance-making. Yet, it is the ambition of both the G20 and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to integrate developing countries in the BEPS Inclusive Framework. The Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) action is the latest global initiative to update the international framework of corporate taxation and curb corporate tax avoidance. On one hand, the integration for developing countries within the policy-making forums remains incomplete and focused on the implementation of the global tax rules. On the other, even when lower-income countries have a seat at the table, uneven power relations shape the distributional outcomes of the G20-OECD tax reform project. This analysis of the power relations at play during the revision of the transactional profit split method (TPSM) reveals how dominant logics on value creation work against the material interests of developing countries in the distribution of taxing rights. Therefore, for a tax reform to be truly legitimate for developing countries, it should emancipate and even “decolonize” the discourse and ideas of the international tax regime. While the updated OECD guidelines on transfer pricing expanded the size of the overall cake of taxable profits, the dominant logics and criteria of the guidance make it difficult for lower-income countries to obtain a decent slice of the cake and actually eat it.
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Conference papers on the topic "Global income distribution"

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NEAGU, Olimpia. "Does Globalisation Promote Sustainable Development and an Equal Distribution of Income around the World? An Econometric and Ethical View." In 1st International Conference Global Ethics - Key of Sustainability (GEKoS), 15 May 2020, Bucharest, Romania. LUMEN Publishing house, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/gekos2020/07.

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Grzelak, Aleksander. "Income Inequality and Food Security in the Light of the Experience of the OECD Countries." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Education. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cbme.2017.070.

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The main aim of this article is evaluate the relationships between income inequality and food security in the light of the experiences of the OECD countries. Understanding the problems of inequality of income and food security is one of the main challenge for economic and social development of the contemporary world. In the part of empirical studies one has used a data from the selected OECD countries by prism of the Gini coefficient of income distribution and relative poverty. In turn, food security is presented from the perspective of the global index of food security (Global Food Security Index), which was developed at the request of DuPont by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU). In the case of empirical verification one has used regression analysis and cluster (agglomeration) for typing of the studied countries. Time scope of analysis refers to the period 2010–2015. It was stated that there is a considerable variation in the level of food security, and especially income inequality between countries. This is a consequence of both the differences in the level of economic development, as well as the model of functioning of the economy. A relationships between income inequality and food security are complex and ambiguous. A clearer regularities can be seen in the case of income inequality and food security in the dimension related to the economic affordability of food price. This is due to the fact that issues related to food security are mainly connected with low level of income. In turn, the cluster analysis made it possible to distinguish three groups of countries with different characteristics in terms of income inequality and food security.
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Plakhin, Andrey, and Irina Tkachenko. "The Methodology Of Determining Asymmetry Of The Stakeholders’ Income Distribution Within The Industrial Park Structures As An Effective Tool For Strategic Management In The Face Of New Industrialization Challenges." In Proceedings of the 2nd International Scientific conference on New Industrialization: Global, national, regional dimension (SICNI 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/sicni-18.2019.79.

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Fritz, Heiko. "Poverty Alleviation and Microfinance in post-Soviet Central Asia." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00710.

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Microfinance has played an important role in poverty alleviation throughout the developing world. Though some Central Asian countries are blessed with abundant natural resources, uneven income distribution and poverty are prevalent. Microfinance, however, has not been much in the public discussion in the region. The aim of this paper is to take stock of microfinance in Central Asia; to review recent developments in the context of the global development in the sector; to assess the regulatory and supervisory environment; and to identify untapped potential with respect to the future development of the industry.
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Şen, Asım. "Some Major Causes of Current Economic Crises and Leadership Strategies." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c01.00167.

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This paper argues that economic inequality is one of the major causes of the current economic crises and provides some appropriate leadership strategies for solving them. Inequality is defined as unequal opportunities for economical activities among the people of a nation and among the nations of the world. The major cause of most current economic crises is the income and wealth inequality which are generated mainly by the economic growth. Leaders in the past and currently could not utilize appropriate strategies to solve the inequality problems and consequently the economic crisis grew and reached the current levels. In order to solve the current economic crises it is necessary to eliminate the economic inequality problems and establish fair and sustainable economic growth. The leadership strategies play crucial role for this process. These strategies included in this paper are establishing the local and global shared vision for all; balancing the income and wealth distribution; providing the equal opportunities for education and employment; sharing the production and consumption; and maintaining the fair and sustainable globalization and economic growth.
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Smith, Daniel O., Christopher A. Mattson, and Eric C. Dahlin. "Identifying High-Potential Work Areas in Engineering for Global Development: Linking Industry Sectors to the Human Development Index." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22063.

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Abstract Those working in Engineering for Global Development seek to improve the conditions in under-served regions. A common metric for understanding the development state of a given country is the Human Development Index (HDI), which focuses on three dimensions: health, education, and income. An engineer’s expertise does not always align with any of those dimensions directly, while they still hope to perform impactful work for human development. To discover other areas of expertise that are highly associated with the HDI, correlations and variable selection were performed between all World Development Indicators and the HDI. The resultant associations are presented according to industry sector for a straightforward connection to engineering expertise, such that they can be used during opportunity development where associated areas of expertise act as surrogates for focusing on the HDI dimensions themselves. The data analysis shows that work related to “Trade, Transportation, and Utilities”, such as merchandise exports and imports and electricity distribution, and “Manufacturing”, especially electronics manufacturing and employment in manufacturing are insightful associations with improvements in the HDI in developing countries. Also, because the associations were discovered at country-level, they geographically direct where particular areas of expertise have been historically associated with improving HDI.
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Taşar, M. Okan. "The Public Policy in Agricultural Product Markets and Effectiveness of Regulations." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c09.02009.

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Parallel to the developments in the global economy, perhaps the most problematic market structure within the liberalization process in the transition economies and in the Turkish economy is highlighted as agricultural product markets. The effects of agricultural product prices on other macroeconomic indicators and the fundamental economic problems such as inflation, income distribution, poverty and unemployment constitute a fundamental dynamic. At this point, public policies and regulations of market processes need to be analyzed in terms of the effects they will cause. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of interventions and regulations on agricultural products markets on market economy and macroeconomic indicators. However, it will be possible to establish the most appropriate agricultural policies possible for the macroeconomic performance of the Turkish economy. In the first section; the impacts and consequences of regulations will be determined by establishing the relationship between agricultural product markets and government interventions. The second part is to analyze these effects and results with the help of data and indicators belonging to the Turkish economy and to analyze the different effects caused by the applied agricultural regulations. The last part is; the discussion of rational agricultural intervention policies and regulations with the least possible negative impact.
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Sarı Gerşil, Gülşen, and Hülya Yeşilyurt. "Poverty in the Process of Globalization: Its Perspective in Turkey and in the World." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.01130.

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A country's wealth and poverty are opposite to each other, but they are two inseparable important elements. The more the subject how to increase the welfare of the country is important, the more the distribution of this welfare among country members, especially. Although the observed increase in global prosperity with 21st century in especial that adopted neo-liberal policies in all over the world has caused to further deepening of the phenomenon of poverty. This case has given rise that concept of the "Poverty" has been discussed intensively workers in manufacturing is important. So, issues of fair distribution of income and prevention of poverty should be handled as interdisciplinary, mainly including social policy. That socio-economic and political structure of societies are different has been complicated to have a common definition on the concept of poverty. The World Bank, based on the absolute poverty approach, has made a research to determine the poverty line in the world (by getting base the ones who reap a profit below $ 1) and has determined that the poor class has remained in “minority” compared to world population. As it appears; more than half of the world population is below of the poverty line in reality. While seen daily increases in the welfare of the world countries, given the impression that poverty decreases does not reflect the reality. In this study, why poverty cannot be prevented besides causes of increase will be examined; this dangerous situation rapidly increasing in Turkey and in the world will be analyzed.
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BANU, Constantin, Lile RAMONA, Tiberiu IANCU, Mihaela MOATĂR, Dora ORBOI, Carolina ȘTEFAN, and Sorin STANCIU. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ROMANIAN AND THE MAIN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES’ NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEMS." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.039.

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In the European Union, forests and other wooded areas cover a total of 177.8 million hectares, which represents approximately 40% of the EU total area and an area similar to that used for agricultural purposes (183.9 million hectares). Germany, Spain, France, Finland and Sweden make up over three-fifths of the area covered by forests in the EU. Our paper shows the distribution of forested areas in the EU and their importance in comparison with the agricultural area of each Member State. In 2014, the EU represents about 12 % of global timber volume harvested timber from forests and woodlands on its surfaces rising to 392.9 million m3. Forestry, logging and related services covering timber production and extraction and harvesting of forest products that grow in the wild. In addition to industrial round wood, forests produce firewood, too. In some regions, non-timber forest products are also an important source of local income. In the research approach, we considered necessary and appropriate to perform a comparative analysis of the situation of Romanian forest similar to that of the main European Union countries, to identify measures that some of them have tried, and even managed to increase a rational exploitation of afforested areas forest resources. The results conducted to a comparative analysis of the National Forest and the main EU countries’ Systems, to identify possible starting points for grounding new sustainable development strategies, given their similar experience.
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Hacıoğlu Deniz, Müjgan, and Elif Haykır Hobikoğlu. "Economic Evaluation of Women Employment in the Context of Development Index According to Gender: Case of Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00546.

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In this study which aims to analyse the current situation of women employment in Turkey and its future perspective in the context of measurement of development index, an evalution of Turkey’s position at the range of global gender inequality and improvement policies considering future have been discussed. For this purpose in the context of development index based on gender, some important parameters such as wage differentials according to gender, employment participation rate according to gender, rate of women professionals at managerial position and income distributions according to gender were tried to be measured by means of basic indicators such as rate of literacy, rate of people getting higher education, representation rate at parliaments according to gender and life expectancy.
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Reports on the topic "Global income distribution"

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Gradín, Carlos. WIID Companion (March 2021): global income distribution. UNU-WIDER, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/wtn/2021-6.

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This document is part of a series of technical notes describing the compilation of a new companion database that complements the UNU-WIDER World Income Inequality Database. It aims at facilitating the analysis of inequality as well as progress in achieving the global goal of reducing inequality within and across countries. This new dataset includes an annual series reporting the income distribution at the percentile level for all citizens in the world, regardless of where they live, from 1950 to the present. The global distribution is displayed along with the country-level information used to produce it. The dataset also includes estimates of various global absolute and relative inequality measures, and the income share of key population groups. All estimates are further disaggregated by the contribution of inequalities within and between countries, as well as by each country’s geographical region and income group. While previous technical notes described the selection of country income distribution series and the integration and standardization process to overcome the heterogeneity in original welfare concepts and other methods, I here describe all the necessary additional steps and assumptions made to construct the new global dataset.
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Gradín, Carlos. WIID Companion (May 2021): global income distribution. UNU-WIDER, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/wtn/2021-9.

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Kartha, Sivan, Eric Kemp-Benedict, Emily Ghosh, Anna Nazareth, and Tim Gore. The Carbon Inequality Era: An assessment of the global distribution of consumption emissions among individuals from 1990 to 2015 and beyond. Oxfam, Stockholm Environment Institute, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.6492.

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In the 25 years from 1990 to 2015, annual global carbon emissions grew by 60%, approximately doubling total global cumulative emissions. This has brought the world perilously close to exceeding 2°C of warming, and it is now on the verge of exceeding 1.5°C. This paper examines the starkly different contributions of different income groups to carbon emissions in this period. It draws on new data that provides much improved insight into global and national income inequality, combined with national consumption emissions over this 25-year period, to provide an analysis relating emissions to income levels for the populations of 117 countries. Future scenarios of carbon inequality are also presented based on different possible trajectories of economic growth and carbon emissions, highlighting the challenge of ensuring a more equitable distribution of the remaining and rapidly diminishing global carbon budget.
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Gradín, Carlos. WIID Companion (March 2021): integrated and standardized series. UNU-WIDER, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/wtn/2021-5.

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This document is part of a series of technical notes describing the compilation of a new companion database that complements the World Income Inequality Database. It aims at facilitating the analysis of inequality as well as progress in achieving the global goal of reducing inequality within and across countries. This new dataset also includes an annual series reporting the income distribution at the percentile level for all citizens in the world, regardless of where they live, since 1950 to present. A previous note described the selection of income distribution series. Since these series may differ across welfare concepts and other methods used, this technical note describes the second stage, constructing integrated and standardized country series. It discusses all the necessary adjustments conducted to construct the final series for each country, with consistent estimates of the distribution of net income per capita over the entire period for which information is available. This is mainly divided into two stages. First, integrating country series by interlinking series that overlap over time, then using a more general regression-based approach.
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Gradín, Carlos. WIID Companion (March 2021): data selection. UNU-WIDER, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/wtn/2021-4.

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This document is part of a series of technical notes describing the compilation of a new companion database that complements the World Income Inequality Database (WIID). It aims at facilitating the analysis of inequality as well as progress in achieving the global goal of reducing inequality within and across countries. This new dataset also includes an annual series reporting the income distribution at the percentile level for all citizens in the world, regardless of where they live, from 1950 to the present. This technical note describes the first stage in constructing the first version of the companion datasets: data selection. It provides an overview of the approach followed in the selection of the series from different sources with information on income distribution and inequality that best represent each country and period. It also discusses the general criteria used and their implementation, which are illustrated with a few country examples.
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Tamale, Nona. Adding Fuel to Fire: How IMF demands for austerity will drive up inequality worldwide. Oxfam, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.7864.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has dealt a huge blow to every country, and many governments have struggled to meet their populations’ urgent needs during the crisis. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has stepped in to offer extra support to a large number of countries during the pandemic. However, Oxfam’s analysis shows that as of 15 March 2021, 85% of the 107 COVID-19 loans negotiated between the IMF and 85 governments indicate plans to undertake austerity once the health crisis abates. The findings in this briefing paper show that the IMF is systematically encouraging countries to adopt austerity measures once the pandemic subsides, risking a severe spike in already increased inequality levels. A variety of studies have revealed the uneven distribution of the burden of austerity, which is more likely to be shouldered by women, low-income households and vulnerable groups, while the wealth of the richest people increases. Oxfam joins global institutions and civil society in urging governments worldwide and the IMF to focus their energies instead on a people-centred, just and equal recovery that will fight inequality and not fuel it. Austerity will not ‘build back better’.
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Financial Stability Report - First Semester of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.1sem.eng-2020.

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In the face of the multiple shocks currently experienced by the domestic economy (resulting from the drop in oil prices and the appearance of a global pandemic), the Colombian financial system is in a position of sound solvency and adequate liquidity. At the same time, credit quality has been recovering and the exposure of credit institutions to firms with currency mismatches has declined relative to previous episodes of sudden drops in oil prices. These trends are reflected in the recent fading of red and blue tonalities in the performance and credit risk segments of the risk heatmaps in Graphs A and B.1 Naturally, the sudden, unanticipated change in macroeconomic conditions has caused the appearance of vulnerabilities for short-term financial stability. These vulnerabilities require close and continuous monitoring on the part of economic authorities. The main vulnerability is the response of credit and credit risk to a potential, temporarily extreme macroeconomic situation in the context of: (i) recently increased exposure of some banks to household sector, and (ii) reductions in net interest income that have led to a decline in the profitability of the banking business in the recent past. Furthermore, as a consequence of greater uncertainty and risk aversion, occasional problems may arise in the distribution of liquidity between agents and financial markets. With regards to local markets, spikes have been registered in the volatility of public and private fixed income securities in recent weeks that are consistent with the behavior of the international markets and have had a significant impact on the liquidity of those instruments (red portions in the most recent past of some market risk items on the map in Graph A). In order to adopt a forward-looking approach to those vulnerabilities, this Report presents a stress test that evaluates the resilience of credit institutions in the event of a hypothetical scenario thatseeks to simulate an extreme version of current macroeconomic conditions. The scenario assumes a hypothetical negative growth that is temporarily strong but recovers going into the middle of the coming year and has extreme effects on credit quality. The results suggest that credit institutions have the ability to withstand a significant deterioration in economic conditions in the short term. Even though there could be a strong impact on credit, liquidity, and profitability under the scenario being considered, aggregate capital ratios would probably remain at above their regulatory limits over the horizon of a year. In this context, the recent measures taken by both Banco de la República and the Office of the Financial Superintendent of Colombia that are intended to help preserve the financial stability of the Colombian economy become highly relevant. In compliance with its constitutional objectives and in coordination with the financial system’s security network, Banco de la República will continue to closely monitor the outlook for financial stability at this juncture and will make the decisions that are necessary to ensure the proper functioning of the economy, facilitate the flow of sufficient credit and liquidity resources, and further the smooth functioning of the payment system. Juan José Echavarría Governor
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