Academic literature on the topic 'Global diffusion mechanisms'
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Journal articles on the topic "Global diffusion mechanisms"
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Park, Nara. "Global Environment and Local Governments: Global Norms, Policy Adoption, and Local Diffusion." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 19, no. 2 (April 29, 2021): 279–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/19.2.279-303(2021).
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This article investigates a central question in modern organization theory, how organizations adapt to environmental changes by examining the diffusion of environmental ordinances among Korean local governments, 1995 to 2016. There are two waves in the diffusion; ‘Environment Basic Ordinance (1996-2007)’ and ‘Green Growth Ordinance (2010-2013).’ We argue that Korean local governments have increasingly become autonomous and accountable actors that respond to diversified stimulus from surrounding environments, while also concerning about their own needs and capacity. Hence, in adopting ‘Green Growth Ordinances,’ competitively adopted in the 2010s, Korean local governments considered more factors than they had done for ‘Environment Basic Ordinances.’ Employing event history analysis, we find empirical support for this argument. By comparing the diffusion pattern of the two environmental ordinances, this paper traces changing mechanisms of local environmental governance as well as policy diffusion among Korean local governments.
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Zhuang, Jun, and Lei Liu. "Global study of mechanisms for adatom diffusion on metal fcc(100) surfaces." Physical Review B 59, no. 20 (May 15, 1999): 13278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.59.13278.
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Piecuch, Christopher G., and Rui M. Ponte. "Mechanisms of Global-Mean Steric Sea Level Change." Journal of Climate 27, no. 2 (January 15, 2014): 824–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00373.1.
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Abstract Global-mean sea level change partly reflects volumetric expansion of the oceans because of density change, otherwise known as global-mean steric sea level change. Owing to nonlinearities in the equation of state of seawater, the nature of processes contributing to recent observed global-mean steric sea level changes has not been well understood. Using a data-constrained ocean state estimate, global-mean steric sea level change over 1993–2003 is revisited, and contributions from ocean transports and surface exchanges are quantified using closed potential temperature and salinity budgets. Analyses demonstrate that estimated decadal global-mean steric sea level change results mainly from a slight, time-mean imbalance between atmospheric forcing and ocean transports over the integration period: surface heat and freshwater exchanges produce a trend in global-mean steric sea level that is mainly offset by the redistribution of potential temperature and salinity through small-scale diffusion and large-scale advection. A set of numerical experiments demonstrates that global-mean steric sea level changes simulated by ocean general circulation models are sensitive to the regional distribution of ocean heat and freshwater content changes.
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Lee, Mei-Man, A. J. George Nurser, A. C. Coward, and B. A. de Cuevas. "Eddy Advective and Diffusive Transports of Heat and Salt in the Southern Ocean." Journal of Physical Oceanography 37, no. 5 (May 1, 2007): 1376–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo3057.1.
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Abstract There are two distinct mechanisms by which eddies provide systematic transport of tracer on isopycnals: the advective transport, associated with the slumping of isopycnals, and the diffusive transport, associated with down-gradient diffusion. Depending on the large-scale tracer distribution, eddy advective transport has either the same direction as or opposite direction to eddy diffusive transport. As a consequence, eddy advection and eddy diffusion can reinforce each other for some tracers but oppose each other for other tracers. Using scaling analysis, it is argued that the relative directions of eddy advective and diffusive transports can be determined simply from the relative slopes of tracers and isopycnals. An eddy-resolving (1/12°) global ocean model is used to illustrate the two eddy transport mechanisms for temperature and salinity in the Southern Ocean. Applications to other tracers, such as oxygen, are discussed. The diagnosed eddy diffusivity for temperature (and salinity) is found to be considerably different from the eddy diffusivity for eddy advective transport velocity.
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Chen, Lei, and Ahmed F. Ghoniem. "Modeling CO2Chemical Effects on CO Formation in Oxy-Fuel Diffusion Flames Using Detailed, Quasi-Global, and Global Reaction Mechanisms." Combustion Science and Technology 186, no. 7 (May 28, 2014): 829–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102202.2014.883384.
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Gleditsch, Kristian S., and Mauricio Rivera. "The Diffusion of Nonviolent Campaigns." Journal of Conflict Resolution 61, no. 5 (September 2, 2015): 1120–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002715603101.
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Existing research has uncovered strong geographical clustering in civil war and a variety of diffusion mechanisms through which violence in one country can increase the risk of outbreaks in other countries. Popular coverage of nonviolent protest often emphasizes regional waves like the 1989 revolutions in Eastern Europe and the Arab Spring. However, most research on nonviolence focuses only on features within countries affecting motivation and opportunities, and we know little about the possible role of diffusion and transnational factors. We detail how nonviolent campaigns in other states can increase nonviolent mobilization and direct action, highlighting important differences in the likely actors for violent and nonviolent direct action and the relevant diffusion mechanisms. We find strong empirical evidence for diffusion in nonviolent campaigns. The effects are largely confined to campaigns in neighboring countries, and there is little evidence of global diffusion. The potential diffusion effects are also specific to whether dissent is violent and nonviolent rather than general political instability. Moreover, we find that the effects of neighboring campaigns on nonviolent direct action apply only in cases with plausible motivation for contesting the government, and the effects are stronger when the regional environment can help expand opportunities for organizing dissent.
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Peng, Peng, Christophe Claramunt, Shifen Cheng, and Feng Lu. "How Does a Port Build Influence? Diffusion Patterns in Global Oil Transportation." Sensors 22, no. 22 (November 8, 2022): 8595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22228595.
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Ports play a critical role in the global oil trade market, and those with significant influence have an implicit advantage in global oil transportation. In order to offer a thorough understanding of port influences, the research presented in this paper analyzes the evolution of the dominance mechanisms underlying port influence diffusion. Our study introduces a port influence diffusion model to outline global oil transport patterns. It examines the direct and indirect influence of ports using worldwide vessel trajectory data from 2009 to 2016. Port influences are modelled via diffusion patterns and the resulting ports influenced. The results of the case study applied to specific ports show different patterns and influence evolutions. Four main port influence trends are identified. The first one is that ports that have a strong direct influence over their neighboring ports materialize a directly influenced area. Second, geographical distance still plays an important role in the whole port influence patterns. Third, it clearly appears that, the higher the number of directly influenced ports, the higher the probability of having an influence pattern, as revealed by the diffusion process. The peculiarity of this approach is that, in contrast to previous studies, global maritime trade is analyzed in terms of direct and indirect influences and according to oil trade flows.
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Kim, Dongwook. "International Nongovernmental Organizations and the Global Diffusion of National Human Rights Institutions." International Organization 67, no. 3 (July 2013): 505–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818313000131.
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AbstractDuring the past three decades national human rights institutions (NHRIs) have spread to more than one hundred United Nations (UN) member states and become key to human rights enforcement and democratic accountability. Given that NHRIs can take on a life of their own even under adverse conditions, why do governments in the developing world create permanent, independent national bodies with statutory powers to promote and protect human rights? Human rights international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) are crucial for global diffusion. They empower local actors and influence governments in favor of NHRI adoption by mediating the human rights and NHRI discourses and mobilizing shame internationally. An event history analysis offers robust evidence that controlling for the UN, regional organizations, and other rival factors, human rights INGOs have systematic positive effects on diffusion. The case studies of South Korea and Malaysia provide process-tracing evidence that the hypothesized causal mechanisms are operative.
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BROWN, GARRETT WALLACE. "Norm diffusion and health system strengthening: The persistent relevance of national leadership in global health governance." Review of International Studies 40, no. 5 (November 25, 2014): 877–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210514000333.
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AbstractAcademics and policymakers often argue that global health policy greatly affects and influences national health systems because these policies transfer and implant ‘best practice’ norms and accountability techniques into local health systems. On the whole these arguments about the ‘diffusion of norms’ have merit since there is considerable evidence to suggest the existence of a positive correlation between global norms and national behaviour. Nevertheless, this article argues that traditional analytical frameworks to explain norm diffusion underplay the fact that norms are significantly ‘glocalised’ by national actors and further discount the role that national leadership plays in strengthening health systems. In response, this article presents a ten-year comparative paired study of the participatory governance mechanisms of the South African health system and its health strengthening measures. In doing so, the role of the national government in their relations with the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria (GFATM) will be examined and how key ‘partnership’ norms were amalgamated into health governance mechanisms. It will be argued that although global policy plays an important guiding role, health norms are never transcribed straightforwardly and a central element to successful health governance remains vested in the nation and the leadership role it exerts.
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Simonsen, S. B., S. J. Johnsen, T. J. Popp, B. M. Vinther, V. Gkinis, and H. C. Steen-Larsen. "Past surface temperatures at the NorthGRIP drill site from the difference in firn diffusion of water isotopes." Climate of the Past 7, no. 4 (December 2, 2011): 1327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-1327-2011.
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Abstract. A new ice core paleothermometer is introduced based on the temperature dependent diffusion of the stable water isotopes in the firn. A new parameter called differential diffusion length is defined as the difference between the diffusion length of the two stable water isotopologues 2H1H16O and 1H218O. A model treatment of the diffusion process of the firn and the ice is presented along with a method of retrieving the diffusion signal from the ice core record of water isotopes using spectral methods. The model shows how the diffusion process is highly dependent on the inter-annual variations in the surface temperatures. It results in a diffusion length longer than if the firn was isothermal. The longer diffusion length can be explained by the strong nonlinearly behaviour of the saturation pressure over ice in the range of the surface temperature fluctuations. The method has been tested on δ18O and δD measurements, spanning the transition from the last glacial to the holocene, from the NorthGRIP ice core. The surface temperature reconstruction based on the differential diffusion resembles other temperature reconstructions for the NorthGRIP ice core. However, the Allerød warming is seen to be significantly warmer than observed in other ice core based temperature reconstructions. The mechanisms behind this behaviour are not fully understood. The method shows the need of an expansion of high resolution stable water isotope datasets from ice cores. However, the new ice core paleothermometer presented here will give valuable insight into past climate, through the physical process of isotope diffusion in the firn column of ice sheets.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Global diffusion mechanisms"
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Srivastav, Aparna. "Interaction et diffusion hydrodynamiques dans une suspension de vésicules et globules rouges." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00672978.
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Blood is a complex suspension of deformable particles, red blood cells, which exhibits a sophisticated dynamics when flowing in the microvasculature. Most of these complex phenomena, non-linear rheology, structuration of the suspension, heterogeneities of the hematocrit distribution, are directly connected to the rich microscopic dynamics of individual red blood cells, and their hydrodynamics interactions. We investigate a few aspects of the dynamics of red blood cells and giant vesicles - a simple model for RBCs. A study on the dynamics of very deflated vesicles, with shapes similar to those of red blood cells, shows that these objects which haven't received a lot of attention so far can exhibit richer than expected dynamics. We then mainly focus on the still unexplored problem of hydrodynamic interactions between vesicles or red blood cells and their consequences at the scale of the suspension. An experimental study of the interaction of two identical vesicles in shear flow shows that there is a net repulsion between the cells that leads to an increase of the distance between vesicles in a suspension. Scaling arguments are proposed for this interaction and a comparison with numerical results is performed and a quantitative estimation of a shear induced diffusion coefficient obtained by averaging the results for pair interactions is found. Finally, we investigate the diffusion of a cloud of red blood cells in Poiseuille flow in order to directly determine diffusion coefficients. The experiment shows that the cloud widens when traveling along the channel with a power law behaviour indicating sub-diffusion. This effect is confirmed by a theoretical analysis of a few limit cases.
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Hoerlle, Cristian Alex. "Estudo numérico de chamas laminares difusivas de CH4 diluído com CO2 empregando mecanismos cinéticos globais e a técnica flamelet-generated manifold." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/116725.
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Simulações de chamas empregando mecanismos cinéticos detalhados são problemas computacionalmente demandantes. Por esse motivo, mecanismos reduzidos e técnicas de redução de cinética química vêm sendo desenvolvidos buscando uma melhor eficiência computacional. Mecanismos globais de poucos passos são particularmente populares pela simplicidade de programação nos códigos disponíveis. Assim, o objetivo da presente dissertação é avaliar modelagens simplificadas de cinética química na simulação numérica de chamas laminares 1D e 2D de metano diluído com dióxido de carbono. Mecanismos globais de 1, 2 e 4-passos são avaliados em comparação com o mecanismo detalhado GRI-Mech 3.0 na simulação unidimensional de chamas difusivas contra-corrente. O mecanismo global de melhor desempenho é então usado nas simulações bidimensionais de chamas difusivas tipo jato em comparação com a técnica de redução Flamelet-Generated Manifold. Observou-se que o mecanismo de 4-passos estudado apresenta bons resultados para o campo de temperaturas e para as principais espécies químicas, tanto nas simulações unidimensionais quanto nas bidimensionais. No entanto, espécies minoritárias como o CO e H2 não são bem reproduzidas. Fenômenos como posição de estabilização e penetração de oxidante na base de chamas tipo jato também não são capturadas quando o mecanismo global é usado. Por outro lado, a técnica FGM se mostrou capaz de prever tais fenômenos e resultou, adicionalmente, em um ganho computacional expressivo.Numerical simulations of flames employing detailed kinetic mechanisms are computationally demanding problems. For this reason, reduced mechanisms and techniques of chemical kinetic reduction have been developed aiming better computational efficiency. Global mechanisms formed by few steps are particularly popular due to the simplicity of programing them in available codes. Thus, the objective of the present dissertation is to evaluate simplified chemical kinetics models in 1D and 2D numerical simulations of methane diluted with carbon dioxide laminar flames. Global mechanisms formed by 1, 2 and 4-steps are evaluated in comparison with the detailed mechanism GRI-Mech 3.0 in one-dimensional simulations of counterflow diffusive flames. The global mechanism with best performance is then used in two-dimensional simulations of diffusive jet flames for a comparison with the chemical reduction technique FGM. It was observed that a 4-step mechanism presented good results for temperature and major chemical species for both one and two-dimensional simulations. However, minor species like CO and H2 are not well reproduced. Phenomena such as stabilization position and oxygen penetration in the jet flame base are also not captured when the global mechanism is used. On the other hand, the technique Flamelet- Generated Manifold demonstrated to predict those phenomena and resulted, additionally, in an expressive computational gain.
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Kim, Minkyoung. "Dynamics of Information Diffusion." Phd thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/13652.
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Real diffusion networks are complex and dynamic, since underlying social structures
are not only far-reaching beyond a single homogeneous system but also frequently
changing with the context of diffusion. Thus, studying topic-related diffusion across
multiple social systems is important for a better understanding of such realistic situations.
Accordingly, this thesis focuses on uncovering topic-related diffusion dynamics
across heterogeneous social networks in both model-driven and model-free ways.
We first conduct empirical studies for analyzing diffusion phenomena in real
world systems, such as new diffusion in social media and knowledge transfer in
academic publications. We observe that large diffusion is more likely attributed to
interactions between heterogeneous social networks as if they were in the same networks.
Thus, external influences from out-of-the-network sources, as observed in
previous work, need to be explained with the context of interactions between heterogeneous
social networks. This observation motivates our new conceptual framework
for cross-population diffusion, which extends the traditional diffusion mechanism to
a more flexible and general one.
Second, we propose both model-driven and model-free approaches to estimate global
trends of information diffusion. Based on our conceptual framework, we propose a
model-driven approach which allows internal influence to reach heterogeneous populations
in a probabilistic way. This approach extends a simple and robust mass action
diffusion model by incorporating the structural connectivity and heterogeneity
of real-world networks. We then propose a model-free approach using informationtheoretic
measures with the consideration of both time-delay and memory effects
on diffusion. In contrast to the model-driven approach, this model-free approach
does not require any assumptions on dynamic social interactions in the real world,
providing the benefits of quantifying nonlinear dynamics of complex systems.
Finally, we compare our model-driven and model-free approaches in accordance
with different context of diffusion. This helps us to obtain a more comprehensive understanding
of topic-related diffusion patterns. Both approaches provide a coherent
macroscopic view of global diffusion in terms of the strength and directionality of
influences among heterogeneous social networks. We find that the two approaches
provide similar results but with different perspectives, which in conjunction can help
better explain diffusion than either approach alone. They also suggest alternative options
as either or both of the approaches can be used appropriate to the real situations
of different application domains.
We expect that our proposed approaches provide ways to quantify and understand
cross-population diffusion trends at a macro level. Also, they can be applied
to a wide range of research areas such as social science, marketing, and even neuroscience,
for estimating dynamic influences among target regions or systems.
Books on the topic "Global diffusion mechanisms"
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Dziuk, Gerhard, Luigi Ambrosio, Halil Mete Soner, Klaus Deckelnick, Masayasu Mimura, and Vsevolod A. Solonnikov. Mathematical Aspects of Evolving Interfaces: Lectures given at the C.I.M.-C.I.M.E. joint Euro-Summer School held in Madeira, Funchal, Portugal, July 3-9, 2000 00. Berlin: Springer-Verlag Berlin/Heidelberg, 2003.
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Llewellyn, Matthew P., and John Gleaves. The Anatomy of Olympic Amateurism. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040351.003.0002.
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This chapter traces the origins and development of amateurism, from the plans to revive the Olympic Games of classical Greek antiquity in 1894 through its global diffusion. Though often misattributed to ancient Greece, amateurism was a distinctly modern invention born in Great Britain during the latter half of the nineteenth century. A holistic and loosely articulated set of ideas, beliefs, and practices, amateurism is commonly defined as being “about doing things for the love of them, doing them without reward or material gain or doing them unprofessionally.” The amateur played the game for the game's sake, disavowed gambling and professionalism, and competed in a composed, dignified manner. From its institutional seedbed in Victorian Britain, amateurism traveled the sporting globe, from the cosmopolitan Dominion cities of Cape Town, Sydney, and Toronto to distant British imperial outposts in sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean, Southeast Asia, and beyond. Like the spread of modern sports and games, the British diffused amateurism via a series of interrelated mechanisms: notably, the public schools, the economic and industrial system, the imperial British army, the evangelical and muscular Christianity movements, and a vast literary network of sporting journals, male adventure stories, and imperial tracts.
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Francisco, Louçã, and Ash Michael. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828211.003.0001.
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This book investigates two questions, how did finance become hegemonic in the capitalist system; and what are the social consequences of the rise of finance? We do not dwell on other topics, such as the evolution of the mode of production or the development of class conflict over the longer run. Our theme is not the genesis, history, dynamics, or contradictions of capitalism but, instead, we address the rise of financialization beginning in the last quarter of the twentieth century and continuing into the twenty-first century. Therefore, we investigate the transnationalization of the circuits and processes of capital accumulation that originated the expansion and financialization of the mechanisms of production, social reproduction, and hegemony, including the ideology, the functioning of the states, and the political decision making. We do not discuss the prevailing neoliberalism as an ideology, although we pay attention to the creation and diffusion of ideas, since we sketch an overview of the process of global restructuring of production and finance leading to the prevalence of the shadow economy....
Book chapters on the topic "Global diffusion mechanisms"
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Schmitt, Carina, and Herbert Obinger. "Critical Summary and Concluding Remarks." In Networks and Geographies of Global Social Policy Diffusion, 255–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83403-6_10.
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AbstractThis chapter provides a summary and a systematic synopsis of the theoretical approaches and the empirical results. It gives a comparative overview over the temporal and spatial pattern of the diffusion process and critically reflects the theoretical approaches and the applied methods. A basic insight of this comparative conclusion is that the macro-quantitative approach of network diffusion event history analysis has great benefits for global studies on social policy diffusion, but in-depth case studies still remain important for revealing the diffusion mechanisms. Future research should more systematically combine both perspectives.
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Martens, Kerstin, and Dennis Niemann. "Introduction: International Organisations and Transnational Diffusion." In International Impacts on Social Policy, 147–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86645-7_12.
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AbstractInternational organisations (IOs) have long been vibrant actors that influence global governance and transnational diffusion processes of social policies. IOs use a variety of mechanisms to influence international spheres and national policy-making processes. A few are able to distribute financial resources and implement projects, which directly affect people’s lives, and they may also (re)direct national social policies. Many other IOs active in global social policy rather exert soft governance and act as regionally or globally active think tanks that develop and diffuse ideas and norms about social policy issues. Moreover, such IO-induced norms may also become global norms and affect not only member states but all states. This chapter provides a brief overview about current research on IOs in the domain of social policies.
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Petrevska Nechkoska, Renata, Antonia Caro Gonzalez, Alberto Bertello, Simona Grande, Marc Schmüser, Nataliia Rzhevska, Yulia Matskevich, et al. "Multi-Vortex Tornado Blueprint for Disruptive Global Co-Creation (Inspired by EUvsVirus)." In Contributions to Management Science, 307–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11065-8_11.
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AbstractSince its burst in early 2020, the Covid-19 pandemic has deeply affected every aspect of daily life, from international trade and travelling to restrictions on an individual level, becoming a complex multi-level and highly multi-faceted problem. Due to its overarching influence and deep impact, it can be seen as one of the most disruptive Grand Challenges of our time. Different from most other lasting Grand Challenges, such as Climate Change, the pandemic exerted its influence with little ramp-up, rapidly transforming health and health systems, human lives, goods and economic flows, decision-making mechanisms, research and innovation, and many other aspects of life in a very short span of time.Grand Challenges require extraordinary efforts from society as a whole since they need holistic, effective, collaborative endeavours to solve them. One such unique orchestrated effort can be observed in the subsequent series of virtual massive EUvsVirus (https://www.euvsvirus.org/) events and committed collaborations (‘hackathon’, ‘matchathon’, ‘launchathon’, ‘community’, ‘EIC Covid platform’, and the unparalleled ‘Academia Diffusion Experiment’ [ADE], analysed in chapter “Academia Diffusion Experiment: Trailblazing the Emergence from Co-Creation” of this book).While this chapter explains ‘what’ has been produced with the ADE, inspired by the EUvsVirus phenomenon, the ADE chapter describes ‘how’ it has been done. Both are extremely unique in terms of content, procedure, motivation, collaboration, effects—and they attempt to trailblaze at highest level co-creation, co-evolution, and co-dreaming. Hence, situated as the last chapters of this book.This chapter will shed light on the EUvsVirus events, where over 30,000 individuals from 40 countries came together and addressed the complexity of this massive challenge in a pioneering and groundbreaking way. The chapter is focused on analysing the EUvsVirus hackathon (alongside its mentioned unique spillovers) as a tool, method, and process capable of channelling and activating individuals’ and institutions’ concerns, wills, and commitments into a unique orchestrated open, collaborative response to an urgent Grand Challenge, the pandemic. We are producing a multi-vortex tornado model, resembling the EUvsVirus phenomenon, its components, mechanisms, behaviour and how to replicate it to achieve such disruptive, global organisational effort of co-creation. Especially, the emergence of such collaboration in the face of such urgency leads to the assumption that there are crucial lessons to be learned from this endeavour, quite fittingly encapsulated by these words:‘We are learningThat though we weren't ready for this,We have been readied by it’.Amanda Gorman’s New Year poem (https://amandagormanbooks.com/#the-hill-we-climb-and-other-poems or https://edition.cnn.com/videos/tv/2022/01/06/exp-amanda-gorman-nye-poem.cnn)
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Bony, J. M. "Existence globale et diffusion en théorie cinétique discrète." In Advances in Kinetic Theory and Continuum Mechanics, 81–90. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-50235-4_8.
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Zhang, Jinbao, Linglin Meng, and Qianxia Jing. "ICT Supported Instructional Innovative Practice and Diffusion Mechanism of K-12 in China." In ICT in Education in Global Context, 17–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47956-8_2.
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Ougaard, Morten. "The OECD's Global Role: Agenda‐setting and Policy Diffusion." In Mechanisms of OECD Governance, 26–50. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199591145.003.0002.
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Sweet, Alec Stone, and Jud Mathews. "Emergence and Diffusion." In Proportionality Balancing and Constitutional Governance, 59–95. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198841395.003.0003.
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This chapter charts how proportionality has developed into a global principle of constitutional law. The German Federal Constitutional Court constitutionalized the proportionality principle, which has roots in eighteenth-century political theory and nineteenth-century administrative law. From Germany, proportionality radiated outward, spreading through Europe with the aid of the courts from the European Union and the European Convention on Human Rights, and beyond Europe owing to its adoption by influential constitutional courts, including in Canada, Israel, and South Africa. PA has accompanied most successful transitions to rights-based constitutional democracy in the past three decades, including in Asia and Latin America. The empirical focus in this chapter is on (i) how courts have justified their turn to proportionality, (ii) how they subsequently deploy PA, and (iii) how these choices impact law and politics. Proportionality’s diffusion exhibits the basic features of what institutional sociologists call isomorphism, which is driven by mimetic, coercive, and normative mechanisms. Notwithstanding points of convergence, there are profound cross-national variation in how courts adopt and use proportionality. The chapter explains why this diversity is likely to persist.
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Leisering, Lutz. "National and International Drivers of the Spread of Social Cash Transfers." In The Global Rise of Social Cash Transfers, 277–304. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754336.003.0008.
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This chapter seeks to explain the remarkable spread of social cash transfer programmes in the countries of the global South. General explanatory models of social policy development are discussed, and then specified and tested for social pensions, using multivariate quantitative analysis (event history analysis, 1971–2011). Theories familiar from explaining the historical rise of Northern welfare states have to be modified and extended to accommodate development contexts. Three major groups of drivers of the spread of social pensions are found: socio-economic modernization and political regime type; global norms; and pension reform events. By way of qualitative analysis, three mechanisms are identified, by which global ideas and norms influence domestic policies: cultural linkages, theorization, and quantification. These mechanisms also help to explain the diffusion of new ideas within transnational communities and within domestic political arenas.
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Morin, Jean-Frédéric, Amandine Orsini, and Sikina Jinnah. "8. Policy instruments and effectiveness." In Global Environmental Politics, 259–90. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198826088.003.0008.
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This chapter introduces several debates surrounding the effectiveness of global environmental governance. These debates are closely linked to the choice of policy instruments states make within international regimes. These public policy instruments include regulations, administrative standards, scientific indicators, financial targets, and accounting practices, among others. Whereas international institutions frame the general norms, principles, and rules for tackling environmental problems, instruments provide the toolbox of policy mechanisms that actors in global environmental politics use to implement those norms, principles, and rules. In some cases, the choice of instruments is made at the international level and applied in exactly the same way by a group of states. In other cases, the choice of policy instruments is left to the discretion of states, who can then choose among different alternatives to fulfil their international commitments. The chapter then explains the modalities, diffusion, and political effects of these policy instruments. Although the concept of policy instruments may appear technical and neutral, it shows how instruments can actually shape, modify, and even undermine global environmental politics.
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Linderson, Sara, Seyoum Eshetu Birkie, and Monica Bellgran. "Bottom-Up Lean Practice Deployment in a Global Setting: A Case Study from the Pharmaceutical Industry." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde200145.
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In view of major social changes, such as the growing climate crisis, increased external expectations on the production sector demand an industrial transformation. Since transformations call for innovation, new lean practices will emerge locally at sites in production networks to cope with new challenges. But, how can new local lean practices be deployed for utilization by other parts of the company? Global production companies strive for broad over-all improvements within the network. This is often approached through a top-down deployment of a global lean framework, using various mechanisms. Lean standard development is a central mechanism for transferring best practices and lean knowledge within a corporate group. Anchored to well-established theories, such as innovation diffusion and plant network theory, prior lean transfer studies often take a cascading top-down perspective. In contrast, this study aims to explore lean practice diffusion through a bottom-up perspective. It explores the process of deploying new local lean practices to the corporate network. The empirical findings are based on a single case study at the pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca. The findings indicate that the bottom-up deployment process can be explained by four phases, ‘Piloting’, ‘Branding’, ‘Codifying Knowledge’ and ‘Making a Product’ that varies in degree of practice adaptation. The lean practice incorporation to a global lean framework is discussed around three conceptual deployment approaches called, ‘template’, ‘standard’ and ‘product’ deployment. The empirical insight contributes to the body of global lean literature by providing a more dynamic view of global lean frameworks, of which development depends on the underlying processes such as bottom-up practice incorporation. It also provides practitioners in global lean settings with valuable insight and a possibility to review internal global-local deployment processes within a corporate group to increase intra-organizational learning.
Conference papers on the topic "Global diffusion mechanisms"
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Wang, Jinbo. "The Empirical Research on Knowledge Diffusion Mechanisms in Global Production Networks." In 2013 International Conference on Advances in Social Science, Humanities, and Management. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/asshm-13.2013.32.
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Makino, I., T. Kawanami, and Y. Yahagi. "Local Quenching Recovery Processes of Premixed and Diffusion Interacting Flames in a Turbulent Opposite Flow." In ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44441.
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A lean premixed CH4 air flame (LPF) impinges with a CH4 diluted with N2 diffusion flame (DF) having different turbulence conditions to create a lean heterogeneous combustion model such as a stratified combustion. The local quenching recovery processes of LPF and DF interacting with the turbulence in an opposed flow have been investigated experimentally using a Particle Image Velocimetry movie. The local quenching phenomena can be observed frequently with approaching the global extinction condition. The local quenching may trigger to global extinction. However, in many cases, the flame can recover from the local quenching phenomena and create the stable flame. There are three distinct local quenching recovery mechanisms namely a passive mode, an active mode, and an eddy transportation mode. These three modes depend on the local flame propagation mechanism, the bulk flow motion, and the eddy motion by turbulence. In the passive mode, the bulk flow plays an important role on the recovery process. The local quenching area is drifting outward from the stabilization point by the bulk flow and then, it is displaced by the stable flamelets. In the active mode, the local quenching area is recovered by the self-propagating wrinkled LPF from somewhere in the active zone. The active mode is observed only when the turbulence is added to the premixed flame side. In the eddy motion mode, the local quenching area is recovered by the eddy transportation. That is, the flamelet is transport by the eddy motion and the local quenching area is replaced. The wrinkled flamelet having self-propagation plays a very important role for the local quenching recovery mechanism. The turbulence on the premixed flame not only induces high possibility for the local quenching but also helps to recover from the local quenching.
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Asif, Mohammad, Lei Wang, Randy Hazlett, and Galymzhan Serikov. "IAST Modelling of Competitive Adsorption, Diffusion and Thermodynamics for CO2-ECBM Process." In SPE EuropEC - Europe Energy Conference featured at the 83rd EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209636-ms.
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Abstract Objective/Scope The CO2 emission is one of the main causes for the global warming and it may be controlled by sequestrating CO2 into the geological formation. The coalbed formation provides a dual advantage for CO2 sequestration as CO2 may be stored in coal forever with enhancing the coalbed methane recovery. Thus, the cost of CO2 sequestration may be offset completely or partially. The main objective of the paper was to comprehend the CO2-ECBM displacement using the three concepts viz. competitive adsorption, diffusion, and thermodynamic modelling of coal Methods, procedure, and process In this paper, the pure gas isotherm on coal for CH4, and CO2 was evaluated using manometric method. The binary gas isotherm or competitive adsorption was studied using IAST modelling. MATLAB code was developed for the solution of IAST model and Newton Raphson approach was followed. The IAST modelling was done by taking 50%/%50 mole fraction of CH4/CO2. By analyzing the binary gas isotherm, the optimum injection pressure was evaluated. On the same injection pressure, co adsorption isotherm was drawn at different mole fraction of CO2 in gas phase. Separation factor was calculated by taking ratio of CO2 and CH4 in the gas and adsorbed phase respectively. Furthermore, adsorption data was used for discussing the sorption kinetics in coal and diffusion coefficient was evaluated. Furthermore, the thermodynamic parameters were also calculated and integrated with above noted parameters for the methane displacement in CO2-ECBM process. Results, observations, and calculations The CO2-ECBM displacement is very much dependent on the competitive adsorption and diffusion process in coal. The surface potential and Henry constant are important parameters for defining the CO2-ECBM displacement. The coadsorption isotherm was drawn at the optimum injection pressure and it shows that methane displacement would be the optimum by taking 11 %/89% mole fraction of CO2 and CH4 for two temperatures i.e., 288 K, 308 K. It is identified through diffusion regime that diffusion coefficient for the binary gas isotherm is the average of the diffusion coefficients of pure CO2 and CH4. Novel/Additive information This is the first kind of study which provides the completely integrated approach for describing the methane displacement in CO2-ECBM process. This novel study promotes our understanding of the complex mechanisms of CO2-ECBM displacement process.
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Zuo, Baifang, David L. Black, and Clifford E. Smith. "A New Assumed PDF Turbulent Combustion Model for Multi-Step Chemistry." In ASME Turbo Expo 2005: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2005-68133.
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The effect of turbulence on chemical reactions is known to be important in many gas turbine combustor applications. There are only a few established models that can capture turbulence-combustion interaction in CFD codes, and all of these models are either very expensive (e.g. Monte Carlo PDF model) or limited in what types of flames can be analyzed (e.g. laminar flamelet). Assumed PDF models have been a popular choice because they are inexpensive and can handle all flame types (e.g. diffusion, premixed and partially premixed). However, assumed PDF models are typically restricted to single, one-step global mechanisms; or are a function of species and quickly become computationally expensive. CFD Research Corporation has recently developed and validated a new assumed PDF turbulence chemistry interaction model for multi-step chemistry. The model adopts an assumed, two-variable joint-PDF to model a wide-range of turbulent reacting flows. The two variables defining the PDF are the mixture fraction and reaction progress, representing species diffusion and flame propagation. A significant advantage of this new approach is its wide range of applicability for premixed, diffusion, and partially premixed flames. Allowing more detailed chemistry for species and combustion predictions enables complex chemical reaction processes including pollutant formation, flame ignition, and flame quenching to be studied. The model is also computationally efficient, with only a minor increase in computational expense with either species or number of global reaction steps. The newly developed model was first validated using a diffusion flame from a piloted burner developed at the University of Sydney. Three different methane bulk jet velocities were used to investigate the model’s behavior on turbulent diffusion flames. Simulation data were compared with the experimental measurements and the simulation results performed by Pope (Masri and Pope, 1990) using a velocity-composition joint PDF transport equation solved by the Monte Carlo method. To validate the model on premixed flames, the data of Moreau et al. (Moreau et al., 1974, 1976, 1977) were used. Data were collected on a mixing layer stabilized burner, where the main flow into the combustor was a premixed mixture of methane and air. Parallel to the main stream, a pilot stream of hot combustion products at 2000 K was injected for flame stabilization. The results demonstrate the wide applicability of the new model for practical, turbulent combustion applications.
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Bluestein, Danny, João S. Soares, Peng Zhang, Chao Gao, Seetha Pothapragada, Na Zhang, Marvin J. Slepian, and Yuefan Deng. "Multiscale Modeling of Flow Induced Thrombogenicity Using Dissipative Particle Dynamics and Molecular Dynamics." In ASME 2013 2nd Global Congress on NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nemb2013-93094.
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The coagulation cascade of blood may be initiated by flow induced platelet activation, which prompts clot formation in prosthetic cardiovascular devices and arterial disease processes. While platelet activation may be induced by biochemical agonists, shear stresses arising from pathological flow patterns enhance the propensity of platelets to activate and initiate the intrinsic pathway of coagulation, leading to thrombosis. Upon activation platelets undergo complex biochemical and morphological changes: organelles are centralized, membrane glycoproteins undergo conformational changes, and adhesive pseudopods are extended. Activated platelets polymerize fibrinogen into a fibrin network that enmeshes red blood cells. Activated platelets also cross-talk and aggregate to form thrombi. Current numerical simulations to model this complex process mostly treat blood as a continuum and solve the Navier-Stokes equations governing blood flow, coupled with diffusion-convection-reaction equations. It requires various complex constitutive relations or simplifying assumptions, and is limited to μm level scales. However, molecular mechanisms governing platelet shape change upon activation and their effect on rheological properties can be in the nm level scales. To address this challenge, a multiscale approach which departs from continuum approaches, may offer an effective means to bridge the gap between macroscopic flow and cellular scales. Molecular dynamics (MD) and dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) methods have been employed in recent years to simulate complex processes at the molecular scales, and various viscous fluids at low-to-high Reynolds numbers at mesoscopic scales. Such particle methods possess important properties at the mesoscopic scale: complex fluids with heterogeneous particles can be modeled, allowing the simulation of processes which are otherwise very difficult to solve by continuum approaches. It is becoming a powerful tool for simulating complex blood flow, red blood cells interactions, and platelet-mediated thrombosis involving platelet activation, aggregation, and adhesion.
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Funke, H. H. W., N. Beckmann, J. Keinz, and S. Abanteriba. "Comparison of Numerical Combustion Models for Hydrogen and Hydrogen-Rich Syngas Applied for Dry-Low-NOx-Micromix-Combustion." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-56430.
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The Dry-Low-NOx (DLN) Micromix combustion technology has been developed as low emission combustion principle for industrial gas turbines fueled with hydrogen or syngas. The combustion process is based on the phenomenon of jet-in-crossflow-mixing. Fuel is injected perpendicular into the air-cross-flow and burned in a multitude of miniaturized, diffusion-like flames. The miniaturization of the flames leads to a significant reduction of NOx emissions due to the very short residence time of reactants in the flame. In the Micromix research approach, CFD analyses are validated towards experimental results. The combination of numerical and experimental methods allows an efficient design and optimization of DLN Micromix combustors concerning combustion stability and low NOx emissions. The paper presents a comparison of several numerical combustion models for hydrogen and hydrogen-rich syngas. They differ in the complexity of the underlying reaction mechanism and the associated computational effort. For pure hydrogen combustion a one-step global reaction is applied using a hybrid Eddy-Break-up model that incorporates finite rate kinetics. The model is evaluated and compared to a detailed hydrogen combustion mechanism derived by Li et al. including 9 species and 19 reversible elementary reactions. Based on this mechanism, reduction of the computational effort is achieved by applying the Flamelet Generated Manifolds (FGM) method while the accuracy of the detailed reaction scheme is maintained. For hydrogen-rich syngas combustion (H2-CO) numerical analyses based on a skeletal H2/CO reaction mechanism derived by Hawkes et al. and a detailed reaction mechanism provided by Ranzi et al. are performed. The comparison between combustion models and the validation of numerical results is based on exhaust gas compositions available from experimental investigation on DLN Micromix combustors. The conducted evaluation confirms that the applied detailed combustion mechanisms are able to predict the general physics of the DLN-Micromix combustion process accurately. The Flamelet Generated Manifolds method proved to be generally suitable to reduce the computational effort while maintaining the accuracy of detailed chemistry. Especially for reaction mechanisms with a high number of species accuracy and computational effort can be balanced using the FGM model.
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Nichols, Joseph, and Peter Schmid. "On the Global Stability of Lifted Jet Diffusion Flames." In 5th AIAA Theoretical Fluid Mechanics Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2008-3905.
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Mukherjee, Partha P., Devesh Ranjan, Rangachary Mukundan, and Rodney L. Borup. "Heat and Water Transport in a Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Electrode." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-22703.
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In the present scenario of a global initiative toward a sustainable energy future, the polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) has emerged as one of the most promising alternative energy conversion devices for various applications. Despite tremendous progress in recent years, a pivotal performance limitation in the PEFC comes from liquid water transport and the resulting flooding phenomena. Liquid water blocks the open pore space in the electrode and the fibrous diffusion layer leading to hindered oxygen transport. The electrode is also the only component in the entire PEFC sandwich which produces waste heat from the electrochemical reaction. The cathode electrode, being the host to several competing transport mechanisms, plays a crucial role in the overall PEFC performance limitation. In this work, an electrode model is presented in order to elucidate the coupled heat and water transport mechanisms. Two scenarios are specifically considered: (1) conventional, Nafion® impregnated, three-phase electrode with the hydrated polymeric membrane phase as the conveyer of protons where local electro-neutrality prevails; and (2) ultra-thin, two-phase, nano-structured electrode without the presence of ionomeric phase where charge accumulation due to electro-statics in the vicinity of the membrane-CL interface becomes important. The electrode model includes a physical description of heat and water balance along with electrochemical performance analysis in order to study the influence of electro-statics/electro-migration and phase change on the PEFC electrode performance.
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Darbandi, Masoud, and Moslem Sabouri. "Rarefaction Effects on Gas Mixing in Micro- and Nanoscales." In ASME 2016 5th International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2016-6604.
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We present the rarefaction effects on diffusive mass transport in micro- and nanoscales using the results of direct simulation Monte Carlo DSMC method. Unlike the previous investigations, the momentum and heat contributions are eliminated from the computations via uniform velocity, pressure, and temperature field considerations. The effects of global Knudsen number on the diffusion phenomenon are studied for the same Peclet number and a unique mixer shape. The results indicate that there is considerable weakening in diffusion mechanism for high Knudsen number cases. As a result, the non-dimensional diffusive mass fluxes would decrease and the non-dimensional mixing length would increase as the Knudsen number increases. The effective diffusion coefficient is calculated throughout the mixer using the diffusive mass fluxes and the species mass fraction gradients. It is observed that the effective diffusion coefficient can vary considerably as a result of local rarefaction variations. It reaches to the lowest value at the point of confluence, where the maximum mass fraction gradient magnitude would occur for the species. Moving away from this point, the local rarefaction effects would weaken and the effective diffusion coefficient would reinforce subsequently. All the presented results indicate that there would be a convergent to a limiting behavior, which corresponds to the continuum mass diffusion case. Despite this, the local rarefaction level decreases continuously. Unfortunately, because of a considerable increase in the statistical fluctuations at very low rarefaction levels, the simulations do not provide reliable results in the limit of continuum regime.
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Lyu, Xinjie. "Role of underlying diffusion mechanism and information digitization in a global network of streaming music." In 2021 IEEE Conference on Telecommunications, Optics and Computer Science (TOCS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tocs53301.2021.9688745.
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