Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Glissement géographique'
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Bayet, Théophile. "Caractérisation de l'inclusivité des systèmes de vision par ordinateur basés sur l'apprentissage profond pour les pays du Sud." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUS129.
Full textModern global changes, such as climate change and the sixth mass extinction, are profoundly disrupting our societies and ecosystems. New technologies, including machine learning, are both aggravating factors and potential means of mitigating the challenges posed by these changes. In 2015, the United Nations established the Sustainable Development Goals to assess the ecological impact and the risks for populations, revealing that the countries of the South are the furthest from achieving the objectives of this framework. Countries with limited digital infrastructures deploy less machine learning models, encountering a problem of context shift due to inconsistency between training and deployment data. In computer vision, this shift is exacerbated by the absence of data from southern countries in the training sets, leading to reduced model performance.In this thesis, we bridge the gap between artificial intelligence for sustainable science and the inclusivity of computer vision systems. We show how previous approaches to demonstrating the lack of inclusivity of current vision systems have overlooked important aspects of the problem, such as the formalisation of geographical bias and the metrics that reflect its impact. This has led us to propose a protocol for formalising bias, based on the identification of a source, a type and an impact in order to characterise it. This protocol has been implemented for geographical bias, initially on synthetic data. As known synthetic databases do not have a geographical bias, we create synthetic datasets with geographical biases, inspired by previous synthetic modifications of the MNIST database. We use these to test the implementation of our protocol and demonstrate its usefulness. We then experiment with the protocol on real data for characterising western bias in vision systems, and find that the results obtained are different from those expected, going against observations in previous academic work. We carry out a visual analysis of these results at different levels of granularity in an attempt to understand them and to propose possible themes for future research. In the end, we highlight the presence of concomitant biases, elements that make up the geographical bias but have different impacts that the main entity. These concomitant biases prevent the characterisation of the geographical bias by influencing the predictions of the models.We therefore show how the problem of characterising geographical bias is more complex than it might at first appear, what the current pitfalls are and what avenues are being pursued to remedy the problems encountered. Overall, we offer the scientific community tools to better understand the problems of deploying models in developing countries, in order to better understand the challenges of these deployments for applications in sustainable science
Slimi, Ahmed. "Mouvements de terrain et ravinements dans le bassin supérieur de l’Oued Djemaa (versant sud du Djurdjura, Algérie)." Thesis, Paris Est, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PEST0066.
Full textThe upper basin of the oued Djemaa which includes to the mountain of Djurdjura is affected by an important morphogenesis. The ground movements introduces a large variety in the study area and play a preponderant role in the evolution of mountainsides. The geomorphology detailed study an investigation into the local populations, geotechtonic and analyses it sedimentology of displaced trainings allows us to do ground typology movement and to chow theire development factors and their location. The big rainfalls of winter and sprinter are the origin of these ground movements and gully erosions, but exposition and lithology allow to understand different forms on northern and southern slope. Human activities play more and more an important role in morphogenesis acceleration. In this study, a geographical information system has been used to provide degradation maps of risks of which are tools for planning and management of soil using in the upper basin of the oued Djemaa. He allows to cross vulnerability witch vagary. The result of these crossroads which we codified results in a total map of risk levels
Guérard, Catherine. "Les glissements de terrain dans la vallée de la rivière Malbaie : le cas du grand glissement de Clermont, Charlevoix-Est, Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29343/29343.pdf.
Full textRezig, Selma. "Modélisation probabiliste de l'aléa mouvements de terrain : développement d'une méthode quantitative pour l'aide à l'expertise." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ECAP0614.
Full textFressard, Mathieu. "Les glissements de terrain du Pays d’Auge continental : Caractérisation, cartographie, analyse spatiale et modélisation." Caen, 2013. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00968473.
Full textThe Pays d’Auge plateau hillslopes (Normandy, France) are widely affected by instability processes. In spite of an actual risk, few studies were engaged on these complex phenomena in this smooth topography area. This research aims to complete the limited knowledge about the local instability processes and to develop a landslide susceptibility mapping strategy. Two main objectives are guiding the work : (1) observation and characterization de the instability phenomena (inventory, typology and geomorphological mapping) ; (2) landslide susceptibility mapping at the 1/50. 000 and at the 1/10. 000 scale. We obtained a detailed landslide typology for the continental part of the Pays d’Auge plateau. This was used as a basis for several landslides inventories at different scales. Datasets representing the landslide predisposing factors were acquired with a particular attention paid on the quality, the cost and the scale fitting of the data. The work was focused on the comparison between “expert”, “semi-expert” and probabilistic approaches to map the landslide susceptibility. The results show that probabilistic approaches can be used complementarily to the usual expert methods and can help in selecting more appropriate landslide predisposing factors, even if the method is widely influenced by the quality of the input data
Michellier, Caroline. "Contribuer à la prévention des risques d'origine géologique :l'évaluation de la vulnérabilité des populations dans un contexte de rareté de données. Les cas de Goma et Bukavu (RDCongo)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/257755.
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Lissak, Candide. "Les glissements de terrain des versants côtiers du Pays d’Auge (Calvados) : morphologie, fonctionnement et gestion du risque." Caen, 2012. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00781940v2.
Full textThe present study is focused on complex rotational-translationnal landslides occurring along the coastal slopes of Calvados. The landslides kinematics is characterized by slow and permanent activity ranging from a few millimeters to a few centimeters per year. The slow velocity can be affected by major accelerations explained by combined triggering factors as prolonged rainfall. The complexity of these phenomena is linked to their temporal and spatial heterogeneity dynamics. Furthermore, their location in urban coastal environment induces high socio-economic issues. For better understanding of these complex landslides processes, the study focused on: (1) the internal structure characterization with the help of geophysical, geotechnical and geomorphological data; (2) the hydrological and hydrogeological specificities of the slope with hydrodynamics characterization; (3) the kinematics of the landslides measurement from monitoring network to put in forward the spatial and temporal heterogeneities; (4) the identification of critical piezometric or rainfall threshold inducing acceleration; (5) the assessment of consequences and the risk management linked to several acceleration crisis. And finally the research focused on the actual element at risk and landslide extension possibilities
Baillargeon, Sébastien. "Analyse dendrogéomorphologique de glissements pelliculaire dans trois vallées glaciaires des Laurentides (Québec)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29946/29946.pdf.
Full textDagenais, Du Fort Etienne. "Dendrogéomorphologie et dynamique des glissements pelliculaires dans la Réserve faunique de Port-Cartier-Sept-Îles, Côte-Nord, Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30316/30316.pdf.
Full textFressard, Mathieu. "Les glissements de terrain du Pays d'Auge continental (Normandie, France) Caractérisation, cartographie, analyse spatiale et modélisation." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00968473.
Full textMagalhães, Alexandra de Oliveira. "Aléas et risques naturels (inondations, mouvements de terrain) dans le Nordeste du Brésil : une approche géographique appliquée à la Région du Cariri (Crato et Barbalha, Ceará)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCC058.
Full textIn the Southern countries as elsewhere, the increasing seriousness of the consequences of natural disasters illustrates the essential part of an increasing vulnerability of populations, property and infrastructures, linked with demographic growth, poverty, social disparities and insufficient planning. In Brazil, legislative and operational responses followed the disasters which had occurred between 2008 and 2011 in several regions. Geographers should play an essential part in the preparation of such measures. This is the scope of this thesis, which is based upon a geographical approach of the question in the Cariri region of Northeast Brazil. This work also includes a comparative approach, in order to analyze lessons from the French experience in the domain of risk management and prevention, and to study the possibilities of transposing them in the Brazilian context. The analysis of local geographical factors (types of hazards, population and property at risk) is followed by that of information obtained about floods which occurred in the study area during the time of our research work and before. It also includes original data on mass movements at various scales which were identified from field work. Risk perception and management are investigated by the means of a questionnaire submitted to residents neighbouring rivers identified as dangerous. Part of these data are transcribed in the form of maps, in an attempt to draw a zonation of hazards, population and property at risk at local scale, in order to provide useful elements for an urban planning including risk management and prevention. This work is put in perspective through a review of disasters and risks at national scale, and of the measures that were taken at federal and more local scales. This review is used as a basis for a comparative study which bears on the management of natural disasters in France (Draguignan). Although the needs in delimitation of areas at risk are the same in both countries, the consequences which are drawn are different since, until now, there is no equivalent of the regulatory zoning of the French « PPRI », at least in the study area. However, if lessons can be transposed from one country to the other, this is mainly in this regulatory domain. Future orientations that can be retained from this work are mainly found in improvements that can be expected from wider and better organized interdisciplinary collaborations
Bustamante, Adriana Maria. "Étude de la stabilité sismique de trois talus naturels au Québec." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21696.
Full textPoiraud, Alexandre. "Les glissements de terrain dans le bassin tertiaire volcanisé du Puy-en-Velay (Massif central, France) : caractérisation, facteurs de contrôle et cartographie de l’aléa." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CLF20014.
Full textPoiraud, Alexandre. "Les glissements de terrain dans le bassin tertiaire volcanisé du Puy-en-Velay (Massif central, France) : caractérisation, facteurs de contrôle et cartographie de l'aléa." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00869937.
Full textMansour, Majid. "Processus géodynamiques et cartographie des mouvements de terrain dans la région de Chaouene (zone Bouhalla - Amtrasse). Application a la confortation de la route principale n#o39. Rif occidental. Maroc." Paris 7, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA077099.
Full textPoiraud, Alexandre. "Les glissements de terrain dans le bassin tertiaire volcanisé du Puy-en-Velay (Massif central, France) : caractérisation, facteurs de contrôle et cartographie de l’aléa." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CLF20014/document.
Full textYousaf, Zahida. "Analyse des aléas gravitaires et des vulnérabilités et résiliences territoriales dans le département des Alpes-Maritimes." Thesis, Nice, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NICE4011.
Full textThis study was conducted within Alps-Maritimes located SE of France, where Le Bar-Sur-Loup was pilot study area to test multidisciplinary approach to analyze hazard, vulnerability and resilience under risk domains. The principal aim of this study was to use an integrated approach and methodology to identify and analyze shallow landslides evolution in response to different ground water rise scenarios due to regional climate variability, and predicts territorial vulnerabilities of different territorial elements exposed to shallow landslides hazard with combine approach of territorial resilience. Conceptual model of territorial vulnerability and territorial resilience were developed based on identified territorial elements. Results were presented as maps of hazard, territorial vulnerability, and territorial resilience and risk
Guadagno, Eleonora. "Comment le phénomène du déplacement environnemental est-il perçu par les pays industrialisés ? Observations empiriques en Italie à partir des glissements de terrain à Sarno et à Cerzeto." Phd thesis, Université de Poitiers, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01064675.
Full textL'Hérault, Emmanuel. "Contexte climatique critique favorable au déclenchement de ruptures de mollisol dans la vallée de Salluit, Nunavik." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26580/26580.pdf.
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