Dissertations / Theses: 'Glioma tumors'

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Konnully, Augustus Meera Bessy. "Characterization of cellular heterogeneity in Diffuse Low Grade Glioma." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTT038.

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Les gliomes diffus de bas grade (DLGG) sont des tumeurs gliales de grade II qui affectent principalement les jeunes adultes. Elles sont caractérisées par une croissance lente et une activité mitotique réduite. Cependant, ces tumeurs diffusent et envahissent le cerveau sain via les vaisseaux sanguins et les fibres nerveuses. Après plusieurs années de croissance lente, ces tumeurs peuvent évoluer vers des glioblastomes, des tumeurs cérébrales très agressives dont la survie médiane moyenne est alors de 12 à 15 mois après le diagnostic. La caractérisation cellulaire des DLGG est encore limitée ce qui nuit à la recherche d’un traitement à un stade précoce. Dans ma thèse de doctorat, je me suis focalisée sur la caractérisation de 'hétérogénéité cellulaire des DLGG mutés pour IDH1. En effectuant une analyse d'immunofluorescence sur des astrocytomes et oligodendrogliomes de grade II, j'ai identifié deux sous-populations cellulaires largement non chevauchantes et exprimant respectivement les facteurs de transcription SOX9 et OLIG1. Ces cellules s’apparentent à des cellules de type astrocytaire et oligodendrocytaire et expriment des marqueurs moléculaires distincts. Les cellules SOX9 expriment APOE, KCNN3, CRYAB et ID4, tandis que les cellules OLIG1 expriment préfentiellement PDGFRA, SOX8, MASH1 et SOX4. Par ailleurs, j’ai montré que les cellules SOX9 présentent une activation particulière des voies de signalisation, notamment Notch, BMP et leurs cibles en aval. Pour étudier le rôle de la voie de signalisation Notch dans la formation de ces 2 sous-populations tumorales, j'ai purifié par tri magnétique les cellules tumorales à partir d'échantillons de gliomes fraîchement réséqués et j'ai surexprimé le domaine intracellulaire Notch (NICD), une forme active de Notch. J’ai ainsi montré que cette activation augmentait l’expression des marqueurs cellulaires associés aux cellules SOX9+ et une baisse de ceux associés aux cellules OLIG1+. J'ai ensuite étendu ces analyses à une lignée cellulaire anaplasique dérivée d'un patient et mutée pour IDH1. Ces résultats indiquent un rôle clé de la signalisation Notch dans la régulation de la plasticité des cellules tumorales. Des expériences similaires pour étudier l'activation de la signalisation BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) n'ont pas montré d'effet notable sur la plasticité. Néanmoins, le traitement des cellules par des membres de la famille BMP a fortement augmenté l’expression de CRYAB, un marqueur associé à SOX9, et a diminué l’expression de OLIG1 et OLIG2. En conclusion, j'ai identifié deux sous-populations tumorales non chevauchantes dans des gliomes diffus de bas grade et j'ai démontré le rôle déterminant de la voie de signalisation Notch dans leur formation. Ces résultats permettront de mieux comprendre l'hétérogénéité tumorale dans les DLGG et de concevoir de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques contre ces tumeurs
Diffuse Low-Grade Gliomas (DLGG) are WHO grade II glial tumors affecting younger adults. They are characterized as silent, slow growing tumors with fewer mitotic activities. However, they diffuse and invade the healthy brain via blood vessels and nerve fibers. These, over a period of years develop to malignant Glioblastoma, aggressive brain tumors where patients have an average medial survival of 12-15 months after diagnosis. Ill-defined phenotypic and cellular diversity of DLGG poses serious limitation to treatment and prevention at the early stage.In my PhD thesis, I aimed to address this limitation by characterizing the cellular heterogeneity in IDH1-mutated DLGG. By performing immunofluorescence analysis on grade II astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma, I have identified two largely non-overlapping cellular subpopulations expressing SOX9 and OLIG1 transcription factors, which represent astrocyte-like and oligodendrocyte-like cells, respectively. Upon further investigation, I have shown that these subpopulations express distinct molecular markers. Sox9 cells are associated with APOE, KCNN3, CRYAB and ID4, while Olig1 cells showed strong correlation with the expression of PDGFRA, SOX8, MASH1, and SOX4. In addition, the sox9 cells show a particular activation of signaling pathways including Notch, BMP and their downstream targets.To ascertain the role of Notch signaling in regulating the formation of these tumoral subpopulations, I used magnetic sorting of tumor cells from freshly resected glioma samples and overexpressed Notch Intracellular Domain (NICD), an active form of Notch. Increased Notch activation resulted in an upregulation of Sox9- and downregulation of Olig1-associated cell markers. I have then extended these analyses on one anaplastic IDH1 mutated patient derived cell line which reproduced similar gene expression profile confirming the robustness of the role of Notch signaling in regulating the plasticity of the cells. Parallel experiments performed by activation of Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling on IDH1 mutated cell line did not show a prominent effect on the plasticity. Nevertheless, BMP signal activation highly upregulated CRYAB, a SOX9 related marker and downregulated OLIG1 and OLIG2.In conclusion, I have identified two non-overlapping tumor subpopulations in diffuse low-grade gliomas and demonstrated the deterministic role of Notch signaling pathway in their formation. I believe that these findings would aid in better understanding tumoral heterogeneity in DLGG and be extended in designing new therapeutic strategies against these tumors

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Safdar, Shahana. "Peptide-targeted nitric oxide delivery for the treatment of glioblatoma multiforme." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/45797.

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Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant central nervous system tumor. The ability of glioma cells to rapidly disperse and invade healthy brain tissue, coupled with their high resistance to chemotherapy and radiation have resulted in extremely poor prognoses among patients. In recent years, nitric oxide (NO) has been discovered to play a ubiquitous of role in human physiology and studies have shown that, at sufficient concentrations, NO is able to induce apoptosis as well as chemosensitization in tumor cells. This thesis discusses the synthesis and characterization of targeted NO donors for the treatment of GBM. Two glioma targeting biomolecules, Chlorotoxin (CTX) and VTWTPQAWFQWVGGGSKKKKK (VTW) were reacted with NO gas to synthesize NO donors. These NO donors, CTX-NO and VTW-NO, released NO for over 3 days and were able to induce cytotoxicity in a dose dependent manner in glioma cells. The biggest advantage, a result of the targeted delivery of NO, was that the NO donors did not have toxic effects on astrocytes and endothelial cells. To characterize the chemosensitizing effects of CTX-NO, cells were incubated with CTX-NO prior to exposure to temozolomide (TMZ) or carmustine (BCNU). These drugs are the most popular chemotherapeutics used in the treatment of GBM, but have only shown modest improvements in patient survival. Viability studies showed that CTX-NO selectively elicited chemosensitivity in glioma cells, whereas the chemosensitivty of astrocytes and endothelial cells remained unaffected. Further investigation showed that CTX-NO pretreatment decreased O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) and p53 levels, suggesting that a decrease in DNA repair ability may be the mechanism by which chemosensitivity is induced. Lastly, the effects of CTX-NO on glioma cell invasion and migration were studied using Boyden chamber and modified scratch assays. Non-toxic doses of CTX-NO decreased glioma cell invasion in a dose dependent manner. Studies quantifying matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) surface expression demonstrated that while MMP-2 expression was decreased by both CTX and CTX-NO, MMP-9 expression was decreased only by CTX-NO. Furthermore quantifying MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity levels showed that NO and CTX work synergistically to decrease the activity of the enzymes. These studies demonstrate that the decrease in glioma invasion resulting from CTX-NO treatment was partially a consequence of decreased levels of surface and activated MMP-2 and MMP-9. The work presented in this thesis describes a novel approach to treating GBM that can be modified to develop treatments for various other tumors. Furthermore this is the first study to develop glioma-targeting NO donors.

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Munson, Jennifer Megan. "Novel nanocarriers for invasive glioma." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/41226.

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The invasive nature of glioblastoma (GBM) represents a significant challenge to the standard of care and contributes to poor clinical outcomes. Invasion of tumors into healthy brain restricts chemotherapeutic access and complicates surgical resection. The central hypothesis of the thesis is that an effective anti-invasive agent can enhance the standard chemotherapeutic response in invasive brain tumors. Through a screen of novel compounds, a new anti-invasive small molecule, Imipramine Blue (IB), was identified. This triphenylmethane compound inhibits invasion of highly invasive glioma in vitro and in vivo. To elicit a response in vivo, Imipramine Blue was liposomally encapsulated to yield better delivery to tumor. Using this formulation, it is shown that IB attenuates invasion of glioma in vivo leading to a more compact tumor in an aggressively invasive rodent glioma model. Further, it is shown that this novel compound binds NADPH oxidases and alters expression of actin regulatory elements to elicit this anti-invasive activity. To test our hypothesis that anti-invasive therapy coupled with chemotherapy will enhance efficacy, nano-IB therapy was followed by liposomally encapsulated doxorubicin (DXR) chemotherapy. Additionally, a co-encapsulated formulation of IB and DXR was developed and tested in vivo. This combination therapy significantly enhanced survival compared to IB or DXR alone, resulting in long-term survival in the syngeneic invasive rat astrocytoma model RT2. It was seen that sequential treatment was more effective than the co-encapsulated treatment indicating a benefit of pre-treating the tumor with the anti-invasive. This thesis demonstrates that novel anti-invasive IB mediated 'containment' of diffuse glioma significantly enhances the efficacy of DXR chemotherapy compared to chemotherapy or anti-invasive therapy alone.

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Dan, Michael. "Human anti-glioma monoclonal antibodies from patients with neurological tumors." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74367.

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The current management of malignant gliomas is unsatisfactory compared to other solid tumors. Expected median survival is less than one year with even the best of care. At some point in their illness, most patients with neurological tumors are capable of mounting an immune response to their disease. This study focused on the humoral immune response of brain tumor patients by preparing human-human B cell hybridomas from autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes and a human myeloma-like cell line, designated as TM-H2-SP2. Eighteen fusions were successfully performed, and 15.8% of all microwells screened contained human immunoglobulin with anti-tumor activity. Five hybridomas, designated as BT27/1A2, BT27/2A3, BT32/A6, BT34/A5, and BT54/B8 were selected for detailed study. All five produced monoclonal IgM in a range of 2.4-44 $ mu$g/ml, had a similar (but not identical) pattern of reactivity against a panel of human tumor cell lines, and did not react with normal human astrocytes. All five human monoclonal antibodies (HmAbs) recognized a subpopulation of tumor cells based on multiparameter flow cytometric studies. Cell sorting experiments suggested that the identified subpopulation may share certain properties with hypothetical tumor stem cells. Preliminary antigen characterization indicated that the HmAbs are directed to cell surface glycolipids. These HmAbs possess certain properties of reactivity that suggest potential roles for them in the future diagnosis and clinical management of human malignant gliomas.

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Murren, Robert John. "Intracytoplasmic lipid droplets in high grade glioma : metabolism and target for therapy." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8134/.

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Glioblastoma is a highly malignant and aggressive high grade glioma with a poor prognosis. The low survival rates stem from tumour progression, late intervention, ineffective therapies and drug resistance, requiring new therapeutic and diagnostic approaches. Lipid droplets are dynamic organelles suggested to be influential facets of cancer metabolism and biology in many tumours. In glioblastoma lipid droplets have been associated with hypoxia higher clinical grades and poor survival however the cellular pathways underlying lipid droplet metabolism remain unclear. Using a publically available database of grade 2 ta 4 glioma gene expression, we observed that genes associated with lipid droplet metabolism were important prognostic survival and tumour progression indicators. Moreover, through confocal microscopy, flow cytometry and NMR-based methods, we observed that uptake of exogenous lipids and adipose triglyceride lipase-mediated lipid shuttling produced lipid droplets whilst autophagy was vital to lipid droplet breakdown. ATGL-mediated lipid shuttling was further observed to prevent unsaturated fatty acid oxidative damage. Finally, we investigated the effect of pharmacological lipid droplet manipulation and observed that autophagy inhibition can improve temozolomide and irradiation cytotoxicity. Taken together our data suggests that understanding lipid droplet metabolic pathways may generate prognostic bio-markers of survival and progression and improve current therapies.

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Mörén, Lina. "Metabolomics and proteomics studies of brain tumors : a chemometric bioinformatics approach." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-111309.

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The WHO classification of brain tumors is based on histological features and the aggressiveness of the tumor is classified from grade I to IV, where grade IV is the most aggressive. Today, the correlation between prognosis and tumor grade is the most important component in tumor classification. High grade gliomas, glioblastomas, are associated with poor prognosis and a median survival of 14 months including all available treatments. Low grade meningiomas, usually benign grade I tumors, are in most cases cured by surgical resection. However despite their benign appearance grade I meningiomas can, without any histopathological signs, in some cases develop bone invasive growth and become lethal. Thus, it is necessary to improve conventional treatment modalities, develop new treatment strategies and improve the knowledge regarding the basic pathophysiology in the classification and treatment of brain tumors. In this thesis, both proteomics and metabolomics have been applied in the search for biomarkers or biomarker patterns in two different types of brain tumors, gliomas and meningiomas. Proteomic studies were carried out mainly by surface enhanced laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS). In one of the studies, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) labeling in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for protein detection and identification. For metabolomics, gas-chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS) has been the main platform used throughout this work for generation of robust global metabolite profiles in tissue, blood and cell cultures. To deal with the complexity of the generated data, and to be able to extract relevant biomarker patters or latent biomarkers, for interpretation, prediction and prognosis, bioinformatic strategies based on chemometrics were applied throughout the studies of the thesis. In summary, we detected differentiating protein profiles between invasive and non-invasive meningiomas, in both fibrous and meningothelial tumors. Furthermore, in a different study we discovered treatment induce protein pattern changes in a rat glioma model treated with an angiogenesis inhibitor. We identified a cluster of proteins linked to angiogenesis. One of those proteins, HSP90, was found elevated in relation to treatment in tumors, following ELISA validation. An interesting observation in a separate study was that it was possible to detect metabolite pattern changes in the serum metabolome, as an effect of treatment with radiotherapy, and that these pattern changes differed between different patients, highlighting a possibility for monitoring individual treatment response. In the fourth study of this work, we investigated tissue and serum from glioma patients that revealed differences in the metabolome between glioblastoma and oligodendroglioma, as well as between oligodendroglioma grade II and grade III. In addition, we discovered metabolite patterns associated to survival in both glioblastoma and oligodendroglioma. In our final work, we identified metabolite pattern differences between cell lines from a subgroup of glioblastomas lacking argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS1) expression, (ASS1 negative glioblastomas), making them auxotrophic for arginine, a metabolite required for tumor growth and proliferation, as compared to glioblastomas with normal ASS1 expression (ASS1 positive). From the identified metabolite pattern differences we could verify the hypothesized alterations in the arginine biosynthetic pathway. We also identified additional interesting metabolites that may provide clues for future diagnostics and treatments. Finally, we were able to verify the specific treatment effect of ASS1 negative cells by means of arginine deprivation on a metabolic level.

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McNeeley, Kathleen Margaret. "Modulating liposomal stealth properties to evade RES and target tumors." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26650.

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Thesis (Ph.D)--Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.
Committee Chair: Ravi V. Bellamkonda; Committee Member: Ananth V. Annapragada; Committee Member: Andrew Lyon; Committee Member: Gang Bao; Committee Member: Niren Murthy. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

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Ghasimi, Soma. "Genotype-phenotype studies in brain tumors." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Onkologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-83185.

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Meningioma and glioma are the most common primary brain tumors, but their etiologies are largely unknown. Although meningioma is usually benign, their intracranial location can lead to lethal consequences, and despite progress in surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy the prognosis for patients with glioma remains poor. The only well-established environmental risk factor for meningioma and glioma is ionizing radiation. Evidence for inherited predisposition to meningioma and glioma is provided by a number of rare inherited syndromes where collectively these diseases account for only a small proportion of the twofold increased risk of brain tumors seen in first-degree relatives for meningioma and glioma patients. It is very possible that much of the excess familial risk is a consequence of co-inheritance of multiple low-risk genetic variations. With this in mind, the aims of the studies in this thesis were to discover genetic risk variants influencing the probability of acquiring the disease and to identify the association between risk variants on the tumor phenotype. To identify genetic variants influencing meningioma risk, a comprehensive tagging of the selected genes in a case-control study was performed. We identified nine risk variants in EGF, ERBB2, and LRIG2 genes. However, these findings could not be confirmed in another larger independent dataset. In addition, the study identified a correlation between LRIG2 protein expression and ER status when analyzed with different parameters. In a separate study with a larger sample of meningioma patients, the same correlation between LRIG2 and ER status was observed. To explore the potential association between reported germline risk variants and somatic genetic events, matched tumor and blood samples from glioma patients were analyzed by SNP array. The results identified correlations between EGFR gene variants and somatic aberrations within the EGFR locus and CDKN2A/B locus. To further study the relationship between germline risk variants and tumor phenotype, the same patient material was used and analyzed by three different techniques: SNP array, IHC, and FISH. The results revealed EGFR risk variants effecting copy number variation of the EGFR gene and the expression of the IDH1 and p53. Further comparison between different techniques such as SNP array and FISH analysis revealed the difficulty in achieving consistent results with different techniques. To summarize, the glioma studies show a link between genotype and phenotype where genetic risk variants in the EGFR gene were found to be associated with specific somatic aberrations. These associations are biologically interesting because EGFR is involved in multiple cellular processes. Additional studies of the direct functional role of these observations need to be conducted to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the identified association between germline gene variants and somatic aberrations. For the meningioma studies, no significant risk variants influencing the disease were found but a correlation between LRIG2 and ER status was observed. This result suggests a potential role for the LRIG protein in the pathogenesis of meningioma, but more studies are needed to confirm this hypothesizes.

Cancer research foundation in northern Sweden and Lions cancer research foundation at Umeå university

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Uyar, Ramazan [Verfasser], and Rainer [Akademischer Betreuer] Glaß. "Glioma-associated mesenchymal stem cells have profound effects on brain tumors / Ramazan Uyar ; Betreuer: Rainer Glaß." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1202011683/34.

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Kao, Chen-Yu. "Developing a Minimally Invasive Sustained Release System for Glioma Therapy." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19757.

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Malignant brain tumor is one of the most lethal forms of cancers. In the United States alone, approximately 20,500 new cases of primary malignant brain and central nervous system tumors are expected to be diagnosed in 2007 with 12,740 deaths estimated. Treatment of malignant brain tumor remains a major challenge despite recent advance in surgery and other adjuvant therapies, such as chemotherapy. The failure of potential effective chemotherapeutics for brain tumor treatment is usually not due to the lack of potency of the drug, but rather can be attributed to lack of therapeutic strategies capable of overcoming blood brain barrier for effective delivery of drug to the brain tumor. In this thesis, we developed a minimally invasive sustained release system for glioma therapy. The present study was initiated in an effort to incorporated Doxorubicin (DOX) loaded PLGA particle into an agarose gel, which can provide a continuous release of DOX locally to the tumor site. DOX, a toposiomearase II inhibitor, is not currently used clinically for brain tumor treatment because when delivered systemically it does not cross BBB. Our hydrogel particle system can overcome this shortcoming of DOX. The results from this study demonstrate that the DOX/PLGA particle gel system can maintain the bioactivity of DOX and sustained release DOX for at least 15 day in vitro. The result of in vivo study showed the DOX/PLGA particle gel treated group had significantly extend the medium survival of 9L glioma bearing rat from 21 days to 29 days. Therefore, the success experience of this local and sustained delivery device might benefit the development of future glioma therapy strategy.

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Quintero, Bernabeu Maria Rosa. "Estudi de la significació cel·lular dels "lípids mòbils" visibles per RMN en cèl·lules C6 de glioma de rata." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3563.

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Els lípids mòbils visibles per RMN (ML) ressonant a 1,28 i 0,9ppm han estat descrit en el patró espectral de tumors cerebrals agressius I en diversos tipus cel·lulars en cultiu. Els ML provenen principalment de triacilglicerols (TAG) continguts en gotícules lipídiques (1-10 ?diàmetre) i han estat relacionats a necrosi i hipòxia en tumors, i a la velocitat de proliferació en cultius cel·lulars. Entendre l'origen bioquímic I biofísic dels ML pot ser ajuda a la MRS de tumors cerebrals humans en el diagnòstic, pronòstic i planificació de la teràpia.
Els senyals de lípids visibles per RMN (ML) de les cèl·lules C6 han estat monitorats a 9,4 i 11,7 T (pols i adquisició i 136 ms temps d'eco) en sediments cel·lulars per espectroscòpia de 1H NMR. S'ha trobat un comportament reproduïble amb el creixement. Els ML augmenten de fase log (dia 4 de cultiu) a fase postconfluent (dia 7 de cultiu). Aquest comportament es correspon amb el percentatge de cèl·lules que contenent gotícules citosòliques detectables per tinció amb Nile Red i epifluorescència. (rang 23% -60% de cèl·lules). El nombre de cèl·lules positives augmenta després de la sembra (dia 0-1), disminueix a fase log (dia 2-4), augmenta altre cop amb la confluència (dia 5) i encara més en post-confluència (dia 7). L'aturada de la proliferació induïda per deprivació de factors de creixement indueix una major acumulació de gotícules citosòliques (fins a 100%) i un major augment en els ML ( fins a 21 vegades respecte de les cèl·lules de fase log de dia 4 de cultiu).
La quantificació del lípids neutres en extractes lipídics totals de cèl·lules C6 per cromatografia en capa prima (TLC) mostra que no hi ha canvis significatius amb el creixement o l'aturada de proliferació en els principals tipus de lípids neutres presents (triacilglicerols, TAG; diacilglicerols, DAG; esters de colesterol, ChoEst) excepte pels DAG, els quals decreixen en cèl·lules de dia 7.
La quantificació per 1H-13C HMQC dels extractes de cèl·lules C6 (cèls. dia 4, fase log, n=3; i dia 7, post-confluenst, n=3) i and {1}-13C-glucosa enriquida 99% (cèls. dia 4, , n=3, incubació 2h4; i dia 7, n=3, incubació 48h) va mostrar que no hi havia diferències significatives en el contingut de TEG entre cèl·lules de dia 4 i de dia 7. La distribució del marcatge obtinguda suggereix una compartimentalització de la síntesi de PL i TAG a partir de DAG, i un origen diferent de glucosa per la síntesi de TAG en les condicions experimentals.
L' aparent discrepància entre els resultants d'RMN, microscòpia òptica I TLC pot ser explicada si es tenen en compte canvis biofísics en el pool de lípids neutres i els resultants de marcatge. Es proporciona una explicació cel·lular pels resultats obtinguts: la hipòtesi de la llançadora de TAG.
NMR-visible mobile lipids (ML) resonances at 1.28 and 0.9ppm have been described in the spectral pattern of aggressive tumours and in cultured cell types. These ML mostly originate from triacylglicerol (TAG) in droplets (1-10 micrometers of diameter) and have been related to necrosis and hypoxia in tumours and proliferation rate in cultured cells. Proper understanding of the biochemical and biophysical origin of these ML could help MRS of human brain tumours to provide useful information for diagnosis, prognosis and therapy planning.
NMR-visible mobile lipid (ML) signals of C6 glioma cells have been monitored at 9.4 and 11.7 T (single pulse and 136 ms echo time) from cell pellets by 1H NMR spectroscopy. A reproducible behavior with growth has been found. ML signals increase from log phase (4 day of culture) to postconfluence (7 day of culture). This ML behavior is paralleled by the percentage of cells containing epifluorescence detectable Nile Red stained cytosolic droplets (range 23% - 60% of cells). The number of positive cells increases after seeding (day 0-1), decreases at log phase (day 2-4), increases again at confluence (day 5) and even further at post-confluence (day 7). C6 cells proliferation arrest induced by growth factors deprivation induces an even higher accumulation of cytosolic droplets (up to 100% of cells) and a large ML increase (up to 21 -fold with respect to 4 day log phase cells)
When neutral lipid content is quantified by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) on total lipid extracts of C6 cells, no statistically significant change can be detected with growth or growth arrest in major neutral lipid containing species (triacylglycerol, TAG, diacylglycerol, DAG, cholesterol esters, ChoEst) except for DAG, which decreased in post-confluent, 7 day cells.
Quantitation of C6 lipid extracts of cultured cells (day 4 cells, log phase, n=3, and day 7 cells, postconfluent, n=3) and {1}-13C-glucose 99% enriched grown cells (day 4 cells, n=3, 24h incubation with 13C enriched glucose, day 3-day 4, and day 7 cells,n=3, 48h incubation with 13C enriched glucose, day 5-day 7) by 1H-13C HMQC showed no statistically significant changes in TAG content between day 4 and day 7 cultured cells. The labelling distribution obtained suggests a cellular compartimentalization of the synthesis pathway for PL and TAG from DAG, and an origin different from glucose for TAG synthesis under the experimental conditions (log phase and post-confluence).
The apparent discrepancy between NMR, optical microscopy and TLC results can be reconciled if possible biophysical changes in the neutral lipid pool with growth and labeling results are taken into account. A cellular explanation for the observed results is proposed: the TAG-droplet-size-change hypothesis.

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Sakata, Akihiko. "Grading glial tumors with amide proton transfer MR imaging: different analytical approaches." Kyoto University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/215431.

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Final publication is available at http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11060-014-1715-8
Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(医学)
甲第19605号
医博第4112号
新制||医||1014(附属図書館)
32641
京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻
(主査)教授村井俊哉, 教授平岡眞寛, 教授山田泰広
学位規則第4条第1項該当

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Roller, Benjamin Thomas. "A nanoencapsulated visible dye for intraoperative delineation of brain tumor margins." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/42805.

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Brain and central nervous cancer presents a significant clinical burden, accounting for 2.4% of all cancer deaths. High grade glioma is particularly deadly, with 5 year survival times of 35% or less. Traditional treatment includes tumor resection followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy. Aggressive resection is essential in order to prolong patient life. In fact, several studies have shown that life expectancy increases with increased extent of resection. Extent of resection is burdened by the fact that surgeons must be careful not to remove functional brain tissue. Resection is incomplete more often than not due to lack of visual cues for the surgeon. He must rely on tactile sensation to distinguish tumor from healthy tissue. Methods such as intraoperative MRI and CT exist, but these require expensive equipment and special training that is not available in all surgical environments. Some laboratories have proposed small molecule dyes to solve this problem, but these are insufficient when used in an invasive tumor model. It was the goal of this research to provide an objective cue in the form of a nanoencapsulated visible dye without the need for additional equipment of changes to the surgery process itself other than injection of the dye. We hypothesized that the nanocarrier would allow staining of the tumor through passive targeting by taking advantage of the enhanced permeability and retention effect. Once the nanocarriers have reached the desired target, they would not diffuse out into healthy tissue due to their large size compared to small molecule dyes, which readily diffuse out and stain healthy tissue. To test this hypothesis, we prepared and characterized a liposomal nanocarrier encapsulating Evans blue dye. The nanocarrier was tested for safety in vitro and in vivo, then used to delineate tumor margins in an invasive rat glioma model in vivo. Microscopic analysis was then conducted to ensure only tumor tissue was stained by the nanocarrier. This thesis presents a successful method of tumor border delineation to provide surgeons with positive visual cues without the need for changes in surgical environment or techniques.

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Suwala, Abigail Kora [Verfasser]. "Targeted glioma stem cell depletion through pharmacological WNT inhibition as a novel therapy for malignant brain tumors / Abigail Kora Suwala." Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1190884062/34.

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Lanser, Brittany. "Characterization of checkpoint adaptation in human fibroblastic glioma cells and an analysis of protein phosphatase inhibitors." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Biological Sciences, c2012, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3390.

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This thesis reports that checkpoint adaptation occurs in human brain cancer cells. M059K cells, after treatment with camptothecin (CPT), recruited γ-histone H2AX, phosphorylated Chk1 and arrested in the G2 phase. Strikingly, cells escaped the checkpoint, became rounded and entered mitosis as measured by phospho-histone H3 signals. Lamin A/C immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that 48% of the cells that survived checkpoint adaptation contained micronuclei. These data suggest that brain cancer cells undergo checkpoint adaptation and may have an altered genome. This thesis also explored if phosphatases participate in checkpoint adaptation. Human colon cancer cells were treated with CPT and the PP2A inhibitor cantharidin. Following treatment the cells became rounded and 65% were positive for phospho-histone H3 signals indicating that cantharidin caused cells to be in mitosis following CPT treatment. These data suggest that PP2A might have a role in checkpoint adaptation, or participate in a pathway that bypasses checkpoint adaptation.
xi, 114 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 29 cm

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Fernández, Flores Francisco. "The cancer stem cell hypothesis in spontaneous canine gliomas: from tumors to neurogenesis in the adult dog." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/400385.

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Las células madre cancerosas (CSCs) se pueden originar tanto por la transformación de las células madre normales como a partir de progenitores o células diferenciadas con capacidad de auto-renovación. La hipótesis de las CSCs propone que una subpoblación específica de células es la responsable de mantener el tumor. Esta hipótesis se ha demostrado en una amplia variedad de tumores, incluidos los gliomas. Nestina y CD133 se utilizan como marcadores para la detección de las células madre neurales. En el presente estudio, un total de 20 tumores caninos fueron diagnosticados histopatológicamente como gliomas, de acuerdo con la clasificación internacional de neoplasias del sistema nervioso central en humanos. Posteriormente fueron estudiados mediante inmunohistoquímica (IHC) usando Nestina y CD133 como marcadores de precursores neurales; Neu-N, Doblecortina (DCx) y βIII tubulina como marcadores neuronales; proteína ácida glial fibrilar (GFAP), Vimentina, proteína S-100 y proteína Olig2 como marcadores neurogliales y Ki67 como marcador de proliferación celular. Estos tumores se caracterizaron neuropatologicamente como: oligodendogliomas (grado II), oligodendrogliomas anaplásicos (grado III), glioma mixto (grado II) y glioblastomas (grado IV). La evaluación IHC reveló una positividad mayor de Nestina y CD133 en tumores de alto grado. Olig2 fue expresada en la mayoría de los tumores. La positividad para GFAP fue mayor en el glioma mixto y los glioblastomas. Los marcadores de neurona diferenciada fueron negativos, mientras que en algunos gliomas de alto grado se detectó positividad para DCX. Nuestros resultados están de acuerdo con la hipótesis de las CSCs, confirmando la presencia de precursores neurales en los gliomas caninos sobretodo en los de grado más alto. Posteriormente, el estudio in vitro de células extraídas de áreas del centro y periferia de gliomas caninos permitieron evaluar la capacidad de proliferación, expansión y superviviencia de los progenitores neurales en estos tumores. Se obtuvieron neuroesferas de todas las muestras correspondientes al centro del tumor indicando la existencia de precursores neurales en tumores de todos los grados de glioma canino. Además, la cantidad de células capaces de proliferar se vio incrementada en los tumores de mayor grado, indicando la posible influencia de estos precursores neurales en su comportamiento maligno. Los precursores neurales aislados de todas las muestras con capacidad de expansión fueron capaces de diferenciar en las tres líneas neurales indicando su multipotencialidad. Estos resultados demostraron la participación de progenitores neurales en los gliomas caninos, de acuerdo con el segundo criterio de demostración de la hipótesis de las CSCs. En paralelo se estudiaron las células madre neurales en fases post-natales del cerebro de perro adulto. Para ello se estudió la citoarquitectura de su principal nicho, la zona subventricular (SVZ) anterior la cual ha sido ampliamente descrita en humanos y especies murinas. Mediante el estudio histológico, immunohistoquímico, ultraestructural y cultivo celular, se confirmo la presencia de células neurales multipotentes en nichos neurogénicos estructural y celularmente similares a los descritos en otras especies. Además, la arquitectura de estos componentes es similar a la descrita en humanos, probablemente relacionado con una complejidad similar de las estructuras encefálicas. Por último, se identificaron cadenas de neuroblastos migradores asociados a estructuras vasculares fuera de la SVZ indicando la elevada capacidad de migración y adaptabilidad de las células madre neurales residentes en el encéfalo y comparable con eventos similares descritos en otras especies de mamíferos incluyendo la especie humana. Los resultados de los estudios llevados a cabo en esta tesis doctoral concluyen que el perro puede ser un modelo animal relevante en futuros estudios relacionados con la identificación de nuevas dianas terapéuticas en el campo de la oncología, así como un modelo a considerar en estudios relacionados con la neurogénesis en el individuo adulto.
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) can originate both from the transformation of normal stem cells as progenitors or from more differentiated cells that have acquired capacity for self-renewal. The hypothesis of the CSCs proposes that a specific subpopulation of cancer stem cells is responsible for maintaining the tumor. This hypothesis has been demonstrated in a wide variety of tumors, including gliomas. Nestin and CD133 are used as markers for the detection and study of neural stem cells. In the present study, a total of 20 canine brain tumors were diagnosed as glioma, according to the international classification of tumors of the central nervous system in humans. They were studied by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using Nestin and CD133 as markers of neural precursors; Neu-N, doublecortin (DCx) and βIII tubulin as neuronal markers; glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, S-100 protein and protein Olig2 as glial markers and Ki67 as a marker for cell proliferation. These tumors were neuropathologically classified as: oligodendogliomas (Grade II), anaplastic oligodendrogliomas (Grade III), mixed glioma (grade II) and glioblastomas (grade IV). IHC evaluation showed higher positivity for Nestin and CD133 in high-grade gliomas (HGG). Olig2 was expressed in most tumors, whereas positivity for GFAP was higher in the mixed glioma and glioblastomas. Differentiated neuron markers were negative, while in some HGGs DCX positivity was detected. Our results are in agreement with the CSCs hypothesis, confirming the presence of undifferentiated neural precursors in canine gliomas. Subsequently, tissue grafts extracted from areas of the center and periphery of canine gliomas were cultured in vitro by neurosphere assay in order to assess the ability of proliferation, expansion and survival of the neural progenitors. Neurospheres of all samples corresponding to the center of the tumor were obtained indicating the existence of neural precursors in tumors of all grades of canine glioma. Furthermore, the amount of cells capable of proliferating was increased in HGGs, indicating the possible influence of these neural precursors in their malignant behavior. The neural precursors isolated from all samples were able to differentiate into three neural lines indicating their multipotentiality. These results demonstrated the involvement of neural progenitors in canine gliomas, according to the second criteria for demonstration of the hypothesis of CSCs. In parallel neural stem cells from normal postnatal adult dog brain phases were studied. The cytoarchytecture of its main niche it was studied in the adult brain. This corresponds to the subventricular zone (SVZ) which has been widely described in human and murine species. By histological, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural and cell culture studies, the presence of multipotent neural cells in SVZ was confirmed, residing in neurogenic niches and structurally and cellularlly similar to those described in other mammalian species. Moreover, the architecture of these components was similar to that described in humans, probably related with complexity similar brain structures, which could be related to adult neurogenesis related processes. Finally, chains of migratory neuroblasts associated with vascular structures outside the SVZ indicated a high migration capability and adaptability of resident neural stem cells in the brain of adult and comparable with similar events described in other mammalian species including humans. The results of the studies performed in this thesis conclude that the dog can be a relevant animal model in future related to the identification of new therapeutic targets in the field of comparative oncology studies, as well as a model to consider in studies and the progress of studies related to neurogenesis in the adult individual.

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17

Bielecki, Peter. "Advanced Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Brain Tumors." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case159558503832021.

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18

Mirbahai, Ladan. "Biomarkers of cell stress and cell death detected by proton high resolution magic angle spinning (¹H HR-MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in a rat glioma cell line." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/619/.

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Early detection of biomarkers of tumour treatment response improves clinical management, in vivo. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has demonstrated potential for identifying early biomarkers of effective treatment. However, more detailed in vitro studies are required to improve our understanding and facilitate its use. The aim of this study is to determine ¹H high-resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) biomarkers of cytostasis and cell death in a rat glioma BT4C cell line. Cytostasis and cell death were induced in BT4C cells using cisplatin and substrate free medium, respectively. Cell viability was examined by various techniques. The lipid and metabolite alterations in whole cells were investigated by ¹H HR-MAS NMR. Significant alterations in lipids and metabolites were detected in response to cytostasis or necrosis. NMR lipid accumulation was associated with an increase in cytoplasmic lipid droplets seen prior to morphological and molecular markers of cell death. Significant differences were detected in individual choline containing metabolites (CCMs), emphasising the importance of identifying CCMs separately. Alterations were also detected in lactate, alanine, glycine, glutamate, and succinate levels, suggesting changes in the energy metabolism pathways which may provide novel biomarkers in vivo. ¹H HR-MAS NMR reveals alterations in lipids and metabolites during cytostasis and cell death which may provide early markers of treatment efficacy.

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Beccaria, Kévin. "Evaluation de la diffusion intracérébrale des drogues antinéoplasiques après ouverture de la barrière hémato-encéphalique induite par ultrasons : Application aux gliomes malins de l’enfant Brainstem Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption and Enhanced Drug Delivery with an Unfocused Ultrasound Device – A Preclinical Study in Healthy and Tumor-Bearing Mice Ultrasound-Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption for the Treatment of Gliomas and other Primary CNS Tumors Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption with Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound for the Treatment of Pediatric Brain Tumors: A Review and Perspectives." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS044.

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Les gliomes de haut grade représentent près de 15% de l’ensemble des tumeurs cérébrales de l’enfant. Aucun progrès thérapeutique n’a été fait depuis 30 ans et leur pronostic reste effroyable. La barrière hémato-encéphalique (BHE) est l’une des causes de l’échec des traitements médicaux car elle limite le passage de la majorité des molécules vers le cerveau, empêchant la plupart des drogues antinéoplasiques d’atteindre le tissu tumoral. L’ouverture de la BHE par les ultrasons pulsés de faible intensité en association avec des microbulles injectées par voie intraveineuse est une technique qui permet d’ouvrir transitoirement la BHE de manière localisée et sécurisée. Dans cette étude, nous avons confirmé la capacité d’un nouvel agent de contraste (microbulles) à ouvrir la BHE avec des ultrasons. Nous avons par ailleurs montré qu’il était possible d’ouvrir la BHE dans le tronc cérébral avec un dispositif ultrasonore non focalisé (SonoCloud®), à la fois sur des souris saines et des modèles murins de DIPG. Nous avons pu augmenter la distribution de l’irinotécan et du panobinostat dans le tronc cérébral de souris saines et de modèles de DIPG après ouverture de la BHE, sans cependant améliorer la survie de notre modèle de DIPG. Des études préliminaires ont été réalisées avec des inhibiteurs de chekpoints et des cellules natural killer, qui n’ont pas permis d’améliorer la survie d’un modèle murin de gliome malin sus-tentoriel. Enfin, nous avons mis au point le premier essai clinique pédiatrique qui visera, dès le premier semestre 2020, à évaluer la faisabilité et la tolérance de l’ouverture de la BHE avec le dispositif SonoCloud® chez l’enfant et l’adolescent
High-grade gliomas represent about 15% of pediatric brain tumors. No progress has been made in the treatment of these tumors during the last decades, and their prognosis remains dismal. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a major role in the failure of medical treatments since it prevents most molecules to reach the brain, thus limiting the delivery of antineoplastic drugs to brain tumors. Disruption of the BBB (BBBD) with low intensity pulsed ultrasound in association with intravenous microbubbles is a technique that allows for safe, transient, and localized opening of the BBB. In this thesis, we confirmed the capacity of a new microbubble contrast agent to induce BBBD with ultrasound. We showed that opening of the BBB in the brainstem is possible with a nonfocused ultrasound device (SonoCloud®), in both healthy mice and a murine model of DIPG. We were able to increase irinotecan and panobinostat delivery in the brainstem of both healthy and tumor-bearing mice after BBBD, but we did not observe increased in overall survival. Preliminary studies have also been performed with checkpoints inhibitors and natural killer cells in a murine model of supra-tentorial high-grade glioma, but we were not able to increase survival in these models anymore. Finally, we prepared the first clinical trial that will evaluate the feasibility and tolerance of ultrasound-induced BBBD with the SonoCloud® device in the pediatric population. This trial will begin during the first semester of 2020

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Grieger, Wolfgünter Helwig. "Differenzierung von Hirntumoren mittels dynamischer Magnetresonanztomographie." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Medizinische Fakultät - Universitätsklinikum Charité, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15344.

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Die hier verwendete Methode der dynamischen Magnetresonanztomographie (dMRT) erlaubte bei Hirntumorpatienten erstmals, gleichzeitig neben dem regionalen zerebralen Blutvolumen (rCBV) und dem regionalen zerebralen Blutfluß weitere Parameter, wie Permeabilitäten, die interstitiellen Volumina und das Zellvolumen, zu bestimmen. Anhand dieser Parameter sollte erstens geprüft werden, inwieweit diese zu einer besseren Malignitätseinstufung von Hirntumoren beitragen. Zweitens sollte geklärt werden, inwiefern sich die untersuchten Tumorgruppen voneinander unterscheiden lassen. Drittens war es Ziel, ein in-vivo-Grading für die Gliome zu entwickeln. Es wurden 60 Patienten mit verschiedenen Tumoren, wie Gliome, Metastasen, Meningeome und Lymphome, untersucht. Die aus der dMRT-Untersuchung erhaltenen Daten wurden mit einem pharmakokinetischen Modell ausgewertet. Für jeden Patienten wurden die oben genannten Parameter in Form von Bildern dargestellt und quantitativ berechnet. Für die Tumordifferenzierung eignete sich das mittlere rCBV am besten: Innerhalb der Gliome konnte signifikant zwischen den Grad-II- und Grad-III-Gliomen und den Grad-II- und Grad-IV-Gliomen unterschieden werden. Weiterhin konnten die Meningeome signifikant von den anderen untersuchten Tumorentitäten abgegerenzt werden. Das in-vivo-Grading der Gliome erlaubte in 71 % der Fälle eine korrekte Zuordnung zum WHO-Grad. Die Parameterbilder lieferten neben Informationen für die Tumordifferenzierung auch beispielsweise Hinweise auf den heterogenen Tumoraufbau. Des weiteren ermöglichten sie, Narbengewebe gegenüber Tumorgewebe abzugrenzen und Folgen einer Strahlentherapie zu beobachten. Schließlich waren Aussagen über die Gefäßarchitektur und das Wachstum unterschiedlicher Tumorgruppen möglich. Die mit der hier verwendeten Methode der dMRT erhaltenen Parameter boten mehrere Vorteile: Eine Differenzierung einzelner Tumorgruppen war möglich. Für die Gliome konnte mittels des in-vivo-Gradings eine quantitative Malignitätseinschätzung erfolgen. Die gewonnenen Informationen über den heterogenen Tumoraufbau erlauben bessere Biopsieergebnisse. Zusätzlich wurden Hinweise auf die Tumorpathophysiologie erhalten und es erschien möglich Veränderungen nach Therapie zu beobachten.
A method of dynamic magnet resonance imaging (dMRI) was used, which allowed for the first time to determine simultaneously several parameters in patients with brain tumors. These parameters were the regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV), the regional cerebral blood flow, and in addition, permeabilities, interstitial volumes, and the cell volume. First, it should be determined to what extent these parameters allow a better classification of the malignancy of brain tumors. Second, it should be evaluated how far it is possible to differentiate the examined tumor groups from each other. Third, a method for an in-vivo-grading specifically for gliomas should be developed. Altogether 60 patients with different tumors such as gliomas, metastasis, meningiomas, and lymphomas were examined. The data of the dMRI examination were evaluated using a pharmacokinetic model. For every patient, the parameters mentioned above were shown in maps and calculated quantitatively. The mean rCBV resulted in the best tumor differentiation: within the group of gliomas it was possible to differentiate significantly between grade-II- and grade-III-gliomas and grade-II- and grade-IV-gliomas. Furthermore, meningiomas were differentiated significantly from the other tumors. In respect to the group of gliomas, the tumor grades determined by the developed in-vivo-grading corresponded with the WHO grade of each glioma in 71 % of the cases. The parameter maps were not only usefull for tumor differentiation, but also yielded information concerning the heterogenous tumor structure. Additionally, these maps allowed to differentiate scar tissue from tumor tissue and effects of a radiotherapy could be observed. Finally, information about the vessel architecture and the growth of different tumor groups could be obtained. The parameters determined by the dMRI method used here offered several advantages: it was possible to differentiate between single tumor groups. For the gliomas, a quantitative malignancy classification resulted from the in-vivo-grading. The information concerning the structure of the heterogeneity of the tumor allows for better biopsy results. Additionally, information was also obtained concerning the pathophysiology of the tumors and it seemed possible to observe changes after a therapy.

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Swanson, Kristin Rae. "Mathematical modeling of the growth and control of tumors /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6764.

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Padovani, Laëtitia. "Caractérisation moléculaire des tumeurs cérébrales circonscrites de l'enfant." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5018.

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La classification OMS des tumeurs cérébrales de l'enfant distingue les tumeurs gliales des tumeurs glioneuronales, les gliomes circonscrits des infiltrants. Elle représente le meilleur indicateur pronostic mais se heurte pourtant à des limites de reproductibilité. Pour mieux préciser le diagnostic, mieux définir des sous-groupes de pronostic différent, et mieux orienter le thérapeutique, nous avons recherché les profils moléculaires de 108 tumeurs cérébrales circonscrites de l'enfant : astrocytome pilocytique (PA), tumeurs neuroépithéliales dysembryoplasiques (DNT), xanthoastrocytomes pléïomorphes (PXA) et gangliogliomes (GG). Aucune différence n'est retrouvée entre les gliomes corticaux de grade II (GC) et les DNT concernant IDH1 et 2, TP53 et la délétion1p19q. Les DNT non spécifiques et les GC partagent le même profil incluant CD34 et la mutation V600E de BRAF dans 50% des cas. Le PXA exprime la mutation V600E de BRAF dans plus de 50 % des cas et se rapproche du groupe des tumeurs glioneuronales. Concernant le PA, nous confirmons le caractère péjoratif de la topographie hypothalamo-chiasmatique, de l'histologie pilomyxoide, de l'âge inférieur à 36 mois et de l'exérèse partielle. A l'opposé des tumeurs infiltrantes qui appartiendraient au groupe " histones dépendantes", les tumeurs circonscrites pourraient être regroupées sous le terme "MAPKinases dépendantes". On y distinguerait alors les tumeurs avec fusion KIAA1543-BRAF de celles avec mutation V600E de BRAF. Ce travail a permis de mieux caractériser les tumeurs gliales et glioneuronales de l'enfant, reposant sur le transfert en routine de marqueurs moléculaires simples
The OMS classification for pediatric brain tumors includes glial tumors and mixed glial and glioneuronal tumors, diffuse and no diffuse glioma. All strategic decision making are based on this current classification but it drives to some limits of diagnosis reproductibility.The goal of our study was to define molecular profils for low grade no diffuse pediatric brain tumors including pilocytic astrocytoma (PA), dysembryoplasic neuroepithelial tumor (DNT), pleiomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) and benign gangliogliome (GG), to improve the quality of diagnosis, define different subgroups with different prognosis and then to improve treatment strategy decision making.No molecular difference was found between cortical grade II glioma (GC) and DNT regarding IDH1 and 2 TP53 alterations and 1p19q deletion. Similarly 50 % of no specific form of DNT share the same molecular profil with GC with CD34 expression and V600E mutation of BRAF. PXA demonstrated BRAFV600E mutation in 60 % of cases. PXA could then be very close glioneuronal tumors. Finally in PA we confirmed the negative impact of hypothalochiasmatic location, pilomyxoid diagnosis and age lower than 36 months and partial resection. We could work on the elaboration of a new classification and define the group named “Histone dependant” for tumors with histone aberrations and the group named “MAPKinases dependant” for tumors with either KIAA 1543-BRAF fusion or V600E BRAF mutation.In conclusion, this work has led to improve the molecular profil characteristics of glioneuronal tumors of childhood with different easy diagnostic markers that can be used in routine practice, and could potentially replace DNA sequencing

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Cunha, Andrew Silva da. "Análise do papel da prostaglandina E2 e seus receptores na proliferação e apoptose em glioma humano, e da expressão das enzimas COX-1, COX-2, mPGES-1, mPGES-2 e cPGES." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42134/tde-17042013-105432/.

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Os gliomas são tumores do sistema nervoso central (SNC) que evoluem a partir das células da glia. O tipo mais frequente e mais agressivo destes tumores é conhecido como glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) e entre as características biológicas de agressividade associadas a esse tumor estão o seu rápido crescimento e ausência de apoptose. O seu prognóstico desfavorável está associado à dificuldade de tratamento dessas células, pois possuem resistência à quimioterapia e a radioterapia. A expressão gênica das enzimas ciclooxigenase-1 (COX-1), ciclooxigenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandina E sintase-1 microssomal (mPGES-1), prostaglandina E sintase-2 microssomal (mPGES-2), prostaglandina E sintase citosólica (cPGES) e os produtos da síntese destas enzimas, incluindo a prostaglandina E1 (PGE1) e a prostaglandina E2 (PGE2) estão diretamente relacionados com a malignidade dos gliomas. A PGE1 e a PGE2 podem atuar de modo autócrino e parácrino, interagindo com suas células alvos através de ligação aos receptores da superfície celular que estão ligados a proteína G. Estes receptores são conhecidos como receptores EPs e dividem-se em quatro subtipos: EP-1, EP-2, EP-3 e EP-4 sendo que cada um deles ativa vias distintas de sinalização intracelular. Desta forma, este estudo teve por objetivo analisar in vitro o papel da PGE1, PGE2 e seus receptores na proliferação e apoptose em glioma humano, e a expressão das enzimas COX-1, COX-2, mPGES-1, mPGES-2 e cPGES.
Gliomas are tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) that evolve from glial cells. The most common and most aggressive form of these tumors is known as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The biological aggressiveness of GBM is associated with its rapid growth and lack of apoptosis. Its poor prognosis is strongly associated with the difficulty of treating these cells as they are resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The gene expression of the enzymes cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1), microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-2 (mPGES-2), cytosolic prostaglandin E synthase (cPGES) and the products of the activity of these enzymes, including prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), are directly related to the malignancy of gliomas. PGE1 and PGE2 can act in an autocrine and paracrine manner, by interacting with their target cells via binding to cell surface receptors that are linked to G-proteins. These receptors are known as EP receptors and are divided into four subtypes: EP1, EP2, EP3 and EP4; each of which activates distinct intracellular signaling pathways. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze, in vitro, the role of PGE1, PGE2 and their receptors in the proliferation and apoptosis of human glioma and the expression of COX-1, COX-2, mPGES-1, mPGES-2 and cPGES.

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Soldatelli, Jéssica Silveira. "Efeitos da combinação de temozolomida e ditelureto de difenila em linhagens celulares de glioblastoma." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2018. https://repositorio.ucs.br/11338/4064.

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Os gliomas representam mais de 70% dos tumores cerebrais primários. Os glioblastomas multiformes são gliomas malignos caracterizados por baixa incidência, mas altas taxas de mortalidade. Apesar da responsividade inicial ao tratamento padrão realizado com o quimioterápico alquilante temozolomida (TMZ), poucos foram os avanços para o prognóstico dos pacientes nos últimos 10 anos. Isso deve-se ao fato desses tumores serem raramente passíveis de ressecção cirúrgica e apresentarem alta taxa de recorrência. Além disso, a eficácia de seu tratamento encontra barreiras como efeitos colaterais indesejáveis e resistência quimioterápica. Nesse cenário, a descoberta de novas substâncias que possam atuar com efeito aditivo ou sinérgico e aumentem a sensibilização de células tumorais ao tratamento, torna-se uma estratégia terapêutica no campo da oncologia. O ditelureto de difenila (DTDF) é um composto orgânico contendo telúrio que apresenta interessantes efeitos biológicos in vitro, como antioxidante, quimioprotetivo, citotóxico e antitumoral. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do DTDF e do quimioterápico TMZ, em regimes isolados e em associação. Para tal foram investigados seus efeitos citotóxicos, após exposição aguda e crônica, em culturas celulares de glioma não-resistente (M059J) e resistente à TMZ (GBM). No ensaio de viabilidade celular a TMZ apresentou citotoxicidade para as linhagens celulares testadas, com valor de IC50 maior na linhagem resistente do que quando comparado à linhagem não-resistente. Este dado foi confirmado pelo teste de duplicação cumulativa de população e, também, pela coloração com laranja de acridina, após o tratamento de 120 h, por observar-se um aumento na frequência de células positivas para a formação de organelas vesiculares ácidas em ambas as linhagens, sendo predominantemente em células GBM. Além disso, foi observado que o tratamento associando DTDF e a TMZ apresentou uma maior citotoxicidade quando comparado aos tratamentos isolados, após 120 h de tratamento. Portanto, o DTDF sensibilizou as células ao tratamento com TMZ. Essa sensibilização ocorreu em níveis aproximados para ambas as linhagens, sendo os efeitos do DTDF independentes do perfil de resistência à TMZ. Em conjunto, os dados desse trabalho sugerem o uso do DTDF em associação à TMZ como uma estratégia para reduzir as doses de TMZ empregadas na clínica e diminuir efeitos colaterais aos pacientes em tratamento de glioma
Gliomas represent more than 70% of primary brain tumors. Malignant gliomas are characterized by low incidence, but high mortality rates. Despite the initial responsiveness to the standard treatment with the chemotherapeutic alkylating temozolomide (TMZ), few advances have been made in the prognosis of patients in the last 10 years. This is due to the fact that these tumors are rarely amenable to surgical resection and have a high rate of recurrence. Moreover, the effectiveness of this treatment encounters barriers such as undesirable side effects and chemotherapeutic resistance. In this scenario, the discovery of new substances that may act with additive or synergistic effect and increase the sensitization of tumor cells to the treatment becomes a therapeutic strategy in the field of oncology. Diphenyl ditelluride (DPDT) is a derivative of tellurium used in various reactions of organic synthesis and has interesting in vitro biological effects, as antioxidant, chemoprotective, cytotoxic and antitumor agent. Therefore this work aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of this organotellurium compound and the chemotherapeutic, TMZ, in isolated and in association regimens, after acute and chronic exposure, of non-resistant (M059J) and TMZ- resistant (GBM) glioma cells. Through the cell viability assay, it was shown that TMZ is cytotoxic for both cell lines tested, showing a higher IC50 value in the resistant line when compared to the other line. This data was confirmed by the cumulative population doubling test. In addition, by the acridine orange staining, it was verified that autophagy might favor the chemoresistance, although not being the main resistance mechanism in the lines tested. It was observed that DPDT clearly has a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on the M059J and GBM cell lines, in a lower concentration range than that used with TMZ. DPDT sensitized the cells to TMZ treatment as evidenced by the decline in cell viability. It is important to point out that this sensitization occurred in low and approximate IC50 values after both 24 h and 120 h of treatment, being the effects of the DPDT independent of the resistance profile to TMZ. Taken together, data from this work suggest the use of DPDT in association with TMZ as an interesting strategy to reduce the doses of TMZ used in the clinic and to reduce side effects to patients under treatment of glioma.

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Lefranc, Florence. "Caractérisation de divers effets biologiques provoqués par la gastrine au niveau de gliomes et de gliosarcomes expérimentaux." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211044.

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Les gliomes malins sont caractérisés par une prolifération importante, une migration diffuse des astrocytes tumoraux dans le parenchyme cérébral et un taux important de néo-angiogenèse. La gastrine appartient à la famille des peptides apparentés à la cholécystokinine et cette dernière est présente en abondance dans le cerveau. De plus la gastrine est capable de modifier le comportement biologique d’un certain nombre de tumeurs. Le groupe de recherche au sein duquel j’ai réalisé mon travail de thèse fut le premier à suggérer le rôle potentiel de la gastrine au niveau des taux de prolifération et de migration des astrocytes tumoraux. Nous avons précisé dans le présent travail divers effets biologiques provoqués par la gastrine au niveau de gliomes et de gliosarcome expérimentaux.

Nous avons au préalable tenté de caractériser par une technique de RT-PCR l’expression d’ARN pour divers récepteurs à la gastrine au sein de tumeurs du système nerveux central et périphérique (comprenant des gliomes, des méningiomes et des schwannomes), au sein de gliomes et d’un gliosarcome expérimentaux, et au sein de cellules endothéliales humaines de veines ombilicales HUVEC et de manchons vasculaires obtenus par microdissection au laser d’un glioblastome humain. Nous avons également développé un modèle de neurochirurgie expérimentale chez le rat consistant en la résection microchirurgicale de la tumeur cérébrale après un bilan iconographique par IRM. Nous avons ainsi montré que l’administration de gastrine dans le foyer opératoire après résection tumorale augmente significativement la période de survie de rats immunodéficients porteurs du modèle de gliome humain U373 et de rats conventionnels porteurs du modèle C6 de rat. In vitro, nous avons montré grâce au test colorimétrique MTT que la gastrine induit une diminution significative du taux global de croissance de ces deux modèles avec une accumulation des astrocytes tumoraux dans la phase G1 de leur cycle cellulaire. Par la technique de Western blotting nous avons également montré que la gastrine induit une diminution significative des taux protéiques du complexe cycline D3-Cdk4 dans les deux modèles expérimentaux. Nous avons montré que la gastrine est capable de réduire significativement l’invasion des modèles C6 de rat, U373 humain et de gliosarcome 9L de rat au travers d’une matrice de collagène et de réduire l’invasion des cellules U373 en chambre de Boyden. La gastrine modifie également significativement la motilité des cellules C6 et U373 et l’organisation de leur cytosquelette d’actine.

Nous avons découvert que la gastrine administrée en intracérébral dans le foyer tumoral U373 augmente significativement le taux d’angiogenèse au sein de la tumeur. Nous avons alors investigué l’effet de la gastrine et des antagonistes des récepteurs à cholécystokinine sur le taux d’angiogenèse in vitro en utilisant le modèle des cellules HUVEC cultivées sur Matrigel. L’effet pro-angiogénique in vitro et in vivo de la gastrine est significativement contrecarré par le produit L365,260, un antagoniste relativement spécifique du récepteur CCK-B de la gastrine. La gastrine est chémoattractante sur les cellules HUVEC et augmente significativement leur sécrétion d’IL-8. Toutefois l’effet pro-angiogénique de la gastrine serait en partie dépendant de la modification du taux d’expression des sélectines par les cellules HUVEC, et non de la sécrétion d’IL-8. Nous avons réalisé une revue de la littérature pour tenter de comprendre pourquoi les astrocytes tumoraux migrants sont résistants à la chimiothérapie conventionnelle. A la fin du chapitre Discussion, dans le sous-chapitre intitulé « Quels sont les espoirs thérapeutiques dans le cas des gliomes dits diffus? », nous tentons d’analyser les implications thérapeutiques potentielles qu’il serait possible de tirer du présent travail.

Doctorat en sciences médicales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Skog, Johan. "The quest for new improved adenovirus gene therapy vectors against glioma tumours." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Umeå University, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-624.

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Oliveira, Dennis [Verfasser], Björn Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Kampa, Karl-Josef [Akademischer Betreuer] Langen, and Frank [Akademischer Betreuer] Müller. "In vivo imaging of brain tumors using the PSMA-selective PET ligands [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC and [18F]DCFPyL in rat glioma models / Dennis Oliveira ; Björn Michael Kampa, Karl-Josef Langen, Frank Müller." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1195150741/34.

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Azar, Safa. "Tumeurs cérébrales de bas grade : élaboration de modèles in vitro et in vivo pour le développement de thérapies innovantes." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT017.

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Les gliomes diffus de bas grades sont des tumeurs qui affectent des régions fonctionnelles du cerveau chez des jeunes patients. Malgré leur faible taux de prolifération ces tumeurs peuvent dégénérer en des tumeurs plus agressives après leurs exérèses. Le gène IDH1 est très fréquemment muté dans les DLGG. Cette mutation confère à l’enzyme isocitratedeshydrogénase (IDH1) la propriété de produire du 2-OH-glutarate (2-HG) au lieu de l’α-cétoglutarate (α-KG). L’oncométabolite 2HG rentre alors en compétition avec l’α-KG pour les enzymes de déméthylation conduisant à une hyperméthylation de l’ADN et de l’histone H3 concourant à un blocage de la différenciation cellulaire. Mon projet de thèse consiste à la caractérisation des cellules tumorales et la compréhension des voies de signalisation impliquées dans la progression tumorale ainsi que l’identité du microenvironnement tumoral. Les récepteurs tyrosine kinase, PDGFRα et EGFR, sont abondamment exprimés par les cellules tumorales mais ne sont pas activés. En revanche, une forte phosphorylation de la protéine Erk p42/44 a été détectée dans les tumeurs. Cette phosphorylation a une double origine : les cellules tumorales et leur environnement. L’utilisation d’une série de marqueurs m’a permis de mieux définir l’état de différenciation des cellules tumorales et de mettre en évidence une préférence pour l’expression de Sox8 dans les oligodendrogliomes tandis que Sox9 est prédominant dans les astrocytomes. Dans une seconde partie, j’ai mis au point des méthodes pour la culture des gliomes diffus de bas grade et isolé cinq lignées de gliomes portant la mutation récurente IDH1 R132H. Récemment, la société Agios a identifié des inhibiteurs très spécifiques (notamment l’AGI-5198) de l’enzyme mutée IDH1 qui, utilisés dans un modèle de gliome murin, provoquent une déméthylation des histones H3K9me3 associées à une augmentation de l’expression de gènes de différenciation ainsi qu’à une réduction de la masse tumorale. A contrario, j’ai montré que l’AGI-5198 augmente la croissance cellulaire sur les lignée de patients, modifie la migration cellulaire ainsi que différentes voies de signalisation.Ces travaux apportent un nouvel éclairage sur le phénotype des cellules tumorales, leur diversité et les mécanismes moléculaires régissant leur prolifération
Low grade gliomas are low proliferating tumors affecting functional regions of young patients. In most cases, they tend to transform into a more malignant state following surgery. These tumors carry a key mutation in isocitrate dehydrogenase (70-80% of DLGG). Gliomas with IDH1 mutation have improved prognosis compared togliomaswith wild type IDH1. IDH1 protein acquires the ability to convert α-Ketoglutarate (α-KG) to 2-OH-glutarate (2-HG). The new onco-metabolite can interfere with the normal function of α-KG, leading to a general hypermethylation of the genome, thus inducing a blockage of the cellular differentiation. Very good reviews on the molecular mechanisms underlying high grade glioma invasion already exist but little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms in diffuse low grade gliomas. To that end, I characterized the profile of IDH1 mutated cells in the different types of DLGG. I have demonstrated that the tyrosine kinase, PDGFRα and EGFR receptors are abundantly expressed by tumor cells eventhough they are not activated. In contrast, a strong phosphorylation of Erk p42 / 44 proteins was detected in these tumors. This phosphorylation has a dual origin: tumor cells and their environment. The use of a series of markers allowed me to better define the state of differentiation of cancerous cells and to demonstrate a preferential expression of Sox8 in oligodendrogliomas while Sox9 is predominant in astrocytomas. In a second time, I have developed a method for the culture of low-grade diffuse gliomas and isolated five cell lines carrying the recurrent mutation IDH1 R132H. Recently Agios has identified very specific inhibitors (particularly AGI-5198) of the mutated IDH1 enzyme which, used in a murine glioma model, contributed to the demethylation of H3K9me3 histones with an increased expression of differentiation related genes as well as a reduction of the tumor mass. On the contrary, I have shown that AGI-5198 increases cell growth of patient cell lines, modifies the cellular migration and various signaling pathways.These studies shed new light on the phenotype of tumor cells, their diversity and The molecular mechanisms governing their proliferation

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Selek, Laurent. "Traitement intra-tumoral des gliomes malins par infusion convective de bevacizumab, développement d'un modèle de gliome chez le gros animal, étude anatomique de la diffusion convective dans un encéphale humain." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAS040/document.

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Les gliomes de haut-grades sont des les tumeurs primitives les plus fréquentes du système nerveux central. Le traitement de cette pathologie associe chirurgie, radiothérapie et chimiothérapie. Les principales faiblesses de ces traitements sont le caractère infiltrant de la tumeur au sein d’un parenchyme hautement fonctionnel, l’existence de la barrière hémato-encéphalique limitant le passage trans-vasculaire de la chimiothérapie et la radiorésistance naturelle des cellules gliomateuses.Parmi les stratégies proposées pour outre-passer cette barrière hémato-encéphalique, une injection directe au sein du parenchyme a été évoquée. Afin d’optimiser cette délivrance le concept d’infusion convective a été développé, il s’agit d’une injection intra-parenchymateuse à un débit lent et contrôlé.Le bevacizumab est un anticorps dirigé contre le VEGF-A, un des principaux facteurs angiogéniques. Le but de ce traitement est de lutter contre l’ angiogénèse et de freiner la croissance tumorale.Dans un premier temps, la pharmacocinétique d’une injection intracérébrale de bevacizumab a été étudiée en comparaison avec une administration systémique plus classique. Les résultats permettent de mettre en évidence une concentration locale équivalente avec des concentrations systémiques beaucoup plus faibles avec une injection intra-tumorale. Un point important de cette étude est que la concentration dans l’hémisphère controlatéral à l’injection est aussi importante que lors d’une injection systémique.Puis l’efficacité d’une injection intratumorale de bevacizumab a été comparée à un traitement systémique sur un modèle de gliome chez la souris. L’efficacité du traitement est claire sur la survie de l’animal avec un avantage pour une injection intratumorale par rapport à une injection systémique. D’un point de vue microscopique cet avantage de survie peut être corrélé à une angiogénèse et une prolifération tumorale moins importante an cas d’injection directe au sein de la tumeur.Contrairement aux études pré-cliniques chez les rongeurs, les principaux essais cliniques n’ont pas permis de mettre en évidence un avantage d’une injection intra-tumorale directe. Principalement du à une mauvaise délivrance liée à des fuites et des reflux. Une des limites du modèle petit animal est l’absence de sillon cortical, vecteur de fuite. Le développement d’un modèle de gliome anatomiquement pertinent permettrait de simuler au mieux ces fuites et simultanément la mise au point de technologies de délivrance implantable à l’échelle humaine. Nous avons donc développé le premier modèle de gliome chez le porc. L’immunotolérance a été induite par un traitement par ciclosporine, des cellules de gliomes humains U87 et G6 ont été implantés, permettant se développer des tumeurs.Afin de dépister une mauvaise délivrance et anticiper les fuites ou les reflux, nous avons étudié les profils de pression le long de la ligne d’injection corrélés à l’existence de fuites ou de reflux. Nous avons pu identifier un profil pressionnel typique d’une injection de qualité. Les injections ne répondant pas à ces critères ont systématiquement conduits à des fuites ou reflux.L’étape suivante a été l’injection au sein d’une tumeur chez des porcs grâce à un système innovant implanté. Cette injection a été possible sans complication infectieuse avec une bonne tolérance locale et neurologique.La dernière étape de ce travail est l’étude anatomique de la diffusion d’un colorant injecté par une technique d’infusion convective. Cette étude s’intéressait notamment à la diffusion depuis la corona-radiata vers les différentes voies de substance blanche. La diffusion est anisotrope le long des fibres de substance blanche cependant la diffusion suit des voies différentes en fonction de la position du cathéter par rapport à elle. L’injection semble ouvrir des voies d’impédances rhéologiques faibles préférentielles nécessitant une adaptation anatomique aux voies qui seront la cible du traitement
High grade gliomas are the most frequent primitive central nervous system tumor. The standard treatment is an association of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The mains issues with these treatments are the infiltrative properties of the tumour in a highly functional parenchyma, the blood-brain barrier limiting the transvascular transport of chemotherapy and the inherent radioresistance of glioma cells.Upon different strategy to overpass the blood-brain barrier, a direct injection in the brain was advocated. In order to maximize this delivery, the concept of convection enhanced delivery was developed; it consists in a direct injection in the parenchyma with a low flow-rate.Bevacizumab is an anti-VEGF A antibody, VEGF is one of the most important angiogenic factors. The goal of this treatment is to inhibit the angiogenesis and slow down the tumor growth.We propose to study the use of this antibody in a direct intra-cerebral infusion.First, we focalize on the pharmacokinetic properties of an intratumoral injection by convection –enhanced delivery compared to a systemic administration. This shows an equivalent intratumoral concentration with systemic concentrations significantly lower with the intra-tumoral injection. An important result is the similar concentration in the controlateral hemisphere with the two routes of infusion. Convection-enhanced delivery is suitable to carry far from the infusion site high molecular weight proteins. An intra-tumoral bevacizumab may theoretically provide similar efficiency with less systemic side-effect.Then, the efficiency of an intra-tumoral infusion of bevacizumab is compared to a systemic injection on a mouse glioma model. In terms of survival the intra-tumoral treatment is significantly more efficient with an important decrease of angiogenesis and tumoral proliferation.If convection-enhanced delivery rodent study were promising, clinical trials failed to show any efficiency of intra-tumoral injection mainly due to inadequate delivery secondary to backflows and leakages. One of the limits of the rodent model is the absence of cortical sulci, main leakage provider. The development of a model anatomically relevant could simulate real conditions of injection and develop implantable device of injection in realistic conditions. We have developed the first induced model of glioma in a large animal. We choose the pig for the similarity of its brain anatomy and its size. The animals have been treated with ciclosporin to induce an immunosuppression, human glioma cells have been implanted, leading to the development of brain tumor.We have studied the pressure on the infusion line and correlate it to backflow and leakage. We have identified a pattern of pressure for successful infusion. Different pressure pattern have systematically led to backflow or leakage. These pressures criteria could permit to us an early detection of inadequate infusion to replace the catheter and avoid the failure of precedent clinical trials.Next step have been the intra-tumoral injection via an implanted device on pig glioma model. No infectious complication has been related with a good local and neurologic tolerance. The injections have led to a relevant diffusion through the tumor with a rapid flow to the periphery due to the interstitial pressure gradient between the tumor and the periphery.Last step of this work have been the anatomical study of a dye distribution by convection-enhanced delivery in a human encephalon. Indeed if pig brain is similar to human brain, human white matter structure is unique. This work is focalized on the diffusion from the corona-radiata to the main white matter tracts. The distribution is anisotropic following white matter but the diffusion is different depending on the position of the catheter. The infusion seems to open low rheological impedance paths the position of the catheter have to be adapted to the white matter tract to target

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Zouaoui, Sonia. "Epidémiologie clinique des tumeurs primitives du système nerveux central et en particulier des gliomes." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTT002.

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Les gliomes ont des conséquences dévastatrices. La morbidité et la mortalité sont élevées. Les gliomes représentent un groupe hétérogène complexe d'entités pathologiques et aucune cause n'a été identifiée pour la majorité des gliomes. Les données épidémiologiques varient d'une étude à l'autre. Le nombre de chaque sous-type histologique est trop petit, même pour un grand centre de neurochirurgie, pour permettre une bonne recherche sur chaque sous-type de gliome. Les spécificités oncologiques et cliniques (épilepsie, troubles cognitifs, troubles moteurs, etc.) nécessitent une prise en charge et une analyse spécifique. De plus, il est important de recueillir et d'enregistrer tous les nouveaux cas et le suivi sur une grande région ou un pays entier pour permettre des études fondamentales et cliniques de qualité. En effet, les études en population sont la seule façon de connaitre l'impact en pratique des différentes thérapeutiques effectuées. Les sociétés françaises impliquées en neuro-oncologie (Société Française de Neurochirurgie, Société Française de Neuropathologie, Association des Neuro-Oncologues d'Expression Française) ont récemment créé le Recensement national histologique des tumeurs primitives du système nerveux central (RnhTPSNC) ou French Brain Tumor DataBase (FBTDB) en anglais. L'objectif principal du RnhTPSNC est d'enregistrer de manière prospective tous les cas incidents de tumeur primitive du système nerveux central (TPSNC), en France, pour lesquels le diagnostic histologique est confirmé (1-3). Les objectifs à long terme du RnhTPSNC sont de créer un registre histologique et un réseau national pour : (1) réaliser des études épidémiologiques, (2) mettre en place une base de données pour favoriser toute étude clinique ou fondamentale à grande échelle, (3) permettre l'évaluation des pratiques médicales d'une région ou du pays tout entier, (4) harmoniser et optimiser la prise en charge médicale des patients atteints de TPSNC. La présente étudiante en thèse, Sonia Zouaoui, concentrera son travail sur les gliomes. D'abord, elle devra recueillir les données des patients, puis analyser les facteurs pronostiques, la survie et les prises en charges oncologiques. Deuxièmement, elle participera à l'étude de la répartition géographique des principaux types de gliomes et à la recherche de facteurs de causaux. Troisièmement, elle procédera à un inventaire du matériel cryopréservé disponible pour la réalisation d'études translationnelles
Gliomas have devastating consequences. Morbidity and mortality are high. Gliomas represent a complex heterogeneous group of pathologic entities and no underlying cause has been identified for the majority of them. Epidemiologic data vary from study to study. The number of each histological subtype is too small, even for a big neurosurgical center, to allow a good research on each subtype of glioma. Oncological and clinical specificities (epilepsy, cognitive disorders, motor impairments, etc) require a specific care and analysis. Indeed, we need to collect and record all new cases and follow up in large area, to allow good basic and clinical studies. Furthermore, population study is the only way to know what clinicians do to the patients, and make possible evaluating the medical care. The French societies involved in Neuro-Oncology (Société Française de Neurochirurgie, Société Française de Neuropathologie, Association des Neuro-Oncologues d'Expression Française) have recently created the French Brain Tumor DataBase (FBTDB). The main objective of the FBTDB is to prospectively record all primary central nervous system tumors (PCNST), in France, for which histological diagnosis is available (1-3). The long-term goals of the FBTDB are to create a histological national registry and a national network to (1) perform epidemiological studies, (2) implement a new database and use it for setting up both clinical and basic research protocols, (3) allow the evaluation of the medical practices of an area or of the entire country, and (4) harmonize the healthcare of patients affected by PCNST at the higher level. The present PhD student, Sonia Zouaoui, will focus her work on gliomas. First, she will collect data, and will analyze prognostic factors, survival and oncological patterns of care for patients with newly diagnosed glioma in France. Secondly, she will participate in the study of geographical distribution of the main types of glioma and in search of causal factors. Thirdly, she will conduct an inventory of cryopreserved material available for translational research

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Marand, Sandie. "Identification et caractérisation fonctionnelle de protéines d'intérêt pour le diagnostic et la thérapie des tumeurs gliales." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10043.

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Les gliomes, et particulièrement les glioblastomes, sont, de par leur pronostic défavorable, un véritable problème de santé publique. La difficulté à les classifier correctement et le manque d'efficacité des thérapies anti-cancéreuses reflètent la méconnaissance de ces tumeurs. Afin d'améliorer le diagnostic, et de mieux comprendre le processus conduisant à la formation des gliomes et donc de trouver de nouveaux traitements, nous avons choisi d'étudier l'immuno-réactivité des sérums de patients. Nous avons ainsi pu découvrir une centaine de protéines dont le statut immunitaire change entre la condition normale et celle pathologique. En identifiant et étudiant ces protéines, nous pouvons mettre en lumière certains mécanismes importants pour la cancérogenèse et définir des clibles clés pour la thérapie. Parmi cette centaine de protéines, nous avons étudié l'immuno-réactivité d'une dizaine qui nous ont permis de définir deux types d'antigènes : ceux dont le statut immunitaire change avec l'apparition de la tumeur et ceux dont le statut change selon la sensibilité de la tumeur vis-à-vis des traitements. Nous avons alors choisi 3 de ces protéines pour les analyser plus en détail : eef1a1, crhsp24, mark3. Ces trois natigènes se trouvent être surexprimés dans les gliomes. L'inhibition de leur expression par si RNA induit une baisse de la prolifération des cellules tumorales, indiquant qu'ils sont impliqués dans la régulation de ce mécanisme. Cette fonction essentielle fait de ces protéines de potentielles cibles thérapeutiques. Les premiers tests de vaccination contre mark3 montrent que l'étude de cet antigène est intéressante même si les résultats ne sont pas ceux espérés. Nous montrons ici que des auto-anticorps associés à la présence des tumeurs gliales peuvent être trouvés dans le sérum. Ces anticorps ont clairement un intérêt diagnostique mais peuvent aussi avoir un intérêt pronostique. Leur analyse biologique peut amener à les considérer comme des cibles thérapeutiques potentielles
Gliomas, particulary glioblastoma, are public health problem because of their dark pronostic. Difficulties to classify and lack of anti-tumor therapy efficiency are due to ignorance about these tumors. To improve diagnosis and also to understand the process leading to glioma formation and so to find new treatment, we choose to study patient sera immuno-reactivity. So we discovered about a hundred of proteins which immune status change between normal and pathological condition. Identifying and studying these proteins, we highlight important mechanisms for cancer and define key targets for therapy. Among these proteins, we studied immuno-reactivity to ten which leads us to define two types of antigens : those which immune status changes with tumor appearance and those who change depending on the sensibility to treatment of the tumor. We then choose three of these proteins for detail analysis : eef1a1, crhsp24, mark3. These three antigens are overexpressed in gliomas. Expression inhibition by siRNA induced a diminution of tumoral cell proliferation, indicating that they are implicated in this mechanism regulation. This essential function makes these potential therapeutic targets. First tests of vaccination toward mark3 show that studying this antigen is of particular interest despite results are not those wished. We show here that auto-antibody associated to glioma presence can be found in sera. These antibodies clearly have diagnosis interest but also can have prognostic interest. Their biological analysis could lead to consider them like potential therapeutic targets

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32

Woxius, Jonathan. "Att tvingas dela hjärna med en inkräktare : En undersökning av den psykologiska aspekten av att leva med en hjärntumör." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för hälsa och välfärd, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-42197.

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Bakgrund: Primär malign hjärntumör medför en tung symtombörda som yttrar sig i en stor variation av fysiska, kognitiva och neurologiska symtom som berör patientens funktionsförmåga och psykiska välmående. Utöver den emotionella och existentiella påfrestningen av att leva med en cancersjukdom ingår hos hjärntumörsjuka patienter även en sviktande kognitiv komponent. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt var att belysa psykologiska påfrestningar för vuxna patienter med primär malign hjärntumör. Metod: Studien utfördes som en allmän litteraturöversikt där tiovetenskapliga kvalitetsgranskades och analyserades för att sedan delas in i tre stycken övergripande teman. Resultat: Det första temat, Osäkerheten i prognosen, belyser den ovisshet som uppstod till följd en oförutsägbar framtid och behovet av mer information gällandes behandlingsmöjligheter och vilka symtom som kan väntas drabba dem. Temat Psykosociala konsekvenser beskriver hur patienter kände att de förlora sig själva i sjukdomen på grund av minnespåverkan, personlighetsförändringaroch en oförmåga att upprätthålla den livsstil som de tidigare haft. Gemensamt bland de sjuka var en rädsla för att vara en börda för dem i patientens närhet och en oro om att förlora sin självständighet. Den existentiella konfrontationen talar om de oundvikliga tankarna om döden och om hoppets betydelse.
Background: Primary malignant brain tumor carries a heavy symptom burden that presents itself in a big variation of physical, cognitive and neurological symptoms that affects the patients functioning and psychological wellbeing. Along with the emotional and existential stress of living with cancer, patients diagnosed with brain cancer also suffer from cognitive dysfunction. Purpose: The aim of this study was to illustrate the psychological strain of adult patients living with primary malignant brain tumor. Method: The study was executed as a general literature review based on ten scientific articles. The articles were quality-tested and analyzed to later be sorted into three main themes. Results: The first theme, The uncertainty in the prognosis, illuminate the uncertainty that occurred due to an unpredictable future and the need of information concerning treatment options and what symptoms to expect. The theme The psychosocial consequences, describes how the patients felt as though they had lost themselves to the disease due to memory loss, personality disorders and the inability to maintain the lifestyle they previously had. The patients shared a fear of being a burden to the people around them and a concern of losing their independency. The existential confrontation speaks about the inevitable thoughts of death and the importance of hope.

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Le, Mercier Marie. "La galectine-1 influence fortement les caractéristiques biologiques des cellules gliales tumorales humaines." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210330.

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Comme décrit dans la partie But du Travail, les tumeurs gliales sont particulièrement agressives d’un point de vue clinique. Le glioblastome, qui correspond au grade de malignité le plus élevé des gliomes, est associé à un pronostic très sombre car aucun patient atteint de ce cancer n’a pu être guéri à ce jour. Ces tumeurs envahissent de manière diffuse (par essaimage de cellules tumorales isolées) le parenchyme cérébral, ce qui empêche une résection chirurgicale complète de la tumeur. De plus, les cellules tumorales gliales d’origine astrocytaire sont souvent résistantes à l’apoptose et donc aux thérapies adjuvantes telles que la chimiothérapie et la radiothérapie. La galectine-1 est une petite protéine intervenant directement dans les processus migratoires des cellules gliales tumorales. Nous avons donc poursuivi la caractérisation des rôles biologiques que pourrait exercer la galectine-1 au sein des gliomes.

Nous avons tout d’abord montré que la galectine-1 est impliquée dans la chimiorésistance des gliomes. En effet, nous avons démontré que la diminution du taux d’expression de la galectine-1, au moyen d’un siRNA au sein d’un modèle de gliome expérimental, permet d’augmenter le bénéfice thérapeutique du témozolomide in vivo sans toutefois induire d’apoptose, d’autophagie ou de perméabilisation de la membrane des lysosomes. Nous avons également montré que la diminution du taux d’expression de la galectine-1 au sein de ce modèle de gliome expérimental affecte les processus d’angiogenèse in vivo et de « vasculogenic mimicry » in vitro. Nous avons identifié la protéine ORP150 comme l’une des principales cibles de l’effet pro-angiogénique de la galectine-1, sachant que la protéine ORP150 contrôle la maturation du facteur VEGF. Nous avons ensuite montré que le rôle de la galectine-1 dans la chimiorésistance des gliomes et dans l’angiogenèse est directement lié à l’implication de la galectine-1 dans le processus de réponse au stress du réticulum endoplasmique. Via ce processus, la galectine-1 modulerait l’expression d’un certain nombre de gènes tels que ATF3, DUSP5 et HERP, qui sont impliqués dans la chimiorésistance et des gènes tels que ORP150 et MDG1 qui sont impliqués dans l’angiogenèse.

Enfin, nous avons également montré que la galectine-1 régule l’expression du gène BEX2 et que celui-ci joue un rôle important dans la biologie des gliomes, notamment dans les processus d’angiogenèse et de migration cellulaire.

En conclusion, notre travail suggère que l’étiquette « biomarqueur » pourrait être attribuée à la galectine-1 pour qualifier l’agressivité biologique des gliomes malins et que la galectine-1 pourrait représenter une nouvelle cible thérapeutique dans le combat contre les gliomes malins en général, et le glioblastome en particulier.

Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Carvalho, Guilherme Luiz de Castro. "Estudo de análogo da subtância P para desenvolvimento de radiofármaco com aplicação na terapia de tumores cerebrais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-25092015-090446/.

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Atualmente os gliomas representam cerca de 81% dos tumores cerebrais malignos, com aumento na incidência tanto em crianças, como em adultos acima dos 45 anos. Um número elevado de receptores neuroquinina tipo 1 (NK-1) estão expressos em células de glioma, estando a ligação da Substância P (SP) a esses receptores, envolvida no desenvolvimento e progressão desse tipo de tumor. A SP quelada ao DOTA (SP-DOTA), radiomarcada, vem sendo testada para utilização na terapia de gliomas, sendo o lutécio-177 (177Lu), devido a seu menor alcance tecidual, o radioisótopo mais indicado para tumores localizados em áreas críticas do cérebro. No entanto, estudos indicam a necessidade da adição de um excesso de metionina para prevenção da oxidação peptídica da SP-DOTA-177Lu, visando aumentar a estabilidade e a capacidade de ligação às células tumorais. Para superar esse desafio, surge a perspectiva da utilização de um novo análogo da SP, com estrutura modificada, para prevenir a oxidação peptídica. Neste contexto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a marcação de um novo análogo da SP com 177Lu e caracterizar suas propriedades in vitro e in vivo, visando a obtenção de um radiofármaco inédito e com potencial aplicação na terapia de tumores cerebrais e realizar estudos preliminares de marcação deste novo análogo com Ítrio-90 (90Y). O novo análogo foi obtido pela troca do aminoácido metionina (Met) pelo aminoácido norleucina (Nle) na posição 11 da cadeia peptídica da SP, sendo esses peptídeos denominados respectivamente SP(Met11)-DOTA e SP(Nle11)-DOTA. Após análise da oxidação peptídica dos dois peptídeos, os parâmetros da radiomarcação da SP(Nle11)-DOTA, com 177LuCl3, foram estudados para determinar a melhor condição de marcação. As estabilidades in vitro da SP(Nle11)-DOTA-177Lu sob refrigeração (2-8°C), no freezer (-20°C) e em soro humano (37°C) foram determinadas após radiomarcação com alta atividade, quanto ao uso de agentes estabilizantes e após diluição. A SP(Nle11)-DOTA também foi radiomarcada com 90Y, utilizando-se a condição padrão determinada, sendo a estabilidade in vitro da SP(Nle11)-DOTA-90Y sob refrigeração (2-8°C) e em freezer (-20°C), avaliada após radiomarcação com alta atividade e quanto a utilização de agente estabilizante. A capacidade de ligação in vitro às células tumorais (U-87 MG e M059J) e a biodistribuição in vivo em camundongos BALB/c sadios foram determinadas para a SP(Nle11)-DOTA-177Lu e comparadas à SP(Met11)-DOTA-177Lu. A ligação às proteínas plasmáticas e a biodistribuição em camundongos Nude com modelo tumoral também foram avaliadas. Os resultados obtidos na análise da oxidação peptídica comprovaram a importância da adição de excesso de metionina para prevenção da oxidação peptídica e indicaram uma alta estabilidade da SP(Nle11)-DOTA, durante e após o processo de radiomarcação. A adição de 148 MBq (4 mCi) da solução de 177LuCl3 em HCl 0,05N à 10 μg de SP(Nle11)-DOTA diluída em tampão acetato de sódio 0,4 M pH 4,5 seguida pela incubação a uma temperatura de 90ºC por 30 minutos, sob agitação de 350 rpm foi definida com condição padrão de marcação. O congelamento (-20°C), o uso de agentes estabilizantes e a diluição apresentaram-se como métodos efetivos para garantir uma alta estabilidade in vitro da SP(Nle11)-DOTA-177Lu, após a marcação com alta atividade. Bons resultados também foram observados para a marcação da SP(Nle11)-DOTA com 90YCl3 e para a estabilidade in vitro da SP(Nle11)-DOTA-90Y, após congelamento (-20°C) e quando utilizado ácido gentísico como estabilizante. A SP(Nle11)-DOTA-177Lu apresentou uma boa especificidade pelas células tumorais, principalmente pelas células de glioma humano M059J, sugerindo que a substituição do aminoácido metionina por norleucina na posição 11 não compromete a capacidade de ligação da SP(Nle11) às células tumorais. Uma baixa porcentagem de ligação às proteínas plasmáticas e um rápido clareamento sanguíneo foram observados para a SP(Nle11)-DOTA-177Lu, sendo esse radiofármaco eliminado preferencialmente por via renal. A SP(Nle11)-DOTA-177Lu apresentou uma boa estabilidade in vivo e se mostrou incapaz de atravessar a barreira hematoencefálica, sendo seu uso indicado por injeção intratumoral ou intracavitária. O estudo de biodistribuição em animais com modelo tumoral, mostrou que esse radiofármaco se liga às células tumorais por ligações receptor específicas. Com base nesse dados conclui-se que a SP(Nle11)-DOTA-177Lu, apresenta-se como um radiofármaco inédito que devido às suas propriedades in vitro e in vivo favoráveis, apresenta potencial aplicação na terapia de tumores cerebrais, representando uma nova possibilidade dentro do limitado arsenal terapêutico para esse tipo de tumor.
Currently gliomas represent about 81% of malignant brain tumors with increased incidence in children and in adults over 45 years. A large number of type 1 neurokinin receptor (NK-1) are expressed in glioma cells, being the binding of substance P (SP) to these receptors, involved in the development and progression of this tumor type. The SP conjugated at DOTA chelator (SP-DOTA), radiolabeled, have been tested for use in the treatment of gliomas, and the lutetium-177 (177 Lu), due to its lower tissue range, has been the most suitable radioisotope for tumors located in critical areas brain. However, studies indicate the necessity of adding an excess of methionine to prevent the peptide SP-DOTA-177Lu oxidation in order to increase the stability and capacity to bind to tumor cells. To overcome this challenge, there is the prospect of using a new analog of SP with a modified structure, to prevent peptide oxidation. In this context, the aim of this work was study the labeling of a new analog of SP with 177Lu and characterize their properties in vitro and in vivo, in order to obtain a novel radiopharmaceutical with potential application in brain tumor therapy, and perform preliminary studies labeling of this new analog with yttrium-90 (90Y). The new analog was obtained by replacement of the amino acid methionine (Met) by the amino acid norleucine (Nle) at position 11 of the peptide chain of SP, and these peptides were called SP(Met11)-DOTA and SP(Nle11)-DOTA respectively. After analysis of the oxidation for the two peptides, the radiolabeling parameters of the SP(Nle11)-DOTA with 177LuCl3 were studied to determine the best labeling condition. The SP(Nle11)-DOTA was also radiolabeled with 90Y, using standard condition, and the stability in vitro of the SP(Nle11)-DOTA-90Y assessed under refrigeration (2-8 °C) and under freezing (-20° C), after radiolabeling with high activity and use of stabilizing agent. The stabilities in vitro of the SP (Nle11)-DOTA-177Lu under refrigeration (2-8 °C), under freezing (-20 °C) and in human serum (37 °C) were determined after radiolabeling with high activity, with use of stabilizing agents and after dilution. The ability of in vitro binding to tumor cells (U-87 MG and M059J) and the biodistribution in vivo in healthy BALB/c mice were determined for the 177Lu-DOTA-SP(Nle11) and compared to 177Lu-DOTA-SP(Met11). The plasma protein binding and biodistribution in Nude mice with tumor model were also evaluated. The results obtained from analysis of oxidation for the two peptides confirmed the importance of adding excess methionine to prevent peptide oxidation and indicated a high stability of the DOTA- SP(Nle11), during and after the radiolabeling process. The addition of 148 MBq (4 mCi) of 177LuCl3 solution in 0.05N HCl at 10 μg DOTA-SP(Nle11) diluted in 0.4 M sodium acetate buffer pH 4.5 followed by incubation at a temperature of 90 °C for 30 minutes under constant agitation to 350 rpm was defined as standard labeling condition. The freezing (-20 °C), the use of stabilizing agents and the dilution were presented as effective methods to ensure high stability in vitro 177Lu-DOTA-SP(Nle11), after labeling with high activity. Good results were also observed for labeling DOTA-SP(Nle11) with 90YCl3 and for stability in vitro of the 90Y-DOTA-SP(Nle11) after freezing (-20 °C) and when gentisic acid was used as a stabilizer. The 177Lu-DOTA-SP(Nle11) showed good specificity to tumor cells, particularly human glioma cells (M059J), suggesting that substitution of the amino acid norleucine for methionine at position 11 does not compromise the capacity of SP(Nle11) binding to tumor cells. A low percentage of plasma protein binding and rapid blood clearance were observed for the 177Lu-DOTA-SP(Nle11), being this radiopharmaceutical preferably eliminated by the kidney. The 177Lu-DOTA-SP(Nle11) showed good stability in vivo and inability to cross the blood brain barrier, being its use indicated through intratumoral or intracavitary injection. The biodistribution studies in animals with tumor model showed that the radiopharmaceutical binds to the tumor cells by specific receptor binding. Based on this data was concluded that the 177Lu-DOTA-SP(Nle11), can be presented as a novel radiopharmaceutical that due to its favorable properties in vitro and in vivo, presents a potential application in the therapy of brain tumors, representing a new possibility within the limited therapeutic options for this type of tumor.

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35

Bautista, Cynthia A. "Survivorship of a low-grade glioma brain tumor /." View online ; access limited to URI, 2004. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/dlnow/3135892.

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Soares, Bruno Lobão. "Efeito dos glicosaminoglicanos (GAGs) sobre a progressão do glioma C6." Florianópolis, SC, 2001. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/79792.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas.
Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-18T07:33:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2014-09-25T23:18:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 177718.pdf: 8076514 bytes, checksum: 1ef6e9f15f6eb6e5e5dc581e5e56bbf3 (MD5)
O presente estudo tem por objetivo verificar efeitos dos glicosaminoglicanos sobre a adesão in vitro do glioma C6. Analisamos também, os efeitos da subsulfatação dos GAGs na implantação intracerebral do glioma. Sendo a adesão um passo crítico para o estabelecimento inicial tumoral, realizamos ensaios de adesão celular para testar propriedades de proteínas da Matriz Extracelular (MEC) (laminina, fibronectina e colágeno tipo IV), assim como de GAGs (heparina e condroitin-sulfato) na adesão das célula C6 em placas de ELISA. As proteínas da MEC estimularam a adesão de C6 de modo crescente. A heparina apresentou diferentes efeitos de interação com cada proteína da MEC testada, inibindo a adesão a laminina, aumentando a colágeno IV e não alterando a Fibronectina. Por outro lado, a presença de condroitin-sulfato reduziu a adesão de C6 de modo dose-dependente, às três proteínas testadas. Os experimentos de pré-incubação da heparina às proteínas da MEC ou às células, podem sugerir que interações entre a MEC e GAGs podem ser específicas para determinar a adesão celular. Trabalhos anteriores do nosso laboratório mostraram que o tratamento in vitro de células C6 com clorato de sódio (inibidor de sulfatação de GAGs) reduz a adesão e a proliferação de um modo dose-dependente sem induzir morte celular. Assim, nós testamos os efeitos do tratamento in vivo com o clorato de sódio sobre o crescimento do glioma C6, e procuramos verificar alguns aspectos imunológicos. Realizamos inoculações subcutâneas (2 X 107 células) e intracerebrais (1 X 105 células) de células C6 e analisamos os hemogramas, testes anatomopatológicos, histopatológicos, de sobrevivência e de comportamento. No tratamento local subcutâneo, clorato de sódio revelou ser eficiente em reduzir o crescimento tumoral 30 dias após a inoculação de células C6. Nas inoculações intracerebrais, o pré-tratamento de células C6 com clorato de sódio e tratamento posterior no sítio tumoral, reduziu o crescimento do glioma, revelado pelos testes de sobrevivência e histopatologia. Sensibilizações prévias, intraperitoneais, com células C6 pré-tratadas com clorato de sódio ou com células controle, inibiram o crescimento do glioma após a inoculação intracerebral de células C6, como mostrado nos experimentos de sobrevivência e nas histopatologias. Os hemogramas revelaram uma redução linfocitária 24 e 28 dias após a inoculação intracerebral de C6, porém sem diferenças na leuco e linfometria entre os grupos sensibilizados, entre si e em relação ao controle. Os testes comportamentais revelaram redução em parâmetros exploratórios nos animais inoculados intracerebralmente com C6 quando comparados com o grupo que recebeu C6 pré-tratado com clorato de sódio ou com o grupo controle-operado(sham). Estes resultados sugerem que a sulfatação dos GAGs pode ser importante para o estabelecimento e progressão do glioma C6 in vivo.

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Neshasteh-Riz, Ali. "Radiolabelled iododeoxyuridine for experimental targeted radiotherapy of glioma." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364086.

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Wehbe, Katia. "Usage of FTIR spectro-imaging for the development of a molecular anatomo-pathology of cerebral tumors." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13677/document.

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Les gliomes sont des tumeurs agressives de mauvais pronostic, très angiogéniques et infiltrantes ce qui rend leur exérèse particulièrement difficile. Vu les limites des techniques actuelles d’imagerie, nous avons proposé la spectro-imagerie Infrarouge à Transformée de Fourier (IRTF), d’une résolution spatiale de 6 µm, pour apporter une information moléculaire à l’examen histologique actuel des gliomes. Nos travaux ont été fondés sur la recherche de paramètres moléculaires des vaisseaux sanguins, notamment sur la base des contenus de leur membrane basale. Celle-ci subit des altérations dûes au stress angiogénique tumoral. Nous avons mis en évidence des altérations de la structure secondaire des protéines (tels les collagènes) des vaisseaux sanguins au cours de la croissance de la tumeur. Nous avons aussi évalué les modifications des chaines d’acides gras des phospholipides membranaires, qui révélent un degré d’insaturation plus important pour les vaisseaux tumoraux. Ensuite, sur un modèle de gliome murin, nous avons établi une méthode efficace de classification des capillaires sanguins sur la base d’absorptions de leurs contenus glucidiques et lipidiques, permettant de discriminer totalement les capillaires sains et tumoraux. La combinaison de ces paramètres a été mise à profit pour assurer une histopathologie moléculaire des gliomes humains. Nos résultats ont démontré qu’il est possible de différencier entre la vasculature saine et tumorale sur ces gliomes humains, ce qui permet une bonne délimitation des zones tissulaires correspondantes. Cette technique pourrait devenir un outil analytique fiable, rapide d’une durée compatible avec la chirurgie et donc très utile pour les neurochirurgiens
Malignant gliomas are very aggressive tumors with poor prognosis, highly angiogenic and invasive into the surrounding brain parenchyma, making their resection very difficult. Regarding the limits of current imaging techniques, we have proposed Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectro-imaging, with a spatial resolution of 6 µm, to provide molecular information for the histological examination of gliomas. Our work was based on the research of molecular parameters of blood vessels, notably on the basis of the contents of their basement membrane, which undergoes changes due to tumor angiogenic stress. We have identified alterations of the secondary structure of proteins (such as collagen) in blood vessels during tumor growth. We have also assessed the changes in fatty acyl chains of membrane phospholipids, which revealed a higher unsaturation level in tumor vessels. Then, on a murine glioma model, we have established an efficient method of blood vessels classification based on their carbohydrates and fats contents, allowing the differentiation between healthy and tumor blood vessels. The combination of these parameters was used to provide a molecular histopathology for the study of human gliomas. Our results have demonstrated the feasibility of differentiating between healthy and tumor vasculature in these human gliomas, which help delimitating areas of corresponding tissue. This technique could become a reliable and fast analytical tool, with duration compatible with the surgery and thus very useful for neurosurgeons

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Saavedra, López Elena. "Stimulation of Glioma-Associated Microglia/Macrophages effector phagocytic synapse towards tumor clearance in glioma." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667801.

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Glioblastoma (GBM) es el tumor más agresivo dentro de la clasificación de gliomas y actualmente no tiene cura. Dado que hasta el 30% de las células en GBM son microglia y macrófagos (GAMMs desde ahora, por sus siglas en ingles), decidimos estudiarlos para ayudar en el diseño de posibles futuras inmunoterapias. El primer gran descubrimiento de esta tesis es la presencia de GAMM en las pseudo-empalizadas (PPs, por sus siglas en inglés) in GBM humano. Estas estructuras se cree que pueden contribuir a la capacidad de invasión del tumor, por lo que el papel de los GAMM en este microambiente puede ser crucial. En concreto, describimos que los GAMMs viajan a través de las PPs hacia su foco necrótico, de forma inversa a las células tumorales. Además, los GAMMs parece que ganan persistencia celular, es decir que viajan de forma directa, bajo las condiciones hipóxicas de las PPs y se desplazan de manera haptotáctica, siendo las fibras GFAP+ su sustrato para avanzar. Al llegar al área necrótica, cambian su fenotipo y fagocitan material del tumor, incluyendo fragmentos GFAP+ y núcleos celulares. En segundo lugar, en cultivos celulares hemos inducido la translocación de NF-κB p65 para aumentar la facogitosis de células de glioma (C6) por parte de microglia primaria de rata. Además, por medio de líneas celulares inmortalizadas (BV-2 y GL261) hemos descrito una serie de supuestos pasos que pueden ser importantes en el proceso de fagocitosis, así como la distribución de determinados receptores (CD11b y CD16/32) durante estas etapas. Asimismo, describimos la distribución de Iba-1 en los procesos de interacción fagocítica en modelos animales de glioma. Por último, hemos probado dos estrategias de inmunoterapia en un modelo murino de GBM (ratones C57/BL6 inyectados con células GL261 intracranealmente), descubriendo que estas inmunoterapias tienen efectos distintos: mientras la neutralización de CD47 pareció no ser efectiva, neutralizar SIRP1α parece ser beneficiosa. Así, los animales del grupo denominado CD47 no mostraban un aumento de su supervivencia comparados con los ratones control, incluso mostraban pérdida de peso, indicador de que la terapia pueda producir efectos secundarios sistémicos. Por otro lado, el bloqueo de SIRP permitió el incremento del peso corporal de los animales durante el experimento, y, de hecho, disminuyó el número de células en el centro del tumor incrementando la capacidad fagocítica de los GAMMs en las zonas periféricas de invasión, sin interferir en su capacidad de infiltrar en el tumor. En conclusión, esta tesis contribuye a una mejor comprensión de la función de los GAMMs en GBM y su capacidad fagocítica intrínseca, posiblemente ayudando al desarrollo de nuevas herramientas terapéuticas para luchar contra este tumor.
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive form of glioma and currently has no cure. Given that around 30% of the cells within the tumor are microglia/macrophages (glioma- associated microglia/macrophages or GAMM from now on), we decided to study them in order to shed light in possible future immunotherapies. The first discovery during this investigation was the presence of GAMM in pseudopalisades (PPs) of human GBM. These structures are thought to be very important in the contribution of the tumor invasiveness, therefore the knowledge of the role of GAMMs here might be crucial. Particularly, GAMMs were found to be traveling through the PPs towards the necrotic focus, contrasting with the tumor cells. Moreover, the myeloid cells seem to gain cellular persistence with the hypoxic gradient and travel in a haptotactic manner using the gradient of glioma cells as a cue. When they reach the necrotic focus, they shift their phenotype and phagocytose tumor material, including GFAP+ fragments and nuclei. Secondly, by means of cell cultures we achieved to translocate p65 NF-κB and promote phagocytosis of tumor glioma cells (C6) by primary microglia. Moreover, using cell lines (BV-2 and GL261) we described the putative steps of phagocytosis and the distribution of some receptors (CD11b and CD16/32) involved in the process of phagocytosis. Importantly, the distribution of Iba-1 in interacting GAMMs was also defined in the animal models. Finally, we tested two immunotherapy strategies in a immunocompetent GBM animal model (C57/BL6 intracraneally inoculated with GL261 cells), and discovered that both immunotherapies have different outcomes: while CD47 neutralizing antibody seemed to be non-effective, neutralizing SIRP1α had a beneficial outcome. This way, anti-CD47 treated animals did not have any increase on survival rate than control groups; and they showed decreased bodyweight throughout the experiment, suggesting that the therapy had some systemic side effects. On the other hand, blocking SIRP1α allowed the increase of the bodyweight of the animals throughout the experiment, and decreased the cellularity of the tumor core by increasing the phagocytic activity of GAMM at the peripheral area of tumor invasion without interfering in their infiltration capacity. In all, this thesis contributes to a better understanding of the role of GAMMs in GBM and the intrinsic phagocytic capacity they can play, possibly helping in the development of immunotherapeutic tools to fight this fatal tumor.

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40

Mulligan, Karl Andrew. "A new glioma-associated cell surface glycoprotein." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286823.

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41

Hunt, G. "The metastatic inefficiency of malignant glioma." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377441.

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Lima, Rute Maria Ferreira. "Caracterização fenotípica de esp12, uma nova linhagem de células tumorais de glioblastoma humano, e desenvolvimento de um modelo in vitro para avaliar a resistência de gliomas a quimioterápicos." Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, 2014. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/8176.

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Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil
O astrocitoma grau IV ou glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) é o mais maligno e com prognóstico ruim entre os gliomas. Esse prognóstico sombrio está associado, em parte, à quimiorresistência (QR). Ao lado disso, a classificação atual dos gliomas não consegue responder a heterogeneidade da resposta ao tratamento. Assim, parece existir subtipos de GBM com características distintas. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse trabalho foi caracterizar fenotipicamente uma nova linhagem, ESP12, e, desenvolver um modelo in vitro para a avaliação da QR. Amostras obtidas de glioma humano foram estudadas quanto aos achados característicos de malignidade e subtipadas quanto aos fenótipos proliferativo e pró-neural, imunohistoquimicamente. As culturas obtidas das amostras foram mantidas a 37 ºC em atmosfera com 5% de CO2. A caracterização de ESP12 incluiu: a) subtipagem por imunocitoquímica e por citometria de fluxo; b) investigação de um fenótipo de resistência, através da identificação de células CD133+ e de proteínas de resistência às múltiplas drogas, glicoproteína-P (Pgp) e MRP1; c) avaliação da cinética de crescimento, através da determinação do tempo de duplicação celular (TDPC); d) verificação da produção do fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF); e) avaliação da viabilidade celular, através do teste com MTT, quando exposta a carmustina (BCNU), a vimblastina (VIM) e a temozolomida (TMZ). Por fim, investigamos a atividade quimiossensibilizante do 8-metoxipsoraleno (8-MOP) utilizando o modelo estabelecido. Foram obtidos 6 casos de GBM e 3 casos de gliomas de graduação III, pela Organização Mundial de Saúde, com idade média de 52,6  14,1 anos, a maioria homens. As manifestações clínicas mais frequentes foram crises convulsivas e cefaleia, e, a localização tumoral foi variada. Os achados de imagem se correlacionaram com os achados histoquímicos confirmando o diagnóstico. A sobrevida dos pacientes variou entre 11 dias e 24 meses, com mediana de 11,5 meses. As células formaram monocamadas e revelaram intenso pleomorfismo. A maior parte das amostras apresentou fenótipo proliferativo na imunohistoquímica. As proteínas que caracterizam os fenótipos pró-neural, proliferativo e mesenquimal foram detectadas tanto por imunohistoquímica quanto por imunocitoquímica, em ESP12. Quantitativamente, o fenótipo proliferativo foi mais evidente detectado por citometria de fluxo. Células CD133+ representaram menos que 1%. Além disso, 38,6% das células foram positivas para a Pgp. Não houve diferença entre a produção do VEGF por ESP12 quando comparada a outras linhagens de GBM já estabelecidas. O TDPC de ESP12 foi de 31 h. ESP12 se mostrou mais sensível do que outras linhagens de GBM já estabelecidas a BCNU, a VIM e a TMZ. Por fim, o 8-MOP mostrou atividade quimiossensibilizante significativa.
The astrocytoma grade IV also known as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant and has a poor prognosis among gliomas. This poor prognosis is associated, in part, to chemoresistance (QR). Furthermore, the current classification of gliomas cannot answer the heterogeneity of treatment response. Therefore, it seems to exist GBM subtypes with distinct characteristics. The aim of this study was to characterize phenotypically a new cell line, ESP12, and to develop an in vitro model for the assessment of QR. Human glioma samples were studied by immunohistochemistry for the characteristic findings of malignancy and subtyped as to proliferative and proneural phenotypes. Primary cultures were obtained from samples and maintained at 37 °C in an atmosphere with 5% CO2. The characterization of ESP12 included: a) subtyping by immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry; b) investigation of a resistance phenotype by identifying CD133+ cells and the multidrug resistance proteins, P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and MRP1; c) evaluation of the growth kinetics, by determining the cell doubling time (TDPC); d) assaying of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production; e) the assessment of cell viability by the MTT test after exposure to carmustine (BCNU), vinblastine (VIM), and temozolomide (TMZ). Finally, we investigated the chemosensibilizing activity of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) using the established model. Six cases of GBM and 3 cases of grade III gliomas were obtained, with a mean age of 52.6  14.1 years, mostly men. The most common clinical manifestations were seizures and headache, and the tumor location was varied. Imaging findings were correlated with the histochemical findings confirming the diagnosis. The median survival was 11.5 months (range: 11 days to 24 months). The cells formed monolayers and showed intense pleomorphism. Most samples showed proliferative phenotype in immunohistochemistry. Proteins that characterize the proneural, proliferative and mesenchymal phenotypes were detected both by immunohistochemistry and by immunocytochemistry on ESP12. The proliferative phenotype was more quantitatively evident by flow cytometry. CD133+ cells represented less than 1%. Moreover, 38.6 % of cells were positive for Pgp. There was no difference between the production of VEGF between ESP12 and other GBM cell lines already established. The TDPC of ESP12 was 31 h. ESP12 was more sensitive than other cell lines already established of GBM to BCNU, TMZ and VIM. Finally, the 8-MOP showed significant chemosensibilizing activity.

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43

Florian, Catarina Ligia. "Proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies of human glioma cell lines." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309218.

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44

Koochekpour, Shahriar. "Evaluation of mechanisms underlying the proliferative and invasive behaviour of glioma." Thesis, University of London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309429.

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Freitas, Rodrigo Maciel de. "Estudo da atividade glial em função do conteúdo de S100B, GFAP e glutamina sintetase em astrocitomas humanos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/11104.

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Gliomas constituem um grupo heterogêneo de tumores cerebrais. Eles podem ser divididos em duas principais categorias: astrocíticos e oligodendrogliais. Os astrocíticos, objetos deste estudo, são classificados patologicamente em quatro subtipos baseado na presença ou ausência de atipia nuclear, mitose, neovascularização e necrose. Esta classificação é útil para definir tratamento e prognóstico. A origem glial é comumente confirmada pela detecção imunoistoquímica para GFAP. Neste trabalho nós investigamos o imunoconteúdo das proteínas marcadoras astrocíticas GFAP e S100B por ELISA e a atividade da enzima glutamina sintetase (GS) em tumores gliais e tecidos peritumorais de sete pacientes submetidos à ressecção cirúrgica. Os resultados demonstram elevados níveis de S100B em tecidos peritumorais não correlacionados com o grau de malignidade do tumor. Esta elevação poderia contribuir para manifestações convulsivas observadas em alguns pacientes. Em contraste com os dados obtidos pela imunoistoquímica para filamentos gliais, encontrou-se uma aparente correlação positiva entre o conteúdo de GFAP e o grau de malignidade do glioma. É possível que este aumento no conteúdo de GFAP seja referente a GFAP total (frações solúvel e insolúvel), em contraste com o conteúdo insolúvel (fibrilar e granular) detectado pela imunoistoquímica. A alta taxa GFAP/S100B (GFAP elevada/S100B reduzida) está de acordo com a sua elevada atividade mitótica, que pela sua vez poderia ser inibida pela S100B. Além disso, houve uma correlação positiva entre a atividade da GS e o grau de malignidade do tumor.

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Resende, Fernando Francisco Borges. "Biologia do glioblastoma multiforme – da dinâmica de ativação microglial ao papel do canal de potássio Kv 10.1." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2016. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/20136.

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Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Veterinária, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Animal, 2016.
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O glioblastoma multiforme é o tumor cerebral mais agressivo. Já a micróglia representa 30% da massa tumoral e desempenha um importante papel na tumorigênese. Este trabalho buscou estudar o padrão de infiltração e alteração morfológica da micróglia no tecido tumoral formado por células da linhagem GL261mCherry implantadas ortotopicamente. Além disto, buscou-se examinar o papel do canal de potássio Kv 10.1, correlacionado ao crescimento tumoral, primeiro na interação da micróglia com as células tumorais e, segundo, frente à lesão celular causada pelo fármaco de escolha ao tratamento do glioma, a temozolomida. Camundongos CX3CR1-EGFP receberam injeções intracorticais de células de glioblastoma multiforme capazes de expressar a proteína fluorescente mCherry. Microscopia de epifluorescência e confocal foram empregadas nas análises morfométricas, ao passo que a microscopia do tipo 2-photon (2P-LSM) foi usada para visualizar as células tumorais e microgliais no cérebro de animais vivos. Os resultados deste estudo revelaram uma microgliose intensa em áreas cerebrais logo após a implantação do tumor, isto é, aos 30 minutos. Nos primeiros três dias, a micróglia tende a formar aglomerados de células em torno dos tumores. Para, em seguida, infiltrar no centro tumoral, onde permanece durante todos os pontos de tempo estudados, de 6 a 18 dias. Com o aumento da massa tumoral, as células tumorais perdem progressivamente a sua forma original, assumindo uma morfologia heterogênea e difusa; o tamanho do corpo celular (perímetro) passou de 10 µm, três dias após o implante, para 52 µm aos 18 dias. Em contato com o glioma, a micróglia também muda sua morfologia. A forma tornou-se amebóide, com corpos celulares alargados. O corpo celular (área) cresceu de 366±0.0 µm2, na micróglia em vigilância, para 1310±146.0 µm2 e ramificações curtas, ou mesmo ausência de ramificações no fenótipo ativado. Aos 12 dias após o implante, foi notada a presença de células multinucleadas de glioma, os policariócitos, em contato íntimo com a micróglia ativada. Sobre o canal Kv-10.1, este foi expresso em células cultivadas de glioma, de micróglia (linhagem BV-2) e também em tecido tumoral de camundongos implantados com o tumor. A supressão deste canal, em células de glioma, potencializou a injúria por TMZ em 29%, conforme ensaio de MTT. Em conclusão, a micróglia apresentou um padrão espaço-temporal de infiltração no glioma, o que favorece influências recíprocas e pró-tumorigênicas. Já o canal Kv-10.1, pode tanto representar uma via de comunicação entre estes tipos celulares, quanto ser um potencial alvo para a terapêutica do glioma, já que foi capaz de potencializar os efeitos da temozolomida na morte celular de linhagens de glioma.
Glioblastoma multiforme is the most aggressive brain tumor. Microglia represents 30% of the tumor mass, and plays a role in tumorigenesis. This work studied the pattern of microglial growth into brain tumor tissue formed by orthotopically implanted glioma cells of the established GL261 cell line. In addition, we examined the expression of the Kv 10.1 potassium channel that frequently correlates with tumor growth. CX3CR1-EGFP mice received intracortical injections of GL261 tumor cells with stable expression of the red fluorescent protein mCherry. Epifluorescence - and confocal laser-scanning microscopy were employed in the analysis of tissue sections, whereas two-photon laser-scanning microscopy (2P-LSM) was used to visualize tumor cells and microglia in the brain of living animals. Our results revealed an intense microgliosis in brain areas already shortly after tumor implantation, i.e. at 30 minutes. In the first three days, microglia formed clusters of cells around tumors mass. Then cells infiltrated the tumor area, where they remained during all the time points studied, from 6 to 18 days. As tumor increased in size, GL261 cells progressively lost their original shape, assuming a heterogeneous and diffuse morphology. Soma size increased from 10 to 52 µm. In contact with the glioma, microglia also changed its morphology. Cell bodies enlarged from 366±0.0 µm2, in quiescent microglia, to 1310±146.0 µm2. The shape became amoeboid, with enlarged cell bodies and short processes (or even absence of them). Remarkably, we found microglial processes that closely surrounded glioma cells. Microglia also grew around multinucleated polycariocytes, found in tumors at 12 days. The Kv 10.1 channel was expressed in cultured GL261 cells, microglia cell line (BV-2) and also in mouse tumors. Suppression of Kv10.1 caused a 29% decrease in the viability of glioma cells injured by TMZ. In conclusion, microglia presented a temporal and spatial pattern of infiltration in glioma tumors, which favors reciprocal and protumorigenic influences. Kv 10.1 expressed by glioma cells in close contact with microglia may represent a communication pathway between microglia and cancer cells and, could be a potential target for antiglioma gene therapy, since it potentiated the effects of temozolomide in glioma cell lines.

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47

Clark, Aaron J. "The Expression and Function of Wilms' Tumor 1 in Malignant Glioma." VCU Scholars Compass, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10156/1665.

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48

Dumont-Girard, Philippe. "Chimiothérapies intra-veineuses des tumeurs astrocytaires de haut grade : revue de la littérature et évaluation d'un protocole associant fotémustine, platine et VP16." Montpellier 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON11064.

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49

Berger, François. "Étude et caractérisation de mécanismes suppresseurs dans les tumeurs cérébrales humaines et le cerveau non tumoral : anti-tyrosine kinase, p53 et ciblage exogène par le thymidine kinase herpétique." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10109.

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Nous avons identifié dans les liquides kystiques des gliomes, un facteur de 17 KDA porteur d'une activité de type anti-tyrosine kinase. Ce facteur est présent dans le cerveau normal ainsi que dans les tissus tumoraux. Il pourrait réaliser un élément modulateur de la prolifération cellulaire des cellules sensibles a l'EGF, tumorales ou non, en particulier des cellules souches neuro-ectodermiques. Une hyperexpression de la protéine p53 est observée dans 45% des astrocytomes. La présence de cellules hyperexprimant une protéine p53 de conformation mutée est étroitement liée à la progression tumorale. Une hyperexpression de la p53 sauvage est observée dans les tumeurs de bon pronostic telles que les DNE et les gangliogliomes. Par contre, dans les tissus épileptogènes non tumoraux, une hyperexpression de la protéine p53 de conformation mutée est observée, qui pourrait jouer un rôle dans la régulation du phénomène excitotoxique. Du fait des dangers inhérents aux vecteurs viraux, nous avons testé l'efficacité d'une transfection intra-tumorale utilisant un vecteur synthétique en association avec le gène suicide de la thymidine kinase herpétique. Après une transfection répétée, 70% de régressions complètes sont observées et 30% de nécrose étendue. Du fait de la limitation des applications de la transfection locale pour les gliomes humains, une transfection intra-carotidienne a été réalisée. Un ciblage limité au néoendiothélium est obtenu, mais qui suffit à induire un effet thérapeutique significatif, probablement en rapport avec l'importance de la néoangiogenèse dans le phénomène tumoral.

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Ledur, Pítia Flores. "Células tronco tumorais e o sistema purinérgico." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/17066.

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Gliomas são os tumores mais comuns no SNC, apresentando altas taxas de invasibilidade e proliferação, resistência à quimio e radioterapias, e elevados índices de recorrência e morte. As células-tronco tumorais constituem uma minoria dentre as células do tumor, apresentam características de células tronco neurais podendo sofrer diferenciação e auto-renovação. Linhagens celulares de gliomas, como U87, são capazes de produzir tumoresferas quando em alta confluência, que são similares às neuroesferas produzidas por células tronco neurais, e são ricas em células tronco tumorais (CSCs). Em gliomas, CSCs podem ser identificadas por expressarem o marcador de superfície CD133. Receptores purinérgicos estão envolvidos em diversos processos biológicos. O ATP induz respostas celulares como proliferação e diferenciação, e a degradação deste nucleotídeo por células de glioma é lenta, o que resulta no seu acúmulo no espaço extracelular. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar a população de CSCs em U87 bem como o efeito do ATP na formação de esferas, expressão do marcador CD133, a expressão de genes de receptores purinérgicos e de genes marcadores de células diferenciadas (GLAST e CAMKII) e de células indiferenciadas (CD133 e OCT-4). U87 foram mantidas em condições padrão com 5% de SFB e esferas foram obtidas através de crescimento sobre ágar 1%. RNA total foi extraído de esferas e monocamada, e os genes de interesse foram amplificados em reação de RT-PCR com primers específicos. Esferas apresentam uma maior expressão de CD133, visto por citometria e imunodetecção. O mRNA de OCT-4 também foi mais expresso em esferas do que em monocamada, que expressa mais CAMKII e GLAST. ATP em uma concentração final de 100 µM reduz significativamente o número de esferas formadas (P<0.05) durante um período de 7 dias e também reduz a expressão de CD133. Dentre os receptores purinérgicos, a expressão de P2X4 foi maior em esferas, e P2X6 em monocamada. Estes resultados indicam que as esferas possuem componentes de células tronco e que a sinalização purinérgica pode estar envolvida em importantes aspectos da biologia de CSCs.
Glioblastoma multiformes are the most aggressive tumors in the CNS and are characterized by high invasion and proliferation rates, as well as for being resistant to chemo and radiotherapies. This leads to one of the worst prognosis among cancers. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are scarce among the tumor cells, but can undergo differentiation and self-renewal, being fundamental for tumor maintenance. Tumorspheres, which resemble neurospheres, can grow in glioma cell cultures and are rich in CSC. Additionally, CSCs seem to be more resistant to radiotherapy and strategies aimed at differentiating these stem cells have potential to produce less aggressive and more efficient treatment regimes. CSCs have been identified in different tumor types as well as in established cell lines such as the human glioma cell line U87, and are characterized by the presence of the CD133 glycoprotein. Purinergic receptors are stimulated by nucleotides and nucleosides, and are involved in many biological processes, including embryonic development. ATP induces several cellular responses, such as proliferation and differentiation, and it has been demonstrated that the degradation of this nucleotide is slow in glioma cells, which results in its accumulation in the extracellular space. The aim of this work was to characterize the CSC population in U87 and the effect of ATP in sphere formation. Spheres were obtained by plating cells on a thin layer of agar. Tumorspheres presented a higher amount of CD133 marker as analyzed by flow citometry and western blotting. mRNA expression of OCT-4, a marker of undifferentiated cells, was higher in spheres, while GLAST and CAMKII, markers of differentiated glial and neuronal cells respectively, presented higher expression in the monolayer cells. Cells plated in the presence of ATP 100 µM formed 54% less spheres (P<0.05) when compared to control and also had a reduced level of CD133 marker. Among the purinergic receptors, P2X4 expression was higher in spheres, whereas P2X6 expression was higher in the monolayer. Our results indicate that spheres have components of stem cells and that the purinergic signaling is involved in important aspects of CSC biology.

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