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Journal articles on the topic 'Glauconites'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Roy Choudhury, Tathagata, Pragya Singh, Arpita Chakraborty, and Santanu Banerjee. "Authigenic Fe Mineralization in Shallow to Marginal Marine Environments: A Case Study from the Late Paleocene—Early Eocene Cambay Shale Formation." Minerals 13, no. 5 (May 7, 2023): 646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13050646.

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The late Paleocene–early Eocene warm greenhouse conditions, characterized by elevated pCO2 levels in the atmosphere and a dramatic increase in sea surface temperature, prompted abundant authigenic glauconite formation within the shallow marine sediments worldwide by lowering the net sedimentation rate, increasing organic productivity and expanding the oxygen minimum zones to shallow oceans. The early Eocene marginal marine Cambay Shale Formation experienced episodes of marine inundation represented by limestone–green shale alternations. The shales host abundant authigenic light-green, dark-green, and brown pellets. A detailed characterization of the pellets of the Valia and Vastan lignite mines, integrating the sedimentological, petrographical, mineralogical, and mineral geochemical data, suggests two distinct varieties of Fe–silicate formation, viz. glauconite and chamosite. While the glauconitic green pellets are ubiquitous to Valia and Vastan mines, brown chamosite pellets are confined within the basal part of the green shale facies alternating with fossiliferous limestone in the Vastan mine. The glauconites of the Valia mine manifest a ‘nascent’ to ‘slightly evolved’ maturation stage of glauconitization, whereas the glauconites of the Vastan mine represent the ‘evolved’ type. The limestone–green shale alternation in the Valia mine is overlain by a ~4 m-thick spherulitic mudstone facies comprising monomineralic sideritic spherulites, reflecting a pure FeCO3 composition. The glauconites in the Cambay Shale Formation transformed from kaolinite-rich clay pellets under dys-oxic depositional conditions. The increasing anoxicity within the microenvironment, possibly amplified by the rapid oxidation of continent-derived organic matter, facilitated chamosite formation instead of glauconite. The increased freshwater influx into the marginal marine depositional environment resulted in immature, K-poor glauconites of the Valia mine. The formation of siderite spherulites overlying the limestone–green shale alternation relates to the beginning of the regressive phase of sedimentation.

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2

Huggett, J. M., B. Laenen, and N. Vandenberghe. "Green clays from the Lower Oligocene of Aardebrug, Belgium: a re-evaluation." Clay Minerals 31, no. 4 (December 1996): 557–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1996.031.4.13.

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Porrenga (1968) described the green clays from the Lower Oligocene of Aardebrug, east of Leuven (Louvain) in Belgium as glauconitic illite, a mineral intermediate in chemistry between glauconite and illite, and presumed this clay to be neoformed, though the mode of origin is not discussed. Notably, most of the section from which Porrenga obtained his sample of 'glauconitic illite' is nonmarine. Non-marine glauconites are rare in the literature and there is no standard terminology. Parry and Reeves (1966) reported green pellets of 10 Å clay from recent sediments at Lake Mound, Texas, but with no detrital green clay as source and an authigenic origin is assumed. Green clays described as Fe-rich mica occur in lacustrine environments in the Oligocene of Cantal (Jung, 1954), and the Massif Central (Gabis, 1963) in France. These deposits are derived from altered crystalline basement.

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3

Bansal, Udita, Santanu Banerjee, Kanchan Pande, and Dhiren K. Ruidas. "Unusual seawater composition of the Late Cretaceous Tethys imprinted in glauconite of Narmada basin, central India." Geological Magazine 157, no. 2 (July 2, 2019): 233–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756819000621.

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AbstractA detailed investigation of a glauconite bed within the Late Cretaceous Bryozoan Limestone Formation of the Bagh Group in central India, as well as the study of existing records, reveals the existence of a ‘glauconitic sea’ along the margins of the Palaeo-Tethys Ocean during the Late Cretaceous Epoch. The authigenic green mineral formed abundantly on shallow seafloors unlike in its modern, deep-sea counterpart. We present an integrated petrographical, geochemical and mineralogical investigation of the glauconite within Late Cretaceous transgressive deposits to highlight its unique geochemistry with moderate Fe2O3 and high Al2O3, SiO2, MgO as well as K2O contents. X-ray diffractional parameters identify the ‘evolved to high evolved’ nature of the glauconite while Mössbauer spectroscopic study reveals the dominance of Fe3+ compared to Fe2+ in the atomic structure. The rare earth elements (REE) pattern of glauconite reveals moderate light-REE/heavy-REE (LREE/HREE) fractionation and weak negative Eu anomaly. The Ce anomaly of the glauconite indicates a sub-oxic diagenetic condition. We propose that Late Cretaceous glauconites formed within a shallow marine depositional setting across the Tethyan belt because of enhanced supply of K, Si, Al, Fe, Mg cations through continental weathering under the extant greenhouse climate.

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4

Xadjibaev, D., and F. Erkabaev. "SELECTION OF MINERAL RAW MATERIAL FIELDS FOR GLAUCONITE SORPTION MATERIALS." Technical science and innovation 2021, no. 1 (May 10, 2021): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.51346/tstu-02.21.1-77-0002.

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Natural minerals, such as bentonite, kaolinite, biotite, vermiculite, and glauconite, which have sufficiently high performance properties in the softening of industrial and waste water, softening and cleaning of heavy metals, are promising. To study the physical and chemical properties of glauconites from various deposits of the country, samples of glauconite mineral were brought from the Parkent, Bukhara, and Karakalpak mountain reserves, their physical and chemical properties were studied, compared with each other, and the optimal reserve was selected. The reserves of these deposits are sufficient and have the potential for industrial development. The purpose of this study is to compare samples of natural mineral reserves of glauconite and select the optimal deposit for raw materials. Methodology. Samples of glauconite minerals from the Parkent, Bukhara and Karakalpak mines were taken as the object of the study. Chemical, mineralogical, and thermal analyses were performed on the samples, and the fractional composition was determined. Scientific novelty. The main part of the mineral glauconite (50-55%) in the raw material is found in fractions of 0.08-0.125 mm. The most suitable raw material was the Parkent glauconite deposit, which has a relatively high content of potassium, which tends to exchange with other metals during the sorption process. The received data. Based on the conducted experiments, samples of glauconites from Parkent, Bukhara, and Karakalpak were subjected to chemical and mineralogical analyses. The maximum amount of the mineral glauconite was found in the fractions of the raw material (less than 0.125 mm). The most suitable deposit of raw materials for processing the mineral glauconite was selected and an environmentally friendly adsorbent was obtained.

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5

Roy Choudhury, Tathagata, Santanu Banerjee, Sonal Khanolkar, and Sher Singh Meena. "Paleoenvironmental Conditions during the Paleocene–Eocene Transition Imprinted within the Glauconitic Giral Member of the Barmer Basin, India." Minerals 12, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12010056.

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The roughly 6 m thick limestone–green shale alternation within the lignite-bearing Giral Member of the Barmer Basin corresponds to a marine flooding event immediately after the Paleocene–Eocene transition. A detailed characterization of the glauconite using Electron Probe Micro Analyzer (EPMA), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Mössbauer and Field Emission Gun-Scanning Electron Microscope (FEG-SEM) reveals its origin in the backdrop of prevailing warm climatic conditions. The glauconite pellets vary from fine silt-sized to coarse sand-sized pellets, often reaching ~60% of the rock by volume. Mineralogical investigation reveals a ‘nascent’ to ‘slightly evolved’ character of the marginal marine-originated glauconite showing considerable interstratification. The chemical composition of the glauconite is unusual with a high Al2O3 (>10 wt%) and moderately high Fe2O3(total) contents (>15 wt%). While the K2O content of these glauconites is low, the interlayer sites are atypically rich in Na2O, frequently occupying ~33% of the total interlayer sites. The Mössbauer spectrum indicates 10% of the total iron is in ferrous form. High tetrahedral Al3+ of these glauconites suggests a high-alumina substrate that transformed to glauconite by octahedral Al-for-Fe substitution followed by the addition of K into the interlayer structure. The unusually high Na2O suggests the possibility of a soda-rich pore water formed by the dissolution of alkaline volcanic minerals. The Giral glauconite formation could have been a part of the major contributors in the Fe-sequestration cycle in the Early Eocene shelves. Warm climate during the Early Eocene time favored the glauconitization because of the enhanced supply of Fe, Al, and Si and proliferation of an oxygen-depleted depositional environment.

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6

Parron, C., and M. Amouric. "Crystallochemical heterogeneity of glauconites and the related problem of glauconite - celadonite distinction." Chemical Geology 84, no. 1-4 (July 1990): 286–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(90)90240-8.

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7

Scheiblhofer, Esther, Ulrike Moser, Stefan Lӧhr, Markus Wilmsen, Juraj Farkaš, Daniela Gallhofer, Alice Matsdotter Bäckström, Thomas Zack, and Andre Baldermann. "Revisiting Glauconite Geochronology: Lessons Learned from In Situ Radiometric Dating of a Glauconite-Rich Cretaceous Shelfal Sequence." Minerals 12, no. 7 (June 27, 2022): 818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12070818.

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The scarcity of well-preserved and directly dateable sedimentary sequences is a major impediment to inferring the Earth’s paleo-environmental evolution. The authigenic mineral glauconite can potentially provide absolute stratigraphic ages for sedimentary sequences and constraints on paleo-depositional conditions. This requires improved approaches for measuring and interpreting glauconite formation ages. Here, glauconite from a Cretaceous shelfal sequence (Langenstein, northern Germany) was characterized using petrographical, geochemical (EMP), andmineralogical (XRD) screening methods before in situ Rb-Sr dating via LA-ICP-MS/MS. The obtained glauconite ages (~101 to 97 Ma) partly overlap with the depositional age of the Langenstein sequence (±3 Ma), but without the expected stratigraphic age progression, which we attribute to detrital and diagenetic illitic phase impurities inside the glauconites. Using a novel age deconvolution approach, which combines the new Rb-Sr dataset with published K-Ar ages, we recalculate the glauconite bulk ages to obtain stratigraphically significant ‘pure’ glauconite ages (~100 to 96 Ma). Thus, our results show that pristine ages can be preserved in mineralogically complex glauconite grains even under burial diagenetic conditions (T < 65 °C; <1500 m depth), confirming that glauconite could be a suitable archive for paleo-environmental reconstructions and direct sediment dating.

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8

Zviagina, Bella B., Victor A. Drits, and Olga V. Dorzhieva. "Distinguishing Features and Identification Criteria for K-Dioctahedral 1M Micas (Illite-Aluminoceladonite and Illite-Glauconite-Celadonite Series) from Middle-Infrared Spectroscopy Data." Minerals 10, no. 2 (February 11, 2020): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10020153.

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A representative collection of K-dioctahedral 1M micas ranging in composition from (Mg, Fe)-poor illites to aluminoceladonites through Mg-rich illites (Fe-poor varieties) and from Fe-bearing, Mg-rich illites to celadonites through Fe-illites, Al-glauconites and glauconites (Fe-bearing varieties) was studied by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in the middle-infrared region. Analysis and comparison of the relationships between the band positions and cation compositions of Fe-poor and Fe-bearing K-dioctahedral micas provided a generalized set of FTIR identification criteria that include the band positions and profiles in the regions of Si–O bending, Si–O stretching, and OH-stretching vibrations. FTIR data allow unambiguous identification of illites, aluminoceladonites, and celadonites, as well as distinction between Fe-illites and illites proper, as well as between Al-glauconites and glauconites. Specifically, a sharp maximum from the AlOHMg stretching vibration at ~3600 cm−1, the presence of a MgOHMg stretching vibration at 3583–3585 cm−1, as well as characteristic band positions in the Si–O bending (435–439, 468–472 and 509–520 cm−1) and stretching regions (985–1012 and 1090–1112 cm−1) are clearly indicative of aluminoceladonite. The distinction between Fe-illites and Al-glauconites, which have similar FTIR features, requires data on cation composition and unit-cell parameters.

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9

López-Quirós, Adrián, Antonio Sánchez-Navas, Fernando Nieto, and Carlota Escutia. "New insights into the nature of glauconite." American Mineralogist 105, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 674–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2020-7341.

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Abstract Glauconite must be assessed as mica-rich mica-smectite R3 interstratified mineral, with the pure end-member mica also having intrinsic K-deficient chemical characteristics (K+ ~ 0.8 apfu). This assertion is in accordance with our X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution tranmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) studies and chemical analyses by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) of mature glauconites in Cenozoic Antarctic sediments that indicate that: (1) It consists of a glauconite-smectite (R3 ordered) mixed-layer silicate, composed mainly of mica-type layers (>90%), but displaying slightly different proportions of Fe(III)-smectite layers (<10%). (2) More mature glaucony grains are characterized by major K+ and VIFe2+ (mica layers) and minor VIFe3+ (smectite layers) content in the interstratified glauconite-smectite. (3) Potassium is stabilized at the interlayer site by the octahedrally coordinated Fe2+. (4) Microtexture of the glauconite crystals are comparable with those of other micas and illite minerals, with straight, defect-free lattice fringes of ~10 Å spacings glauconite packets characteristic of mica with minor interstratified poorly crystalline smectite layers. In addition, our new findings give insights into the glauconitization process and at the same time investigate the potassium-deficient character of the dioctahedral mica “glauconite.” These findings show that glauconite crystallizes by a layer-growth mechanism at the expense of a poorly crystalline smectite precursor and that smectiteto-glauconite transformations are accompanied by a gradually higher octahedral charge deficiency (Fe2+/Fe3+) stabilized by K+ uptake into the interlayer sheet.

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10

Sakharov, B. A., G. Besson, V. A. Drits, M. Yu Kameneva, A. L. Salyn, and B. B. Smoliar. "X-ray study of the nature of stacking faults in the structure of glauconites." Clay Minerals 25, no. 4 (December 1990): 419–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1990.025.4.02.

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AbstractGlauconites are dioctahedral, microdivided, Fe-containing silicates whose idealized structure may be described as a stacking of 2 : 1 layers with the same azimuthal orientation. The diffractometric and crystallochemical data do not coincide with this idealized structural model. For each glauconite studied the best fit between experimental and theoretical XRD patterns was obtained using the same model. It was possible to describe the stacking by an equally probable occurrence of layers rotated by multiples of 60°. The layer types alternate with a definite tendency to segregation. The model is characteristic for all glauconites, irrespective of composition, age and type of host rock. The alternation of layers rotated by 60° in the structure leads to both octahedral and prismatic coordination for the interlayer K+ cation.

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11

Georgievskiy, A. F., and V. M. Bugina. "Phosphorites and Glauconites as Additional Reserves in the Development of Titanium-Zirconium Sands of the Centralnoye Deposit (Tambov Region of Russia)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 988, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 022031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/988/2/022031.

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Abstract After the Soviet Union demise, Russia was plagued by severe titanium resource problems. The bulk of titanium concentrates is imported from Ukraine. But Russia has its own titanium resources not lesser than in leading countries of the world (China, Brazil, South Africa). Ores form both primary and alluvial deposits, including those located in economically developed regions. The better example is the ancient marine placer of the Centralnoye deposit in the Rasskazovsky district of the Tambov region. In addition to ilmenite, rutile and zircon, ore sands also include phosphates and glauconite. The deposit was discovered in the middle of the last century and, after geological prospecting, was classified as one of the ten largest world objects of placer titanium ores. Despite this, for many years the Centralnoye deposit remained abandoned, since by that time, in the Soviet Union in Ukraine, several mining plants were already operating, which satisfied the industry’s demand for titanium. Today Russia is in dire need of titanium raw materials and the question of the need to develop the deposit has been repeatedly raised. This topic is being discussed especially actively today since a decision has been made on the expediency of its development. However, in the modern market environment, the implementation of this decision is an extremely difficult task. Here, the factors that can reduce operating costs that can improve the economic performance of mining and processing of ore sands become important. These factors include mining and use of both phosphorites and glauconites contained in titanium-zirconium ores and in the “overburden” rocks. The article describes the technogenic waste (tailings) of titanium - zirconium ores. Their material, mineral and granulometric composition is considered, and the technological properties of phosphorites and glauconites are described in the article. On the basis of experimental data, it has been shown that the accumulated concentrates represent high-quality raw materials for the production of phosphate rock and effective phosphorus and potassium ameliorants.

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12

Syrchina, N. V., T. Ya Ashikhmina, N. N. Bogatyryova, and G. Ya Kantor. "Glauconites of the Vyatka-Kama phosphorite-bearing basin." Theoretical and Applied Ecology, no. 2 (2020): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25750/1995-4301-2020-2-117-122.

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13

Kuanysheva, Galina, B. Balgysheva, A. Asilov, and Farid Urakaev. "Thermo- and mechanochemical modification of glauconites and theirsorption property." Chemical Bulletin of Kazakh National University, no. 1 (April 1, 2014): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15328/chemb_2014_174-80.

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14

Slonimskaya, M. V., G. Besson, L. G. Dainyak, C. Tchoubar, and V. A. Drits. "Interpretation of the IR spectra of celadonites and glauconites in the region of OH-stretching frequencies." Clay Minerals 21, no. 3 (September 1986): 377–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1986.021.3.09.

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AbstractA method is given for quantitative analysis of IR spectra of dioctahedral micas in the OH-stretching region, which involves spectral decomposition and correlation of octahedral cation contents with integrated optical densities of the corresponding bands. It provides a basis for the study of order-disorder in these minerals and has allowed revision of the crystallochemical formulae of some glauconites and celadonites.

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15

Sakharov, B. A., J. Besson, V. A. Drits, M. Yu Kameneva, and A. L. Salyn'. "INVESTIGATION OF PACKING DEFECTS IN GLAUCONITES BY DIFFRACTION PROFILE ANALYSIS." International Geology Review 32, no. 11 (November 1990): 1120–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206819009465844.

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16

Bozkaya, Ömer, Hüseyin Yalçin, and Hüseyin Kozlu. "Clay mineralogy of the Paleozoic-Lower Mesozoic sedimentary sequence from the northern part of the Arabian Platform, Hazro (Diyarbakır, Southeast Anatolia)." Geologica Carpathica 62, no. 6 (December 1, 2011): 489–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10096-011-0035-6.

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Clay mineralogy of the Paleozoic-Lower Mesozoic sedimentary sequence from the northern part of the Arabian Platform, Hazro (Diyarbakır, Southeast Anatolia)The Paleozoic-Lower Mesozoic units in the Diyarbakır-Hazro region consist of sandstone (subarkose, quartz arenite), mudstone, shale, coal, marl, dolomitic marl, limestone (biomicrite, lithobiosparite, biosparite with lithoclast, dololithobiosparite, dolomitic cherty sparite) and dolomite (dolosparite, dolosparite with lithoclast, biodolosparite with glauconite). These units exhibit no slaty cleavage although they are oriented parallel to bedding planes. The sedimentary rocks contain mainly calcite, dolomite, quartz, feldspar, goethite and phyllosilicates (kaolinite, illite-smectite (I-S), illite and glauconite) associated with small amounts of gypsum, jarosite, hematite and gibbsite. The amounts of quartz and feldspar in the Silurian-Devonian units and of dolomite in the Permian-Triassic units increase. Kaolinite is more commonly observed in the Silurian-Devonian and Permian units, whereas illite and I-S are found mostly in the Middle Devonian and Triassic units. Vertical distributions of clay minerals depend on lithological differences rather than diagenetic/metamorphic grade. Authigenetic kaolinites as pseudo-hexagonal bouquets and glauconite and I-S as fine-grained flakes or filaments are more abundantly present in the levels of clastic and carbonate rocks. Illite quantities in R3 and R1 I-S vary between 80 and 95 %. 2M1+1Mdillites/I-S are characterized by moderatebcell values (9.005-9.040, mean 9.020 Å), whereas glauconites have higher values in the range of 9.054-9.072, mean 9.066 Å. KI values of illites (0.72-1.56, mean 1.03 Δ2θ°) show no an important vertical difference. Inorganic (mineral assemblages, KI, polytype) and organic maturation (vitrinite reflection) parameters in the Paleozoic-Triassic units agree with each others in majority that show high-grade diagenesis and catagenesis (light petroleum-wet gas hydrocarbon zone), respectively. The Paleozoic-Triassic sequence in this region was deposited in the environment of a passive continental margin and entirely resembles the Eastern Taurus Para-Autochthon Unit (Geyikdağı Unit) in respect of lithology and diagenetic grade.

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17

MIKI, Takashi. "Glauconites associated with coal-seams in Kyushu, Japan : A sedimentologist's view." Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Japan 17 (1986): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2465/gkk1952.17.special_1.

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18

Rathore, S. S., B. N. Prabhu, A. R. Vijan, K. C. Vig, and K. N. Misra. "K-Ar age of Ukra glauconites from the Kutch Basin, India." Journal of Earth System Science 108, no. 1 (March 1999): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02840824.

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19

Clauer, Norbert, Edward Keppens, I. Tonguç Uysal, and Amélie Aubert. "Ultrasonic Shaking of Glauconite Pellets with Diverse Reagents for a Comparison of Their K–Ar with Already Published Rb–Sr Results." Geosciences 11, no. 11 (October 25, 2021): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11110439.

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A combined ultrasonic treatment, with de-ionized H2O, dilute HAc or dilute HCl, of three Mid-Miocene glauconite samples was applied to K–Ar date the different separates in order to compare the results with those obtained by the Rb–Sr method using the same three samples and that were analyzed strictly in the same way. Two aliquots yield opposite elemental and K–Ar trends, which suggests different initial mineral compositions for the various pellets. The K–Ar data of two untreated and leached L7 and L8 aliquots are almost within analytical uncertainty from 17.3 ± 0.6 Ma to 19.6 ± 0.7 Ma (2σ), while those of the third L10 sample are slightly higher at 22.1 ± 1.2 Ma (2σ). Comparatively, the earlier published Rb–Sr ages of the three untreated samples and of the leached aliquots gave similar data for the L7 aliquots by an isochron at 18.1 ± 3.1 (2σ) Ma and for the sample L8 by an isochron with an age of 19.6 ± 1.8 (2σ) Ma, while the untreated L10 aliquot yields a very high Rb–Sr date of 42.1 ± 1.6 (2σ) Ma. This untreated L10 glauconite fraction contains blödite, a Sr-rich carbonate that impacted the two isotopic systems differently. Generally, dilute HCl or HAc acids dissolve carbonates, sulfates, sulfites and oxides, while they do not affect the clay-type crystals such as glauconites. These soluble minerals can be identified indirectly, as here, by X-ray diffraction and the amounts of leached Na2O, CaO and Fe2O3 contents. Together with the leaching of some metallic trace elements, those of NaO confirm the leaching of metals and of blödite that are both hosted by the glauconite pellets. The occurrence of this Sr-enriched mineral explains the age differences of the non-treated aliquots and suggests a systematic leaching of any glauconite separate before isotope determination and, possibly, a comparison of the Rb–Sr and K–Ar results. Ultrasonic shaking appears appropriate for physical disaggregation of any contaminating grains that may remain hosted within the pellets, even after a preliminary H2O wash, which may dissolve and remove the soluble minerals but not the H2O-insoluble silicates. The K–Ar study completed here as a complement to a previous Rb–Sr study highlights, again, the importance of the preparation step in isotopic studies of glauconite-type and, by extension, of any clay material, as all occurring minerals can interfere in the final age determinations and, therefore, differently in the mineral assemblages. All those not in isotopic equilibrium need to be removed before analysis, including the soluble Sr or alkali-enriched ones.

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20

Zaitseva, T. S., A. B. Kuznetsov, N. A. Ivanova, M. A. Maslennikov, V. V. Pustylnikova, T. L. Turchenko, and K. E. Nаgovitsyn. "Rb-Sr age of the riphean glauconites of the Kamov group (Baikit anteklise, Siberian platform)." Доклады Академии наук 488, no. 1 (September 24, 2019): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-5652488152-57.

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A mineralogical and geochemical study was conducted and the Rb-Sr age of globular layered silicates (GPS) of the glauconite-illite series of the Dolgokta Formation from a parametric Chunkinskaya-282 drillcore was determined. The assessment of suitability of the mineral for geochronological purposes took into account the data of Mössbauer spectroscopy and modeling of the cation distribution in the GPS octahedral net. Mineralogical and crystalochemical characteristics indicate an epigenetic alteration of glauconite structure; therefore, its Rb-Sr isochronous age (1300 ± 7 Ma) is “rejuvenated” and reflects the stage of partial recrystallization. The 87Sr/86Sr ratio in dolomites of the Dolgokta and Kuyumba formations varies from 0.70602 to 0.72230, which confirms the epigenetic recrystallization. The model Rb-Sr age of glauconite, calculated taking into account the enrichment of radiogenic 87Sr, is within 1340-1400 Ma. The age estimate determines the upper limit of distribution of the Mesoproterozoic fossil Tappania, found in the Yurubchen and Dolgokta formations of the Baikit anteclise.

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21

Cardile, C. M., and I. W. M. Brown. "An 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction study of New Zealand glauconites." Clay Minerals 23, no. 1 (March 1988): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1988.023.1.02.

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AbstractA comprehensive Mössbauer spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction study of six purified glauconites is presented. The Mössbauer spectra were computer-fitted with three Fe3+ and three Fe2+ doublets, both Fe species occupying the trans-OH and two cis-OH octahedral sites. In addition, a seventh smaller doublet is assigned to Fe3+ in tetrahedral coordination. It has been shown that an increasing IVFe3+ content directs VIFe3+ substitution to the cis-OH octahedrally coordinated sites. A correlation between the d(060) reflection and elemental composition is demonstrated.

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22

Ospitali, Francesca, Danilo Bersani, Gianfranco Di Lonardo, and Pier Paolo Lottici. "‘Green earths’: vibrational and elemental characterization of glauconites, celadonites and historical pigments." Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 39, no. 8 (August 2008): 1066–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1983.

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Zhang, Qin, Chen Zhou, Shifa Zhu, Hanyun Tian, Ronald J. Steel, and Zeping Song. "Types and genesis of the Neoproterozoic glauconites, Longshan area, Changping district, Beijing." Geoenergy Science and Engineering 222 (March 2023): 211412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoen.2022.211412.

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Nourmohamadi, Mohammad Sadi, Rzger A. Abdula, Fawzi Albeyati, Arkan O. Sharezwri, Edres M. Perot, Shamsadin E. Jassim, and Nechirvan H. Othman. "Green Glauconitic Marl Bed As A Sequence Stratigraphical Key For Interpretation Of Contact Between Qamchuqa And Bekhme Formations In Bekhal Area, Kurdistan Region, NE Iraq." Bulletin Of The Geological Society Of Malaysia 70, no. 1 (November 30, 2020): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7186/bg70202003.

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This study incorporates a study of stratigraphy and sedimentology of the green glauconitic marl bed between Qamchuqa and Bekhme Formations in selected section of the Iraqi Kurdistan region. The studied area is located in Gali Garukaju near Rwanduz in Erbil Governorate, northeastern Iraq. Instead of Basal Conglomerate bed, the thin beds of green glauconitic marl occurs along the contact between Qamchuqa and Bekhme Formations in the studied section. Six samples were collected from this section, two samples for XRD and four samples for petrography analysis. Samples for XRD and petrographic analysis were taken from green glauconitic marl beds at the contact between two formations and from upper contact of Qamchuqa Formation and lower contact of Bekhme Formation. XRD analysis data proved the presence of glauconite in green marl bed. General petrographic observations of other remaining four samples in thin sections reveal that the upper contact of Qamchuqa Formation and lower contact of Bekhme Formation are dolomite and dolomitic limestone. The dolomite bed represents type 1 or type 2 depending on the thickness and extension of dolomite bed. Color, morphology, maturity and abundance of glauconite grain were the dominant factors used in the determination of the surface between the two formations. The result emphasizes that the surface was not a gradational surface consisting of low stand and condensed system tract (LST/CS). Two factors, color and morphology, of glauconite grains were analyzed by binocular microscope under reflected light. The morphology of most glauconite grains in this section is ovoidal and tabular with green to dark green in color. Based on these two factors the glauconite grains were within stages 3 and 4 of McCracken et al. (1996) classification and can be interpreted as evolved and high evolved in view of maturity. The presence, increase in concentration and mature grains of glauconite (evolved and high evolved) in marl beds at lower part of Bekhme Formation indicate transgressive or maximum flooding surfaces.

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Baioumy, H. M., and S. N. Boulis. "Glauconites from the Bahariya Oasis: An evidence for Cenomanian marine transgression in Egypt." Journal of African Earth Sciences 70 (July 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2012.05.001.

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Ahmadirouhani, R., and S. Samiee. "MAPPING GLAUCONITE UNITES WITH USING REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES IN NORTH EAST OF IRAN." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-2/W3 (October 21, 2014): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-2-w3-7-2014.

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Glauconite is a greenish ferric-iron silicate mineral with micaceous structure, characteristically formed in shallow marine environments. Glauconite has been used as a pigmentation agent for oil paint, contaminants remover in environmental studies and a source of potassium in plant fertilizers, and other industries. Koppeh-dagh basin is extended in Iran, Afghanistan and Turkmenistan countries and Glauconite units exist in this basin. In this research for enhancing and mapping glauconitic units in Koppeh-dagh structural zone in north east of Iran, remote sensing techniques such as Spectral Angle Mapper classification (SAM), band ratio and band composition methods on SPOT, ASTER and Landsat data in 3 steps were applied.

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Zaitseva, T. S., A. B. Kuznetsov, N. A. Ivanova, M. A. Maslennikov, V. V. Pustylnikova, T. L. Turchenko, and K. E. Nagovitsin. "Rb–Sr Age of Riphean Glauconites of the Kamo Group (Baikit Anteclise, Siberian Craton)." Doklady Earth Sciences 488, no. 1 (September 2019): 1013–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1028334x19090113.

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Essa, Mahmoud A., Ezzat A. Ahmed, and Hans Kurzweil. "Genesis, maturity and weathering of some Upper Cretaceous Egyptian glauconites: Mineralogical and geochemical implications." Journal of African Earth Sciences 124 (December 2016): 427–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2016.09.036.

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De Grave, E., J. Vandenbruwaene, and E. Elewaut. "An 57Fe Mossbauer effect study on glauconites from different locations in Belgium and Northern France." Clay Minerals 20, no. 2 (June 1985): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1985.020.2.02.

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AbstractSixteen glauconite samples from different locations in Belgium and Northern France were investigated by 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy at room temperature. The spectra were fitted with three Fe3+ and two Fe2+ doublets, both Fe species occupying M1(trans) and M2(cis) sites in the T-O-T layers. The third Fe3+ doublet was assigned to interlayer ferric complexes. The observed Mössbauer parameters did not show significant variations from sample to sample. No direct relation between K and Fe content was observed, although within some distinct groups (e.g. Bande Noire, Cenomanian) the amount of Fe2+ increased with increasing K content.

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Kapusta, Y., G. Steinitz, A. Akkerman, A. Sandler, P. Kotlarsky, and A. Nagler. "Monitoring the deficit of 39Ar in irradiated clay fractions and glauconites: Modeling and analytical procedure." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61, no. 21 (November 1997): 4671–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7037(97)00354-2.

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Chattoraj, Shovan Lal, Santanu Banerjee, and P. K. Saraswati. "Glauconites from the Late Palaeocene — Early Eocene Naredi Formation, western Kutch and their genetic implications." Journal of the Geological Society of India 73, no. 4 (April 2009): 567–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-009-0040-x.

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El-Habaak, Galal, Mohamed Askalany, Mohamed Galal, and Mahmoud Abdel-Hakeem. "Upper Eocene glauconites from the Bahariya depression: An evidence for the marine regression in Egypt." Journal of African Earth Sciences 117 (May 2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2016.01.013.

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Clauer, N., J. M. Huggett, and S. Hillier. "How reliable is the K-Ar glauconite chronometer? A case study of Eocene sediments from the Isle of Wight." Clay Minerals 40, no. 2 (June 2005): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0009855054020163.

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AbstractK-Ar ages of Eocene glauconite pellets from the Isle of Wight are related to quantified amounts of older glauconite pellets and to occurrences of detrital mica/illite particles that might have been added to synsedimentary pellets during reworking processes. Addition of older glauconite did not significantly bias the K-Ar dates, as the results most often provide the expected stratigraphic reference ages or even significantly lower ages. Alternatively, K-Ar dates significantly greater than those suggested by the stratigraphy appear to result from non-glauconized detrital mica in the pellets which is not always removable, even by high-gradient magnetic separation.Unexpected ‘old’ K-Ar glauconite ages do not result from misapplication of the method, but from inability to systematically identify and remove the `contaminant' particles from glauconite splits. Analysis of highly evolved glauconite separates is definitely appropriate for reliable isotopic age determinations, but it might not be enough for the final selection, as long-lasting diagenesis might have taken over the synsedimentary process. Much if not all depends on the separation and characterization of the separates, but also on the completion of the glauconitization process which effects cannot always be anticipated.

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Li, Xiang, Yuanfeng Cai, Xiumian Hu, Zhicheng Huang, and Jiangang Wang. "Mineralogical characteristics and geological significance of Albian (Early Cretaceous) glauconite in Zanda, southwestern Tibet, China." Clay Minerals 47, no. 1 (March 2012): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2012.047.1.45.

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AbstractEarly Cretaceous glauconite from the Xiala section, southwestern Tibet, China, was investigated by petrographic microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). The investigations revealed that the glauconite in both sandstones and limestone is highly evolved. The glauconite in sandstone is autochthonous, but in limestone it may be derived from the underlying glauconitic sandstone. Based on analyses of the depositional environments and comparisons of glauconite-bearing strata in Zanda with sequences in adjacent areas, we conclude that the glauconitization at Zanda was probably associated with rising sea levels during the Late Albian, which represent the final separation of the Indian continent from the Australian-Antarctic continent. After the separation of the Indian continent from the Australian-Antarctic continent, cooling of the Indian continent resulted in subsidence and northward subduction of the Indian plate. A gradually rising sea level in Zanda, located along the northern margin of the Indian continent, was the cause of the low sedimentation rate. Continued transgression resulted in the occurrence of the highly evolved glauconite in this area.

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35

Vali, H., and H. M. Köster. "Expanding behaviour, structural disorder, regular and random irregular interstratification of 2:1 layer-silicates studied by high-resolution images of transmission electron microscopy." Clay Minerals 21, no. 5 (December 1986): 827–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1986.021.5.01.

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AbstractExpanding and non-expanding layers of interstratified clay minerals have been examined by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Permanent expansion of swelling layers under the electron beam was achieved by intercalation of n-alkylammonium ions, especially the octadecylammonium ion. Oriented flakes of clay minerals were prepared by embedding the expanded or non-expanded clay minerals in epoxy resin, followed by centrifugation before hardening of the resin. The minerals were then cut perpendicular to 001 using an ultramicrotome. Crystals of macroscopic trioctahedral vermiculites show homogeneous interplanar distances of 24 Å after intercalation of octadecylammonium ions. Crystals of dioctahedral soil vermiculites often show a central zone with non-expanding 10 Å layers; the outer zone shows a disturbed layer sequence extensively expanded by n-alkylammonium ions. After embedding in epoxy resin, vermiculites show stable 9·2 Å interplanar spacings but smectites expand to 13 Å. Montmorillonites of the Wyoming type show curved stacks of layers. Most of the layer stacks of montmorillonites of the Cheto type are split and disordered aggregates of single layers are formed. Crystals of illites and glauconites are built up of aggregated small stacks of 10 Å layers, the layer stacks consisting of 10 layers. Mostly the boundaries of the layer stacks are parallel to their 001 planes; sometimes low-angle boundaries are found. The dimensions of the layer stacks, ∼ 100 Å thick and some hundreds of Å in plane, are equal to the dimensions of the domains of coherent scattering of X-rays. The border layers between the layer stacks are identical with those 5 to 10% of layers which swell with glycerol or ethylene glycol during X-ray analysis. Some of the layer stacks of illite and glauconite crystals are expanded by octadecylammonium ions within a fortnight. The other stacks show unchanged 10 Å spacings. The different expanding behaviour of different layer stacks reflects the heterogeneity of the layer-charge distribution in the mica clay minerals. K-bentonites show the same expanding behaviour as illites and glauconites but the number of layers expanding with octadecylammonium ions is greater in K-bentonites than in illite crystals. Expanded mixed-layered minerals of the illite-smectite type show a different layer stacking sequence from illites. Random irregular stacking of mica layers with expanded layers are recognized rather than coherent stacks of mica layers. The crystals have a stepped morphology, perhaps effected by translations along the 001 plane. After reaction of the rectorite from Garland County with octadecylammonium ions, the non-expanded mica layers and the expanded smectite-like layers can be distinguished. The heterogeneity of the interlayer charges of the smectite layers is documented by the formation of alkyl double-layers with 17 Å spacings and alkyl triple-layers with 21 Å spaces in irregular sequence. The ‘rectorite’ from the Goto Mine expands nearly homogeneously in comparison with the rectorite from Garland County. After reaction with octadecylammonium ions, interplanar spacings of mostly 31 Å are observed but rarely spacings of 27 Å. The smectite layers of the corrensite from Kaubenheim are expanded by tetradecyl-ammonium ions to 18 Å spacings by formation of alkyl double-layers. A regular 1 : 1 layer structure of 14 Å chlorite layers and expanded 18 Å smectite layers with total spacing of 32 Å can be observed. Muscovite and pyrophyllite are not expandable by n-alkyl-ammonium ions within a fortnight. However, sporadic layers of celadonite crystals are expanded. Generally the 10 Å or 9·2 Å layers extend over the whole crystals of the three minerals. In celadonite crystals, disorder is caused sporadically by interrupted layers or slightly enlarged layer spacings.

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Nieto, Fernando, Isabel Abad, Blanca Bauluz, and Matías Reolid. "Textural and genetic relationships between glauconite and celadonite at the nanoscale: two different structural-compositional fields." European Journal of Mineralogy 33, no. 4 (August 20, 2021): 503–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ejm-33-503-2021.

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Abstract. Glauconite and celadonite coexist at the nanometre scale in Early Jurassic submarine volcanic rocks of the Betic Cordillera (southern Spain) as a result of microbial activity. Samples from the limit between the two micas, recognizable in scanning electron microscopy, have been extracted using the focussed ion beam technique and studied by high-resolution analytical electron microscopy. Both micas are present as randomly oriented differentiated small crystals in the boundary area. They define clearly distinct compositional fields with gaps affecting to Fe, Mg and K. At the lattice scale, celadonite shows a high degree of order, with homogeneous orientation of the visible lattice parameters being a difference from glauconite, formed by packets no more than 10-layers thick. Smectite layers were also detected alongside glauconite packets, in accordance with X-ray diffractograms which indicate that glauconite is a mica–smectite interstratification being more than 90 % mica layers. The compositional gap indicates that celadonite is not the endmember of the glauconitic series and the two micas represent two different structural tendencies of mica, with glauconite having more distorted octahedral sheets, indicated by systematically higher b parameters than celadonite.

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37

Rudmin, M., I. Reva, A. Gunko, A. Mazurov, and R. Abramova. "Structural-chemical features and morphology of glauconites in sedimentary iron ore of Bakchar prospect (Western Siberia)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 27 (November 10, 2015): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/27/1/012026.

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38

Drits, V. A., L. G. Dainyak, F. Muller, G. Besson, and A. Manceau. "Isomorphous cation distribution in celadonites, glauconites and Fe-illites determined by infrared, Mössbauer and EXAFS spectroscopies." Clay Minerals 32, no. 2 (June 1997): 153–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1997.032.2.01.

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AbstractCeladonite, glauconite and Fe-illite samples were studied by XRD, EXAFS, IR and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The samples were monomineralic and corresponded to 1M polytype. In the OH-stretching region of the IR spectra the content of each definite pair of cations bonded to OH groups was determined. The number of heavy (Fe) and light (Al, Mg) octahedral cations nearest to Fe was found by the EXAFS technique. The predicted quadrupole splitting values for each definite arrangement of cations nearest to Fe3+ were used to interpret the Mössbauer spectra. After the fitting procedure, the intensity of each doublet corresponded to a definite set of local cation arrangements around Fe3+ and to a definite occurrence probability of these arrangements. Computer simulation and the experimental data obtained were used to reconstruct the distribution of isomorphous octahedral cations in the 2:1 layers. For all samples, R2+ cations prefer to occupy one of the two symmetrically independent cis-sites and R2+-R2+ and/or Al-Fe3+ were prohibited in the directions forming ± 120° with the b axis. Therefore, octahedral sheets of the samples revealed domain structure, in which domains differ in size, in the nature of predominant cation and/or by cation ordering.

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39

Rousset, D., S. Leclerc, N. Clauer, J. Lancelot, M. Cathelineau, and J. F. Aranyossy. "Age and Origin of Albian Glauconites and Associated Clay Minerals Inferred from a Detailed Geochemical Analysis." Journal of Sedimentary Research 74, no. 5 (September 1, 2004): 631–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/031104740631.

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40

Rudmin, Maxim, Santanu Banerjee, and Boris Makarov. "Evaluation of the Effects of the Application of Glauconitic Fertilizer on Oat Development: A Two-Year Field-Based Investigation." Agronomy 10, no. 6 (June 18, 2020): 872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060872.

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This study explores the fertilizer potential of glauconitic soil by monitoring its impact on the growth of plants during the second growing season after application. Our study documents a higher growth of oats (Avena sativa) in glauconitic amended soil compared to that recorded with the control sample at the end of a 97-day-long experiment. Concentrations of nutrients (K, P, ammonium, Ca, Mg) and pH of the soil increase sharply in the first growing season and mildly thereafter, after an initial concentration of 200 g·m−2 glauconite (equivalent to 2 t·ha−1). The pH of the glauconitic-amended soil increases from an initial 6.0 to 6.34 during the second season. Organic matter and nitrates decrease in the soil mixture at the end of the second growing season, while the exchangeable ammonium increases. Organic acids promote the mobility and bioavailability of nutrients in the soil. Glauconitic soil is particularly effective for weakly acidic soils with a low moisture content. The steady increase in total yield and plant height, and the slow-release of nutrients during the second growing season indicates that glauconitic soil can be an effective and eco-friendly fertilizer.

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Rudmin, Maxim, Santanu Banerjee, and Aleksey Mazurov. "Compositional variation of glauconites in Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene sedimentary iron-ore deposits in South-eastern Western Siberia." Sedimentary Geology 355 (June 2017): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2017.04.006.

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42

Goilo, E. A., K. A. Nauruzbaev, N. V. Kotov, and V. A. Frank-Kamenetskii. "The structural and phase transformations of glauconites in Na-, Ca- and Mg-chloride media under hydrothermal conditions." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 49, s1 (August 21, 1993): c278—c279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767378092235.

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43

Banerjee, Santanu, Shovan Lal Chattoraj, P. K. Saraswati, Somnath Dasgupta, and Urbashi Sarkar. "Substrate control on formation and maturation of glauconites in the Middle Eocene Harudi Formation, western Kutch, India." Marine and Petroleum Geology 30, no. 1 (February 2012): 144–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2011.10.008.

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44

Bansal, Udita, Santanu Banerjee, Dhiren K. Ruidas, and Kanchan Pande. "Origin and geochemical characterization of the glauconites in the Upper Cretaceous Lameta Formation, Narmada Basin, central India." Journal of Palaeogeography 7, no. 2 (April 2018): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jop.2017.12.001.

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45

Krainer, Karl, Peter Tropper, Kurt Krenn, and Spencer G. Lucas. "Occurrence and origin of glauconite in the Cambro-Ordovician Bliss Formation of southern New Mexico and West Texas (U.S.A.)." Journal of Sedimentary Research 92, no. 4 (April 13, 2022): 353–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2021.102.

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ABSTRACT In southern New Mexico and West Texas, USA, the Late Cambrian–Early Ordovician Bliss Formation is a relatively thin and dominantly siliciclastic succession that was deposited on the Proterozoic basement during a major global transgression. The Bliss Formation can be divided into two members: 1) a lower, coarser-grained member composed mostly of sandstone (quartz arenite and subarkose) that lacks glauconite and calcite cement, and 2) an upper, finer-grained member that includes glauconitic sandstone, arkosic sandstone, and mixed siliciclastic–carbonate siltstone to fine-grained sandstone, intercalated with thin carbonate beds of grainstone, packstone, and rudstone. Iron oolite and oolitic sandstone are locally exposed at the base of the upper member. Sandstone of the lower member represents upper-shoreface to foreshore deposits, whereas sedimentary structures in the upper member indicate deposition in a middle- to lower-shoreface setting, and locally in a tidal-flat environment. Intercalated carbonate beds are storm layers (tempestites). Glauconite grains are abundant in the upper member as mostly rounded to well-rounded, spheroidal to ovoidal pellets. Two types of glauconite grains are present: homogeneous, dark green grains with high K2O contents (> 8 wt.%; stage 4) and mottled pellets composed of a mixture of glauconite and apatite. Glauconite of the Bliss Formation is not autochthonous as proposed by earlier workers, but of allochthonous (parautochthonous) origin. Thus, the glauconite grains were reworked from deeper shelf environments in northern Mexico to the south and were transported and deposited under regressive–transgressive conditions. Mottled glauconite grains formed by the reworking of phosphatized and glauconitized micritic sediments during regression and were transported and deposited by storm-induced currents, particularly in storm layers during transgressive events. Homogeneous, mature glauconite grains probably were derived from the reworking of glauconitized fecal pellets or completely glauconitized micritic sediments during regressive–transgressive cycles. The world-wide occurrence of glauconite in Cambrian–Early Ordovician sediments indicates that glauconite formation during that period can be considered as a “global event.”

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46

Abi Tiyana, Rasis, Supriyanto, Tri Rani Puji Astuti, Gamma Abdul Jabbar, and Muhammad Rizqy Septyandy. "Mineralogy, geochemistry, and genesis of glauconite mineral from paleotsunami deposit in Lebak, Banten, Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 340 (2022): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202234001004.

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Bagedur coast in Lebak regency, Banten province, Indonesia is part of lowland-swampy swale area that consist of various sediment deposit. Based on its sediment characteristics and geomorphology profile, Bagedur coast is assumed as depositional environment of paleotsunami deposit. Hand Auger drilling method is used to collecting loose sediment sample from eight observation stations. The depth of hand drilling in BG 01 station to BG 08 station is consecutively as follows: 115 cm, 100 cm, 80 cm, 700 cm, 400 cm, 450 cm, 160 cm, and 143 cm. This research is carried out to understand the diagenetic process of glauconite mineral in presumption paleotsunami deposit. The diagenetic process of glauconite mineral is identified based on its mineralogical and geochemical characteristics by petrography and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) methods. Observation samples is taken from green sand sediment bed in hand drilling core. Petrographic analysis under polarized microscope shows various glauconite mineral which recognized as matrix, oval pellets, replacement of precursor mineral, and bioclastic shell infillings. XRF analysis result show that glauconite in observation site are classified as glauconitic-illite type. The diagenetic stage is interpreted as early stage of diagenetic (nascent) which characterized by low Fe2O3 and K2O content relative to Al2O3 content.

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47

Jarrar, Ghaleb, Belal Amireh, and Dieter Zachmann. "The major, trace and rare earth element geochemistry of glauconites from the early Cretaceous Kurnub Group of Jordan." GEOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 34, no. 3 (2000): 207–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.34.207.

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48

Bauatdinov, S., T. S. Bauatdinov, B. Kh Kucharov, G. D. Saparova, and N. M. Toreshova. "DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY FOR OBTAINING NEW TYPES OF MICROELEMENT-CONTAINING FERTILIZERS BASED ON GLAUCONITES AND BENTONITES OF KARAKALPAKSTAN." Austrian Journal of Technical and Natural Sciences, no. 3-4 (2023): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.29013/ajt-23-3.4-30-36.

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49

Banerjee, Santanu, Shovan Lal Chattoraj, P. K. Saraswati, Somnath Dasgupta, Urbashi Sarkar, and Adam Bumby. "The origin and maturation of lagoonal glauconites: a case study from the Oligocene Maniyara Fort Formation, western Kutch, India." Geological Journal 47, no. 4 (December 7, 2011): 357–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gj.1345.

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50

Abrosimova, Nina, Kseniya Abrosimova, Ekaterina Abrosimova, Yuri Kokhanov, and Tatyana Arutyunyan. "Prospects for using mineral resources of southern Russia in aquaculture." E3S Web of Conferences 210 (2020): 09001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021009001.

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In aquaculture, the application of natural mineral raw materials with their ion exchange and adsorption properties is on the increase, which contributes to an increase in the economic performance of fish farms. The Southern Federal District in Russia, the leader in fish production, has active deposits of zeolites, bentonites and glauconites classified as high-grade mineral raw resources containing up to 70% of active components, though almost not used in fish farming. Our research focuses on studying the productive and biological effect of mineral raw materials of the Southern Federal District (Russia) as a mineral supplement to fish feeds (the case of the zeolites from the Proval'skoe deposit in Rostov Region). Zeolite in the amount of 3% was introduced into the starter feeds for sterlet. The studies have shown that zeolites from the Proval'skoye deposit applied to feeds contribute to an increase in weight growth (p≤0.05) and survival of sterlet, to a feed conversion decrease and an increase in protein and energy efficiency ratio, positively affect the composition of fatty acids and the stability of lipid peroxidation. The results obtained suggest the use of mineral raw materials from the Southern Federal District as a dietary component.

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