Academic literature on the topic 'Glass-reinforced plastics Mechanical properties Testing'
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Journal articles on the topic "Glass-reinforced plastics Mechanical properties Testing"
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Zhang, Wenfu, Cuicui Wang, Shaohua Gu, Haixia Yu, Haitao Cheng, and Ge Wang. "Physical-Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Fiber Composites Using Filament Winding." Polymers 13, no. 17 (August 29, 2021): 2913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13172913.
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In order to study the performance of the bamboo fiber composites prepared by filament winding, composites reinforced with jute fiber and glass fiber were used as control samples. The structure and mechanical properties of the composites were investigated by scanning electric microscope (SEM), tensile testing, bending testing, and dynamic mechanical analysis. The results demonstrated that the bamboo fiber composites exhibited lower density (0.974 g/cm3) and mechanical properties in comparison of to fiber composite and glass fiber composite, because the inner tissue structure of bamboo fiber was preserved without resin adsorbed into the cell cavity of fibrous parenchyma. The bamboo fibers in composites were pulled out, while the fibers in the surface of composites were torn, resulting in the lowest mechanical performance of bamboo fiber composites. The glass transition temperature of twisting bamboo fiber Naval Ordnance Laboratory (TBF-NOL) composite (165.89 °C) was the highest in general, which indicated that the TBF circumferential composite had the best plasticizing properties and better elasticity, the reason being that the fiber-reinforced epoxy circumferential composite interface joint is a physical connection, which restricts the movement of the molecular chain of the epoxy matrix, making the composite have a higher storage modulus (6000 MPa). In addition, The TBF-NOL had the least frequency dependence, and the circumferential composite prepared by TBF had the least performance variability. Therefore, the surface and internal structures of the bamboo fiber should be further processed and improved by decreasing the twisting bamboo fiber (TBF) diameter and increasing the specific surface area of the TBF and joint surface between fibers and resin, to improve the comprehensive properties of bamboo fiber composites.
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Anwar, Miftahul, Indro Cahyono Sukmaji, Wisnu R. Wijang, and Kuncoro Diharjo. "Application of Carbon Fiber-Based Composite for Electric Vehicle." Advanced Materials Research 896 (February 2014): 574–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.896.574.
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In the present work, we study how to improve mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) in order to increase crashworthiness probability. Experimentally, hybrid carbon /glass fiber composite was made in order to get higher mechanical properties. As a results, with increasing carbon fiber volume fraction (% vol.), tensile strength and flexural strength of the composite are increased. Simulation of impact testing is also performed using data properties taken from the experiment with variation of impact forces on front bumper structure. By varying external load to the bumper, the result shows that higher thickness of hybrid carbon/glass fiber composite has always smaller stress values than thinner one. On the other hand, the displacement of hybrid carbon/glass car bumper increases linearly with increasing external load.
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Anjana, R., Asha Krishnan, Tresa Sunitha George, and K. E. George. "Polypropylene/High Density Polyethylene/Glass Fibre/Nanokaolinite Clay Composites - A Novel Material for Light Weight Manufacturing Systems." Advanced Materials Research 816-817 (September 2013): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.816-817.96.
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Polypropylene (PP) and high density polyethylene (PE) and are two widely used standard plastics which can be combined to give attractive properties. In this study a selected blend of these plastics is further modified by incorporating nanokaolinite clay and e-glass fibre into the matrix, thereby converting the blend into a fibre-nanomaterial-reinforced-plastic (FNRP). In this manner the PP-PE blend can be upgraded for more critical applications requiring strength and light weight. Melt compounding technique was used to prepare FNRP and samples for testing were prepared by injection molding. Most reports suggest that kaolinite clay, though cheap and abundantly available is difficult to disperse in polymer matrix compared to costly montmorillonite clay. This difficulty is overcome by surface modification of nanokaolinite clay by an organic group and the effect is studied using mechanical properties, thermal stability, dynamic mechanical and rheological behavior. Morphological characterization is done by scanning electron microscopy. This study shows that nanoclay and e-glass fibre synergistically modify PP-PE blend. The resulting composite can be preferentially utilized for manufacturing parts of space crafts, ships, submarines etc.
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Spina, Roberto, and Bruno Cavalcante. "Hygromechanical Performance of Polyamide Specimens Made with Fused Filament Fabrication." Polymers 13, no. 15 (July 22, 2021): 2401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13152401.
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The material performance of polyamide (PA) samples made with fused filament fabrication (FFF) was analyzed. The authors implemented a well-structured framework to identify the filaments main properties before processing them and characterizing the printed samples. Unfilled and glass-fiber reinforced PA were investigated, focusing on moisture absorption and its effects on dimensional stability and mechanical performance. The properties were collected using differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, whereas the specimens were characterized by employing compression tests. This framework allowed for the moisture determination, as well as the influence of the moisture absorption. A significant impact was detected for the glass-fiber reinforced PA, with a decrease in the dimensional and mechanical performance. The novelty of this study was to define a well-structured framework for testing the moisture influence of FFF components.
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Rajmohan, T., K. Mohan, and K. Palanikumar. "Synthesis and Characterization of Multi Wall Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) Filled Hybrid Banana-Glass Fiber Reinforced Composites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 766-767 (June 2015): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.766-767.193.
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Natural Fiber Reinforced Composite (NFRC) are used by replacing Synthetic Fiber Reinforced Composites (SFRC) because of its poor reusability, recycling, bio degradability. Even though NFRC are lack in thermal stability, strength degradation, water absorption and poor impact properties. The hybridization and nanoparticles mixed in different polymers are used to improve mechanical and wear properties of the polymer composites. In the present investigation Multi wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) dispersed in Epoxy resin using ultrasonic bath sonicator are used as matrix face for hybrid banana-Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics composite materials which is manufactured by compression molding processes. As per ASTM standards tensile, compression tests are carried out by using Universal Testing Machine. Microstructure of samples are investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) with Energy dispersive X-ray (EDS). SEM shows the homogeneous distribution of the fiber in the modified polymer matrix. The results indicated that the increase in weight % of MWCNT improves the mechanical properties of MWCNT filled hybrid natural fiber composites.
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Кычкин, А. А., А. Г. Туисов, Е. М. Максимова, А. К. Кычкин, М. П. Лебедев, and П. Н. Тарасова. "Effect of silicon carbide reinforcement of polymer matrix com-posite on properties of glass fiber reinforced plastic rods." Южно-Сибирский научный вестник, no. 2(42) (April 30, 2022): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25699/sssb.2022.42.2.006.
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Для исследования влияния модифицирования полимерной матрицы карбидом кремния (КК) на свойства стеклопластиков были изготовлены стержни диаметром 5,5мм на базе ООО «Бийский Завод Стеклопластиков» (ООО «БЗС»). Стержень, армированный стекловолокном, изготавливался методом протяжки согласно ТУ 2296-009-20994511-2011. В качестве полимерной матрицы использовали связующее на основе эпоксидной смолы с добавлением дисперсного порошка карбида кремния от 0,25% до 1% масс/частиц. Для определения физико-механических характеристик стеклопластиковых стержней проводились испытания на растяжение и сдвиг вдоль волокон. Исследования микроструктуры проводили с помощью растровой электронной микроскопии. Полученные результаты испытаний были проанализированы и показали, что образцы стеклопластиковых стержней, полученные с использованием модифицированной полимерной матрицы добавкой карбидом кремния (КК), показывают увеличение напряжения сдвига вдоль волокон, предела прочности и модуля упругости при растяжении. To study the effect of silicon carbide (SiC) reinforcement of polymer matrix composite, 5.5 mm glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) rods were manufactured at the LLC Bijsk Fiberglass Factory (LLC BFF). Glass fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite (PMC) was manufactured by pultrusion according to the technical specifications TU 2296-009-20994511-2011. The polymer matrix composite used to manufacture sample glass fiber plastic rods is an epoxy resin, an amine accelerator, an isomethyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride hardener with 0.25 to 1 wt.% dispersed silicon carbide particles. The tensile and longitudinal shear strength testing was performed to determine physico-mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced rods. Microstructure was studies using scanning electron microscopy. The analysis of testing results showed that the sample glass fiber reinforced plastic rods manufactured using silicon carbide reinforced polymer matrix composite demonstrate increased longitudinal shear stress, ultimate tensile strength, and the modulus of elasticity in tension.
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Mühlich, Mona, Edith A. González, Larissa Born, Axel Körner, Lena Schwill, Götz T. Gresser, and Jan Knippers. "Deformation Behavior of Elastomer-Glass Fiber-Reinforced Plastics in Dependence of Pneumatic Actuation." Biomimetics 6, no. 3 (June 22, 2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics6030043.
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This paper aims to define the influencing design criteria for compliant folding mechanisms with pneumatically actuated hinges consisting of fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP). Through simulation and physical testing, the influence of stiffness, hinge width as well as variation of the stiffness, in the flaps without changing the stiffness in the hinge zone, was evaluated. Within a finite element model software, a workflow was developed for simulations, in order to infer mathematical models for the prediction of mechanical properties and the deformation behavior as a function of the aforementioned parameters. In conclusion, the bending angle increases with decreasing material stiffness and with increasing hinge width, while it is not affected by the flap stiffness itself. The defined workflow builds a basis for the development of a predictive model for the deformation behavior of FRPs.
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Bhedasgaonkar, Rahul. "Manufacturing and Mechanical Properties Testing of Hybrid Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 2390–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.43877.
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Abstract: A composite material is a materials system made up of two or more micro or macro elements with different forms and chemical compositions that are largely insoluble in one another. It basically comprises of two phases: matrix and fiber. Polymers, ceramics, and metals such as nylon, glass, graphite, Aluminium oxide, boron, and aluminium are examples of fibres. In the present research work epoxy is used as matrix and Bamboo, Sugarcane Bagasse and Coconut fibre are used as fibres for preparing the composites. In the preparation of specimen, the fibre as taken as a continuous fibre. The fibre is treated with NaOH solution. Hybrid natural fibre reinforced composites of bamboo, sugarcane baggase and coconut coir has been prepared using hand lay-up process of composite manufacturing. These hybrid composites were tested for determining their tensile and impact strengths. Results of mechanical testing reveals that the tensile strength of Bamboo- Bagasse hybrid composite is more compared to other composites. Taking into consideration of enhanced tensile and impact strength of bamboo-bagasse hybrid natural fibre polymer composite, we recommend the use of hybrid bamboo-bagasse composite in manufacturing of automotive bodies. Because of their unique characteristics of recyclability, waste utilization, biodegradability, good strength, and a viable alternative to plastics, these composites can be used for a variety of applications
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Worku, Biruk Gedif, and Tessera Alemneh Wubieneh. "Mechanical Properties of Composite Materials from Waste Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Reinforced with Glass Fibers and Waste Window Glass." International Journal of Polymer Science 2021 (September 29, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3320226.
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After primary uses of the plastic product, most developing countries like Ethiopia are facing a shortage of postconsumer disposal waste sites and it became a very serious problem on environmental pollution due to its nonbiodegradable nature. For this reason, regenerating and using the waste product as resources and reducing environmental pollutions are a great opportunity. This research is aimed at the manufacturing of composite materials from waste poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) bottles reinforced with glass fibers and filled with waste glass powder for floor tile applications. The tile composites were prepared by the melt-mixing method followed by compression molding. The effect of filler, fiber, and PET matrix loading on the composite was investigated using their tensile, compression, and flexural strength tests. The sample was characterized using a universal testing machine. PerkinElmer FTIR instrument was also used. For this, eleven samples prepared by varying the glass fiber weight % from 0 to 10, PET matrix weight % from 70 to 85, and glass powder filler weight % from 5 to 20. The measurement results of the composite were maximum tensile strength (81.625 MPa) and flexural strength (1067.59 MPa) recorded at 10%weight of glass fiber, 85% weight of PET matrix, and 5%weight of window glass filler. The maximum compressive strength is 1876.14 MPa at 10% weight glass fiber, 70 wt% PET matrix, and 20 wt% window glass filler. Based on this, the tensile strength and flexural strength increased with increased weight % of glass fiber and decreased with increased window glass filler. The FTIR spectrum shows some of the groups that have been removed from the recycled PET; this explains the brittleness of the recycled PET as compared to the waste bottle PET. The microstructure was uniformly distributed, and the material became opaque, probably because the decrease in chain length improves chain packing, increasing the crystallinity degree and crystal size.
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Song, You, Jiangang Deng, Zhuolin Xu, Yu Nie, and Zhenbo Lan. "Effect of Thermal Aging on Mechanical Properties and Color Difference of Glass Fiber/Polyetherimide (GF/PEI) Composites." Polymers 14, no. 1 (December 24, 2021): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14010067.
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This research study is aimed at evaluating the mechanical characteristics in terms of tensile strength and flexural strength of glass fiber reinforced Polyetherimide (GF/PEI) under different thermal aging. Tensile testing and bending testing were performed on the thermally aged polyetherimide composites. The mechanical properties of the thermally aged samples were also correlated with their color difference. The experimental results showed that both the tensile strength and flexural strength of the GF/PEI composite samples decreased with increasing aging temperature. However, the elastic modulus of the composite samples is nearly independent on the thermal aging. The thermally aged samples exhibited brittle fracture, resulting in low strength and low ductility. The loss in strength after thermal aging could be also linked to the change of their color difference, which can indirectly reflect the change of the strength for the composites after thermal aging.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Glass-reinforced plastics Mechanical properties Testing"
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Saka, Kolawole. "Dynamic mechanical properties of fibre reinforced plastics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0514854d-36db-4cc1-b377-03a75550ab76.
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A small gas gun, capable of accelerating a projectile 1m long by 25.4mm diameter to about 50 m/s, and an extended split Hopklnson bar apparatus have been designed and constructed for the tensile impact testing of fibre reinforced composite specimens at strain rates of the order of 1000/s. Elastic strain measurements derived from the Hopkinson bar analysis are checked, using strain gauges attached directly to the specimen and the validity of the elastic moduli determined under tensile impact is confirmed. Epoxy specimens reinforced with plain-weave fabrics of either carbon or glass or with several hybrid combinations of the two in various lay-ups, giving five different weight fractions of reinforcement from all-carbon to all-glass, have been tested in tension at three strain rates, nominally, ~10-3/s, ~10/s and ~103/s. The effect of both hybrid composition (volume fraction of carbon reinforced plies) and applied strain rate on the tensile modulus, the tensile strength and the strain to fracture is determined and a limited hybrid effect is observed in specimens with a carbon volume fraction in the approximate range 0.6 to 0.7 where, at all three strain rates there is an enhancement of the failure strain over that for the all-carbon plies and an increased failure strength, most marked in the impact tests, over that predicted by the rule of mixtures. The fracture surfaces of specimens are examined by optical and scanning electron microscopy and the failure process in the hybrid composites is related to that found in the all-carbon and the all-glass specimens. The classical laminated plate theory and the Tsai-Wu strength criterion are used to predict the stiffness and strength of the hybrid composites from the elastic and strength properties of the constituent plies. Analytical predictions are in good agreement with experimental measurements.
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Dike, Nnadozie N. F. "Performance of Mechanical and Non-mechanical Connections to GFRP Components." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5187.
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There are presently many solutions to dealing with aging or deteriorated structures. Depending on the state of the structure, it may need to be completely over-hauled, demolished and replaced, or only specific components may need rehabilitation. In the case of bridges, rehabilitation and maintenance of the decks are critical needs for infrastructure management. Viable rehabilitation options include replacement of decks with aluminum extrusions, hybrid composite and sandwich systems, precast reinforced concrete systems, or the use of pultruded fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) shapes. Previous research using pultruded glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) decks, focused on behaviour under various strength and serviceability loading conditions. Failure modes observed were specific to delamination of the flexural cross sections, local crushing under loading pads, web buckling and lip separation. However certain failure mechanisms observed from in-situ installations differ from these laboratory results, including behaviour of the connectors or system of connection, as well as the effect of cyclic and torsional loads on the connection. This thesis investigates the role of mechanical and non-mechanical connectors in the composite action and failure mechanisms in a pultruded GFRP deck system. There are many interfaces including top panel to I-beam, deck panel to girder, and panel to panel, but this work focuses on investigating the top panel connection. This is achieved through comparative component level shear, uplift, and flexure testing to characterize failure and determine connector capacity. Additionally, a connection of this GFRP deck system to a concrete girder is investigated during the system-level test. Results show that an epoxy non-mechanical connection may be better than mechanical options in ensuring composite behaviour of the system.ID: 031001297; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Title from PDF title page (viewed March 7, 2013).; Thesis (M.S.)--University of Central Florida, 2012.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 80-82).
M.S.
Masters
Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Civil Engineering; Structural and Geotechnical Engineering
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Wells, Garry Michael. "The transverse mechanical behaviour of glass fibre reinforced plastics." Thesis, University of Bath, 1987. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.380692.
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Hill, Alistair R. "The mechanical properties of glass fibre reinforced and rubber toughened polypropylene." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1991. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843764/.
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The mechanical properties and fracture mechanics of a series of short glass fibre reinforced and rubber toughened polypropylene composite grades has been studied. The microstructural characteristics of composite grades were examined and, through appropriate models, related to the observed mechanical properties. The moulded material was modelled as being composed of fibre reinforced plies of varying average fibre orientation. The rubber was distributed uniformly throughout the specimens. The main effect of the rubber was to reduce the stiffness of the matrix and hence also the efficiency of the load transfer at the fibre/matrix interface while at the same time improving the fracture toughness and critical strain energy release rate of the matrix. Automated image analysis has been used to characterise the rubber particles' size, shape and distribution, and glass fibres' length and orientation distributions. The fibre/matrix interface has been studied using a novel single fibre fragmentation technique. Iterative computer simulations have been developed to accurately predict the stress-strain response of the various grades. The fracture mechanics properties of this series of materials are highly strain rate sensitive. At low strain rates the addition of glass fibres reduces the toughness of the material because the fibres act as discontinuities within the matrix, aiding initiation and propagation of a crack. At higher strain rates the fibres toughen the material by increasing the energy dissipation associated with fibre pull-out. These effects result in changes in the fracture surface morphology. Fibres pulled-out at low strain rates had clean surfaces. At higher strain rates the surfaces of pulled-out fibres were coated in an adherent sheath of matrix material. These effects are considered to be a consequence of the viscoelastic nature of the matrix. At low strain rates the matrix deforms plastically. At impact speeds the matrix responds in a predomoninantly brittle manner.
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Smith, Kevin Jackson. "Compression creep of a pultruded E-glass/polyester composite at elevated service temperatures." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7195.
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This thesis presents the results of an experimental investigation into the behavior
of a pultruded E-glass/polyester fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite under
sustained loads at elevated temperatures in the range of those that might be seen in
service. This investigation involved compression creep tests of material coupons
performed at a constant stress level of 33% of ultimate strength and three temperatures
levels; 23.3°C (74°F), 37.7°F (100°F), and 54.4°C (130°F). The results of these
experiments were used in conjunction with the Findley power law and the Time-
Temperature Superposition Principle (TTSP) to formulate a predictive curve for the longterm
creep behavior of these pultruded sections. Further experiments were performed to
investigate the effects of thermal cycles in order to better simulate service conditions.
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Avena-Barthelemy, Anne. "Comportement a long terme de materiaux composites immerges a grande profondeur." Paris, ENMP, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ENMP0049.
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Etude du vieillissement de polymeres renforces ou non de fibres de verre ou de mousses syntactiques immerges dans l'eau sous des pressions de 0 a 300 bars. Adsorption d'eau, proprietes mecaniques, eclatement des microspheres dans les mesures syntactiques
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Coignac, Bruno. "Lois d'écoulement et endommagement en chargement statique ou cyclique d'un multimatériau "composite (verre/epoxy)-cuivre" : Etude expérimentale et modelisation." Besançon, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BESA2024.
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Guetta, Brigitte. "Vieillissement hygrothermique de composites a matrice psp : etude cinetique, mecanique et spectroscopique." Paris, ENMP, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ENMP0057.
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Koski, William C. "Design, analysis, and validation of composite c-channel beams." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/34292.
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A lightweight carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) c-channel beam was previously designed using analytical theory and finite element analysis and subsequently manufactured through a pultrusion process. Physical testing revealed the prototype did not meet the bending and torsional stiffness of the beam model. An investigation revealed that the manufactured prototype had lower fiber content than designed, compacted geometry, an altered ply layup, missing plies, and ply folds. Incorporating these changes into the beam model significantly improved model-experiment agreement.
Using what was learned from the initial prototype, several new beam designs were modeled that compare the cost per weight-savings of different composite materials. The results of these models show that fiberglass is not a viable alternative to CFRP when designing for equivalent stiffness. Standard modulus carbon was shown
to have slightly lower cost per-weight savings than intermediate modulus carbon, although intermediate modulus carbon saves more weight overall. Core materials, despite potential weight savings, were ruled out as they do not have the crush resistance to handle the likely clamp loads of any attaching bolts. Despite determining the ideal materials, the manufactured cost per weight-savings of the best CFRP beam design was about double the desired target.Graduation date: 2013
Access restricted to the OSU Community at author's request from Oct. 5, 2012 - Oct. 5, 2014
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Lin, Xiang. "Direct coupling of imaging to morphology-based numerical modeling as a tool for mechanics analysis of wood plastic composites." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/26472.
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Polymeric composites reinforced with bio-materials have advantages over composites with synthetic reinforcements. Bio-based composites use low-cost and renewable reinforcements, have nonabrasive properties for machining, have improved damping characteristics, and have potential for energy recycling. However, the limited use of bio-based composites is because their mechanical properties are typically much lower than those of synthetic composites.
The objective of this study was to combine state-of-the-art imaging tools with emerging numerical modeling methods for an integrated, multi-level characterization of bio-based reinforcements and their composites. Digital photography (2D) will allow collection of full-field digital images of the surface of sample composites, which will be used for characterization of the morphological structure of fillers (copper wire or wood particle) and of model composites. Mechanical experiments (tension load) on isolated fillers and on model composites will allow imaging of the deformed material. By correlating relative positions of thousands of surface features between consecutive images, digital image correlation (DIC) algorithms can be used to map surface deformation fields and calculate surface strain fields.
Digital imaging methods can only record deformations and strains. The interpretation of those strains in terms of material properties, such as position-dependent modulus of a heterogeneous composite material, requires simultaneous modeling. The modeling must
use morphology-based methods that can handle anisotropy, heterogeneity, and the complex structure of bio-based composites such as wood plastic composites. This research used the material point method (MPM) as a modeling tool. MPM is a particle-based, meshless method for solving problems in computational mechanics. The crucial advantage of MPM over other methods is the relative ease of translating pixels from digital images into material points in the analysis. Thus digital images (2D) used in our experiments were used as direct input to the MPM software, so that the actual morphologies, rather than idealized geometries, were modeled. This procedure removes typical uncertainties connected with idealization of the internal features of modeled materials. It also removes variability of specimen to specimen due to morphology variations.
Full-field imaging techniques and computer modeling methods for analysis of complex materials have developed independently. This research Coupled imaging and modeling and used inverse problem methodology for studying bio-particulate composites. The potential of coupling experiments with morphology-based modeling is a relatively new area. This work studied the morphology and mechanical properties of copper wire (for validation experiments) and wood particles used for reinforcement in polymer composites. The goal was to determine the in situ mechanical and interfacial properties of copper wire and then wood particles. By comparison of DIC results to MPM, the conclusion is MPM simulation works well by simulating 3D composite structure and using Matlab software to do qualitative and quantitative comparisons. Copper validation tests showed that copper wire is too stiff compared to polymer such that the inclusion modulus had low effect on the surface strains (DIC experimental results). Wood particle worked better because modulus of wood is much lower than copper. By qualitative comparison of the wood particle specimens, we could deduce that the in situ properties of wood particles are lower than bulk wood. Quantitative analysis concentrated on small area and got more exact results. In a 90 degree particle quantitative study, MPM simulations were shown to be capable of tracking the structure of wood particle plastic, which involved failure. The entire approach, however, is not very robust. We can get some results for mechanical properties, but it does not seem possible to extract all anisotropic properties from a few DIC tests, as some researcher have suggested.Graduation date: 2012
Books on the topic "Glass-reinforced plastics Mechanical properties Testing"
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Hodgkinson, John M. Mechanical Testing of Advanced Fibre Composites. CRC, 2000.
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Menna, Todd J., ed. Characterization and Failure Analysis of Plastics. ASM International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.hb.v11b.9781627083959.
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Volume 11B serves as a reference and guide to help engineers determine the causes of failure in plastic components and make corrective adjustments through design and manufacturing modifications. It contains seven major divisions, covering polymer science and processing, material selection and design, chemical, thermal, and physical analysis, mechanical behavior and testing, degradation mechanisms, systematic failure analysis, and life assessment and optimization. It examines a wide range of factors that contribute to the properties and behaviors of engineering plastics and the effect of thermal and mechanical stresses, impact loading, fatigue, wear, weathering, moisture and chemical exposure, photochemical aging, microbial degradation, and elevated temperatures. It addresses issues such as flammability, environmental stress cracking, crazing, and stress whitening and describes the unique characteristics of polymer fracture and how to assess and predict service life using fracture mechanics. It also presents and analyzes numerous examples of failure, including design and manufacturing related failures, wear failures of reinforced plastics, and failures due to creep and yielding.
Book chapters on the topic "Glass-reinforced plastics Mechanical properties Testing"
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Diani, Marco, Nicoletta Picone, and Marcello Colledani. "Smart Composite Mechanical Demanufacturing Processes." In Systemic Circular Economy Solutions for Fiber Reinforced Composites, 61–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22352-5_4.
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AbstractRecycling of Glass Fibers Reinforced Plastics (GFRP) can be preferentially performed through mechanical processes due to the low cost of virgin fibers. Because of the poorer mechanical properties after comminution, the most interesting solution to reuse this material is a cross-sectorial approach, in which particles obtained through shredding of products from one sector are used in another sector. To allow this, a fine control on the particles dimension is fundamental, together with the minimization of operational costs. In this chapter, after a deep analysis on the available size reduction technologies and a preliminary feasibility analysis on the products involved in Use-Case 1 of the FiberEUse project, a 2-step architecture to optimize these two characteristics is presented. The models for both steps are shown and the developed solutions is applied to the End-of-Life products, demonstrating the potential of this approach, leading to optimal dimension of the particle with operational costs lower than both virgin fibers and disposal costs.
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Harper, J. F., and M. Naeem. "A Comparative Study of the Effect of Moisture Absorption on the Mechanical Properties of Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastics." In Controlled Interphases in Composite Materials, 801–8. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7816-7_77.
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Broughton, William R., and Antony S. Maxwell. "Accelerated Life Testing and Aging." In Characterization and Failure Analysis of Plastics, 1–11. ASM International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.hb.v11a.a0006909.
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Abstract Accelerated life testing and aging methodologies are increasingly being used to generate engineering data for determining material property degradation and service life (or fitness for purpose) of plastic materials for hostile service conditions. This article presents an overview of accelerated life testing and aging of unreinforced and fiber-reinforced plastic materials for assessing long-term material properties and life expectancy in hostile service environments. It considers various environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity, pressure, weathering, liquid chemicals (i.e., alkalis and acids), ionizing radiation, and biological degradation, along with the combined effects of mechanical stress, temperature, and moisture (including environmental stress corrosion). The article also includes information on the use of accelerated testing for predicting material property degradation and long-term performance.
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Ramdani, Noureddine, and Mohammed Seddik Razali. "Processing, Properties, and Uses of Lightweight Glass Fiber/Aluminum Hybrid Structures." In Handbook of Research on Advancements in the Processing, Characterization, and Application of Lightweight Materials, 101–20. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7864-3.ch005.
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The replacement of heavy metallic structures by high-performance lightweight composite materials is a prominent solution to fulfill the continuous demand in different industrial sectors. Lightweight structures based on aluminum-glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) sandwich panels have been increasingly utilized in the shipbuilding, automotive, and aerospace industries for their striking mechanical and physical properties. These advantageous properties have resulted from the combination of the high tensile and flexural strengths, increased hardness, and the improved wear-resistance of aluminum laminate with the unique properties of lightweight stiffness and high strength weight ratio of glass fiber-reinforced. In this chapter, the various processing approaches, properties, and applications of these sandwich structures are summarized from a wide range of literature.
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Verma, Deepak, Garvit Joshi, Rajneesh Dabral, and Ashish Lakhera. "Processing and evaluation of mechanical properties of epoxy-filled E-glass fiber–fly ash hybrid composites." In Mechanical and Physical Testing of Biocomposites, Fibre-Reinforced Composites and Hybrid Composites, 293–306. Elsevier, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-102292-4.00015-1.
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Meltem Toygar, Evren, and Ahmet Gulakman. "Failure Modes in Fiber Reinforced Composites and Fracture Toughness Testing of FRP." In Advances in Fatigue and Fracture Testing and Modelling. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99268.
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In this paper, interlaminar fracture behavior of woven-fabric-reinforced glass/epoxy composites has been investigated experimentally and numerically. The mechanical properties of this composite were studied and Mode I (Tensile Opening) DCB (Double Cantilever Beam) tests were performed on Fiber Reinforced Composite (FRP) specimens to determine the delaminating resistance of composite laminates used for structural applications. Techniques for measuring the interlaminar fracture toughness, KIC data of woven-fabric-reinforced glass/epoxy composite materials, are highlighted under the consideration of ASTM Standard D5528–01 and test methods ISO 15024, DIN EN ISO 75-1 and DIN EN ISO 75-3. The obtained test results were apparently consistent with the assumptions of the CCM (Compliance Calibration Method) that was used to obtain the interlaminar critical SERR (strain energy release rate), GIC. Finite element analysis was conducted to validate the closed form solution. The use of obtained mechanical properties data in finite element analyses utilizing fracture mechanics are examined. Results show a good agreement between experimental and numerical solutions.
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Han, Chang Dae. "Compression Molding of Thermoset/Fiber Composites." In Rheology and Processing of Polymeric Materials: Volume 2: Polymer Processing. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195187830.003.0019.
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Glass-fiber-reinforced thermoset composites have long been used by the plastics industry. Two primary reasons for using glass fibers as reinforcement of thermosets are: (1) to improve the mechanical/physical properties (e.g., tensile modulus, dimensional stability, fatigue endurance, deformation under load, hardness, or abrasion resistance) of the thermosets, and (2) to reduce the cost of production by replacing expensive resins with inexpensive glass fibers. In place of metals, the automotive industry uses glassfiber- reinforced unsaturated polyester composites. One reason for this substitution is that the weight per unit volume of composite materials is quite low compared with that of metals. This has allowed for considerable reductions in the fuel consumption of automobiles. Another reason is that composite materials are less expensive than metals. The unsaturated polyester premix molding compounds in commercial use are supplied as sheet molding compound (SMC), bulk molding compound (BMC), or thick molding compound (TMC) (Bruins 1976; Parkyn et al. 1967). These molding compounds can be molded in standard compression or transfer molds. The basic challenge in molding unsaturated polyester premix compounds is to get a uniform layer of glass reinforcement in place in the die cavity while the resin fills the cavity and reaches its gel stage during cure. Temperature, mold closing speed, pressure, and cure time are all functions of the design of the part being produced. The flow of the mixture through the gate(s) can result in variations in strength across the part due to fiber orientation during the flow. The precise end-use properties depend on the fiber orientation, fiber distribution, and fiber content in the premix compounds, which are greatly influenced by the processing conditions. Since the mechanical properties of the molded articles depend strongly upon the orientation of the glass fibers, it is important to understand how to control fiber orientation during molding. Unsaturated polyester accounts for the greater part of all thermosets used in glass-fiber-reinforced plastics. Glass-fiber-reinforced unsaturated polyesters offer the advantages of a balance of good mechanical, chemical, and electrical properties. Depending upon the application, a number of additives are employed to provide specific products or end-use properties.
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Han, Chang Dae. "Rheology of Particulate-Filled Polymers, Nanocomposites, and Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites." In Rheology and Processing of Polymeric Materials: Volume 1: Polymer Rheology. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195187823.003.0018.
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Polymer composites consisting of a thermoplastic polymer forming the matrix phase and a large amount of inorganic particles (commonly referred to as fillers) or glass fibers, which are often referred to as particulate-filled polymers, are very common in the plastics and elastomer’s industries (Deanin and Schott 1974; Kraus 1965; Lubin 1969). Polymer composites are developed to achieve a set of properties not possessed by the thermoplastic polymer (i.e., polymeric matrix) alone. Polymeric matrices can be thermoplastics, which soften and behave as viscous liquids when heated to above their glass transition temperatures (in the case of amorphous thermoplastic polymers) or above their melting temperatures (in the case of semicrystalline thermoplastic polymers). Polymeric matrices can also be thermosets, which undergo a transformation from a viscous resinous liquid to a hard or rubbery solid in the presence of heat and/or curing agents. There are numerous industrial products made of particulate-filled polymeric materials; for example, thermoplastic polymers filled with mica or calcium carbonate, carbon-black-filled elastomers, thermoplastic polymers or thermosets reinforced with glass fibers or carbon fibers. The ultimate goal of adding fillers to a thermoplastic polymer and adding glass fiber or carbon fiber to a thermoset is to improve the mechanical properties of the polymer. However, fillers, glass fibers, or carbon fibers themselves usually supply little or no reinforcement since there is little interfacial interaction between a thermoplastic polymer and fillers, and between a thermoset and glass fiber or carbon fiber. This has led to the development of “coupling agents,” chemical additives capable of improving the interfacial bonds between a thermoplastic polymer and fillers, and between a thermoset and glass fibers or carbon fibers (Plueddemann 1982). The use of coupling agents for the surface modification of fillers to reinforce thermoplastics has generally been directed towards improving the mechanical strength and chemical resistance of composites by improving adhesion across the interface. When inorganic fillers or glass fibers are added to a thermoplastic polymer, the resulting material exhibits a complex rheological behavior, quite different from the rheology of neat homopolymers presented in Chapter 6.
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Chandra Chakraborty, Bikash. "FRP for Marine Application." In Fiber-Reinforced Plastic [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101332.
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Fiber Reinforced Plastics (FRPs) are widely used in marine sector owing to their high specific strength and resistance to marine corrosion. For naval application, additional advantages are transparency to radar wave and better vibration damping than metals. The use of various FRPs in off-shore structures and marine vessels needs analysis of desired properties considering the types of matrices and fiber. The common consideration is effect of sea water on the properties of the FRP. This chapter gives a brief on use of different FRPs in various areas such as off-shore pillars, Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) enclosers, primary and secondary marine components. A brief discussion is included here on diffusion models and estimation of durability by a time-temperature superposition principle applied to water ingress and corresponding change in mechanical strength of FRPs with examples. The effect of microbial activity on the damage of FRP is not very much reported in literature. It is known that sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are the most damaging microbes for FRP. In conclusion, it is highlighted that vinyl-ester-based FRPs using glass and carbon fibers are best for marine application. To determine the realistic service life in marine environment, Vinyl Ester- FRP (VE-FRP) are to be simultaneously studied for damage due to sea water and the microbes such SRB.
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Zhang, Weigang, Changming Xie, Xi Wei, and Min Ge. "C/C-ZrB2-ZrC-SiC Composite Derived from Polymeric Precursor Infiltration and Pyrolysis." In MAX Phases and Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics for Extreme Environments, 435–59. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4066-5.ch014.
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Part II. Mechanical and ablation properties of the 2D C/C-ZrB2-ZrC-SiC composites with a fiber volume fraction of 17.6%, fabricated by infiltration and co-pyrolysis of blended polymeric precursors, were studied in this Part II. Flexural strength and fracture toughness of the composites were found to be influenced strongly by the thickness of the deposited pyrolytic carbon interphase, a composite with the pyrolytic carbon volume fraction of 22.3% exhibits improved bending strength and fracture toughness of 127.9 MPa and 6.23 MPa·m1/2, respectively. The pseudo-plastic strain to failure of the composite is ascribed to sliding of the interphase and pulling out of carbon fibers from the brittle ceramics matrix. Ablation properties of the composite were investigated with a plasma torch and arc-heated wind tunnel tests at temperatures above 1800~2200°C. The composite exhibits very low ablation rates of 0.18×10-3 mm/s at 1800°C and 0.37×10-3 mm/s at 2000°C in the plasma torch after 1000s testing, as compared to a similar rate of 0.30×10-3 mm/s in the wind tunnel at 1900°C after 600s testing. Ablation rates increase with increasing of temperatures from 1800 to 2200°C. The maximum ablation rate is only 1.67×10-3 mm/s in a plasma torch at 2200°C for 1000s, decreased by 71.0% as compared with the C/C-SiC composite with the same fiber and interphase contents. The 2D C/C-ZrB2-ZrC-SiC composite simultaneously showed excellent thermal shock resistance, on account of no cracks on the surface and breakage of the material being detected after these abrupt temperature increasing and long time ablations. The heating-up rate at the center of the composite specimen was found as high as above 30K/s in the plasma torch tests. Excellent ablation and thermal shock resistances of the composite can be attributed to its architecture of carbon fiber and interphase, as well as its matrix microstructures characterized by nano sized dispersions of ZrB2-Zr-SiC phases inherent formed by co-pyrolysis of three polymeric precursors. These meso- and microstructures make the composites possess very small and steady coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) around 1.5~2.5×10-6/K and high thermal conductivities around 10~14 W/mK (which increases with increasing of temperature) from room temperature to 1300°C, respectively. Surface products and cross sectional morphologies of the composite after the ablation tests were also investigated using SEM and XRD, it was found that a homogeneous distributed and continuous glass layer composing of ZrO2-SiO2 with zirconia as a skeleton was in-situ formed. These special features of coating benefits from the merits of matrix microstructures, and inhibits the inward diffusion of oxygen and protects the composite from further oxidation and spalled off by strong gas fluid.
Conference papers on the topic "Glass-reinforced plastics Mechanical properties Testing"
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Prakash, Raghu V., and Vishnu Viswanath. "Effect of Moisture Absorption on the Tensile and Flexural Properties of Glass Fiber Reinforced Composite Materials." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-69865.
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Abstract The use of Glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) in underwater applications has been increasing in recent times, due to its superior durability and chemical stability in corrosive environments compared to metals. However, penetration of moisture in to the polymer matrix can adversely affect the mechanical properties of composite materials. In this study, the effect of exposure to plain water and simulated sea water (3.5% by weight NaCl salt) water on the mechanical properties of GFRP specimens has been analyzed. Tensile and three point bend tests were conducted on composite specimens with different moisture contents to characterize the mechanical degradation due to moisture absorption. Gravimetric tests were conducted on specimens to calculate the moisture absorption parameters. The results indicate that plain water is absorbed at a faster rate compared to salt water. Using these parameters, a transient moisture diffusion model was developed using commercial finite element software ABAQUS®. The results of tensile and three point bend testing indicate that both tensile and flexural properties of glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites degrade with exposure to plain water and salt water. Further, a coupled hygro-mechanical model was developed in ABAQUS® and the simulation results were compared with actual test results. Scanning electron Microscopy was used to examine the fracture surface of failed specimens. The cause for mechanical degradation seems to be the deterioration of fiber-matrix interface due to the penetration of water molecules.
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Ichikawa, Daiki, Masayuki Kitamura, Yuqiu Yang, and Hiroyuki Hamada. "Mechanical Properties of the Multilayer Laminated Intra-Hybrid Woven Fabric Composites." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-37864.
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Generally hybrid composite material is with two or more reinforcements or matrixes. They are referred as hybrid matrix and fiber hybrid. Further it is also included hybrid interface using different materials state of the interface. Therefore high functionality which compensates the disadvantages of each other by a hybrid can be expected. At current study, additionally, various strengthening forms were obtained and spread to textile material with hybrid(s). For example, techniques used in the weft and warp fibers/yarns might be different in making a fabric. It will be referred to as intra-layer hybrid fabric. It means in making fabric. It means that different physical properties due to the loading direction in one layer, the mechanical properties unique variety can be expected. In this study, carbon/glass intra-hybrid woven fabric was used to fabricate fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) composite through hand lay-up method. Then, the investigation on the mechanical property and fracture behaviour was carried out. Tensile test combined with acoustic emission (AE) measurement was conducted in this research. Knee point stress was the main factor of initial damage which discussed with AE characteristics during mechanical test. Due to the difference of energy release from fracture between glass fiber and matrix, the fracture characteristics of composite could be monitored during the test through AE facility. Relation between bundle and cracks inside the materials was examined through optical microscope. Scanning electron microscope observation was also carried out to examine the fracture of materials after testing.
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Gahan, Kevan W. F., and John P. Parmigiani. "Monotonic and Fatigue Testing of Polymer and Composite Materials Used in Heavy Duty Trucks." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11680.
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Abstract Improved material models for engineered polymer and composite materials including both monotonic and fatigue characteristics are necessary for creating more accurate digital simulations for heavy duty trucks. Unlike steel and other alloys that are commonly included in truck designs, these advanced polymer materials do not have pre-existing fatigue characteristic data. Additionally, there are no individual standard test procedures that can be commonly cited and followed during a research program. These materials are found in hoods, dashboards, body panels and splash shields of trucks, and are subject to cyclic loading conditions at various amplitudes and durations throughout the entire use or “duty cycle” of the vehicle. The applied loads vary between truck models, as some trucks will be used for vocational purposes and others will remain on the highway. This paper describes the testing of isotropic non-reinforced, and anisotropic glass-fiber-reinforced polymers and the subsequent calculation of the monotonic and fatigue properties that are needed to describe their behavior under various loading conditions. Material characteristics are measured using a series of constant amplitude strain-controlled fatigue tests that follow standard practices from ASTM D638 (Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics), ASTM E606 (Standard Practice for Strain-Controlled Fatigue Testing) methods, and SAE J1099 (Technical Report on Low Cycle Fatigue Properties of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Materials). The ASTM D638 Type 1 coupon geometry is used for all materials, with a varied sample thickness and length. An axial extensometer is incorporated to measure strain data through the duration of all tests, and an anti-buckling fixture is installed during cyclic tests to eliminate any bending in the specimen during the compressive portion of the fully-reversed waveform. A transverse extensometer is also installed on the gauge length of the material coupons to measure instantaneous cross-sectional area as well as Poisson’s ratio during monotonic testing. The data collected through the monotonic testing procedure is used to calculate Young’s Modulus, Poisson’s ratio, ultimate tensile strength, elongation (% strain), yield strength and strain, and true fracture strength and strain. The fatigue testing procedure yields data that can be used to calculate the fatigue strength coefficient (σf′), fatigue strength exponent (b), fatigue ductility coefficient (εf′), and fatigue ductility exponent (c). These parameters provide accurate stress-strain, cyclic stress-strain, and strain-life curves for the materials in question. A method will also be suggested for calculating the stress-life fatigue parameters, stress range intercept and slope, from the strain-controlled data. Furthermore, mold-flow analysis is applied to predict general orientation of the reinforcement fibers induced by the direction of material flow as a part is injection-molded. The calculated monotonic and fatigue parameters in conjunction with mold-flow analysis can immediately be applied within digital s imulations, allowing improved accuracy in life-expectancy estimations for truck parts.
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Ono, Keisuke, Yoshimichi Fujii, and Akihiro Wada. "Investigation of Non-Destructive Examination for Mechanical Damage of FRP." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-52706.
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Nowadays, fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) has been widely used in many areas such as auto mobile, airplane and marine vessel due to its high specific strength, good corrosion resistance, relatively low cost and so on. However, it still remains unknown that what kind of damage will happen in the internal structure when an automobile, which is made from FRP, has a slight impact with something such as a wall. Then the following road safety of the automobile cannot be guaranteed because certain parts may be exposed to damage in what seems even like a slight impact. In addition, it is well known that initial fracture can bring damage and great effect to the mechanical properties of the FRP material. The novelty of this paper is that the object of this research is micro crack such as transverse crack. While, almost previous report is aimed at delamination. Actually, before the delamination happens, micro crack has already occurred. The mechanical property of FRP is beginning to decrease by delamination. However, when the delamination occurred in the FRP is examined, it is already too late because the delamination can bring great influence to the safety of the FRP products. Therefore, it is important to investigate and detect the presence of micro crack with ultrasonic wave. In this way, some accidents might be avoided. While, because of the variety of the constraints in the fracture mechanism, the damage behavior is very difficult to evaluate and there are rarely researches and data on it. Although damage assessment by visual observation and the durable service life on FRP has become a general tendency in these recent years, the appropriate way of non-destructive examination has not been confirmed yet. The purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility of non-destructive examination with ultrasonic wave testing for mechanical damage of glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP). The possibility of dividing of Lamb wave modes by reducing the thickness of samples was confirmed and the variance of distribution of frequency of S0 mode wave by micro fracture in GFRP.
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Suresha, K. V., and A. Amith. "Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastics." In Third International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering Science and Technology ICCTEST-2017. Grenze Scientific Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21647/icctest/2017/48973.
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Kale, Sandip, and Jagadeesh Hugar. "Static Strength Design of Small Wind Turbine Blade Using Finite Element Analysis and Testing." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-53485.
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Today, wind power has become the most accepted renewable energy source and contributing major share in renewable energy market. Large wind turbines are now producing power effectively and delivering satisfactory performance to satisfy researchers, scientists, investors and governments. Large wind turbine technology has achieved respectable position across the globe. In addition to large wind turbine technology, it is observed that small wind technology has started movement toward a satisfactory growth. A considerable growth is forecasted by many experts in coming decades. The small wind turbine technology can be accepted by market if industry will provide small wind turbines with good desirable characteristics. Self starting behavior at a low wind speed, affordable compatible cost, maintenance free wind turbine system, low weight, reliable and satisfactory performance in low wind will always receive significant attraction of people for various applications. Low weight tower-top system and hence supporting structure, light weight and efficient generator, rotor’s ability to efficient wind to mechanical energy conversion and components manufacturing simplicity are also always expected by wind turbine users. This work is one of the attempts to design and develop a blade for small wind turbine in the line of objectives stated. Wind turbine blade is most important element in wind turbine system which converts wind energy in to mechanical energy. In addition to efficient aerodynamic blade design its strength design is also important so that it can withstand against various loads acting on it. Wind turbine blades strength has been analyzed by different researchers by conducting their static and fatigue testing. The objective of present work is to perform static strength test for newly developed blade of 1.5 m length. This newly developed blade consists of two new airfoils. A thick airfoil is used at the root and thin airfoil is used for remaining sections. The different loads acting on the blade are calculated using Blade Element Momentum theory at survival wind speed. It is decided to manufacture this blade using glass fiber reinforced plastic. The properties of material combination used are determined as per ASTM norms. The computational strength analysis is carried out using ANSYS. During this analysis blade is considered as a cantilever beam and equivalent load is applied. The blade is also tested experimentally using strain gauges. From both result analyses, it is found that developed blade is capable to take various loads acting on wind turbine blade at survival wind speed.
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Kavitha, Nijagal Shanthaveeraradhya, and Raghu V. Prakash. "Investigation of Scaling Effects on Post-Fatigue Residual Strength of Nanoclay Added GFRP Composites." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-62916.
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This paper describes the evaluation of post-fatigue residual strength of scaled laminated composites. The effect of thickness size effects of two scaled specimens on residual strength and stiffness of glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) laminate with neat epoxy matrix and Nanoclay (Nanomer® I.30E) containing epoxy matrix are presented in this paper. The residual strength of a both scaled GFRP specimens with neat epoxy matrix and containing Nanoclay of 3% is determined by conducting tensile test on fatigue cycled after 2,00,000 cycles (R = 0.1). Tensile strength, residual strength and stiffness of both scaled specimens are compared with baseline or standard specimen of 4mm thick. The strength of thicker specimen (4 mm) is less compared to thinner (3mm and 2mm) specimens. The loss in strength due to fatigue loading varies with thickness of specimens, depends on the stiffness of the specimens. This complicates the transfer of mechanical properties from small scale specimen testing to use in the design of large scale structures. The stiffness increases in ply level scaled specimens and decreases in sublaminate level scaled specimens with addition of Nanoclay compared to pure epoxy matrix. The reduction in residual strength is same for different thicknesses of scaled nano-composite specimens. There is a potential in reducing scaling effects in composites with the addition of Nanoclay in matrix.
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Rai, Saurabh, Rakesh Kumar, Harish Kumar Nirala, Kevin Francis, and Anupam Agrawal. "Experimental and Simulation Study of Single Point Incremental Forming of Polycarbonate." In ASME 2019 14th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2019-3026.
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Abstract Single point incremental forming (SPIF) is more accurate and economical than the conventional forming process for customized products. Majority of the work in SPIF has been carried out on metals. However, polymers are also required to shape. Polycarbonate has wide application in safety glass, bottles, automotive and aircraft industry due to its transparent as well as attractive processing and mechanical properties as compared to other polymeric plastics. In present work, the Polycarbonate (PC) sheet of thickness 1.8 mm is deformed to make a square cup at different angles. Tensile testing is done to analyze the effect of wall angle on the deformed cup. This work illustrates the effect of the SPIF process on material strength in a different directions (vertical and horizontal) of the final deformed product. Tool forces are evaluated using ABAQUS® simulation for SPIF. Numerical simulation approach is used to calculate the fracture energy, which utilizes the force-displacement curve of the specimen and is verified.
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Nishida, Ryuiti, Ying Yu, Yuqiu Yang, and Hiroyuki Hamada. "Notched Strength and Fractures Behavior of Chopped Glass Mat Reinforced Unsaturated Plastics." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62820.
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Glass chopped fiber mats have been used as traditional reinforcements for fiber reinforced plastics. However, the literature is found limited even it has a long history. However short fiber mats is considered to be suitable reinforcement configuration for natural fiber or filled composites because the natural fiber is inherently short fiber. Various fiber textile technologies are available to be used to fabricate the fiber mats structure, for example needle punching process. Therefore the relation between different textile manufacturing techniques (the fiber mat structure) and the composites properties is considered necessary to be should be fully understood. Chopped glass mat reinforced composite was used as experimental materials and the fracture behavior of the specimens with drill-hole was investigated. Acoustic emission (AE) measurement was carried out by using Dual AE measurement system with both 140 KHz and 1 MHz sensors to understand the fiber and matrix fracture behaviors simultaneously. Also the characteristic distance was calculated experimentally and was compared theoretically with the values obtained from finite element stress analysis. It is found that the notched strength decrease by drilling a hole in the center. While regarding to the effect of w/d ratio i.e. the ratio of width to the diameter of the drill-hole, w/d of 3 specimens seems to have relative higher notched strength as compared to 2 or 5 w/d specimens. During the tensile test AE signals which detected by both 140 kHz and 1MHz are found to be generated almost at the same time. Additionally, the white area before the final broken seems to relative to the characteristic distance calculated by finite element stress analysis.
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Mallard, Hubert, Charlotte Landry, and Yves Birembaut. "Mechanical Analysis of Glass Reinforced Plastics Bolt Flanged Connection With Elastomeric Seals." In ASME 2002 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2002-1090.
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The pressure vessel industry can now propose piping networks made of Glass Reinforced Plastics. This technology has advantages, lesser weight, resistance to corrosion… The most important drawback problem is the lack of industrial references, standards, sizing of these structures needs an approach different from that used for more conventional steel structures and has to be put in a specific part of a code linked to standard steel codes re´f. 1. The sizing can use conventional numerical tools like the finite element analysis but needs a good knowledge of the materials as well as an adapted calculation Code. In Europe, projects try to give theorica, tests data, design consideration, informations to be able to build standards, for example “Design of GRP Flanges and Tests to Verify the Design and to Determine Long-Term Properties of GRP Pipes”. This paper shows examples of such mechanical analysis done on GRP flanges.
Reports on the topic "Glass-reinforced plastics Mechanical properties Testing"
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Whisler, Daniel, Rafael Gomez Consarnau, and Ryan Coy. Novel Eco-Friendly, Recycled Composites for Improved CA Road Surfaces. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2046.
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The continued use of structural plastics in consumer products, industry, and transportation represents a potential source for durable, long lasting, and recyclable roadways. Costs to dispose of reinforced plastics can be similar to procuring new asphalt with mechanical performance exceeding that of the traditional road surface. This project examines improved material development times by leveraging advanced computational material models based on validated experimental data. By testing traditional asphalt and select carbon and glass reinforced composites, both new and recycled, it is possible to develop a finite element simulation that can predict the material characteristics under a number of loads virtually, and with less lead time compared to experimental testing. From the tested specimens, composites show minimal strength degradation when recycled and used within the asphalt design envelopes considered, with an average of 49% less wear, two orders of magnitude higher compressive strength, and three orders for tensile strength. Predictive computational analysis using the validated material models developed for this investigation confirms the long-term durability.