Journal articles: 'Glass Network Structure'

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Nanba, T., A. Osaka, J. Takada, Y. Miura, H. Inoue, Y. Akasaka, H. Hagihara, and I. Yasui. "Network structure of AlF3BaF2CaF2 glass." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 140 (January 1992): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3093(05)80780-x.

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da Silva, Antônio Carlos, S. C. Santos, and Sonia Regina Homem de Mello-Castanho. "Transition Metals in Glass Formation." Materials Science Forum 727-728 (August 2012): 1496–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.1496.

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The structure of silicate glasses gets its charge stability through SiO2, R2O3, R2+and R+groups arrangement. In these glassy structures, transition metals are usually used as dopants in small amounts. However, in soda-lime glass systems, transition metals can take part in the glassy network in larger quantities as secundary former or modifier, insted R2+groups, if the charge balance conditions are made favorable by R2O3groups additions. This paper studies transition metals (Cr, Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ru) soda-lime-borosilicate glass network incorporation. This process was applied for many kinds of toxic metals containing vitrification waste. The glasses were obtaind by melt at temperature of 1300°C, and characterized by FT-IR and XRD techinics. The chemical stability was evaluated by hydrolytic attack test. The glasses showed a high chemistry and environmental stability like the soda-lime glass.Keywords: glass structure, electroplating waste, e-waste, nanowaste.

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Liu, Hao, Xi Tang Wang, Zhou Fu Wang, and Bao Guo Zhang. "Effects of Al₂O₃ on the Structure and Properties of Calcium-Magnesium-Silicate Glass Fiber." Advanced Materials Research 450-451 (January 2012): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.450-451.42.

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Calcium-magnesium-silicate glass fiber is a kind of candidate materials for aluminosilicate ceramic fiber in high temperature resistant field. However, the large thermal shrinkage limits its rapid development and industrial application in high temperature insulation field. It has been known that the shrinkage under high temperatures is mainly affected by the structure and crystallization mechanisms of glass fibers. Thus, Al2O3 was chosen as additive in the chemical composition of glass fiber to investigate the glassy network structure, crystallization and dissolution properties of calcium-magnesium-silicate glass fiber by DTA, XRD and ICP-AES techniques. The results show that with the addition of Al2O3, the glassy network structure was strengthened and the precipitation of crystals was inhibited for heat-treated fibers. As for the dissolution properties in physiological fluids, though the weight losses, changes of pH values and leached ions concentration lowered slightly with the addition of Al2O3 for the intensified network structure, fibers still present high dissolution rates.

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Huang, Shoujia, Wenzhi Wang, Hong Jiang, Huifeng Zhao, and Yanping Ma. "Network Structure and Properties of Lithium Aluminosilicate Glass." Materials 15, no. 13 (June 28, 2022): 4555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15134555.

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Based on lithium aluminosilicate glass, the composition of glass was optimized by replacing SiO2 with B2O3, and the influence of glass composition on structure and performance was studied. With the increase in B2O3 concentrations from 0 to 6.5 mol%, Al2O3 always existed in the form of four-coordinated [AlO4] in the network structure, and B2O3 mainly entered the network in the form of four-coordinated [BO4]. The content of Si-O-Si linkages (Q4(0Al)) was always dominant. The incorporation of boron oxide improved the overall degree of polymerization and connectivity of the lithium aluminosilicate glass network structure. An increase in the degree of network polymerization led to a decrease in the thermal expansion coefficient of the glass and an increase in Vickers hardness and density. The durability of the glass in hydrofluoric acid and NaOH and KOH solutions was enhanced overall.

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Ogiwara, Yusuke, Kimiko Dejima, Toru Kyomen, and Minoru Hanaya. "Composition Dependence of the Glass Network Structure in Li⁺-ion Conducting Glasses of (LiCl)_x(LiPO₃)_{1-_x} Studied by ³¹P MAS NMR." Key Engineering Materials 596 (December 2013): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.596.31.

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In order to obtain information about the structure of a typical Li+-ion conducting glass of (LiCl)x(LiPO3)1-x, 31P MAS NMR measurements were performed for the glass samples with different LiCl compositions x from 0 to 0.4. NMR spectra of the samples indicated the existence of two kinds of P atoms; one is that within the-P-O-P-O-P-chain of LiPO3, P(Q2), and the other is that at the ends of the chain, P(Q1). The ratio of the amount of P(Q1) to that of P(Q2) was observed to increase with the increment of x. The result shows that the addition of LiCl to the glass former of LiPO3 changes the glass network structure by cutting P-O bonds in one-dimensional phosphate chain, and the increment of the Li+-ion conductivity with the increase of x is concluded to be brought not only by the increase of the amount of LiCl dissolved into the interstices between the phosphate glass networks but also by the dispersion of the phosphate glass network structure.

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Hou, Zhao Xia, Zhao Lu Xue, Shao Hong Wang, Xiao Dan Hu, Hao Ran Lu, Chang Lei Niu, Hao Wang, Cai Wang, and Yin Zhou. "Thermal Stability and Structure of Tellurite Glass." Key Engineering Materials 512-515 (June 2012): 994–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.512-515.994.

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Oxyﬂuoride tellurite glass with the composition of TeO2-AlF3-LaF3-ZnO/ZnCl2/ZnF2 was prepared successfully. The thermal stability and structure of TeO2-AlF3-LaF3 system tellurite glass were studied bySubscript text DSC and IR spectra. The results indicated that glass transition temperature of TeO2-AlF3-LaF3-ZnO/ZnCl2/ZnF2 glass was higher than that of (1-x)TeO2-xAlF3 (x=10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, in mol%) binary glass system slightly. A small number of ZnF2/ZnCl2/ZnO (5mol%) improved glass thermal stability. After adding 5mol% ZnF2/ZnO/ZnCl2 into fluoride tellurite glass respectively, glass transition temperature increased in turn. The introduction of 5mol% different zinc compounds had a little impact on the glass network structure.

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Yan, Tingnan, Weijun Zhang, Haijun Mao, Xingyu Chen, and Shuxin Bai. "The effect of CaO/SiO2 and B2O3 on the sintering contraction behaviors of CaO-B2O3-SiO2 glass-ceramics." International Journal of Modern Physics B 33, no. 09 (April 10, 2019): 1950070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021797921950070x.

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We investigate the effect of CaO/SiO2 (molar ratio) and B2O3 content on the structure and sintering contraction behaviors of Calcium borosilicate (CaO–B2O3–SiO2, CBS) glass-ceramic through the dilatometer and the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results show that the sintering-shrinkage of CBS glass-ceramics is promoted dramatically with the increase of CaO/SiO2 to 1.14, and then keeps nearly constant as the CaO/SiO2 further increases. This phenomenon is correlated with the degree of polymerization (DOP) of the Si–O network structure modulated by the CaO/SiO2, additionally, two sintering shrinkage peaks, corresponding to two-step depolymerization, are detected in the sintering-shrinkage curves of the CBS glass-ceramic as the B2O3 content is elevated to 13.6 mol%. Meanwhile, the shrinking rate of CBS glass-ceramics is increased from 8 × 10[Formula: see text] to 37 × 10[Formula: see text] min[Formula: see text] and the softening point is decreased from 736[Formula: see text]C to 691[Formula: see text]C with the increase of B2O3 content from 6.8 to 20.8 mol⋅%. This is due to the introduction of BO3 trihedral into Si–O–Si three-dimensional structure, which greatly reduces the uniformity and symmetry of the networks, inducing the decrease of the strength for the whole Si–O–Si network structures. The results obtained in this paper reveal the relationship between the glass structure and sintering behavior of the CBS glass-ceramic, which gives an avenue to improve its physical properties.

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Oladele, Isiaka Oluwole, Oluwaseun Temilola Ayanleye, Adeolu Adesoji Adediran, Baraka Abiodun Makinde-Isola, Anuoluwapo Samuel Taiwo, and Esther Titilayo Akinlabi. "Characterization of Wear and Physical Properties of Pawpaw–Glass Fiber Hybrid Reinforced Epoxy Composites for Structural Application." Fibers 8, no. 7 (July 3, 2020): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib8070044.

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In this study, wear resistance and some selected physical properties of pawpaw–glass fiber hybrid reinforced epoxy composites were investigated. Two different layers of pawpaw stem—linear and network structures—were extracted and chemically modified. Hybrid reinforced composites were developed comparatively from the two fiber structures and glass fiber using hand lay-up in an open mold production process. The wear resistance was studied via the use of a Taber Abrasion Tester while selected physical properties were also investigated. The influence of the fiber structure on the properties examined revealed that network structured pawpaw fiber was the best as reinforcement compared to the linearly structured fiber. The addition of these vegetable fibers to epoxy resin brought about improved thermal conductivity and increased the curing rate while the wear resistance of the corresponding developed composites were enhanced by 3 wt% and 15 wt% of fibers from linear and network pawpaw fibers. It was noticed that linearly structured pawpaw fiber had its best result at 3 wt% while network structured pawpaw fiber had its best result at 15 wt%.

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Renlund, Gary M., Svante Prochazka, and Robert H. Doremus. "Silicon oxycarbide glasses: Part II. Structure and properties." Journal of Materials Research 6, no. 12 (December 1991): 2723–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1991.2723.

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Silicon oxycarbide glass is formed by the pyrolysis of silicone resins and contains only silicon, oxygen, and carbon. The glass remains amorphous in x-ray diffraction to 1400 °C and shows no features in transmission electron micrographs (TEM) after heating to this temperature. After heating at higher temperature (1500–1650 °C) silicon carbide lines develop in x-ray diffraction, and fine crystalline regions of silicon carbide and graphite are found in TEM and electron diffraction. XPS shows that silicon-oxygen bonds in the glass are similar to those in amorphous and crystalline silicates; some silicons are bonded to both oxygen and carbon. Carbon is bonded to either silicon or carbon; there are no carbon-oxygen bonds in the glass. Infrared spectra are consistent with these conclusions and show silicon-oxygen and silicon-carbon vibrations, but none from carbon-oxygen bonds. 29Si-NMR shows evidence for four different bonding groups around silicon. The silicon oxycarbide structure deduced from these results is a random network of silicon-oxygen tetrahedra, with some silicons bonded to one or two carbons substituted for oxygen; these carbons are in turn tetrahedrally bonded to other silicon atoms. There are very small regions of carbon-carbon bonds only, which are not bonded in the network. This “free” carbon colors the glass black. When the glass is heated above 1400 °C this network composite rearranges in tiny regions to graphite and silicon carbide crystals. The density, coefficient of thermal expansion, hardness, elastic modulus, index of refraction, and viscosity of the silicon oxycarbide glasses are all somewhat higher than these properties in vitreous silica, probably because the silicon-carbide bonds in the network of the oxycarbide lead to a tighter, more closely packed structure. The oxycarbide glass is highly stable to temperatures up to 1600 °C and higher, because oxygen and water diffuse slowly in it.

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Fedderly, Jeffry J., Gilbert F. Lee, John D. Lee, Bruce Hartmann, Karel Dušek, Miroslava Dušková-Smrčková, and Ján Šomvársky. "Network structure dependence of volume and glass transition temperature." Journal of Rheology 44, no. 4 (July 2000): 961–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1122/1.551122.

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11

Halary, Jean Louis. "Structure–Property Relationships in Epoxy-Amine Networks of Well-Controlled Architecture." High Performance Polymers 12, no. 1 (March 2000): 141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-0083/12/1/311.

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Series of epoxy-amine networks of well-controlled architecture were prepared by varying (a) the chemical nature of both diepoxide and primary diamine, (b) the nature and relative amount of the difunctional amine co-hardener and (c) the stoichiometric ratio. The 22 systems under study here proved to be very suitable for establishing connections between network structure and various physical and mechanical properties including glass transition, primary and secondary mechanical relaxations, modulus in the glassy state, plasticization and antiplasticization effects, water uptake and development of residual stresses. Most of these relationships were based on the consideration of the cross-link density, which affects the properties to a larger extent than the chain flexibility.

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12

Li, Hangren, Saiyu Liu, Wence Xu, Yuxuan Zhang, Xin Li, Shunli Ouyang, Guangkai Zhao, Fang Liu, and Nannan Wu. "The Effect of Microwave on the Crystallization Behavior of CMAS System Glass-Ceramics." Materials 13, no. 20 (October 14, 2020): 4555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13204555.

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The microwave sintering of glass-ceramics, non-thermal microwave effect, and crystal growth mechanism remain important challenges in materials science. In this study, we focus on developing approaches to affect crystal growth in the glass network of glass-ceramics by microwave heating, rather than performing a single study on the crystal structure and type. Raman spectroscopy is used to detect the structure of the glass network. We demonstrated that the non-thermal microwave effect promoted the diffusion of metal ions, which promoted the aggregation and precipitation of metal ions in the glass network to form crystals. The samples produced by microwave heating contain more non-bridging oxygen bonds than conventional sintered samples; therefore, the non-thermal microwave effect has a depolymerization effect on the glass network of the sample. Under the influence of microwave field, many metal ions precipitate, which precipitates many crystal nuclei. In addition, many active metal ions are captured during the crystal nucleus growth, which shortens the sintering process of glass-ceramics.

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13

Leadbetter, Kristine. "Reputation and social capital: A hammer for the glass ceiling." Journal of Professional Communication 6, no. 1 (June 10, 2020): 35–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15173/jpc.v6i1.4347.

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Through a case study of the DeGroote Women’s Professional Network of the DeGroote School of Business at McMaster University, this article investigates how and to what extent women’s networks can contribute to building the female leadership pipeline by combating women’s barriers to obtaining leadership roles. Supported by a thorough review of literature, the study examines the perceived and potential value members acquired from the Network. The results reveals while the DWPN may have the structure to support these elements, both network facilitators and members must consciously use the network strategically to support their advancement. Further study insights included seven recommendations on how networks can build members social capital and five pillars a network must incorporate to be positioned to support the advancement of women. ©Journal of Professional Communication, all rights reserved.

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Eckert, Hellmut. "Network Former Mixing (NFM) Effects in Ion-Conducting Glasses - Structure/Property Correlations Studied by Modern Solid-State NMR Techniques." Diffusion Foundations 6 (February 2016): 144–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/df.6.144.

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Glassy solid electrolytes are important integral components for all-solid-state devices for energy storage and conversion. The use of multiple network formers is an important part of their design strategy for specific applications. In many glass systems the interaction between the different network formers results in strongly non-linear variations in physical properties (network former mixing (NFM) effects), requiring a detailed understanding on a structural basis.The issues to be addressed involve both the structural organization and connectivities within the framework, the local environments and spatial distributions of the mobile ions, and the dynamical aspects of ion transport, to be discussed in relation to possible phase separation or nano-segregation effects. Besides Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods are particularly useful for providing detailed answers to such issues. The present review introduces the basic principles of modern solid state NMR methods and their applications to glass structure, with a particular focus on the characterization of network-former mixing effects in the most common lithium and sodium conducting oxide and chalcogenide glass systems. Based on the current state of the literature reviewed in the present work, some emerging general principles governing structure/property correlations are identified, to be tested by further experimenteation in the future.

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Pukh, V., L. Baikova, M. Kireenko, and L. Tikhonova. "Properties of Silica Glass Doped with Titanium Oxide." Advanced Materials Research 39-40 (April 2008): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.39-40.153.

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The features of anomalous behavior of silica glass doped with titanium oxide are discussed. The low thermal expansion of silica glass is considered on the base of the idea about polymorphous transformations in meta-stable glass structures. The analogy of these transformations to structural transitions of martensite type in metallic alloys is assumed. The effect of TiO2-doping on the structure and the intrinsic strength of silica glass fibers is studied. The structural (intrinsic) strength has been found to decrease by about 15% compared to that of non-doped silica glass. This decrease of strength is assumed to be accounted for the incorporation of a part of titanium ions into glass structure with six-fold coordination resulting in weakening the connectivity of a glass anionic network.

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Liu, Wei Dong, and Liang Chi Zhang. "Relaxation Oscillation in the Viscous Flow of Borosilicate Glass." Key Engineering Materials 725 (December 2016): 372–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.725.372.

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Relaxation oscillation is a nonlinear dynamic phenomenon, commonly observed in viscous-plastic deformation of materials. However, it is the first time that we observed this phenomenon in the viscous flow of borosilicate glass in its super-cooled liquid region. Our investigation identified that the oscillation is caused by the particular microstructure of borosilicate glass. Specifically, the structure of borosilicate glass consists of borate-rich and silicate-rich networks. During the viscous flow, the fast deformation in borate network tends to be localized. However, the network mixing reaction between the borate-rich and silicate-rich networks can slowly relax the fast localized deformation. These two processes occur simultaneously and as a result bring about the relaxation oscillation. Based on this mechanism, the study established a physical constitutive model to predict the relaxation oscillation during the compression of borosilicate glass.

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Hamada, Yuya, Teppei Murota, Masahiro Shimizu, Yasuhiko Shimotsuma, and Kiyotaka Miura. "Volume relaxation of soda-lime silicate glasses below glass transition temperature." AIP Advances 13, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 025353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0131705.

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Structural relaxation is a widely known phenomenon that occurs in glassy systems, which still attracts strong industrial and research interest. Although the volume change associated with structural relaxation is well described by the Kohlrausch–Williams–Watts function, its origin, particularly from a glass structural viewpoint, is not clearly defined. To understand the behavior of structural relaxation, in this study, we performed volume relaxation evaluations, Raman spectroscopy assessments, and surface resistivity measurements before and after annealing at 50 K below the glass transition temperature Tg of soda-lime silicate glasses with the same Tg but different fragilities. The combined results indicated that the following changes in the glass structure occurred during the structural relaxation: (1) reorganization of the SiO2 network; (2) transfer of Na ions from the ion channel region into the SiO2 network region; and (3) segmentation of the ion channel region in the modified random network model.

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Funamori, Nobumasa, Daisuke Wakabayashi, Tomoko Sato, and Takehiko Yagi. "Macroscopic and microscopic strain of SiO2 glass under uniaxial compression." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C1333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314086665.

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Although SiO2 glass is brittle due to its covalency and the lack of dislocation movement seen in crystals, it can deform without fracturing when compressed to high pressures. The phenomenon may be attributable to the well-known permanent densification by the reconstruction of the network structure consisting of SiO4 tetrahedra. To explore so-called plastic deformation without permanent densification, we measured the change in size (macroscopic strain) of uniaxially-compressed disk-shaped SiO2 glass by an optical microscope [1]. Also, to understand the anisotropy in structure (microscopic strain), we measured the azimuth-angle dependence of the position of the first sharp diffraction peak (FSDP) of uniaxially-compressed SiO2 glass with a radial X-ray diffraction technique [2]. In the microscope observation, the glass was found to deform largely without fracturing up to at least 20 GPa from 6-8 GPa, where uniaxial conditions were achieved. In the X-ray diffraction observation, a large anisotropy was found in the FSDP which corresponds to the intermediate-range network structure of the glass. The recovered glass was examined by the radial X-ray diffraction up to a high-Q range and was found to remain largely anisotropic (equivalent to about 2 GPa in differential stress) in the intermediate-range network structure and not to remain anisotropic in the short-range SiO4 tetrahedral structure. It seems intuitive that the residual anisotropy is due to the anisotropic reconstruction of the network structure during permanent densification. However, the macroscopic strain measured in the microscope observation was an order of magnitude larger than the microscopic strain in the X-ray diffraction observation, and therefore it cannot be explained solely by the anisotropic permanent densification. The permanent densification may also enhance the reconstruction of the network structure and therefore plastic deformation.

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Nishi, Yoshitake, Naoki Yamaguchi, Kousuke Takahashi, Kazuya Oguri, and Akira Tonegawa. "EB Induced Stress Relaxation of Tight Network Structure in Silica and Soda Glasses." Materials Science Forum 502 (December 2005): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.502.385.

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This paper mainly describes that nano-scale surface structure change in dangling bond density related to free volume caused the reinforcement of inorganic glass irradiated by electron beam. Based on the results of electron spin resonance experiments, EB irradiation enhanced the density of dangling bonds at the glass surface. To confirm the strengthening principle, we have employed EB irradiation of inorganic glass. The EB reinforcement was explained as caused by stress relaxation induced by dangling bonds formation in the tight network structure of silica and soda glasses.

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20

Yang, Liu, Yongchang Zhu, Jichuan Huo, Zhu Cui, Xingquan Zhang, Xuanjiang Dong, and Jie Feng. "Solubility and Valence Variation of Ce in Low-Alkali Borosilicate Glass and Glass Network Structure Analysis." Materials 16, no. 14 (July 18, 2023): 5063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16145063.

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Low-alkali borosilicate glass was used as the immobilization substrate, and Ce was used to replicate the trivalent and tetravalent actinides, in order to create simulated waste glass through melt heat treatment. The valence of Ce and solubility of CeO2 in waste glass were studied as well as its network structure and thermal and chemical stability. The solubility of Ce in waste glass was examined by XRD and SEM. The network structure was examined by Raman spectroscopy. The valence of Ce was determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Thermal analysis and product consistency (PCT) were employed to determine the thermal and chemical stability of waste glasses. The results show that the solubility of cerium in low-alkali borosilicate glasses is at least 25.wt.% and precipitates a spherical CeO2 crystalline phase when it exceeds the solid solution limit; Ce is immobilized in the glass by entering the interstices of the glass network. Depolymerization and the transition from [BO3] to [BO4] occurs when CeO2 doping levels rise. About 60 percent of Ce4+ is converted to Ce3+, and the thermal stability of glass rises then falls with the increase of CeO2. All samples exhibit strong leaching resistance, with the average mass loss of Ce at 28 days being less than 10−4 gm−2d−1.

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Yuan, X. M., S. M. Lu, X. H. Zhang, Y. J. Cui, H. T. Wu, and Y. L. Yue. "Effects of CaO Additions on the Structure and Dielectric Properties of Aluminoborosilicate Glasses." Advanced Materials Research 710 (June 2013): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.710.127.

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Glasses with compositions xCaO-(60-x)SiO2-5MgO-15Al2O3-20B2O3 (x=0, 3, 6 and 9 mol %) were prepared by conventional melting method. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that the addition of CaO converted trigonal boron ([B) to tetrahedral boron ([B). The glass transition temperatures (Tg) were determined using a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Tg increased with increasing CaO content. Thus, the addition of CaO instead of SiO2 strengthened the glass network. The dielectric εr and loss tanδ were measured for the MgO-B2O3-Al2O3-SiO2 glass system in the frequency range 103-105 Hz. The decrease in εr and tanδ could be attributed to the increase in the rigidity of the glass network.

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Herrmann, Andreas, Mohamed Zekri, Ramzi Maalej, and Christian Rüssel. "The Effect of Glass Structure on the Luminescence Spectra of Sm3+-Doped Aluminosilicate Glasses." Materials 16, no. 2 (January 6, 2023): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16020564.

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Peralkaline Sm3+-doped aluminosilicate glasses with different network modifier ions (Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Zn2+) were investigated to clarify the effect of glass composition and glass structure on the optical properties of the doped Sm3+ ions. For this purpose, the Sm3+ luminescence emission spectra were correlated with the molecular structure of the glasses derived by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The different network modifier ions have a clear and systematic effect on the peak area ratio of the Sm3+ emission peaks which correlates with the average rare earth site symmetry in the glasses. The highest site symmetry is found for the calcium aluminosilicate glass. Glasses with network modifier ions of lower and higher ionic radii show a notably lower average site symmetry. The symmetry could be correlated to the rare earth coordination number with oxygen atoms derived by MD simulations. A coordination number of 6 seems to offer the highest average site symmetry. Higher rare earth coordination probabilities with non-bridging oxygen result in an increased splitting of the emission peaks and a notable broadening of the peaks. The zinc containing glass seems to play a special role. The Zn2+ ions notably modify the glass structure and especially the rare earth coordination in comparison to the other network modifier ions in the other investigated glasses. The knowledge on how glass structure affects the optical properties of doped rare earth ions can be used to tailor the rare earth absorption and emission spectra for specific applications.

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Bandzierz, Katarzyna, Louis Reuvekamp, Jerzy Dryzek, Wilma Dierkes, Anke Blume, and Dariusz Bielinski. "Influence of Network Structure on Glass Transition Temperature of Elastomers." Materials 9, no. 7 (July 22, 2016): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma9070607.

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Joyce, Steven J., David J. Osguthorpe, Julian A. Padgett, and Gareth J. Price. "Neural network prediction of glass-transition temperatures from monomer structure." Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 91, no. 16 (1995): 2491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/ft9959102491.

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Roy, Projesh Kumar, Markus Heyde, and Andreas Heuer. "Modelling the atomic arrangement of amorphous 2D silica: a network analysis." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 21 (2018): 14725–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp01313f.

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The recent experimental discovery of a semi two-dimensional silica glass has offered a realistic description of the random network theory of a silica glass structure, initially discussed by Zachariasen.

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Thirumaran, S., and N. Karthikeyan. "Structural Elucidation of Some Borate Glass Specimen by Employing Ultrasonic and Spectroscopic Studies." Journal of Ceramics 2013 (April 21, 2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/485317.

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Quantitative analysis has been carried out in order to obtain more information about the structure of two glass systems, namely, (B2O3-MnO2-PbO) (BML glass system) and (B2O3-Na2CO3-P2O5) (BSP glass system). Their structural elucidation has been carried out by studying the ultrasonic velocities (longitudinal velocities and shear velocities ) and density of these glass samples. The present investigation has been interpreted by focusing more on elastic and mechanical properties of glass specimen through ultrasonic study and the elemental analysis study through spectroscopic studies. The scanning electron microscopic (SEM) study was also carried out with a view to throwing more light on their morphological aspects. The results are corroborated in the light of the role of borate (B2O3) glasses in the formation of glassy structural network.

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Stoch, Pawel. "Structure and Properties of ¹³⁷Cs Containing Waste Glass." Advanced Materials Research 39-40 (April 2008): 671–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.39-40.671.

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Vitrification has been recognized as the best method of the neutralization and immobilization of the radioactive and toxic wastes. Toxic elements are introduced into the structure of chemically durable glasses (waste glasses). Radioactive 137Cs is a dangerous contaminant of hospital and laboratory wastes. Incineration of these waste followed by vitrification of the ashes by co-melting them with borosilicate glass is a prospective method of immobilization of 137Cs for safety waste storage. The influence of partial substitution of Na by Cs and introduction of CaO as the main component of the hospital waste incineration ash on the structure, crystallization ability, and physical properties of SiO2-B2O3 -Al2O3-Na2O glass was studied. It was established that due to crystallochemical differences between Cs+ and Na+ as the glass structure modifiers, in the presence of even a relatively small amount of Cs2O (5 mass %) the degree of polymerization of the glass network and its stability increases which means, simultaneously the increase of the chemical durability of the glass. On the other hand above glass transformation temperature (Tg), cesium acts as the strong depolymeriser of network, increasing the tendency for crystallization of the basic glass. It becomes incorporated into the structure of the newly formed crystal phases such as the chemically resistant aluminosilicates (pollucite, nepheline).

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ZHA, CONGJI, ANITA SMITH, AMRITA PRASAD, RONGPING WANG, STEVE MADDEN, and BARRY LUTHER-DAVIES. "PROPERTIES AND STRUCTURE OF Ag-DOPED As2Se3 GLASSES." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 16, no. 01 (March 2007): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863507003524.

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Ag -doped As 2 Se 3 glasses were prepared by the melt-quenching method and the influence of silver doping on the glass structure and optical properties was studied using Raman and UV-Vis-IR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. For Ag concentrations less than 15 at%, introduction of Ag into As 2 Se 3 glasses mainly leads to the formation of Ag-Se covalent bonds, resulting in destruction of the glass network. This manifests itself by a decrease in the glass transition temperature and low frequency shifts in the As-Se Raman band. When the Ag concentration was higher than 25 at%, some Ag atoms exist in the glass matrix as coordinative bonds, resulting in a slight increase in the glass transition temperature and high frequency shifts in the Raman peaks. The relationship between the glass structure and properties is discussed.

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Mylvaganam, Kausala, Wei Dong Liu, and Liang Chi Zhang. "First Principles Calculations of Stress-Induced Structural Changes of Supercooled Borosilicate Glass." Key Engineering Materials 725 (December 2016): 399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.725.399.

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Unlike the traditional silicate glasses, borosilicate glasses behave differently because of the addition of boron atoms. Extensive studies have been carried out to understand the abnormal function of boron in glass network. However, it is not clear how the atomic structure of borosilicate glass changes under loading. This paper investigates the behaviour of borosilicate glass under uniaxial compression with the aid of ab initio simulations. Sodium borosilicate glass having 160 atoms and a mass density of 2.51 g/cm3 with composition 3Na2O-B2O3-6SiO2 were equilibrated first at 3500K, then at 2500K, 1500K, 1200K, 1000K, 825K and 625K. Structural analysis showed that at higher temperatures the sodium borosilicate liquid does not have a specific structure. At around 825 K (i.e. around Tg), boron network and silicon network form and remain stable even at a temperature of 625 K. When the supercooled sample at 825K was subjected to uniaxial compression, the stress along the compression direction first increases and then decreases with a change in boron structure, which could modify the behaviour of the borosilicate glass.

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Mizuno, Akitoshi, Shinji Kohara, Seiichi Matsumura, Masahito Watanabe, J. K. R. Weber, and Masaki Takata. "Structure of Glass and Liquid Studied with a Conical Nozzle Levitation and Diffraction Technique." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 2012–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.2012.

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Two topics are described for structure analyses of glass and liquid using a combination of conical nozzle levitation (CNL) technique and diffraction experiments. The structure of high-purity bulk forsterite (Mg2SiO4) glass synthesized by a CNL technique has been determined by a combination of high-energy x-ray, neutron diffraction, and reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) modeling technique. The 3-dimensional atomic configuration derived from RMC modeling revealed that unusual network structure. In order to study structures of high-temperature and undercooled liquids, a CNL system has been developed and integrated with the two-axis diffractometer for glass, liquid, and amorphous materials at SPring-8, which is one of the third-generation synchrotron source. High-energy x-ray diffraction experiments were performed to obtain reliable diffraction data for the liquid phase of metallic glass-forming Zr-Cu binary alloys.

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Konstantinou, Konstantinos, Peter V. Sushko, and Dorothy M. Duffy. "Modelling the local atomic structure of molybdenum in nuclear waste glasses with ab initio molecular dynamics simulations." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 37 (2016): 26125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp03076a.

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Zeidler, Anita, Prae Chirawatkul, Philip S. Salmon, Takeshi Usuki, Shinji Kohara, Henry E. Fischer, and W. Spencer Howells. "Structure of the network glass-former ZnCl 2 : From the boiling point to the glass." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 407 (January 2015): 235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2014.08.027.

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Xu, Xing Jun, Yun Long Yue, Hai Tao Zhang, and Zhao Du. "Effect of MgO on Structure and Properties of CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ Glass System." Advanced Materials Research 306-307 (August 2011): 531–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.306-307.531.

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CaO-Al2O3-SiO2system glasses with MgO were prepared by melt quenching. The glass structure was characterized by Infrared spectra (IR) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA). Dielectric properties, devitrification and chemical durability have been studied. IR spectra and DTA indicated that glass network structure change by doping MgO. The glass chemical improved and dielectric constant decreased after doping with MgO. The glass shows a severe tendency of phase separation.

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Lu, Ruoxin, Luyao Wang, and Hanbo Wang. "Glass classification and identification based on systematic clustering and BP neural network algorithm." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 22 (December 7, 2022): 324–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v22i.3398.

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As glass is buried in the ground for years, its surface has been eroded by weathering, thus changing its chemical composition and structure. In this paper, we search for the basis for the classification of high potassium glass and lead-barium glass, and on this basis, we further carry out subclass classification, and finally perform sensitivity analysis on the classification results. After establishing the glass classification model, the artifacts with unknown glass types are predicted, and the data are input into BP neural network for training and prediction to determine their artifact glass types, and sensitivity analysis is performed on the prediction results.

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35

Abdel-Wahab, F., G. A. Yahya, Karam A. Ali, S. M. Salem, and A. G. Mostafa. "Influence of variation (V2O5/P2O5) ratio on the local structure of iron in V2O5–BaO–Fe2O3–P2O5 glasses." Journal of Materials Research 19, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 2849–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2004.0391.

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The influence of the variation in (V2O5/ P2O5) ratio on the local structure of iron in V2O5–BaO–Fe2O3–P2O5 glass system was investigated. Infrared analysis and Mössbauer spectroscopy were used for this propose. Infrared spectroscopic analysis showed that vanadium cations act mainly as network former (NWF) while iron ions occupy both NWF and network modifier (NWM) positions. On the other hand, Mössbauer spectra indicated that, at the lowest V2O5 content, about 29% of iron ions take their positions in the glass matrix as NWF and about 71% of iron ions enter the matrix as network modifier NWM. At the highest value of V2O5 content the iron ions that enter the glass as NWF decrease to about 15%, and the iron ions which enter the glass as NWM increase to about 85%. The density and molar volume measurements also indicate the changes in the structure of these glasses.

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Yuan, G. C., Z. H. Zhu, X. M. Ni, and Z. Y. Ling. "Characterization of Ultrafine Glassy Powder for Al-Si-Ca-P-O-F Polynary System by Sol-Gel Method." Advanced Materials Research 412 (November 2011): 138–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.412.138.

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The ultrafine bio-glass powder of Si-Al-Ca-P-F-polynary system was prepared by sol-gel method with organic and inorganic compounds such as Si (OC2H5)4, (C2H5)3PO4, Ca (NO3)2·4H2O, Al (NO3)3·9H2O and NH4F. The powder was heat-treated at the different temperature in the range from 200 to 900°C and its crystallized transition was ascertained. The morphology, composition, structure state and crystallized behavior of the glassy powder were characterized by means of TEM, XRD, EDS, DSC-TG, FT-IR etc methods and compared with the glassy powder of the same system by melting-quenching and liquid precipitation. The results show that the powder containing elements Si, Al, Ca, P, F and O belongs to typical amorphous state, and is composed of the near spherical particles with the size from 100 to 400nm; The transition temperature of glass was about 580°C, and the crystallized phase CaF2precipitate firstly above 600°C; A series of crystallized phases Ca5(PO4)3F and Ca5(PO4)2SiO4were separated sequentially with increasing temperature; The network structure of glass is similar to that of melt-quenching or liquid precipitation glass.

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Montenero, A., R. A. Condrate, and Y. M. Guo. "Structural information concerning the glass network in Bi–Zn–Fe–B–O glasses." Journal of Materials Research 4, no. 3 (June 1989): 473–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1989.0473.

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Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectra were measured for various glasses in the Bi–Zn–Fe–B–O system, and interpreted upon the basis of glass structure. Spectral changes were noted with variations in the composition for these glasses that were related to changes in the atomic arrangement of the boron oxide portion of the glass network. The changes in glass transformation temperature with changes in glass composition were discussed in terms of structural data.

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Pang, Xiaoliang, Shuaichen Si, Liqing Xie, Xuejie Zhang, Haozhang Huang, Shuting Liu, Wenxin Xiao, et al. "Regulating the morphology and luminescence properties of CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum dots through the rigidity of glass network structure." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 8, no. 48 (2020): 17374–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tc04498a.

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The controlled morphology and luminescence properties of CsPbBr₃ perovskite quantum dots have been successfully achieved in glass through manipulating the rigidity of glass network structure.

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Lee, Y. S., and Won Ho Kang. "Structure and Dissolution Properties of Phosphate Glasses for Glass Fertilizer." Materials Science Forum 449-452 (March 2004): 737–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.449-452.737.

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For usage of glass fertilizer, physical and dissolution properties were investigated according to variation of the SiO2 and K2O contents in silicate glasses. In glass forming region, K2O/P2O5 0-0.24, SiO2/(SiO2+P2O5) 0-0.29 and CaO/P2O5 0-1.00 were fabricated as clear glass in K2O-CaO-SiO2-P2O5 glass system. The glass transition temperature (Tg) and softening temperature (Ts) were gradually shifted to the higher temperature range according to increase of SiO2 contents. The K2O contents, which could cause the structure change from network structure to polymeric chain structure, have direct proportion with the thermal expansion coefficient and inverse proportion with Tg and Ts. The change of the K2O/P2O5 ratio was a main factor to control chemical durability and physical properties such as density and hardness. In the abnormal glass properties such as fast dissolution in aqueous solution, it was presented that the glass can be a good candidate for agriculture fertilizer.

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Herrmann, Andreas, Stefan Kuhn, Mirko Tiegel, Christian Rüssel, Jörg Körner, Diethard Klöpfel, Joachim Hein, and Malte C. Kaluza. "Structure and fluorescence properties of ternary aluminosilicate glasses doped with samarium and europium." J. Mater. Chem. C 2, no. 21 (2014): 4328–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4tc00036f.

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A red fluorescent Sm³⁺-doped aluminosilicate glass under UV excitation. Inset: Dependence of the Sm³⁺fluorescence lifetime on the refractive indexn_e(upper left) and the influence of the network modifier on the glass structure (lower left).

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41

Kim, Hwan Sik, Yoo Taek Kim, Gi Gang Lee, Jung Hwan Kim, and Seung Gu Kang. "Corrosion of Silicate Glasses and Glass-Ceramics Containing EAF Dust in Acidic Solution." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 1585–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.1585.

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The corrosion behavior of glass and glass-ceramics fabricated with silicate glass frit mixed with 50~70 wt% EAF dust in the acidic solution was analyzed by both heavy metal leaching test and microstructural observation. The crystallization temperature, Tc of glassy specimens was around 850 measured by DTA and the heat treatment temperature to crystallize a glassy specimen was selected as 950 / 1 hr. The spinel crystal peaks were found in XRD analysis for the glass containing dust > 60 wt%. For the glass-ceramics, however, the spinel peaks in a specimen containing dust > 50 wt% was found with weak willemite peaks. The glass and glass-ceramic specimens showed the first stage of corroding reaction according to Clark models in acidic solution. The glass-ceramic specimens showed much lower a heavy metal leaching concentration than that of glass specimens in the corrosion test in acidic solution of pH=2.95. Especially, the glass-ceramics containing dust 60 wt% showed a heavy metal leaching concentration of 66 % Pb, 60 % Zn and 98 % Fe lower than that of glass specimens due to crystal phases formed, thermodynamically more stable than a glass network structure. From the leaching test that more Zn ion leached out than Fe ion, the spinel crystal phase [ZnFe2O4] showed better corrosion resistant in the acidic solution than the willemite [Zn2SiO4].

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42

ITO, Hiroaki, Ryoma HONDA, and Masahiro ARAI. "Influence of Network Structure on Thermo-Viscoelastic Property for Optical Glass." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 71, no. 9 (September 15, 2022): 781–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.71.781.

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43

Lu, K., and M. K. Mahapatra. "Network structure and thermal stability study of high temperature seal glass." Journal of Applied Physics 104, no. 7 (2008): 074910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2979323.

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44

Goj, Pawel, Aleksandra Wajda, and Pawel Stoch. "Development of a New Sr-O Parameterization to Describe the Influence of SrO on Iron-Phosphate Glass Structural Properties Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations." Materials 14, no. 15 (August 3, 2021): 4326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154326.

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Iron-phosphate glasses, due to their properties, have many potential applications. One of the most promising seems to be nuclear waste immobilization. Radioactive 90Sr isotope is the main short-lived product of fission and, due to its high solubility, it can enter groundwater and pose a threat to the environment. On the other hand, Sr is an important element in hard tissue metabolic processes, and phosphate glasses containing Sr are considered bioactive. This study investigated the effect of SrO addition on a glass structure of nominal 30Fe2O3-70P2O5 chemical composition using classical molecular dynamics simulations. To describe the interaction between Sr-O ion pairs, new interatomic potential parameters of the Buckingham-type were developed and tested for crystalline compounds. The short-range structure of the simulated glasses is presented and is in agreement with previous experimental and theoretical studies. The simulations showed that an increase in SrO content in the glass led to phosphate network depolymerization. Analysis demonstrated that the non-network oxygen did not take part in the phosphate network depolymerization. Furthermore, strontium aggregation in the glass structure was observed to lead to the non-homogeneity of the glass network. It was demonstrated that Sr ions prefer to locate near to Fe(II), which may induce crystallization of strontium phosphates with divalent iron.

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45

Ozaki, Ryo, Kotaro Ishida, Eiji Morita, and Yasutaka Hanada. "Nanoparticle Deposition of Fluoropolymer CYTOP via Holographic Femtosecond Laser Processing and Its Biochip Application." Applied Sciences 10, no. 20 (October 16, 2020): 7243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10207243.

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The fundamental characteristics of nanoparticle (NP) deposition of the fluoropolymer CYTOP using a femtosecond (fs) laser were investigated. In previous studies, we have demonstrated the microfluidic fabrication of CYTOP, which enables clear microscopic observation of the fluid boundary because of its low refractive index, as well as that of water. In the present work, we generated CYTOP NPs using holographic fs laser processing with a spatial light modulator to demonstrate the capabilities of this functional polymer. We established a deposition technique via five-dot parallel fs laser beam irradiation for fibrous network and monolayer structures composed of CYTOP NPs on the surface of glass slides by manipulating the various fundamental laser processing parameters. The network structure on the glass surface exhibits superhydrophobic behavior, while the monolayer structure performs almost the same wettability as that of CYTOP thin film. After an investigation of the surface features of the NPs deposited onto the glass, the combination of the holographic fs laser deposition and the removal of CYTOP NPs was used to selectively pattern CYTOP NPs on the glass slide for HeLa cell culturing. Consequently, cells were selectively cultured on the glass surface where the laser removal of deposited NPs was carried out.

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46

Shimono, Masato, and Hidehiro Onodera. "Dual Cluster Model for Medium-Range Order in Metallic Glasses." Metals 11, no. 11 (November 16, 2021): 1840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11111840.

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The atomic structure of medium-range order in metallic glasses is investigated by using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Glass formation processes were simulated by rapid cooling from liquid phases of a model binary alloy system of different-sized elements. Two types of short-range order of atomic clusters with the five-fold symmetry are found in glassy phases: icosahedral clusters (I-clusters) formed around the smaller-sized atoms and Frank–Kasper clusters (i.e., Z14, Z15, and Z16 clusters (Z-clusters)) formed around the bigger-sized atoms. Both types of clusters (I-and Z-clusters) are observed even in liquid phases and the population of them goes up as the temperature goes down. A considerable atomic size difference between alloying elements would enhance the formation of both the I- and Z-clusters. In glassy phases, the I- and Z-clusters are mutually connected to form a complicated network, and the network structure becomes denser as the structural relaxation goes on. In the network, the medium-range order is mainly constructed by the volume sharing type connection between I- and Z-clusters. Following Nelson’s disclination theory, the network structure can be understood as a random network of Z-clusters, which is complimentarily surrounded by another type of network formed by I-clusters.

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Østergaard, Martin B., Randall E. Youngman, Mouritz N. Svenson, Sylwester J. Rzoska, Michal Bockowski, Lars R. Jensen, and Morten M. Smedskjaer. "Temperature-dependent densification of sodium borosilicate glass." RSC Advances 5, no. 96 (2015): 78845–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra16219j.

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48

Pal, Shiv Kumar, N. Chandel, and N. Mehta. "Synthesis and thermal characterization of novel phase change materials (PCMs) of the Se–Te–Sn–Ge (STSG) multi-component system: calorimetric studies of the glass/crystal phase transition." Dalton Transactions 48, no. 14 (2019): 4719–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8dt03729a.

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According to recent literature, germanium-containing chalcogenide glasses (ChGs) show improvement in thermal stability and glass-forming ability because of the self-organization of the glass network towards a more rigid structure.

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Priya, D., and S. Thirumaram. "Acoustical parameters of sodium borate metallic glass - Na2CO3-B2O3-Na2O." Journal of Ovonic Research 17, no. 2 (March 2021): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/jor.2021.172.125.

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In recent decades, one of the very popular and kind of advanced materials is Metallic glasses. Metallic glass materials can easily versatile for their manufacturability with plastics because of their complex shapes. Presently, Glassy alloys pivotan extraordinaryexploration in the worldwide community of metals.In this paper we have presented about Sodium Borate Glass-(Na3bo3) nature, glasses in the system Na3bo3, by melt quenching technique has been prepared. The structural investigation has been carried out by X-Ray Diffraction studies. Debye temperature and Elastic properties have been analyzedby utilizing measurements of sound velocity. The purpose of Na2O in the B2O3is to change the host structure by changing the borate network structural units from BO3 to BO4. Sodium diborate is a type of borate glass. Borate glass of this typeattractsmany researchers attentionbecause of their improved optical and electrical properties. Infra Red spectroscopy is one of theviabletools for the local arrangements structure resolution in glasses. The UVvisible optical analysisis used to study about the optical spectra. These results are utilized to find the refractive index of glasses and optical band gap.

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Zakaria, Najihah, S. N. Azemi, P. J. Soh, C. B. M. Rashidi, and A. Abdullah Al-Hadi. "FSS on energy saving glass for rf communication enhancement in modern building." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 14, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp537-545.

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<span>The use of energy saving glass has become very popular in the modern day building design. This energy saving property is achieved by applying a very thin tin oxide (SnO2) coating on one side of the glass. This coating can provide good thermal insulation to the buildings by blocking infrared rays while being transparent to visible part of the spectrum. Drawbacks of these energy saving windows is that it also attenuates the transmission of useful microwave signals through them. These signals fall within the frequency band of 0.8GHz to 2.2GHz. In order to pass these signals through the coated glass, the use of aperture type frequency selective surface (FSS) has being proposed. In the present work, SnO2 thin film with FSS structure was fabricated. Microwave transmission through SnO2 coated glass with FSS structure was also analyzed using network analyzer. The result of computer simulation was confirmed and consistent with the network analyzer results that showed the improvement of SnO2 coated glass with the FSS structure.</span>

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Journal articles on the topic 'Glass Network Structure'

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