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1
Alotaibi, Jasem Ghanem, Ayedh Eid Alajmi, Gabrel A. Mehoub, and Belal F. Yousif. "Epoxy and Polyester Composites’ Characteristics under Tribological Loading Conditions." Polymers 13, no. 14 (July 7, 2021): 2230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13142230.
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This research examines the friction and dry wear behaviours of glass fibre-reinforced epoxy (GFRE) and glass fibre-reinforced polyester (GFRP) composites. Three fibre orientations—parallel orientation (P–O), anti-parallel orientation (AP–O), and normal orientation (N–O)—and various sliding distances from 0–15 km were examined. The experiments were carried out using a block-on-ring configuration at room temperature, an applied load of 30 N, and a sliding velocity of 2.8 m/s. During the sliding, interface temperatures and frictional forces were captured and recorded. Worn surfaces were examined using scanning electron microscopy to identify the damage. The highest wear rates for GFRE composites occurred in those with AP–O fibres, while the highest wear rates for GFRP composites occurred in those with P–O fibres. At longer sliding distances, composites with P–O and N–O fibres had the lowest wear rates. The highest friction coefficient was observed for composites with N–O and P–O fibres at higher sliding speeds. The lowest friction coefficient value (0.25) was for composites with AP–O fibres. GFRP composites with P–O fibres had a higher wear rate than those with N–O fibres at the maximum speed.
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Natarajan, Velmurugan, Ravi Samraj, Jayabalakrishnan Duraivelu, and Prabhu Paulraj. "Experimental Investigation on Mechanical Properties of A/GFRP, B/GFRP and AB/GFRP Polymer Composites." Materiale Plastice 58, no. 4 (January 4, 2022): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.21.4.5528.
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This study aims to reveal the consequence of thickness reinforcement on Fiber Laminates (Polyester Resin, Glass Fiber, Aluminum, and Bentonite) and to see if it can enhance the mechanical properties and resistance of laminates. Glass fiber reinforced polymer composites have recently been used in automotive, aerospace, and structural applications where they will be safe for the application s unique shape. Hand layup was used to fabricate three different combinations, including Aluminium /Glass fiber reinforced polyester composites (A/GFRP), Bentonite/Glass fiber reinforced polyester composites (B/GFRP), and Aluminium&Bentonie/Glass fiber reinforced polyester composites (AB/GFRP). Results revealed that AB/GFRP had better tensile strength, flexural strength, and hardness than GFRP and A/GFRP. Under normal atmospheric conditions and after exposure to boiling water, hybrid Aluminium&Bentonite and glass fiber-reinforced nanocomposites have improved mechanical properties than other hybrid composites. After exposure to temperature, the flexural strength, tensile strength and stiffness of AB/GFRP Composites are 40 % higher than A/GFRP and 17.44% higher than B/GFRP Composites.
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Ramnath, B. Vijaya, S. Rajesh, Chinnadurai Elanchezhian, V. Vignesh, V. Vijai Rahul, V. Tamilselvan, and S. U. Sathya Narayanan. "Investigation of Mechanical Behaviour of Glass Fibre Based SiC Polymer Composites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 591 (July 2014): 142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.591.142.
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Silicon Carbide/GFRP reinforced matrix composite and SiC matrix composite has been developed by using hand layup and resin casting methods respectively. The GFRP reinforced polymer composite is made by sandwiching two layers of GFRP in between the SiC material. The resin used for the preparation the samples are epoxy and polyester, for both Sic/GFRP composite and SiC composite. An Arcan fixture with butterfly specimen is used to measure the fracture occurring in various modes of the polymer composite. The objective of the proposed testing method is to determine the variation in the stress value depending on the resin material as well as the influence of GFRP in the strength of SiC polymer composite. Results from the tests are analyzed to show that the polyester resin is better for shear strength, in both Sic/GFRP reinforced and SiC composite material.
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Manasa, A. C., S. M. Basutkar, K. Madhavi, M. S. Amalkar, M. V. Renuka Devi, and K. S. Jagadish. "Compressive Strength of Brick Masonry Confined with Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 19279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.19279ecst.
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Compressive strength is one of the key factors influencing behavior of brick masonry. Various traditional techniques can be used to increase the strength, stiffness, and ductility of unreinforced brick masonry. However, considerable mass and thickness will be added to the original structural element as a result of with both aesthetics and economy will be affected. In this study, behavior of brick masonry prisms confined with glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) has been investigated. Various patterns of wrapping were adopted using polyester resin. Maximum Compressive strength and ultimate strain of GFRP confined prisms were compared with unreinforced prisms. Results obtained show a substantial increase in compressive strength of prisms when confined with GFRP-polyester and GFRP-epoxy.
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Anbusagar, N. R. R., K. Palanikumar, R. Vigneswaran, M. Rajmohan, and P. Sengottuvel. "Tensile and Flexural Properties of Glass Fibre Reinforced Nano Polymer Composite Panels." Applied Mechanics and Materials 766-767 (June 2015): 372–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.766-767.372.
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This paper investigates the effect of nanoclay content on glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites under tensile and flexural loading. Four different combinations of GFRP composite panels made of fiber glass/nanomodified polyester resin have been prepared by hand lay-up manufacturing technique (HL). Composite samples are tested for tensile and flexural properties. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) has given morphological picture of the FRP fracture samples. The results showed that the tensile and flexural strength is greatly increased over the range of nanoclay loading by about 23% and 40% respectively.
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Zaghloul, Mahmoud Yousry, Moustafa Mahmoud Yousry Zaghloul, and Mai Mahmoud Yousry Zaghloul. "Influence of Stress Level and Fibre Volume Fraction on Fatigue Performance of Glass Fibre-Reinforced Polyester Composites." Polymers 14, no. 13 (June 29, 2022): 2662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14132662.
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Fibre-reinforced polymeric composite materials are becoming substantial and convenient materials in the repair and replacement of traditional metallic materials due to their high stiffness. The composites undergo different types of fatigue loads during their service life. The drive to enhance the design methodologies and predictive models of fibre-reinforced polymeric composite materials subjected to fatigue stresses is reliant on more precise and reliable techniques for assessing their fatigue life. The influences of fibre volume fraction and stress level on the fatigue performance of glass fibre-reinforced polyester (GFRP) composite materials have been studied in the tension–tension fatigue scenario. The fibre volume fractions for this investigation were set to: 20%, 35%, and 50%. The tensile testing of specimens was performed using a universal testing machine and the Young’s modulus was validated with four different prediction models. In order to identify the modes of failure as well as the fatigue life of composites, polyester-based GFRP specimens were evaluated at five stress levels which were 75%, 65%, 50%, 40%, and 25% of the maximum tensile stress until either a fracture occurred or five million fatigue cycles was reached. The experimental results showed that glass fibre-reinforced polyester samples had a pure tension failure at high applied stress levels, while at low stress levels the failure mode was governed by stress levels. Finally, the experimental results of GFRP composite samples with different volume fractions were utilized for model validation and comparison, which showed that the proposed framework yields acceptable correlations of predicted fatigue lives in tension–tension fatigue regimes with experimental ones.
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Izzuddin, Amir, and Ibrisam Akbar. "Effect of Flexural Static Load on the Strength of GFRP Gratings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 567 (June 2014): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.567.387.
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– The usage of steel in offshore deep water area contributes to the massive load of the offshore platform which will lead to the massive operational cost. Therefore, the reduction of weight of platform is the major issue that need to be tackled properly. The great improvement in strength to weight ratio compare to steel and high resistivity to corrosion makes Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) grating preferable. GFRP gratings are normally made of two types of processes which are moulded and pultruded and it is usually consists of glass fibre and bonding matrixes of vinyl ester (VE), polyester (PE), or phenolic (PHE). However there is still doubt on GFRP grating application for offshore due to no consensus guidelines for the design of GFRP grating and there are many several types of GFRP grating available to be chosen. This paper presenting the study on two types of GFRP grating strength with variation of bonding matrixes under flexural static load. A total of six specimens of GFRP grating which consist of 1 each of molded vinyl ester, molded polyester, molded phenolic, pultruded vinyl ester, pultruded polyester and pultruded phenolic were tested to failure in flexure. The main parameters concerns in this study are 1) max load vs. mid-span deflection and 2) failure mode of the specimens.
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Huang, Jing, Zhuo Bin Wei, and Yi Gao. "Application Research on the New GFRP Members Based Modified Behavior Used in Building." Key Engineering Materials 517 (June 2012): 910–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.517.910.
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Glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) is an immensely versatile material which combines lightweight with inherent strength. For the properties of sustainability, energy efficiency and reduction of CO2 of GFRP, they can be used in green building as a kind of the energy-efficient and environment-friendly material instead of the conventional materials. Based on the less elastic modulus and lower wave-transparent properties of glass fiber reinforced plastics for unsaturated polyester resin (UPR-FRP), a new kind of glass fiber reinforced plastics based modified unsaturated polyester (MUPR-FRP) was put forward. This paper presents material behavior and technical process of the new MUPR-FRP. For the modified property, the MUPR-FRP members may have the well superiority compare with the steel and the concrete materials used in strengthening engineering and special loading resistance.
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Baba, Nor Bahiyah, Ahmad Syakirin Suhaimi, Muhamad Asyraf Mohd Amin, and Alias Mohd. "Study on Mechanical and Physical Behaviour of Hybrid GFRP." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/138965.
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The paper discusses the mechanical and physical behaviour of hybrid glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP). Hybrid GFRP was fabricated by three different types of glass fibre, namely, 3D, woven, and chopped, which were selected and combined with mixture of polyester resin and hardener. The hybrid GFRP was investigated by varying three parameters which were the composite volume fractions, hybrid GFRP arrangement, and single type fibre. The hybrid GFRP was fabricated by using open mould hand lay-up technique. Mechanical testing was conducted by tensile test for strength and stiffness whereas physical testing was performed using water absorption and hardness. These tests were carried out to determine the effect of mechanical and physical behaviour over the hybrid GFRP. The highest volume fraction of 0.5 gives the highest strength and stiffness of 73 MPa and 821 MPa, respectively. Varying hybrid fibre arrangement which is the arrangement of chopped-woven-3D-woven-chopped showed the best value in strength of 66.2 MPa. The stiffness is best at arrangement of woven-chopped-woven-chopped-woven at 690 MPa. This arrangement also showed the lowest water absorption of 4.5%. Comparing the single fibre type, woven had overtaken the others in terms of both mechanical and physical properties.
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Boumehraz, Mohammed-Amin, Kamel Goudjil, Mekki Mellas, Achref Hamaidia, Farida Boucetta, and Brahim Baali. "Mechanical behavior of glass fiber-reinforced polyester in a humid environment." STUDIES IN ENGINEERING AND EXACT SCIENCES 5, no. 2 (July 31, 2024): e6274. http://dx.doi.org/10.54021/seesv5n2-066.
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Glass fiber composite materials have been well known in certain maritime applications for a long time, being used in several applications in different fields. The characteristics of Glass fiber-reinforced Polyester (GFRP) depend on the contained fibers, the matrix used, and the fiber-to-total volume ratio. GFRP is a polymer material used in various fields; it is generally preferred for its ease of installation and its very long lifespan, even in the presence of aggressive fluids. The aim of this research is to study the evolution of mechanical properties (tensile strength and flexural strength) of GFRP preserved in different environments such as open air (control), drinking water, and seawater (harsh environment). Additionally, tests on GFRP are conducted through chemical characterization studies or SEM observation of the resin. Lastly, GFRP is considered to be chemically stable for a conservation period of one year in seawater. Finally, despite the conservation of GFRP for a year in a humid and sulphate environment, we note that the connection between the fibers and the matrix is in good condition, or the conservation environment has no influence on the GFRP composite.
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Stanciu, Mariana Domnica, Horațiu Teodorescu Drăghicescu, and Ioan Călin Roșca. "Mechanical Properties of GFRPs Exposed to Tensile, Compression and Tensile–Tensile Cyclic Tests." Polymers 13, no. 6 (March 15, 2021): 898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13060898.
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Currently there are many applications for the use of composites reinforced with fiberglass mat and fabrics with polyester resin: automotive, aerospace, construction of wind turbines blades, sanitary ware, furniture, etc. The structures made of composites have a complex geometry, can be simultaneously subjected to tensile–compression, shear, bending and torsion. In this paper we analyzed the mechanical properties of a polyester composite material reinforced with glass fiber (denoted GFRP) of which were carried out two types of samples: The former contains four layers of plain fabric (GFRP-RT500) and the second type contains three layers of chopped strand mat (GFRP-MAT450). The samples were subjected to tensile, compression and tensile–tensile cyclic loading. The results highlight the differences between the two types of GFRP in terms of initial elastic modulus, post yield stiffness and viscoelastic behavior under cyclic loading. Thus, it was observed that the value of the modulus of elasticity and the value of ultimate tensile stress are approximately twice higher in the case of GFRP-RT500 than for the composite reinforced with short fibers type GFRP-MAT450. The tensile–tensile cyclic test highlights that the short glass fiber-reinforced composite broke after the first stress cycle, compared to the fabric-reinforced composite in which rupture occurred after 15 stress cycles. The elasticity modulus of GFRP-RT500 decreased by 13% for the applied loading with the speed of 1 mm/min and by 15% for a loading speed of 20 mm/min.
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Setyanto, Djoko, Yohanes Adeatma Antonio, Marten Darmawan, and Ubaidillah Ubaidillah. "A Novel Z Profile of Pultruded Glass-Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Beams for Purlins." Sustainability 14, no. 10 (May 12, 2022): 5862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14105862.
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Purlins made from galvanised steel in fertiliser warehouses have often been considered less efficient, necessitating a new purlin made using corrosion-resistant material to increase building efficiency. This study was an attempt to design a nine-metre purlin from glass-fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite material for a new fertiliser warehouse in Bontang-East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The purlin design selected in this study was the Z profile of pultruded beams from GFRP composite material that met the criteria of an efficient purlin, such as corrosion resistance, compact stacking, and ability to withstand technical loads. In particular, the Z profile becomes compact when stacked, and the GFRP material used is corrosion-resistant yet affordable. The primary materials for GFRP composites consist of long yarn glass fibre bundles for reinforcement and unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) for the matrix. Material strength modelling was based on analytical and finite element approaches. The analysis shows that the most considerable normal stress of “64.41 MPa” occurred at the two fixed end supports, while the most significant deflection of “45.9 mm” occurred at the mid-span of the purlin structure. The purlin structure was considered safe, as the strength and deflection were below the threshold. Thus, the Z profile of the pultruded purlin beams built using the GFRP composite material meets the technical criteria.
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Solairajan, A. Saravanapandi, S. Alexraj, P. Vijaya Rajan, and Godwin Jose. "Modelling and Analysis of Wear Prediction in Machining of Nano Based GFRP Composites Using RSM." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 20 (October 2015): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.20.3.
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Glass fiber reinforced composite material was fabricated using E-glass fiber with unsaturated polyester resin. In Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) composites, the matrix of polymer is reinforced with glass fibers. The surface quality and dimensional precision significantly affect the parts during their suitable life, particularly in cases where the components come in contact with other elements or materials. In the current study, GFRP is machined with two cases i.e. with and without Nano combinations in lathe. These machining studies were carried out on lathe using three different cutting tools: namely Carbide (K-20), Cubic Boron Nitrate (CBN) and Polycrystalline Diamond (PCD). The cutting parameters considered were cutting speed, feed, and depth of cut. Surface Finish is the most important parameter measured by main spindle and compares the value with another. A second order mathematical model in terms of cutting parameters was developed using RSM. The results specify the developed model is suitable for prediction of surface roughness in machining of GFRP composites.
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Dowbysz, Adriana, Mariola Samsonowicz, Bożena Kukfisz, and Piotr Koperniak. "Glass/Polyester Laminates Modified with L-Arginine Phosphate—Effects on the Flammability and Smoke Emission." Materials 18, no. 2 (January 10, 2025): 286. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18020286.
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Flammability and smoke generation of glass-fiber-reinforced polyester laminates (GFRPs) modified with L-arginine phosphate (ArgPA) have been investigated. The composition, structure, and thermal degradation processes of ArgPA were assessed by the elemental, FTIR, and thermogravimetric analyses. Flammability and smoke emission of GFRPs varying by different amounts (5–15 wt.%) of bio-based flame retardant (FR) prepared via hand lay-up method were assessed in terms of the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and smoke density tests. It was observed that the addition of ArgPA results in the formation of a charred layer with visible bubbles. The LOI of GFRP with 15 wt.% of ArgPA increased from 20.73 V/V % (non-modified GFRP) to 24.55 V/V %, and the material classification was improved from combustible to self-extinguishing. FRs usually increase the specific optical density of smoke, which was also observed for ArgPA-modified GFRPs. However, the specific optical density of smoke at the 4th minute of measurement (Ds(4)) obtained for ArgPA-modified GFRPs was lower than for GFRPs modified with commercially used APP. TG/FTIR studies of resin modified with ArgPA revealed the presence of phosphorus compounds and non-combustible gases in the decomposition products. Results demonstrate the potential of ArgPA as an effective, bio-based FR for the enhancement of GFRP fire safety.
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Klingler, Andreas, Liubov Sorochynska, and Bernd Wetzel. "Toughening of Glass Fiber Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Composites by Core-Shell Particles." Key Engineering Materials 742 (July 2017): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.742.74.
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This study focused on the examination of unsaturated polyester resin based continuous glass filament mat reinforced composites (GFRP) and the modification by core-shell rubber particles (CSR). The goal was to evaluate the effect of CSR toughening on processability, mechanical properties and impact strength as well as the interaction with inorganic color particles in the submicron range on the GFRP. The interlaminar fracture toughness GIc of the modified GFRP was improved by about 20% compared to the neat GFRP by using only 2 wt-% of the CSR modifier, while only marginally increasing the viscosity of the reactive mixture. The responsible mechanisms were found to be local shear yielding of the matrix and an improved fiber-matrix adhesion. The hybridization of inorganic color particles and CSR reduced the interlaminar fracture toughness of the laminate, which could be ascribed to the formation of pores due to the introduction of the oxide particles. However, the impact behavior of the GFRP was positively affected.
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Vázquez, J., A. Silvera, F. Arias, and E. Soria. "Fatigue properties of a glass-fibre-reinforced polyester material used in wind turbine blades." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 33, no. 3 (April 1, 1998): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0309324981512904.
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Glass-fibre-reinforced polyester (GFRP) is a composite commonly used in the manufacture of wind turbine blades. In the present work, one such material has been subject to static and dynamic tests in order to obtain data that can be applied to the design of wind turbine blades and other machine elements. The results of the static tests established a basis for the determination of a set of tension-tension (constant amplitude and sinusoidal load) dynamic tests with the aim of establishing a mathematical model in order to predict life as a function of the load state and calculate the fatigue limit. The multiplicative model (y = axb) for y = log of life and x = transformed stress (a and b are characteristic parameters of the material obtained from data) matches the data quite well. The conclusion is that the GFRP studied has no fatigue limit. The possible decrease of fatigue strength of the material with solar radiation and moisture absorption was also investigated, with a negative result.
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Izzuddin, Amir, and Ibrisam Akbar. "The Strength of GFRP Gratings under Accelerated Ageing Process." Advanced Materials Research 935 (May 2014): 180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.935.180.
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Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) gratings are normally made of two types of processes which are molded and pultruded. It consists of glass fiber and bonding matrixes of vinyl ester (VE), polyester (PE), or phenolic (PHE). The great improvement in strength to weight ratio compare to steel and high resistivity to corrosion makes GFRP grating preferable. However, the use of GFRP grating in offshore is scarce due to issues related to durability and the harsh environment Based on the observation, the accelerated ageing process affects the performance of GFRP gratings by reducing its strength in flexural static load test. Therefore; this study concentrates on the effect of accelerated ageing on GFRP grating. A total of 18 GFRP grating specimens which consist of 6 each of molded Vinyl Ester, molded Polyester and pultruded Phenolic. The entire specimens were aged by immersion in seawater at elevated temperature (60 °C) for the period of 2 month. The main parameters concerns in this study are 1) Max Load vs. Immersion Period, 2) Max Load vs. Deflection graph of results.
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Bhat, Ritesh, Nanjangud Mohan, Sathyashankara Sharma, and Suma Rao. "Influence of Seawater Absorption on the Hardness of Glass Fiber/Polyester Composite." Journal of Computers, Mechanical and Management 1, no. 1 (October 30, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.57159/gadl.jcmm.1.1.22003.
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In the marine industry, glass fibers are commonly used to reinforce polyesters for ship hulls, submarine components, and other marine structures. Isophthalic polyesters are a feasible alternative due to their superior mechanical qualities and added end-of-life scenarios compared to orthophthalic polyesters. However, like other fiber composite systems, glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites are also water sensitive. Here, GFRP composites of three different thicknesses are aged under three different immersion periods in seawater (20, 40 and 60 days). All samples are reconditioned and evaluated for hardness following aging. Significant emphasis is placed on the presence of calcium carbonate, over which increases in moisture content irrevocably reduce the composite’s hardness. Compared to untreated material, the hardness of 6, 8, and 10 mm composites decreased by 25.64, 10.92, and 4.63% after the 60-day aging period. This drop is mostly the result of microstructure evolution manifesting as an increase in porosity. Consequently, fiber deterioration, fiber cracks, and degradation of polymer-fiber bonding emerge in the composite, decreasing hardness.
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Sirajudeen, Rahima Shabeen, and Rajesh Sekar. "Buckling Analysis of Pultruded Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Angle Sections." Polymers 12, no. 11 (October 29, 2020): 2532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112532.
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Glass fiber reinforced polymers (GFRP), with their advantage of corrosion resistance, have potential to be used as structural members in civil engineering constructions. Pultruded GFRP angle section trusses could be used instead of steel sections in remote areas and in areas prone to corrosion. The objective of this paper is to study the strength of GFRP angle sections under concentric axial load. Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) made of E-glass and Isophthalic polyester resin and manufactured by pultrusion process was used for the experimental study. Two GFRP angle sections of size 50 × 50 × 6 mm and 50 × 50 × 4 mm and lengths 500 mm, 750 mm, and 1000 mm were chosen for the study. Further, finite experimental element analysis of the GFRP angle sections was done using ANSYS software and validated with the experimental results. The validated FE model was used for parametric studies varying the slenderness ratio and flange width to thickness ratio (b/t) ratio. It was observed that length of the specimen and thickness influenced the buckling load and buckling mode. An increase in b/t ratio from 8.3 to 12.5 decreases the load carrying capacity by almost 60% at a slenderness ratio of 50.
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Ibrahim, Sherif, Dimos Polyzois, and Sherif K. Hassan. "Development of glass fiber reinforced plastic poles for transmission and distribution lines." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 27, no. 5 (October 1, 2000): 850–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l99-089.
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An extensive research project is currently being carried out at The University of Manitoba, Canada, to develop lightweight glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) poles for use in transmission and distribution networks. In this paper, results from tests involving full-scale tapered GFRP poles with a hollow circular cross section subjected to cantilever bending are presented. The filament winding process was employed to produce the poles using polyester resin reinforced with E-glass fibers. Cantilever bending tests were conducted on twelve full-scale poles up to failure. Test parameters included fiber orientation and number of layers. Extensive theoretical work preceded the test program and a theoretical model was developed for evaluating the failure load. The results to date indicate that the developed theoretical model can predict quite well the ultimate capacity and behavior performance of GFRP poles. This theoretical model was used in this investigation to determine the optimum cross-sectional dimensions for 6.1 m (20 ft) and 18.3 m (60 ft) Class 1 GFRP poles.Key words: transmission and distribution poles, filament winding, fiber-reinforced plastics.
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Dhawan, Vikas, Sehijpal Singh, and Inderdeep Singh. "Effect of Natural Fillers on Mechanical Properties of GFRP Composites." Journal of Composites 2013 (July 8, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/792620.
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Fiber reinforced plastics (FRPs) have replaced conventional engineering materials in many areas, especially in the field of automobiles and household applications. With the increasing demand, various modifications are being incorporated in the conventional FRPs for specific applications in order to reduce costs and achieve the quality standards. The present research endeavor is an attempt to study the effect of natural fillers on the mechanical characteristics of FRPs. Rice husk, wheat husk, and coconut coir have been used as natural fillers in glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRPs). In order to study the effect of matrix on the properties of GFRPs, polyester and epoxy resins have been used. It has been found that natural fillers provide better results in polyester-based composites. Amongst the natural fillers, in general, the composites with coconut coir have better mechanical properties as compared to the other fillers in glass/epoxy composites.
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Saribiyik, Ali, and Guven Gurbuz. "Effects of glass fiber reinforced polymer pipe waste powder usage on concrete properties." Revista de la construcción 20, no. 3 (2021): 463–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/rdlc.20.3.463.
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In this study, the recycling of pipe waste powder in concrete has been experimentally investigated to reduce its harm to the environment and human health. Glass fiber reinforced polymer pipe waste powder (GFRP-WP) reveals during the production of additional coupling and bends of GFRP pipes produced for clean water and wastewater systems. GFRP-WP is composed of polyester resin, sand, and E-glass fiber. GFRP-WP was used as a partial replacement to fine aggregate in proportions of 0% 5%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% to the concrete mixture. The effect of GFRP-WP was examined on the physical and mechanical properties of concrete, such as compressive strength, workability, capillarity, and water absorption. According to the results, it was seen that GFRP-WP could be used as filler in concrete, and some positive and negative effects on concrete were also determined. GFRP-WP reduced the workability of concrete. Therefore, GFRP-WP impaired the properties of the concrete if certain mixing ratios were exceeded. It was determined that GFRP-WP could be used in concrete up to 15% by volume as a partial replacement for fine aggregate.
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Moorthy, S. Srinivasa, K. Manonmani, and M. Sankar Kumar. "Preparation and Characterization of TiO2 Particulate Filled Polyester Based Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite." Advanced Materials Research 984-985 (July 2014): 360–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.984-985.360.
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Polyester based glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites are widely used in marine and automotive industries because of its strength to weight ratio with lower price. In order to have the better properties of GFRP composites, the particulate filler material titanium oxide (TiO2) was added in unsaturated polyester resin with the fiber reinforcement by hand lay-up process. The fiber content was kept at 35 wt% constant with the fiber length of 5 cm. The particulate was varied with 2 wt. %, 4 wt. %, 6 wt. %, 8 wt. %, and 10 wt. %. Experiments were carried out to study the mechanical properties like tensile strength, impact strength, and Rockwell hardness. The chemical resistance analysis (CRA) was carried out by weight loss method. The mechanical properties of the hybrid reinforced composites were improved due to the fiber content with increased particulate content. The influence of the particulate content was more pronounced in the chemical resistance.
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Hanson Jimit, Roy, Kamarul Ariffin Zakaria, Omar Bapokutty, and Sivakumar Dhar Malingam. "Tensile and Fatigue Behaviour of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polyester Composites." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.17 (August 1, 2018): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.17.16615.
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This document contains the formatting information for the papers presented at the International conference on “4th International Conference on Recent Advances in Automotive Engineering & Mobility Research (ReCAR IV)”. The conference would be held at Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya during August 8-10, 2017. Fibreglass composites are one of the materials that can be used in manufacturing of the vehicles part due to their excellent lightweight properties. Composite structures may undergone the fatigue failure when subjected to a certain numbers of cyclic loading, which is normally occurs below the ultimate strength of material. However, there still lack of studies on the effect of fibre orientations on the fatigue strength of glass fibre reinforced composites (GFRC). Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine which orientation would have the highest fatigue strength. The fibre materials used in this study is unidirectional glass fibre with [0/90]°, [ ±45]° orientation and chopped strand mat (CSM). The composite is fabricated from glass fibre and polyester resin using a hand lay-up technique according to ASTM D3039 for tensile test and ASTM D3479 for fatigue test. The results were presented in the form of S-N curve. The results show that the mechanical properties and fatigue behavior were significantly affected by the fibre orientation of the GFRC
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Shi, Jian, Li Min Bao, and Kiyoshi Kemmochi. "Effect of Solvent on Adhesion Property of Glass Fiber Recycled by Superheated Steam." Advanced Materials Research 1125 (October 2015): 286–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1125.286.
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We developed a kind of technology to recycle FRP by superheated steam. In order to achieve the good adhesion between unsaturated polyester resin and recycled glass fiber on which there were some char impurities, a surface treatment should be carried out to remove them. After surface cleaning, the recycled glass fibers were remanufactured to glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) for adhesion test. It was carried out to evaluate the effects of solution and soaking time. Samples of treated, recycled and virgin fibers were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy to determine visual signs of residual char impurities. SEM picture showed char impurities would decrease after surface cleaning by ultrasonic cleaning machine. Although detergent can make work life more environmental friendly, SEM micrographs indicated that there were less residual char impurities on glass fiber which cleaned by acetone. Results of adhesion test showed that adhesion property of remanufactured GFRP can be preserved about 90% of that of virgin GFRP. The recycled glass fibers were able to be used as feedstock for remanufactured GFRP with high mechanical properties.
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Kaleg, Sunarto, Dody Ariawan, and Kuncoro Diharjo. "The Flexural Strength of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester Filled with Aluminum Tri-Hydroxide and Montmorillonite." Key Engineering Materials 772 (July 2018): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.772.28.
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Aluminum tri-hydroxide (ATH) and montmorillonite (MMT) are capable to enhance flame retardancy of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP). Nevertheless, the combination of both flame retardant fillers on changes in the mechanical properties of GFRP is not yet known. The characterization of flexural strength and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation on GFRP composite has been done. The result of flexural properties testing shows that the addition of ATH or MMT or a combination of both on the GFRP causes a decrease in flexural strength. GFRP with increased ATH loading causes an increase in elastic modulus. Contrarily, the MMT addition causes a decrease in the elastic modulus of the GFRP composite. SEM results on the fractured samples show that the high content of ATH or MMT in the UP tends to agglomerate thus showing visible holes that were formed from the filler particles pulled out from the matrix.
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Koçak, Gökhan, Ece Yapıcı, Aysun Özkan, Zerrin Günkaya, and Müfide Banar. "Recycling of composite waste by sequential application of multi-criteria decision-making, pyrolysis, and reproduction." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 41, no. 7-8 (October 20, 2021): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07316844211051745.
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This paper summarizes our work aimed at applying different methods sequentially in the evaluation of GFRP (glass fiber reinforced polyester) waste, which is a composite waste according to circular economy assumptions. For this aim, the management alternatives that are defined as mechanical recycling, chemical recycling, pyrolysis, and incineration methods are compared using the ANP (Analytic Network Process) and the VIKOR (Vise Kriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje) methods. To show the applicability of the pyrolysis, which was determined as the most appropriate method, experiments were carried out at different temperatures. After the general characterization of the products was conducted, the solid product was used to reproduce GFRP. After a tensile strength test of the GFRP, which was produced using fibers obtained from pyrolysis at 500°C, it was found that it had approximately 43.15% more tensile strength than polyester cast without fiber. Following a further oxidation step, the tensile strength increased by 61.50%. The liquid products have the potential to be used as fuel oil, and the gas product is sufficient to provide the energy requirements of a process plant. Pyrolysis proved to be a profoundly feasible method for not only recovering glass fiber, but also energy from GFRP waste.
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Azhaguvel, N., S. Charles, and M. Senthilkumar. "OPTIMIZATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF E-GLASS WOVEN FABRIC COMPOSITE." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 41, no. 3 (September 2017): 375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2017-1026.
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Manufacturing of composite material has been an extensive area of research as they have high strength-to-weight ratio that are equivalent or superior to many metallic materials. This paper describes the preparation of E-Glass (woven fabric) Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite (GFRP) with different fiber mat material, orientation and resin. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of the process parameters on the mechanical properties of GFRP composite using Taguchi experimental design in combination with Grey Relational Analysis (GRA). The conclusion revealed that fiber orientation and resin were the most influential factor on the mechanical properties, respectively. It is observed that the optimum properties were obtained at 400 fabric mat, polyester resin, 45°/–45°orientation.
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Zhou, G. "Effect of impact damage on residual compressive strength of glass-fibre reinforced polyester (GFRP) laminates." Composite Structures 35, no. 2 (June 1996): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-8223(96)00031-1.
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Sirimanna, Chamila Sampath, Weena Lokuge, Md Mainul Islam, and Thiru Aravinthan. "Compressive Strength Characterization of Polyester Based Fillers." Advanced Materials Research 410 (November 2011): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.410.32.
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This paper investigates the compressive properties of polyester based fillers with different proportions of resin, sand and fly ash. The research program aims at developing a polymer based filler for a glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) tube to be used as a structural rehabilitation system. It has been initiated to improve fundamental understanding of this material and to provide the knowledge required for its broad utilization. In this development, sample trial mixes were considered based on several weight percentages of polyester resin, fly ash and sand. These weight percentages were selected after analyzing volumetric properties of sand. The effect of resin (binder), sand and fly ash contents on the compressive strength of polyester based fillers with respect to age is reported. It has been found that at the age of 7 days all the batches reached about 90% of the compressive modulus. The experimental compressive stress-strain curves reported here were compared with established analytical models for normal strength concrete.
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Todoroki, Akira, Norihiko Hana, and Masahito Ueda. "Luminance Change Method for Cure Monitoring of GFRP." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 1316–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.1316.
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Resin transfer molding (RTM) process is getting popular for fabrications of complicated commercial products made from Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) at low cost. Cure monitoring is indispensable for RTM process. In the present study, polyester resin is adopted for matrix resin of the GFRP components. The polyester is usually adopted as matrix resin of the low-cost GFRP products. Existing methods for the cure monitoring are, however, expensive for the GFRP products. The polyester resin usually changes its optical property during curing. This enables us to monitor the degree of cure by means of measurements of luminance change of the transmitted light. Since the electrical circuit for measuring luminance change is not expensive, this system utilizes the luminance change for monitoring cure is not expensive system. In the present study, the sensing system employs a LED as a light source and plastic optical fibers as light paths. A photodiode is adopted as a light power sensor. This low-cost cure-monitoring system is applied to monitoring of degree of cure of polyester resin. Degree of cure is measured by means of commercially available dielectric sensors, and results are compared with the results of luminance change. The effectiveness of the method is confirmed experimentally here.
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Aoujdad, Khalid, Mounsif Ech-Cherif El-Kettani, Damien Leduc, and Pierre Marechal. "Determination of ageing indicators on glass-fiber polyester composite skins using Lamb guided waves." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2904, no. 1 (November 1, 2024): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2904/1/012007.
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Abstract This paper investigates the structural integrity of glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites used in offshore wind turbine blades. Samples of two thicknesses (4-plies and 6-plies) undergo accelerated ageing inside tanks full of seawater of salinity 28-30% heated at 40°C, whereas non-aged samples remain as a reference. Ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation (UNDE) using Lamb guided waves is applied to assess the behaviour of samples in those conditions based on ageing indicators investigation. The findings indicate a trend toward an increase in wavenumber and a decrease in phase velocity of Lamb waves modes for aged samples, which suggests a decrease in mechanical properties over time. Furthermore, this disparity becomes noticeably more evident with longer ageing times.
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Hasyim, Suryadarma, Nasaruddin Salam, Muhammad Saleh Pallu, and Farouk Maricar. "Study on the Manufacturing of Composite Materials Made from Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) in Indonesia for Use as Lining in Open Channels." Key Engineering Materials 959 (October 6, 2023): 207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-95wrea.
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This study explained the potential use of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite materials as an alternative lined material for irrigation channels in Indonesia. Currently, only four recommended materials are used as lining in irrigation channels in Indonesia, i.e., stone masonry, concrete, soil-cement, and ferrocement. Almost all lined material's main constituents are sourced from nature/environment. The exploitation of these mined materials will impact environmental destruction. This study focused on the manufacturing process of GFRP material, GFRP surface roughness testing, and the water flow characteristics in the hydraulic model experimental testing. The manufacturing process of GFRP material used polyester resin as the polymer matrix, E-glass type with a combination of woven roving mat covered by non-woven standard mat as the glass fiber reinforcement, and manufacturing process with a combination of hand lay-up and spray-up techniques. The GFRP material product has an average surface roughness coefficient value of Ra around 5.19 to 5.97 μm. The GFRP manufacturing has a good uniform product, as the average surface roughness coefficients of GFRP material have relatively the same values. It is shown that a factory in Indonesia has sufficient capacity to manufacture GFRP material for lining in open channels. The water flow characteristics in the flume were turbulent during testing in the hydraulic laboratory. The experimental study concluded that the GFRP composite materials could be implemented as preliminary references for alternative lined material in irrigation channels in Indonesia.
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Mzali, Slah, Fatma Elwasli, Ali Mkaddem, and Salah Mezlini. "A micromechanical scratch model to investigate wear mechanisms in UD-GFRP composites." Mechanics & Industry 19, no. 3 (2018): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/meca/2018011.
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This study suggests a micromechanical approach to scrutinize the glass fiber reinforced polyester (GFRP) composite tribological behavior. A single indenter scratch test (SST) using spherical tip conical indenter was adopted. The 3D finite element (FE) model was developed into ABAQUS/Explicit commercial code. Both material behavior and damage of polyester matrix and glass fiber was modeled using the Johnson Cook behavior law. Nevertheless, the fiber/matrix interface behavior is described using the cohesive zone approach via the cohesive elements. The elementary wear mechanisms owing to the SST were appraised at different attack angle and normal load by the mean of scanning electron microscope (SEM). In this work, the material removal map was built to emphasize the correlation between the tribological parameters, particularly the attack angle and the normal load, and the material removal process. The numerical results emphasized the significant effects of the attack angle and the penetration depth on the transition of the wear mechanisms from ploughing to composite damage. The experimental wear mechanisms and the predicted elementary wear mechanisms seem to be in a good agreement.
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Ahmad, M. R. Abdullah, and Ab Saman Abd Kadir. "Effect of the Gel Coat Composition on the Tensile Strength for Glass Fibre Reinforced Polyester Composites." Advanced Materials Research 1125 (October 2015): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1125.79.
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In this study, the effect of the gel coat composition on tensile strength of glass fibre reinforced polyester (GFRP) composites was evaluated. The experiments were conducted on various gel coat composition and time. Samples were immersed in sea and river water for 6 months to investigate the differences in tensile strength. Optical observation using SEM on the composites surface and comparative analysis in terms of tensile strength were used before and after immersing. As results, the most excellent tensile strength was the gel coat composition consisting of 0.3 kg of reolosil QS-102 with 10 kg of resin SHCP 268BQTN with a value of 51.9 MPa. Tensile strength reduced about 33.4 % compared to other sample where reduced to 46.3401 %. The difference in the composite surface as a result of immersion process on each sample was also discussed in this paper.
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Lanivschi, Cristina E., and Emanuela Decher. "Wood Glass-Fiber Reinforced Polyester (GFRP) Hybrid Cross-Section Used to Improve the Structural Behavior of Timber Beams." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 575–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.575.
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Composite systems used for increasing the load bearing capacity of timber structural elements are of special interest for engineers, basically because of their beneficial weight/strength ratio. By creating a hybrid cross section composed of wood and interposed GFRP lamellae, the improvement of wood limited elastic properties may be achieved, considering the compatibility between composite materials matrix, thermosetting unsaturated polyester resin, and wood. The main objective of the paper is to carry out an experimental study on the technical solution represented by associating these two materials with similar structures, both pertaining to the class of composites reinforced with long fibres and bonded, for the case of wood by lignin and hemicelluloses and for the case of GFRP by unsaturated polyester resin. The experimental program consists in performing the bending test of timber beam type structural elements, considering two types of cross-sections, the first being composed by joining three timber boards of 25x100x1900 mm by aid of screws and the second, with wood/GFRP hybrid cross-section, having the same number of timber boards as specified above joined together by two 3...5x100x1900 mm GFRP interposed lamellae. Determination of some physical and mechanical properties, in the laboratories of Faculty of Civil Engineering and Building Services, Iasi, Romania and the obtained results are comparatively presented for the two types of tested beams, the final step of the paper consisting in optimizing the technology involved for execution of the hybrid structural element.
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Shankarachary, Bairoju, N. Sateesh, Lavu Gopinath, and Siripuram Aparna. "Effect of permeability on GFRP laminate produced by VARTM process." E3S Web of Conferences 184 (2020): 01029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018401029.
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Vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) is one of the manufacturing technique that is viable for production of fiber reinforced polymer composite components suitable for aerospace, marine and commercial applications. However the repeatable quality of the product can be achieved by critically fixing the process parameters such as Vacuum Pressure (VP) and permeability of the preform. The present investigation is aimed at studying the effect of permeability for production of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester (GFRP) components with consistent quality. The VARTM mould is made with an acrylic transparent top cover to observe and record the resin flow pattern. Six layers of randomly placed glass fiber under five different vacuum pressures VP1 = 0.013, VP2 = 0.026, VP3 = 0.039, VP4 = 0.053 and VP5 = 0.066 MPa were studied. The laminates produced by this process under the above mentioned conditions were characterized with ASTM D procedures so as to study the effect of these process parameters on the quality of the laminate. And as mentioned there is a considerable effect of permeability on the impact strength and the void content in the laminates under different vacuum pressures. SEM analysis of the impact tested fractured GFRP composites showed the bonding of fiber and matrix.
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de Araújo Moura, Ruan Carlos, Paulo Roberto Lopes Lima, and Daniel Véras Ribeiro. "Effect of Temperature on Mechanical Behavior of Concrete Reinforced with Different Types of GFRP Bar." Polymers 14, no. 17 (August 23, 2022): 3437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14173437.
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Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars have been increasingly used as reinforcement in concrete structures. However, when the bars are exposed to high temperatures, there is a change in the internal structure of the polymer which affects the tensile strength of the matrix and its adhesion with the fibers, reducing the mechanical strength of the bar. In addition, with increasing temperature, the bar-concrete interface is also damaged by the decomposition of hydration products from the cement paste and the loss of surface adhesion. The intensity of these changes is associated with the type of resin used as a matrix since each polymer has its own molecular structure that provides a greater or lesser ability to resist the changes imposed by temperature. The present study evaluates the mechanical behavior of reinforced concrete containing different types of GFRP bars and subjected to temperatures of 150 °C, 300 °C, and 350 °C. The GFRP bars with three types of matrices (polyester, vinyl ester, or epoxy) were mechanically evaluated under tension in two conditions: isolated and inserted into reinforced concrete specimens with a thickness of 20 mm, using two types of concrete (with and without silica fume). Degradation mechanisms at the bar/concrete interface were evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and bond techniques. The results showed that the type of matrix has a significant influence on the tensile behavior of GFRP bars, with the epoxy matrix showing the best performance, followed by bars with vinyl ester and polyester matrix resins. The use of silica fume improved the performance of the concrete coating and, consequently, improved the protection of GFRP bars, hindering the diffusion of oxygen and heat; bar/concrete adhesion was compromised by thermal degradation of GFRP bar ribs.
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Ndukwe, Christopher O., Benjamin O. Ezurike, and Paul C. Okpala. "Comparative studies of experimental and numerical evaluation of tensile properties of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polyester (GFRP) matrix." Heliyon 7, no. 5 (May 2021): e06887. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06887.
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Kaleg, Sunarto, Alexander Christantho Budiman, Abdul Hapid, Amin, Aam Muharam, Sudirja, Dody Ariawan, and Kuncoro Diharjo. "Evaluations of Aluminum Tri-Hydroxide and Pristine Montmorillonite in Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer for Vehicle Components." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 19, no. 1 (March 24, 2022): 9379–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.19.1.2022.02.0721.
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One of the safety requirements for the vehicle components is in terms of the flammability factor. Generally, the polymer material used for vehicle components is Unsaturated Polyester (UP). Unfortunately, this material is highly flammable. The addition of Aluminum Tri-Hydroxide (ATH) to UP is known to improve its flame retardancy, but its material strength is compromised. Moreover, the use of pristine Montmorillonite (MMT) rather than the commonly used organomodified MMT as a mixture to the ATH results in different material characteristics that could potentially minimise such a reduction of material strength. This manuscript discusses the combination of ATH and MMT in Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) composites, specifically in terms of mechanical properties and flame retardancy. The increase of ATH content to UP decreases the flexural strength of GFRP, ranging from 34.3% to 63.4% lower than the neat GFRP. A slight increase of flexural strength is found in samples with ATH and MMT combinations (CA45M15), indicating that the addition of MMT does not dramatically change the flexural strength of GFRP. However, the addition of filler ATH, MMT, or a combination of both could increase the flame retardancy of GFRP. The addition of ATH leads to a slight increase of the UP initial temperature of decomposition, while the addition of MMT shows almost no notable differences. The flammability test shows that the additions of ATH, MMT or their combinations tend to decrease the rate of linear burning. Therefore, it can be concluded that the ATH and MMT could effectively improve the flame retardancy of GFRP.
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Palanivel, S., and M. Sekar. "Flexural and Plastic Hinge Behaviour of GFRP Confined FRC Beams." Advanced Materials Research 838-841 (November 2013): 448–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.838-841.448.
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In this investigation, it was planned to study the flexural and plastic hinge behaviour of reinforced concrete beams confined with GFRP wraps and polyolefin fiber addition in critical regions (plastic hinge zone) along with stirrup confinement. The variables are the number of layers and chopped/woven type of wrapping, which controls the behaviour of the GFRP, and the percentage of polyolefin addition. The programme consisted of casting and testing 20 rectangular reinforced concrete beams of the size of 150 mm × 230 mm × 2000 mm, under a symmetrical two point loading. During the casting of the beams, the middle one third 600mm of the beams were cast with polyolefin fibers concrete, of volume fractions 0.3%, 0.5%,0.7%,0.9% and 1.2%. After the curing of the beams, glass fiber mats along with polyester resin were wrapped over the beams in the plastic hinge zone (critical zone) for 600 mm length; i.e., 300 mm from the centre on each side. Polyolefin fiber addition to the lateral tie and GFRP confined beams has the advantage over the confinement by the lateral ties and FRP wrap in improving the performance under large deformations.
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Atakok, Gurcan, and Dudu Mertgenc Yoldas. "Comparison of GFRP (Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer) and CFRP (Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer) Composite Adhesive-Bonded Single-Lap Joints Used in Marine Environments." Sustainability 16, no. 24 (December 18, 2024): 11105. https://doi.org/10.3390/su162411105.
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Macroscopic structures consisting of two or more materials are called composites. The decreasing reserves of the world’s oil reserve and the environmental pollution of existing energy and production resources made the use of recycling methods inevitable. There are mechanical, thermal, and chemical recycling methods for the recycling of thermosets among composite materials. The recycling of thermoset composite materials economically saves resources and energy in the production of reinforcement and matrix materials. Due to the superior properties such as hardness, strength, lightness, corrosion resistance, design width, and the flexibility of epoxy/vinylester/polyester fibre formation composite materials combined with thermoset resin at the macro level, environmentally friendly sustainable development is happening with the increasing use of composite materials in many fields such as the maritime sector, space technology, wind energy, the manufacturing of medical devices, robot technology, the chemical industry, electrical electronic technology, the construction and building sector, the automotive sector, the defence industry, the aviation sector, the food and agriculture sector, and sports equipment manufacturing. Bonded joint studies in composite materials have generally been investigated at the level of a single composite material and single joint. The uncertainty of the long-term effects of different composite materials and environmental factors in single-lap bonded joints is an important obstacle in applications. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of single-lap bonded GFRP (glass fibre-reinforced polymer) and CFRP (carbon fibre-reinforced polymer) specimens on the material at the end of seawater exposure. In this study, 0/90 orientation twill weave seven-ply GFRP and eight-ply CFRP composite materials were used in dry conditions (without seawater soaking) and the hand lay-up method. Seawater was taken from the Aegean Sea, İzmir province (Selçuk/Pamucak), in September at 23.5 °C. This seawater was kept in different containers in seawater for 1 month (30 days), 2 months (60 days), and 3 months (90 days) separately for GFRP and CFRP composite samples. They were cut according to ASTM D5868-01 for single-lap joint connections. Moisture retention percentages and axial impact tests were performed. Three-point bending tests were then performed according to ASTM D790. Damage to the material was examined with a ZEISS GEMINESEM 560 scanning electron microscope (SEM). The SEM was used to observe the interface properties and microstructure of the fracture surfaces of the composite samples by scanning images with a focused electron beam. Damage analysis imaging was performed on CFRP and GFRP specimens after sputtering with a gold compound. Moisture retention rates (%), axial impact tests, and three-point bending test specimens were kept in seawater with a seawater salinity of 3.3–3.7% and a seawater temperature of 23.5 °C for 1, 2, and 3 months. Moisture retention rates (%) are 0.66%, 3.43%, and 4.16% for GFRP single-lap bonded joints in a dry environment and joints kept for 1, 2, and 3 months, respectively. In CFRP single-lap bonded joints, it is 0.57%, 0.86%, and 0.87%, respectively. As a result of axial impact tests, under a 30 J impact energy level, the fracture toughness of GFRP single-lap bonded joints kept in a dry environment and seawater for 1, 2, and 3 months are 4.6%, 9.1%, 14.7%, and 11.23%, respectively. At the 30 J impact energy level, the fracture toughness values of CFRP single-lap bonded joints in a dry environment and in seawater for 1, 2, and 3 months were 4.2%, 5.3%, 6.4%, and 6.1%, respectively. As a result of three-point bending tests, GFRP single-lap joints showed a 5.94%, 8.90%, and 12.98% decrease in Young’s modulus compared to dry joints kept in seawater for 1, 2, and 3 months, respectively. CFRP single-lap joints showed that Young’s modulus decreased by 1.28%, 3.39%, and 3.74% compared to dry joints kept in seawater for 1, 2, and 3 months, respectively. Comparing the GFRP and CFRP specimens formed by a single-lap bonded connection, the moisture retention percentages of GFRP specimens and the amount of energy absorbed in axial impact tests increased with the soaking time in seawater, while Young’s modulus was less in three-point bending tests, indicating that CFRP specimens have better mechanical properties.
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Lazuardy, M. Fajar, and Muhammad Fakhruddin. "Comparative Analysis of the Size of Glass Fiber Woven Roving based on a Polyester Matrix on the Impact Strength of Composite Materials." Mekanika: Majalah Ilmiah Mekanika 23, no. 1 (March 29, 2024): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/mekanika.v23i1.76695.
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<span lang="EN-GB">Laminated Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) composites are widely used in various industries, such as boat building, car bodies, water tanks and pipelines, which in their use sometimes have the potential to be exposed to impact loads, especially in transportation equipment. Therefore, it is necessary to perform an impact test to determine the toughness value of a composite material against impact loads. This study aims to investigate the characteristics of fibreglass Woven Roving (WR)/polyester composites produced by the compression moulding process to determine the toughness of the composite material concerning changes in weave size. This research uses variations of glass fibre woven roving in sizes of 200 gsm, 400 gsm, 600 gsm. The impact test was conducted following the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) D6110-10. The impact test result showed that the lowest impact strength is found in a composite with a woven size of 200 gsm, which is 0.145 J/mm<sup>2</sup>, and the highest impact strength is found in composite with a woven size of 600 gsm, which is 0.280 J/mm<sup>2</sup>. </span>
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Bouchelaghem, Hafida, Abderrezak Bezazi, Messaouada Boumaaza, Naziha Benzannache, and Fabrizio Scarpa. "Behaviour of reinforced columns with E_Glass fiber and carbon fiber." Journal of Building Materials and Structures 4, no. 2 (February 19, 2018): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.34118/jbms.v4i2.33.
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Externally bonded reinforcement using Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) is a good response to the concern represented by the need for rehabilitation of concrete structures. These techniques are more and more attractive because of their fast and low labour costs, very good strength to weight ratio, good fatigue properties, and non-corrosive characteristics of FRP. The present work is an experimental study investigating the mechanical behaviour under a uni-axial loading of short concrete columns reinforced by composite materials. These are constituted of glass fibers GFRP (bidirectional fabric of two surface densities 500 and 300 g/m2), carbon CFRP (unidirectional sheet of density per unit area of 230 g/m2) and polyester and epoxy resin respectively. The investigation aims at demonstrating the effectiveness of FRP reinforcement through highlighting the effect of thickness (FRP number of folds), the nature of the reinforcement (glass, carbon or Hybrid), and the orientation of the fibers. The axial lengths shortening along with the radial expansion are measured using the strain gauges glued to the outer surfaces of the composite jacket via a Wheatstone bridge. These measurements are saved to a PC through an acquisition card. The results obtained clearly show that the columns reinforced with CFRP folds allow an important increase in the compressive rupture stress in comparison with those reinforced with GFRP folds. The gains in compressive strength, in axial and in radial strains of the confined concrete with the different FRPs used are identified and quantified. It has further been demonstrated that the tested columns mechanisms depend strongly on the type of fiber reinforcements.
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MacDonnell, Lauren, and Pedram Sadeghian. "Experimental and analytical behaviour of sandwich composites with glass fiber-reinforced polymer facings and layered fiber mat cores." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 30 (July 6, 2020): 4875–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320939625.
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This paper presents the results of experimental and analytical studies on the behaviour of sandwich beams fabricated with layered cores and glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite facings. The GFRP facings were fabricated using a unidirectional fiberglass fabric and epoxy resin, and the cores were fabricated using a thin non-woven continuous-strand polyester fiber mat with a thickness of 4.1 mm. A total of 30 sandwich beams with the width of 50 mm were prepared tested with five varying core configurations including cores made with one, two, or three layers of the fiber mat core and with or without the inclusion of intermediate GFRP layers. The specimens were tested up to failure under four-point bending at two different spans to characterize flexural and shear properties of the specimens. Two types of failure were observed, namely crushing of the compression facesheet and core shear. The load-deflection, load-strain, and moment-curvature behaviour were analyzed and using the results the flexural stiffness, shear stiffness, and core shear modulus were calculated. An analytical model was also developed to predict load-deflection behaviour and failure loading of sandwich specimens with varying core layouts. After verification, the analytical model was used for a parametric study of cases not considered in the experimental study, including additional GFRP and fiber mat core layers. It was shown that additional fiber mat core layers and the inclusion of intermediate GFRP layers can increase the strength and overall stiffness of a sandwich beam, while additional GFRP layers can only increase the overall stiffness of the system. The analytical model can be used to optimize the configuration of layered sandwich composites for cost effective rehabilitation techniques of culverts, pipelines, and other curved-shape structures where a thin, flexible core is needed to accommodate the curvature of the existing structure.
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Polasik, Robert, Adam Troszyński, Bartosz Nowinka, and Serhii Matiukh. "Diagnosing of the Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Material High Performance Drilling Process State." MATEC Web of Conferences 375 (2023): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202337501003.
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The article presents the results of works on the analysis of using cutting forces and torque measurements to determine the state of dry fiberglass matrix polyester resin composite high performance drilling process. The research and analyzes were carried out for the different states of tool state and the process state itself. GFRP - Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer was used to perform the experiment. As a result of the conducted analyzes, it was determined that booth the forces and torque generated in drilling process can constitute a good diagnostic signal, on the basis of which it is possible to conclude about the state of the process and tool.
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Okolnikova, Galina E., Svetlana B. Strashnova, Sikhanyisiwe Mercy Mabhena, and Stanislav V. Strashnov. "Reinforcement of columns using different composite materials." Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings 19, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 322–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/1815-5235-2023-19-3-322-328.
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The adoption in construction of composite materials made by combining two or more materials to produce a material with improved properties over the separate components has been steadily increasing over the past decades. In the past few years there have been advances in composite manufacturing technology, increased demand for sustainable and eco-friendly building materials, and the need for materials that are lightweight and easy for transportation. For these reason, architects and civil engineers incorporate composites into structural elements to achieve these desired goals and optimize the cost of construction. One of the most common composite materials that was introduced to the industry is fiber reinforced polymer (FRP), produced by combining fibers (carbon, glass, or aramid) with a polymer matrix (epoxy or polyester). FRP materials are lightweight, durable and corrosion resistant, which makes them ideal for use in a wide range of construction applications. This study aims to propose a comparison between four different methods as a viable solution to strengthen and reinforce column structures. The structural behavior of three different composite materials was investigated. One traditional concrete-steel column was tested in the experiment for comparison. The other three columns were reinforced using carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP), glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) and stainless steel respectively. The obtained experimental results were analyzed, and comparison of three different systems of reinforcement for strengthening columns with composite materials was performed.
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Vinu Kumar, S. M., V. Hariprasad, and K. L. Senthil kumar. "Influence of Water Ageing on Mechanical Performance of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester (GFRP) nanocomposites." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 764 (March 7, 2020): 012044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/764/1/012044.
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Condruz, Mihaela Raluca, Alexandru Paraschiv, Andreea Deutschlander, and Ionel Mîndru. "Assessment of GFRP Mechanical Properties in Order to Determinate Suitability for UAV Components." Key Engineering Materials 834 (March 2020): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.834.57.
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Mechanical properties of several composite materials were assessed in order to establish their suitability for unmanned aerial vehicle components manufacturing. The materials under evaluation consisted in E-glass fiber (satin/twill weave) impregnated with polyester, respective epoxy resin. The study was focused on two mechanical tests: low-velocity impact and tensile tests. Based on the results obtained, it was observed that configurations reinforced with twill weave presented higher tensile strength compared with satin reinforced configurations. Moreover, they presented a lower damage degree in case of impact tests. It was concluded that fabric quality has a considerable influence on the impregnation process and on the composite material mechanical properties. In the present case, the twill weave impregnated with epoxy resin can be used to manufacture small range UAV components.
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Kubit, Andrzej, Tomáš Katrňák, and Tomasz Pytlowany. "Influence of the Type of Adhesive on the Properties of the GFRP Composite Adhesive Joint, Determined on the Basis of the Static T-Peel Test." Advances in Materials Science 21, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/adms-2021-0018.
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Abstract The article presents the results of experimental studies determining the influence of the type of adhesive on the static strength properties of the Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) composite joint determined on the basis of the T-peel test. As part of the static tests on peeling joints, a comparison of peak load and stiffness for individual joints was made. The fracture surfaces were also analyzed, showing various failure mechanisms. It was shown that the variant of joints made with the Enguard BP72A polyester adhesive was characterized by the highest strength properties with a mean peak load of 836.73 N.