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Journal articles on the topic 'Glass-ceramic sealant'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 14 March 2023

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1

Gunawan, Sulistyo, and Iwan Setyawan. "Progress in Glass-Ceramic Seal for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 82, no. 1 (April 11, 2021): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.82.1.3950.

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Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have emerged as promising energy conversion devices nowadays. SOFC consists of several components such as cathode, anode, electrolyte, interconnects, and sealing materials. In planar SOFC stack construction, the sealant and interconnection functions play an important role. Glass and ceramics are quite popularly used as SOFC sealing materials to achieve several functions including preventing leakage of fuel and oxidants in the stack and electrically isolating cells in the stack. In this review, material preparation, material composition, ceramic properties especially thermal properties are compared from various systems that have been developed previously. The main challenges and complexities in the functional part of SOFC sealants include: (i) chemical incompatibility and instability in the oxidizing and reducing environment by adjusting the value of the thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) with the interconnecting material during SOFC operation, and (ii) insulation of oxidizing fuels and gases by matching CTE anode and cathode. Also, the sealant glass transition determines the maximum permissible working temperature of the SOFC. The choice of method and analysis will provide data on various ceramic attributes. The search for thermal attributes consisting of Glass transition (Tg), Deformation temp (Td), Crystallization temp (Tx), Melting pt (Tm) became a focus on SOFC sealant development.

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2

Lawita, Pornchanok, Apirat Theerapapvisetpong, and Sirithan Jiemsirilers. "Effect of Bi₂O₃ on Thermal Properties of Barium-Free Glass-Ceramic Sealants in the CaO-MgO-B₂O₃-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ System." Key Engineering Materials 659 (August 2015): 180–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.659.180.

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Barium-free glass-ceramic sealants for the planar solid oxide fuel cell (pSOFC) have attracted considerable attention to avoid the crystallization of the high coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) BaCrO4; reaction product at the interface between barium-containing glass-ceramic sealants and Crofer22 APU interconnect, which decreases the long-term mechanical stability of the sealant. In this study, Barium-free glass-ceramic sealants in the CaO-MgO-B2O3-Al2O3-SiO2 system with varying amounts of Bi2O3 from 0 to 10 wt. % were prepared by conventional melting and their thermal properties were investigated. The glass transition temperature (Tg), dilatometric softening temperature, and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) were determined by a dilatometer. The Tg, onset of crystallization (Tx) and crystallization temperature (Tc) were obtained from DTA. Results of phase analysis by X–ray diffraction of glasses after thermal treatment at 900 oC for 2 h indicated that the major phase of all glasses was diopside (MgCaSi2O6) and minor phases were åkermanite (Ca2MgSi2O7) and forsterite (Mg2SiO4). The Tg of the fabricated glasses tended to decrease with increasing Bi2O3 content while the CTE of glasses increased after the thermal treatment and was in the range of requirement for SOFC sealant.

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3

Javed, Hassan, Antonio Gianfranco Sabato, Mohsen Mansourkiaei, Domenico Ferrero, Massimo Santarelli, Kai Herbrig, Christian Walter, and Federico Smeacetto. "Glass-Ceramic Sealants for SOEC: Thermal Characterization and Electrical Resistivity in Dual Atmosphere." Energies 13, no. 14 (July 17, 2020): 3682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143682.

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A Ba-based glass-ceramic sealant is designed and tested for solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) applications. A suitable SiO2/BaO ratio is chosen in order to obtain BaSi2O5 crystalline phase and subsequently favorable thermo-mechanical properties of the glass-ceramic sealant. The glass is analyzed in terms of thermal, thermo-mechanical, chemical, and electrical behavior. Crofer22APU-sealant-Crofer22APU joined samples are tested for 2000 h at 850 °C in a dual atmosphere test rig having reducing atmosphere of H2:H2O 50/50 (mol%) and under the applied voltage of 1.6 V. In order to simulate the SOEC dynamic working conditions, thermal cycles are performed during the long-term electrical resistivity test. The glass-ceramic shows promising behavior in terms of high density, suitable CTE, and stable electrical resistivity (106–107 Ω cm) under SOEC conditions. The SEM-EDS post mortem analysis confirms excellent chemical and thermo-mechanical compatibility of the glass-ceramic with Crofer22APU.

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4

Kingnoi, Namthip, Jiratchaya Ayawanna, and Nattapol Laorodphan. "Barium (Zinc) Borosilicate Sealing Glass and Joining Interface with YSZ Electrolyte and Crofer22APU Interconnect in SOFCs." Solid State Phenomena 283 (September 2018): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.283.72.

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This work describes the performance of two glass-ceramic compositions, BaO-SiO2-B2O3 (Barium borosilicate glass: BaBS) and BaO-ZnO-SiO2-B2O3 (Barium zinc borosilicate glass: BaBS−Zn), used for joining YSZ ceramic electrolytes and Crofer22APU metallic interconnects in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) working at 800°C for 50 h. ZnO had a negative effect on the thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) value of the BaBS-Zn glass-ceramic. XRD and SEM results revealed the formation of rod-shaped barium zinc silicate crystalline phases in the BaBS-Zn glass, which was accompanied by cracks and poor adherence at the YSZ/BaBS-Zn joint interface after working at 800°C for 50 h. The formation of cracks parallel to the interface between the Crofer22APU interconnect and the BaBS-Zn glass-ceramic sealant was observed due to the severe TEC mismatch. The BaBS glass–ceramic adhered well to the YSZ electrolyte as well as the pre-oxidized Crofer22APU without cracks. Chromium oxide scale developed between the pre-oxidized Crofer22APU/BaBS glass-ceramic joint interface with increasing the pre-oxidation temperature. This study shows that BaBS glass-ceramic is more effective than BaBS-Zn as a sealant for joining YSZ electrolytes and Crofer22APU metallic interconnects in SOFCs working at 800°C for 50 h.

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5

Ley, K. L., M. Krumpelt, R. Kumar, J. H. Meiser, and I. Bloom. "Glass-ceramic sealants for solid oxide fuel cells: Part I. Physical properties." Journal of Materials Research 11, no. 6 (June 1996): 1489–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1996.0185.

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A family of sealant materials has been developed for use in the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and in other applications in the temperature range of 800–1000 °C. These materials are based on glasses and glass-ceramics in the SrO–La2O3–Al2O3–B2O3–SiO2 system. The coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) for these materials are in the range of 8–13 × 10−6/°C, a good match with those of the SOFC components. These sealant materials bond well with the ceramics of the SOFC and, more importantly, form bonds that can be thermally cycled without failure. At the fuel cell operating temperature, the sealants have viscosities in the range of 104–106 Pa-s, which allow them to tolerate a CTE mismatch of about 20% among the bonded substrates. The gas tightness of a sample seal was demonstrated in a simple zirconia-based oxygen concentration cell.

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6

Haanappel, V. A. C., P. Batfalsky, S. M. Gross, L. G. J. de Haart, J. Malzbender, N. H. Menzler, V. Shemet, R. W. Steinbrech, and I. C. Vinke. "A Comparative Study Between Resistance Measurements in Model Experiments and Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack Performance Tests." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 4, no. 1 (February 28, 2006): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2393301.

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Several combinations of glass-ceramic and steel compositions with excellent chemical and physical properties have been tested in the past in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stacks, but there have also been some combinations exhibiting pronounced chemical interactions causing severe stack degradation. Parallel to the examination of these degradation and short-circuiting phenomena in stack tests, recently less complex model experiments have been developed to study the interaction of glass-ceramic sealants and interconnect steels. The sealants and steels were tested in the model experiments at operation temperature using a dual air/hydrogen atmosphere similar to stack conditions. The present work compares electrochemical performance under constant current load of SOFC stack tests with the resistance changes in model experiments. In addition, microstructural results of post-operation inspection of various sealant–steel combinations are presented. The model experiments have shown that under the chosen experimental conditions, distinct changes of the specific resistance of the specimens correlate well with the changes of the electrochemical performance of SOFC stacks, indicating that this method can be considered as an excellent comparative method to provide useful information on the physical and chemical interactions between glass-ceramic sealants and ferritic steels.

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7

Gross, Sonja M., Thomas Koppitz, Josef Remmel, Jean-Bernard Bouche, and Uwe Reisgen. "Joining properties of a composite glass-ceramic sealant." Fuel Cells Bulletin 2006, no. 9 (September 2006): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1464-2859(06)71320-7.

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8

Smeacetto, Federico, Auristela De Miranda, Andreas Chrysanthou, Enrico Bernardo, Michele Secco, Massimiliano Bindi, Milena Salvo, Antonio G. Sabato, and Monica Ferraris. "Novel Glass-Ceramic Composition as Sealant for SOFCs." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 97, no. 12 (September 11, 2014): 3835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jace.13219.

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9

Laorodphan, Nattapol, and Jiratchaya Ayawanna. "BaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-B₂O₃ Glass-Ceramic SOFCs Sealant: Effect of ZnO Additive." Key Engineering Materials 751 (August 2017): 455–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.751.455.

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The crystallization of planar solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) sealant glasses in the systems BaO-Al2O3-SiO2-B2O3 (BaBS) and BaO-Al2O3-SiO2-B2O3-ZnO (BaBS-Zn) was investigated via both X-ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy. The effect of nucleation heat-treatment of the BaBS glass at different temperature for 5 hours, i.e. 550 and 590 °C, on the crystallization behavior was also studied. Thermal expansion profiles of the glasses indicate that both glasses have a low sealing temperature. XRD patterns of all BaBS glass-ceramics, devitrified at 800 °C for 30 hours, show that Ba2Si3O8, BaAl2Si2O8, Ba3B2O6 and some unknown crystalline phases were found. It was also found that crystalline size of unknown barium aluminosilicate with low silicon content depends on the nucleation heat-treatment temperature. For the ZnO-containing glass, ZnO reduces the coefficient of thermal expansion value of glass and causes the devitrification of large needle-like barium zinc silicate phases. The crack at the YSZ/BaBS-Zn glass-ceramic interface was also observed. Two barium silicate phases, which are BaZnSiO4 and BaZn2Si2O7 were devitrified in ZnO-containing glass-ceramic.

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10

Sohn, Sung-Bum, Se-Young Choi, Gyeung-Ho Kim, Hue-Sup Song, and Goo-Dae Kim. "Suitable Glass-Ceramic Sealant for Planar Solid-Oxide Fuel Cells." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 87, no. 2 (February 2004): 254–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.00254.x.

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11

Reddy, Allu Amarnath, Neda Eghtesadi, Dilshat U. Tulyaganov, Maria J. Pascual, Luis F. Santos, Surendran Rajesh, Fernando M. B. Marques, and José M. F. Ferreira. "Bi-layer glass-ceramic sealant for solid oxide fuel cells." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 34, no. 5 (May 2014): 1449–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2013.11.012.

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12

Javed, Hassan, Elisa Zanchi, Fabiana D’Isanto, Chiara Bert, Domenico Ferrero, Massimo Santarelli, and Federico Smeacetto. "Novel SrO-Containing Glass-Ceramic Sealants for Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOEC): Their Design and Characterization under Relevant Conditions." Materials 15, no. 17 (August 23, 2022): 5805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15175805.

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This study presents results on the development of strontium oxide (SrO) containing glass sealants used to join Crofer22APU to yttria-stabilized zirconia (3YSZ), in which the main glass components, that is, silicon oxide (SiO2), strontium oxide (SrO), calcium oxide (CaO) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3), have been varied appropriately. Certain properties, such as the crystallization behavior, the coefficient of thermal expansion, adhesion, and reactivity of the sealants in contact with Crofer22APU, have been reviewed and discussed. The optimized glass composition (with CTE in the 9.8–10.3 × 10−6 K−1 range) results in a good joining behavior by hindering the formation of undesirable strontium chromate (SrCrO4) on contact with the Crofer22APU steel after 1000 h. at 850 °C. High specific resistivity values of about 106 Ohm.cm have been obtained, thus demonstrating good insulating properties at 850 °C under an applied voltage of 1.6 V. A negligible degradation in the electrical resistivity trend was measured during the test up to 1000 h, thus excluding the presence of detrimental reactions of the glass-ceramic sealant in contact with Crofer22APU under a dual atmosphere, as confirmed using SEM-EDS post-mortem analyses.

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13

Sharif, Ahmed, Chee Lip Gan, and Zhong Chen. "Customized glass sealant for ceramic substrates for high temperature electronic application." Microelectronics Reliability 54, no. 12 (December 2014): 2905–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2014.07.005.

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14

Sabato, A. G., M. Salvo, A. De Miranda,, and F. Smeacetto. "Crystallization behaviour of glass-ceramic sealant for solid oxide fuel cells." Materials Letters 141 (February 2015): 284–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2014.11.128.

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15

Silveira, R. E., R. G. Vivanco, R. C. de Morais, G. Da Col dos Santos Pinto, and F. de C. P. Pires-de-Souza. "Bioactive glass ceramic can improve the bond strength of sealant/enamel?" European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry 20, no. 4 (March 22, 2019): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40368-018-0409-x.

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16

Smeacetto, F., M. Salvo, M. Santarelli, P. Leone, G. A. Ortigoza-Villalba, A. Lanzini, L. C. Ajitdoss, and M. Ferraris. "Performance of a glass-ceramic sealant in a SOFC short stack." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38, no. 1 (January 2013): 588–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.07.025.

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17

OHARA, Satoshi, Kazuo MUKAI, Takehisa FUKUI, Yoshinori SAKAKI, Masatoshi HATTORI, and Yoshimi ESAKI. "A New Sealant Material for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Using Glass-Ceramic." Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 109, no. 1267 (2001): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2109/jcersj.109.1267_186.

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18

Malzbender, J., Y. Zhao, and T. Beck. "Fracture and creep of glass–ceramic solid oxide fuel cell sealant materials." Journal of Power Sources 246 (January 2014): 574–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.08.010.

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19

Smeacetto, F., A. Chrysanthou, M. Salvo, T. Moskalewicz, F. D'Herin Bytner, L. C. Ajitdoss, and M. Ferraris. "Thermal cycling and ageing of a glass-ceramic sealant for planar SOFCs." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 36, no. 18 (September 2011): 11895–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.04.083.

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20

Gross-Barsnick, S. M., C. Babelot, D. Federmann, and U. Pabst. "Optimization of Tensile Strength Measurements on Glass-Ceramic Sealant Used for SOFC Stacks." ECS Transactions 68, no. 1 (July 17, 2015): 2573–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/06801.2573ecst.

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21

Menzler, Norbert H., Doris Sebold, Mohsine Zahid, Sonja M. Gross, and Thomas Koppitz. "Interaction of metallic SOFC interconnect materials with glass–ceramic sealant in various atmospheres." Journal of Power Sources 152 (December 2005): 156–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.02.072.

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22

Smeacetto, F., A. De Miranda, A. Ventrella, M. Salvo, and M. Ferraris. "Shear strength tests of glass ceramic sealant for solid oxide fuel cells applications." Advances in Applied Ceramics 114, sup1 (July 10, 2015): S70—S75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743676115y.0000000042.

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23

Bakal, Ahmet, and Mahmut D. Mat. "A novel two-layered glass-ceramic sealant design for solid oxide fuel cells." International Journal of Energy Research 41, no. 5 (October 18, 2016): 628–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.3639.

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24

Reddy, Allu Amarnath, Ashutosh Goel, Dilshat U. Tulyaganov, Saurabh Kapoor, K. Pradeesh, Maria J. Pascual, and José M. F. Ferreira. "Study of calcium–magnesium–aluminum–silicate (CMAS) glass and glass-ceramic sealant for solid oxide fuel cells." Journal of Power Sources 231 (June 2013): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.12.055.

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25

Spotorno, Roberto, Marlena Ostrowska, Simona Delsante, Ulf Dahlmann, and Paolo Piccardo. "Characterization of Glass-Ceramic Sealant for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells at Operating Conditions by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy." Materials 13, no. 21 (October 22, 2020): 4702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13214702.

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A commercially available glass-ceramic composition is applied on a ferritic stainless steel (FSS) substrate reproducing a type of interface present in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) stacks. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is used to study the electrical response of the assembly in the temperature range of 380–780 °C and during aging for 250 h at 780 °C. Post-experiment analyses, performed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), and along cross-sections by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, highlight the microstructural changes promoted by aging conditions over time. In particular, progressive crystallization of the glass-ceramic, high temperature corrosion of the substrate and diffusion of Fe and Cr ions from the FSS substrate into the sealant influence the electrical response of the system under investigation. The electrical measurements show an increase in conductivity to 5 × 10−6 S∙cm−1, more than one order of magnitude below the maximum recommended value.

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26

Meinhardt, K. D., D. S. Kim, Y. S. Chou, and K. S. Weil. "Synthesis and properties of a barium aluminosilicate solid oxide fuel cell glass–ceramic sealant." Journal of Power Sources 182, no. 1 (July 2008): 188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.03.079.

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27

Lin, Chih-Kuang, Jun-Yu Chen, Jie-Wun Tian, Lieh-Kwang Chiang, and Si-Han Wu. "Joint strength of a solid oxide fuel cell glass–ceramic sealant with metallic interconnect." Journal of Power Sources 205 (May 2012): 307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.01.048.

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28

Wang, Ruifang, Zhe Lü, Chaoqian Liu, Ruibin Zhu, Xiqiang Huang, Bo Wei, Na Ai, and Wenhui Su. "Characteristics of a SiO2–B2O3–Al2O3–BaCO3–PbO2–ZnO glass–ceramic sealant for SOFCs." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 432, no. 1-2 (April 2007): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.05.105.

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29

Celik, Selahattin. "Influential parameters and performance of a glass-ceramic sealant for solid oxide fuel cells." Ceramics International 41, no. 2 (March 2015): 2744–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.10.089.

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30

Chao, Chih-Long, Chun-Lin Chu, Yiin-Kuen Fuh, Ray-Quen Hsu, Shyong Lee, and Yung-Neng Cheng. "Joint strength of Ag–9Pd–9Ga brazed interconnect and anode-supported electrolyte for solid-oxide fuel cell applications." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 232, no. 9 (April 27, 2016): 749–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420716647077.

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A newly developed Ag–9Pd–9Ga active filler was vacuum brazed, and the mechanical properties between the metallic interconnects (SS430, Crofer22 APU, Crofer22 H) and a Ni–yttria-stabilized zirconia cermet anode were systematically investigated. The results indicate that the bonding between metal and cermet is well established and that the interface is smooth. The joint strength evaluated at both 25 ℃ and 800 ℃ under shear and tensile loading conditions confirmed that the brazed Ag–9Pd–9Ga sealant compared favorably with its commercially available glass-ceramic GC-9 counterpart.

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31

Chen, Kun-Yi, Chih-Kuang Lin, Si-Han Wu, Chien-Kuo Liu, and Ruey-Yi Lee. "Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue of SOFC Glass-Ceramic Sealant/Steel Interconnect Joint in a Reducing Atmosphere." ECS Transactions 91, no. 1 (July 10, 2019): 2323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/09101.2323ecst.

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32

Sabato, A. G., G. Cempura, D. Montinaro, A. Chrysanthou, M. Salvo, E. Bernardo, M. Secco, and F. Smeacetto. "Glass-ceramic sealant for solid oxide fuel cells application: Characterization and performance in dual atmosphere." Journal of Power Sources 328 (October 2016): 262–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.08.010.

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33

Rangel-Hernández, V. H., Q. Fang, C. Babelot, R. Lohoff, and L. Blum. "An experimental investigation of fracture processes in glass-ceramic sealant by means of acoustic emission." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 45, no. 51 (October 2020): 27539–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.07.031.

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34

Lawita, Pornchanok, Apirat Theerapapvisetpong, and Sirithan Jiemsirilers. "Influence of Bi₂O₃ on Crystalline Phase Content and Thermal Properties of Åkermanite and Diopside Based Glass-Ceramic Sealant for SOFCs." Key Engineering Materials 751 (August 2017): 483–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.751.483.

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Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is an electrochemical energy conversion device which is considered as clean energy source generator with reliability and relatively inexpensive production cost. One of the most important components for planar design SOFC is the hermetic seal that prevents fuel from leaking out of between the stack of fuel cells. Glass-ceramics are attractive materials as sealing materials for this device. The expected coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the glass-ceramic sealants should be between 9 and 12 x 10−6 K−1. Glass – ceramics based on åkermanite (Ca2MgSi2O7) crystalline phase were reported their high CTE value from about 10 to 11.3 x 10−6 K−1. In this study, glass compositions in the CaO-MgO-B2O3-Al2O3-SiO2 system with varying amounts of Bi2O3 from 0 to 10 wt. % were prepared by conventional melting and investigated their properties. The selected compositions were derived from ternary åkermanite–forsterite–anorthite phase diagram. Phase composition and quantitative phase analysis of glass–ceramics were examined by X-ray diffractometer. The onset of crystallization (Tx) and crystallization temperature (Tc) were measured by DTA. The thermal properties of bulk glass samples and heat treated samples at 900 oC for 2 h which were glass transition temperature (Tg), dilatometric softening temperature (Ts), and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) were determined by dilatometer. Furthermore, the long-term stability of their CTE was investigated. The samples were continued to soak at 800 °C for 100 h and observed their change in CTE value. The results found that the åkermanite phase tended to increase with increasing amount of Bi2O3 content.

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35

Garai, Mrinmoy, C. Hari Venkateswara Rao, and Basudeb Karmakar. "Nanocrystalline microstructure in Sm3+ and Gd3+ doped K2O–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–F glass-ceramic sealant (SOFC)." Materials Advances 1, no. 3 (2020): 463–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ma00179a.

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In order to demonstrate the effects of Sm³⁺ and Gd³⁺ ions on the crystalline microstructures of the magnesium-boro-alumino-silicate (MBAS) system, the K₂O–MgO–B₂O₃–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–F glass doped with 0–5 mol% Sm₂O₃ and Gd₂O₃ were synthesized by melt-quenching (1550 °C).

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36

Lin, Chih-Kuang, Kun-Liang Lin, Jing-Hong Yeh, Wei-Hong Shiu, Chien-Kuo Liu, and Ruey-Yi Lee. "Aging effects on high-temperature creep properties of a solid oxide fuel cell glass-ceramic sealant." Journal of Power Sources 241 (November 2013): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.04.088.

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37

Smeacetto, F., M. Salvo, P. Leone, M. Santarelli, and M. Ferraris. "Performance and testing of joined Crofer22APU-glass-ceramic sealant-anode supported cell in SOFC relevant conditions." Materials Letters 65, no. 6 (March 2011): 1048–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2010.12.050.

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38

Fakouri Hasanabadi, M., J. Malzbender, S. M. Groß-Barsnick, H. Abdoli, A. H. Kokabi, and M. A. Faghihi-Sani. "Micro-scale evolution of mechanical properties of glass-ceramic sealant for solid oxide fuel/electrolysis cells." Ceramics International 47, no. 3 (February 2021): 3884–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.09.250.

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39

Liu, Wenning N., Xin Sun, Brian Koeppel, and Mohammad Khaleel. "Experimental Study of the Aging and Self-Healing of the Glass/Ceramic Sealant Used in SOFCs." International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology 7, no. 1 (January 2010): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7402.2009.02417.x.

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Lin, Chih-Kuang, Kun-Liang Lin, Jing-Hong Yeh, Si-Han Wu, and Ruey-Yi Lee. "Creep rupture of the joint of a solid oxide fuel cell glass–ceramic sealant with metallic interconnect." Journal of Power Sources 245 (January 2014): 787–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.07.047.

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Lin, Chih-Kuang, Kun-Yi Chen, Si-Han Wu, Wei-Hong Shiu, Chien-Kuo Liu, and Ruey-Yi Lee. "Mechanical durability of solid oxide fuel cell glass-ceramic sealant/steel interconnect joint under thermo-mechanical cycling." Renewable Energy 138 (August 2019): 1205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.02.041.

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Ghosh, Saswati, P. Kundu, A. Das Sharma, R. N. Basu, and H. S. Maiti. "Microstructure and property evaluation of barium aluminosilicate glass–ceramic sealant for anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 28, no. 1 (January 2008): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2007.05.008.

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Ishikawa, Takashi, N. Suzuki, Ian J. Davies, M. Shibuya, T. Hirokawa, and J. Gotoh. "Creep Behavior and Modeling of SiC-Based PC Ceramic Matrix Composites with Glass Sealant in High Temperature Air." Key Engineering Materials 164-165 (July 1998): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.164-165.197.

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Hou, Fan-Lin, Chih-Kuang Lin, Atsushi Sugeta, Hiroyuki Akebono, Si-Han Wu, Peng Yang, and Ruey-Yi Lee. "Thermal Aging Effect on the Joint Strength between an SOFC Glass-Ceramic Sealant and LSM-Coated Metallic Interconnect." ECS Transactions 78, no. 1 (May 30, 2017): 1721–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/07801.1721ecst.

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Lin, Chih-Kuang, Wei-Hong Shiu, Si-Han Wu, Chien-Kuo Liu, and Ruey-Yi Lee. "Interfacial fracture resistance of the joint of a solid oxide fuel cell glass–ceramic sealant with metallic interconnect." Journal of Power Sources 261 (September 2014): 227–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.03.079.

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Lin, Chih-Kuang, Yu-An Liu, Si-Han Wu, Chien-Kuo Liu, and Ruey-Yi Lee. "Joint strength of a solid oxide fuel cell glass–ceramic sealant with metallic interconnect in a reducing environment." Journal of Power Sources 280 (April 2015): 272–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.01.126.

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Pascual, M. J., A. Guillet, and A. Durán. "Optimization of glass–ceramic sealant compositions in the system MgO–BaO–SiO2 for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC)." Journal of Power Sources 169, no. 1 (June 2007): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.01.040.

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Liu, Wenning N., Xin Sun, Brian Koeppel, Elizabeth Stephens, and Mohammad A. Khaleel. "Creep Behavior of Glass/Ceramic Sealant and its Effect on Long-Term Performance of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology 8, no. 1 (October 14, 2009): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7402.2009.02455.x.

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Smeacetto, Federico, Auristela De Miranda, Sandra Cabanas Polo, Sebastian Molin, Dino Boccaccini, Milena Salvo, and Aldo R. Boccaccini. "Electrophoretic deposition of Mn1.5Co1.5O4 on metallic interconnect and interaction with glass-ceramic sealant for solid oxide fuel cells application." Journal of Power Sources 280 (April 2015): 379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.01.120.

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Sabato, A. G., A. Chrysanthou, M. Salvo, G. Cempura, and F. Smeacetto. "Interface stability between bare, Mn Co spinel coated AISI 441 stainless steel and a diopside-based glass-ceramic sealant." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 43, no. 3 (January 2018): 1824–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.11.150.

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