Journal articles on the topic 'Glare Spatial Evaluation'
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Giovannini, Luigi, Fabio Favoino, Valerio Roberto Maria Lo Verso, Valentina Serra, and Anna Pellegrino. "GLANCE (GLare ANnual Classes Evaluation): An approach for a simplified spatial glare evaluation." Building and Environment 186 (December 2020): 107375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107375.
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Safdar, M., M. Ronnier Luo, M. Farhan Mughal, S. Kuai, Y. Yang, L. Fu, and X. Zhu. "A neural response-based model to predict discomfort glare from luminance image." Lighting Research & Technology 50, no. 3 (October 25, 2016): 416–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477153516675910.
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It is well known that one of the problems of the current method for discomfort glare evaluation, called the unified glare rating, is the non-uniform luminance of the glare source. This paper addresses this issue by considering the spatial contrast of luminance as a measure of non-uniformity. An image-based metric is proposed to evaluate discomfort glare by modeling the neural response of human vision. The model takes an absolute luminance image as input and predicts visual discomfort based on the spatial distribution of the luminance of the stimulus and the background. The developed model was tested to predict subjective glare ratings based on an experiment conducted using non-uniform LED sources with symmetric and asymmetric patterns of LEDs, and its performance was compared with the unified glare rating. As expected, the unified glare rating predictions correlated well with the subjective glare evaluations of luminaires with symmetric patterns of LEDs (as they appear less non-uniform) but not for those with asymmetric patterns. Results showed that the developed model, named the Neural Response-based Glare Model, gave similar performance to unified glare rating for symmetric patterns but outperformed UGR for asymmetric patterns of LEDs.
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Giovannini, Luigi, Fabio Favoino, Valerio Lo Verso, Anna Pellegrino, and Valentina Serra. "A Simplified Approach for the Annual and Spatial Evaluation of the Comfort Classes of Daylight Glare Using Vertical Illuminances." Buildings 8, no. 12 (December 5, 2018): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings8120171.
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A simplified approach to calculate the daylight glare comfort class (imperceptible, perceptible, disturbing, or intolerable glare) on annual basis and for a grid of points in a space is presented. This method relies on the calculation of the vertical illuminance (Ev) for each grid point only, which is compared to an Ev threshold value for each daylight glare comfort class. These Ev threshold values are determined through a comparison with the Daylight Glare Probability (DGP) values on an annual basis through a fault-detection technique, for a reduced number of points. Compared to an annual calculation of exact DGP values on a certain grid, this approach is able to evaluate the daylight glare comfort classes only, but it is less time consuming. The paper presents and critically discusses this simplified method by means of its application to different case-studies: south and west oriented office in Turin (Lat 45.1° N), in which the DGP is assessed for three points in the space, considering glazing with different transmission properties (specular or scattering) and visible transmittances, as well as three operable internal shading systems (one venetian blinds and two roller blinds, for solar or glare control). For the presented case studies, the average error in the classification of the space according to daylight glare comfort classes is below 5% when comparing this simplified approach to related DGP values.
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Sidorova, Jelena, Rasa Čiumbaraitė, Džastina Čebatorienė, Mantas Banevičius, and Rasa Liutkevičienė. "Functional acuity contrast sensitivity assessment in young and middle age healthy persons at the day time with and without glare." Acta medica Lituanica 21, no. 1 (April 30, 2014): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.6001/actamedica.v21i1.2885.
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Background. As people age, their vision becomes less clear; they can clearly see big objects but experience problems discerning minor things and minor details. The functional acuity contrast test is a very sensitive method used for visual system evaluation which may help to detect the beginning of the disease in case the visual acuity is still normal. Purpose. To determine functional acuity contrast sensitivity in young and in middle age healthy persons at the day time with and without glare. Materials and methods. We examined 40–49 yrs (Group 1), and 50– 59 yrs (Group 2) healthy persons. The typical Snellen chart (the direction of the gap in Landolt C) was used for the non-corrected and the bestcorrected visual acuity testing. Functional acuity contrast sensitivity was measured employing a Ginsburg Box, VSCR- CST-6500, at the day time with and without glare. Results. Functional acuity contrast sensitivity remained very similar in the age groups of 40–49 years and 50–59 years. However, statistically, it significantly decreased at day time without glare (18 cycle / degree) spatial frequencies (p = 0.05). Results in Group 1 as compared to Group 2 decreased from 3.09% to 51.7% at the day time without glare and from 2.16% to 11.61% at the day time with glare. Conclusion. The facts are that contrast sensitivity remained very similar in the age groups of 40–49 years and 50–59 years at the day time with and without glare.
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Özdemir, Hüseyin, and Bilgehan Yılmaz Çakmak. "Evaluation of Daylight and Glare Quality of Office Spaces with Flat and Dynamic Shading System Facades in Hot Arid Climate." Journal of Daylighting 9, no. 2 (October 8, 2022): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.15627/jd.2022.15.
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There has been an increasing awareness in recent years about the evaluation of daylight and glare quality in buildings. In the study, an office space with a flat and a dynamic shading system facade (triangular cell facade) is discussed in the province of Mardin, which is in a hot and arid climate zone. Observing two different facade types in a single office space allows the study to be carried out in detail, and their suitability can be checked by producing quick design alternatives. The analysis and evaluation of daylight and glare quality over office spaces with two different facade types aims to develop an innovative approach. This objective is designed to respond to climatic conditions and contribute to the development of climate-sensitive designs. The study was parametrically simulated with the Grasshopper plugin and daylight plugin ClimateStudio tools in Rhino, an office space with both a flat facade and a dynamic shading system facade located in a hot-arid climate. As a result of the analysis, the dynamic shading system, which can transform according to the position of the sun, shows outputs in accordance with the LEEDv4 standard, minimizing the ASE value of the facade's annual sunlight exposure by up to 10%, while maximizing the spatial daylight autonomy sDA value by 60% or more. In addition, Daylight Glare Probability (DGP) values of 0.38 keep the visual quality affective. As a result, the office space with a dynamic shading system facade showed that it can significantly improve the flexibility of shading to control daylight measurements and glare, achieving the maximum level of visual comfort based on the LEEDv4 certificate.
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Fang, Yanwen, Yi Lu, Aizhu Miao, and Yi Luo. "Aspheric Intraocular Lenses Implantation for Cataract Patients with Extreme Myopia." ISRN Ophthalmology 2014 (March 19, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/403432.
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Objective. To evaluate the postoperative visual quality of cataract patients with extreme myopia after implantation of aspheric intraocular lenses (IOLs). Methods. Thirty-three eyes were enrolled in this prospectivestudy. Eighteen eyes with an axial length longer than 28 mm were included in the extreme myopia group, and the other 15 eyes were included in the nonextreme myopia group. Phacoemulsification and aspheric IOL implantation were performed. Six months after cataract surgery, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), contrast sensitivity, and wavefront aberrations were measured, and subjective visual quality was assessed. Results. The BCVA improved significantly after surgery for both groups, and patients in the nonextreme myopia group achieved better postoperative BCVA due to better retinal status of the eyes. The evaluation of contrast sensitivity without glare was the same in both groups, whereas patients in the nonextreme myopia group performed better at intermediate spatial frequencies under glare conditions. The two groups did not show a significant difference in high-order aberrations. With regard to subjective visual quality, the composite scores of both groups did not differ significantly. Conclusions. Aspheric IOLs provided good visual outcomes in cataract patients with extreme myopia. These patients should undergo careful evaluation to determine the maculopathy severity level before surgery.
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Gil, Miguel Á., Consuelo Varón, Genis Cardona, and José A. Buil. "Far and Near Contrast Sensitivity and Quality of Vision with Six Presbyopia Correcting Intraocular Lenses." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 14 (July 17, 2022): 4150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11144150.
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The objective of this prospective, randomized, double-masked study was to compare the contrast sensitivity and quality of vision of patients bilaterally implanted with the following six different presbyopia correcting intraocular lenses (IOLs): SV25T0 (n = 19), ATLISA 809M (n = 18), ATLISA TRI 839MP (n = 19), ZKB00 (n = 20), ZLB00 (n = 20) and Symfony ZXR00 (n = 20). For comparison purposes, 36 patients were implanted with a monofocal lens (ZA9003). Contrast sensitivity was assessed binocularly at distance under photopic, mesopic and mesopic plus glare conditions, and at near under photopic conditions. Quality of vision was explored in terms of photic phenomena and spectacle independence. Overall, the monofocal lens offered better contrast sensitivity, under all illumination conditions, and less occurrence and intensity of photic phenomena. Amongst the multifocal IOL (MIOL) designs, the extended depth of focus Symfony ZXR00 provided better contrast sensitivity than the other MIOLs, particularly at intermediate and high spatial frequencies. Up to 40% and 50% of patients implanted with MIOLs reported glare and halos, respectively. The SV25T0 resulted in less occurrence and intensity of halos. The evaluation of photic phenomena and contrast sensitivity under different illumination conditions may reflect real-life, visually challenging situations, and thus provide insightful information to assist ophthalmic surgeons when selecting the best intraocular lens for their patients.
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Liu, Qibo, Xiao Han, Yuheng Yan, and Juan Ren. "A Parametric Design Method for the Lighting Environment of a Library Building Based on Building Performance Evaluation." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 11, 2023): 832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020832.
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The lighting conditions of a library directly affect the users’ spatial experience, with glass curtain walls being widely used in the design of library skins. Although glass curtain walls have been extensively adopted, they increase indoor sun exposure and glare. Considering sunlight duration and radiation as the design basis, this study employs the Rhino and Grasshopper parametric platforms to parametrically design a library with a dynamic shading skin. Specifically, our design utilizes modular shading components that can change depending on the simulated sunlight data at different times. Additionally, a new optimal design strategy has been developed to enhance the environmental lighting performance of the library. The simulation results highlight that the indoor environmental lighting performance, under dynamic epidermal shading and based on sunlight duration data, is better for east–west, north–south, and east–west orientations on the summer solstice and the winter solstice. Meanwhile, the indoor environmental lighting performance, under dynamic epidermal shading based on daylight radiation data, is better for north–south orientation on the winter solstice. Overall, this study uses parameterization to integrate building simulation and architectural design to improve a building’s lighting performance.
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Syarifah ; Ariani Mandala, Syadza. "DESIGN EVALUATION OF WINDOW DESIGN TO DAYLIGHT EFFICACY IN IBU DAN ANAK MELINDA HOSPITAL’S INPATIENT ROOM, BANDUNG." Riset Arsitektur (RISA) 3, no. 01 (February 7, 2019): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/risa.v3i01.3178.71-86.
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Abstract- Daylight performance in patient room is very important. Which in this research, daylight performanceis measured by its distribution, daylight factor and glare precaution. Those elements are calculated according tolighting standard for the hospital building and how the performance adapt to patient's visual comfort. Thereforewindow design is needed to be considered as its affected to daylight performance inside the room. The objectobservation shows a result of the contradiction between each combination of window design and room plan.This research evaluates how window design affects the performance of natural lighting and analyzewhich window design suitable for each room plans, and also the alternative design that will be more suitable forsome rooms’ plan and condition.This research is conducted by explanatory method, with quantitative and qualitative approach. Veluxvisualizer software is used to simulate how natural light is distributed to the inpatient room.Obtained data shows that natural lighting performance in RSIA Melinda inpatient room is still belowthe determined standard. And noticed that room orientation, window position and dimension, exterior existingconditions are factors that affected the daylight performance. The design recommendations are sun shading andglazing material. Design recommendations are given to the majority room type and also in consideration of thedesign applicable possibility.Key Words: window design, daylight, inpatient room, spatial arrangement
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Hassan, Fayrouz H. F., Khaled A. Y. Ali, and Salwa A. M. Ahmed. "Biomimicry as an Approach to Improve Daylighting Performance in Office Buildings in Assiut City, Egypt." Journal of Daylighting 10, no. 1 (February 12, 2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15627/jd.2023.1.
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Biomimicry inspired architects to solve complex design problems and develop adaptive solutions for enhancing the environmental quality. Fields of inspiration include energy efficiency, natural ventilation, daylighting, and structural stability. In this paper, 144 biomimicry-inspired building skin alternatives have been developed to improve daylighting performance in office buildings in Assiut City, Egypt; 72 alternatives are of 0.5 m frame depth, and other 72 alternatives are of 1.0 m frame depth. Two levels of biomimicry; namely, the organism level (snakeskin) and the behavior level (plants tropism), have been adopted. Alternatives have been developed to be simulated ClimateStudio plug-in for Rhino in accordance with the international rating system leadership in energy and environmental design (LEED v4.1). The evaluation criteria are spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA), Annual Sunlight Exposure (ASE), Annual Average Lux (AAl), and Spatial Distributing Glare (sDG). An evaluation point system has been developed to evaluate alternatives using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) based on the feedback of 14 faculty of architecture members. Nine building skin alternatives developed succeeded to achieve notable improvement (from 16.69% to 33.73%) compared to the base cases. In general, the 1.0 m frame-depth alternatives achieved better results in improving daylighting performance than the 0.5 m frame-depth alternatives. The most effective parameter in improving daylighting performance was the rotation angle of the skin unit used, to be followed by the distance between the skin and the building façade, the solid-to-void ratio of the skin, the number of units constituting the skin system, and the horizontal bending distance of the skin unit, respectively.
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Hejcmanová, Dagmar, Hana Langrová, Lisa Bytton, and Markéta Hejcmanová. "Changes of Visual Function and Visual Ability in Daily Life Following Cataract Surgery." Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic) 46, no. 4 (2003): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/18059694.2019.32.
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Purpose: To examine best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), contrast sensitivity (CS) and functional visual complaints in early cataract and after the cataract surgery. Patients and methods: 53 eyes with early cataract (BCVA 20/30: Snellen charts) were examined before the surgery as well as 12 months after the surgery. BCVA was tested using logMAR chart. CS was examined using VCTS chart in 6 spatial frequencies. Influence of glare was tested using BAT. Patients’ subjective visual functions were evaluted using a questionnaire (distance vision, near vision, mesopic vision and glare conditions). 22 subjects were examined as control group. Results: BCVA was 0.52 (0.22–1.05) preoperatively and 0.83 (0.37–1.26) postoperatively. BCVA in patients in both terms was significantly lower compared to the control group. CS in patients before surgery was significantly lower compared to controls, postoperatively improved significantly and was only nonsignificantly lower compared to controls except for the highest spatial frequency. Glare had only nonsignificant influence. The questionnaire scores were correlated with visual performance in both terms. Conclusions: The significant improvement of both BCVA and CS suggest that cataract surgery improves quality of life in early cataract. Questionnaire should be considered as adjuncts to BCVA and CS in evaluating early cataract.
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Budak, Vladimir P., Viсtor S. Zheltov, Tatyana V. Meshkova, and Victor D. Chembaev. "Experimental Study of the New Criterion of Lighting Quality Based on Analysis of Luminance Distribution at Moscow Metro Stations." Light & Engineering, no. 03-2020 (June 2020): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.33383/2019-044.
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The article presents the experiment in studying a new criterion of lighting quality based on spatial and angular distribution of luminance proposed by the Lighting Engineering sub-department of NIU MPEI. The experiment studies correlation between expert evaluations of lighting quality at 21 stations of the Moscow Metro with analysis based on the criterion of quality of RAW-format luminance photographs of the stations made by means of a camera and adjusted according to luminance measured by a luminance meter. The obtained photos were processed using the proposed criterion. The article presents design of station models and calculations made by means of DIALux software and the programme developed (as part of the work) on the basis of local evaluations. It is demonstrated that the proposed criterion allows us to take account of extended veiling reflections and may be considered as enhancement of the unified glare rating UGR.
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Zazzini, P., A. Di Crescenzo, and R. Giammichele. "Numerical Analysis of the Performance of an Innovative Daylighting System Named Modified Double Light Pipe." TECNICA ITALIANA-Italian Journal of Engineering Science 65, no. 2-4 (July 30, 2021): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ti-ijes.652-432.
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This paper focuses on the performance of an innovative daylighting system named Modified Double Light Pipe (MDLP). It consists of a device integrating a Double Light Pipe (DLP) with a light shelf. The DLP has been created by the authors to enter daylight into two levels underground buildings. It involves an excessive bulk and the risk of glare in the passage environment. The MDLP is an attempt to solve these problems by coupling the DLP and the light shelf technologies. The authors used a numerical approach modeling the MDLP by the software Rhinoceros and simulating its performance by Grasshopper plugins Ladybug and Honeybee. After calibrating the software by the comparison between numerical and experimental data on the DLP, they carried out a numerical analysis on the MDLP in steady-state and dynamic conditions. In steady-state regime, the MDLP performs better than the DLP, giving quite a uniform illuminance distribution on the horizontal work plane. This is confirmed by the results of the dynamic analysis, carried out evaluating the metric Spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA). Moreover, the risk of glare is avoided by the MDLP, thanks to the presence of the light shelf that prevents the observer from seeing the device directly.
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Ye, Zhi-Ting, Chieh Chang, Mao-Chieh Juan, and Kuei-Jung Chen. "Luminous Intensity Field Optimization for Antiglare LED Desk Lamp without Second Optical Element." Applied Sciences 10, no. 7 (April 10, 2020): 2607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10072607.
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This study proposes a model of a light module with an optimized luminous intensity field for realizing an antiglare light-emitting diode (LED) desk lamp without a second optical element. We simulated different luminous intensity field profiles to analyze the unified glare rating (UGR) and illumination uniformity performance of a desk lamp. The spatial effect of UGR and the illumination uniformity affect eye comfort. The light module was set to different beam angles without a second optical element, louver structure, and reflective element on the luminaire to compare different UGRs and uniformity values for evaluating human eye comfort. The simulation and experimental results indicated that the luminous intensity curve for a beam angle of 90° achieved an illumination uniformity of 80% and a UGR of 18.1 at a height of 45 cm, thus realizing a human-friendly antiglare desk lamp.
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Kunduraci, Arzu Cilasun. "Lighting Design for Elderly Living in Residential Care Facilities." Light & Engineering, no. 05-2022 (October 2022): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33383/2022-018.
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Associated with aging, elderly suffer from various visual impairments that require specialized illumination conditions. Elderly should be supported by a well-balanced visual environment in residential care facilities to ensure active living and visual comfort. Although literature focused on age related eye diseases, significance of illumination to elderly and satisfaction level evaluations are detailed, translations to lighting design are mostly limited to illuminance-related guidelines. The aim of this study is to identify lighting design cues that enable visual comfort conditions through a systematic literature review. Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar are searched from January 2000 to February 2022 and finally 11 papers that meet inclusive criteria are included. This study highlights illumination related problems of elderly and proposes spatial design recommendations to overcome visual discomforts. The reviewed papers’ results have been presented under categories as daylighting, colour rendering index, correlated colour temperature, night illumination, illumination distribution, illumination control, illumination layout, glare, adaptation, and interior design. Presented design recommendations can be applied to existing or future residential care facilities to reduce various visual challenges that elderly have been experiencing.
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Fotios, S., and M. Johansson. "Appraising the intention of other people: Ecological validity and procedures for investigating effects of lighting for pedestrians." Lighting Research & Technology 51, no. 1 (November 24, 2017): 111–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477153517737345.
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One of the aims of outdoor lighting in public spaces, such as pathways and subsidiary roads, is to help pedestrians to evaluate the intentions of other people. This paper discusses how a pedestrians' appraisal of another persons' intentions in artificially lit outdoor environments can be studied. We review the visual cues that might be used, and the experimental design with which effects of changes in lighting could be investigated to best resemble the pedestrian experience in artificially lit urban environments. Proposals are made to establish appropriate operationalisation of the identified visual cues, choice of methods and measurements representing critical situations. It is concluded that the intentions of other people should be evaluated using facial emotion recognition; eye-tracking data suggest a tendency to make these observations at an interpersonal distance of 15 m and for a duration of 500 ms. Photographs are considered suitable for evaluating the effect of changes in light level and spectral power distribution. To support investigation of changes in spatial distribution, further investigation is needed with three-dimensional targets. Further data are also required to examine the influence of glare.
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Ferguson, Craig R., Eric F. Wood, and Raghuveer K. Vinukollu. "A Global Intercomparison of Modeled and Observed Land–Atmosphere Coupling*." Journal of Hydrometeorology 13, no. 3 (June 1, 2012): 749–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-11-0119.1.
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Abstract Land–atmosphere coupling strength or the degree to which land surface anomalies influence boundary layer development—and in extreme cases, rainfall—is arguably the single most fundamental criterion for evaluating hydrological model performance. The Global Land–Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (GLACE) showed that strength of coupling and its representation can affect a model’s ability to simulate climate predictability at the seasonal time scale. And yet, the lack of sufficient observations of coupling at appropriate temporal and spatial scales has made achieving “true” coupling in models an elusive goal. This study uses Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) soil moisture (SM), multisensor remote sensing (RS) evaporative fraction (EF), and Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) lifting condensation level (LCL) to evaluate the realism of coupling in the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) suite of land surface models (LSMs), Princeton Global Forcing Variable Infiltration Capacity model (PGF–VIC), seven global reanalyses, and the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) over a 5-yr period (2003–07). First, RS and modeled estimates of SM, EF, and LCL are intercompared. Then, emphasis is placed on quantifying RS and modeled differences in convective-season daily correlations between SM–LCL, SM–EF, and EF–LCL for global, regional, and conditional samples. RS is found to yield a substantially weaker state of coupling than model products. However, the rank order of basins by coupling strength calculated from RS and models do roughly agree. Using a mixture of satellite and modeled variables, a map of hybrid coupling strength was produced, which supports the findings of GLACE that transitional zones tend to have the strongest coupling.
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Colomban, Philippe, Gulsu Simsek Franci, Michele Gironda, Pauline d’Abrigeon, and Anne-Claire Schumacher. "pXRF Data Evaluation Methodology for On-Site Analysis of Precious Artifacts: Cobalt Used in the Blue Decoration of Qing Dynasty Overglazed Porcelain Enameled at Customs District (Guangzhou), Jingdezhen and Zaobanchu (Beijing) Workshops." Heritage 5, no. 3 (July 20, 2022): 1752–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage5030091.
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In a noninvasive determination, Raman and XRF analyses showed the possibility of identifying specific phases and elements characteristic of the use of recipes and ingredients imported from Europe, according to the information documented in Chinese and European archives. Two sets of objects, supposed to have been produced during the Qing Dynasty (1662–1912) at the Forbidden City (‘imperial bowls’ of the Baur Foundation, Geneva) and in the customs district of Guangzhou (Musée Ariana, Geneva), were analyzed with pXRF and also for some objects with Raman microspectroscopy also on-site. The heterogeneity of the colored zones, in three spatial directions, requires the development of a new methodology. We focused particular attention on the cobalt used in the colored areas and marks, drawn either on the body layer (standard underglaze) or on the glaze itself (overglaze). Comparison is made with previous data on Chinese and Vietnamese porcelains from the Yuan (1271–1368) and Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) periods. Combined data for objects attributed to Guangzhou from the Kangxi and Yongzheng periods indicates the use of the same raw materials containing cobalt, associated with arsenic, nickel, zinc, copper and bismuth, according to the European sources. Similarity of the glaze composition and impurities promotes the production of the glazed body with the same raw materials as those used at Jingdezhen. A consistent shift in data for Qianlong style items, which are significantly richer in manganese, is compatible with their partial mixing with Asian cobalt. The deliberate selection of conflicting objects—namely, examples belonging to the other places of production or different periods—are well-observed outside the ‘Guangzhou’ cluster. Some artifacts have anachronistic purity characteristics that support a production after ca. 1850. For instance, two objects on which certain attributions had been made concerning the stylistic analysis are definitive examples of ceramics using a refined ‘cobalt’, and therefore now may be assigned to the later production period of the first half of the 19th century.
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Ferguson, Craig R., and Eric F. Wood. "Observed Land–Atmosphere Coupling from Satellite Remote Sensing and Reanalysis." Journal of Hydrometeorology 12, no. 6 (December 1, 2011): 1221–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jhm1380.1.
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Abstract The lack of observational data for use in evaluating the realism of model-based land–atmosphere feedback signal and strength has been deemed a major obstacle to future improvements to seasonal weather prediction by the Global Land–Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (GLACE). To address this need, a 7-yr (2002–09) satellite remote sensing data record is exploited to produce for the first time global maps of predominant coupling signals. Specifically, a previously implemented convective triggering potential (CTP)–humidity index (HI) framework for describing atmospheric controls on soil moisture–rainfall feedbacks is revisited and generalized for global application using CTP and HI from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), soil moisture from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (EOS) (AMSR-E), and the U.S. Climate Prediction Center (CPC) merged satellite rainfall product (CMORPH). Based on observations taken during an AMSR-E-derived convective rainfall season, the global land area is categorized into four convective regimes: 1) those with atmospheric conditions favoring deep convection over wet soils, 2) those with atmospheric conditions favoring deep convection over dry soils, 3) those with atmospheric conditions that suppress convection over any land surface, and 4) those with atmospheric conditions that support convection over any land surface. Classification maps are produced using both the original and modified frameworks, and later contrasted with similarly derived maps using inputs from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Modern Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA). Both AIRS and MERRA datasets of CTP and HI are validated using radiosonde observations. The combinations of methods and data sources employed in this study enable evaluation of not only the sensitivity of the classification schemes themselves to their inputs, but also the uncertainty in the resultant classification maps. The findings are summarized for 20 climatic regions and three GLACE coupling hot spots, as well as zonally and globally. Globally, of the four-class scheme, regions for which convection is favored over wet and dry soils accounted for the greatest and least extent, respectively. Despite vast differences among the maps, many geographically large regions of concurrence exist. Through its ability to compensate for the latitudinally varying CTP–HI–rainfall tendency characteristics observed in this study, the revised classification framework overcomes limitations of the original framework. By identifying regions where coupling persists using satellite remote sensing this study provides the first observationally based guidance for future spatially and temporally focused studies of land–atmosphere interactions. Joint distributions of CTP and HI and soil moisture, rainfall occurrence, and depth demonstrate the relevance of CTP and HI in coupling studies and their potential value in future model evaluation, rainfall forecast, and/or hydrologic consistency applications.
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Lian, Huifang, Weisong Ma, Qiuhong Wei, and Xiaoyong Yuan. "A comparative study on early vision quality after implantation of refractive segmental and diffractive multifocal intraocular lens." Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 36, no. 7 (September 30, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.7.3364.
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Objectives: To compare early subjective and objective vision quality of postoperative patients undergoing phacoemulsification cataract surgery combined with implantation of refractive segmental multifocal intraocular lens (MIOL) SBL-3 and apodized diffractive MIOL SN6AD1.
Methods: As a prospective study, it enrolled 53 patients (53 eyes) to undergo phacoemulsification cataract surgery combined with MIOL implantation. According to differences in MIOL implanted, patients were divided into a SBL-3 group (25 eyes) and a SN6AD1 group (28 eyes). Ophthalmological evaluation included uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected (CDVA) distance visual acuities, uncorrected intermediate (UIVA) and near (UNVA) visual acuities, distance-corrected intermediate (DCIVA) and near (DCNVA)visual acuities and corrected near(CNVA) visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, modulation transfer function (MTF) and high order aberration (4 mm pupil diameter) at three months postoperatively. Moreover, a questionnaire survey was carried out to assess near spectacle independence, patient satisfaction and symptoms of visual disturbance.
Results: At three months after surgery, UIVA and UNVA in the SBL-3 group are statistically significantly superior to those of the SN6AD1 group (P<0.05). There was statistical difference in contrast sensitivity at four spatial frequencies (3, 6, 12, 18cycles/degree) under mesopic conditions and mesopic conditions with glare (P<0.05). The total ocular high order aberration, coma and trefoil were statistically significantly larger in the SBL-3 group than in the SN6AD1 group with 4.0 mm pupil diameters (P<0.05). Statistical differences were found in the MTF at spatial frequencies of 5, 10 and 15 cycles/degree between the groups. There were no significant differences in spectacle independence, patient satisfaction and visual disturbance between the groups (P>0.05).
Conclusions: Both the two multifocal intraocular lens provided an excellent level of quality of vision three months postoperatively. However, the application effect of SBL-3 MIOL is superior to that of SN6AD1 MIOL as far as intermediate vision, near vision and contrast sensitivity are concerned.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.7.3364
How to cite this:Lian H, Ma W, Wei Q, Yuan X. A comparative study on early vision quality after implantation of refractive segmental and diffractive multifocal intraocular lens. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(7):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.7.3364
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.