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Journal articles on the topic 'Glances'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 24 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Liu, Shu-Yuan, John D. Lee, Ja Young Lee, and Vindhya Venkatraman. "Glances That Matter: Applying Quantile Regression to Assess Driver Distraction from Off-Road Glances." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 62, no. 1 (September 2018): 1954–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621443.

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This study assessed whether quantile regression can identify design specifications that lead to particularly long glances, which might go unnoticed with traditional analyses focusing on conditional means of off-road glances. Although substantial research indicates that long glances contribute disproportionately to crash risk, few studies have directly assessed the tails of the distribution. Failing to examine the distribution tails might underestimate the disproportionate risk on long glances imposed by secondary tasks. We applied quantile regression to assess the effects of secondary task type (reading or entry), system delay (delay or no delay), and text length (long or short) on off-road glance duration at 15th, 50th, and 85th quantiles. The results show that entry task, long text, and some combinations of variables led to longer glances than that would be expected given the central tendency of glance distributions. Quantile regression identifies secondary task features that produce long glances, which might be neglected by traditional analyses with conditional means.

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Yang, Shiyan, Jonny Kuo, and Michael G. Lenné. "Individual Differences in Glance Patterns under Distraction in Level 2 Automated Driving." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 64, no. 1 (December 2020): 1981–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181320641477.

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This paper investigated individual differences in attentional strategies during the non-driving-related tasks in Level 2 automated driving. Ward’s method was used to cluster participants into different groups according to the characteristics of their sequential off-road glances in the email-sorting task: duration, frequency, variance, and intensity. The clustering results showed two types of sequential off-road glance patterns in distracted Level 2 driving: infrequent long glances vs. frequent short glances. However, participants in the two groups showed similar workload, driving engagement, and email-sorting accuracy. They also reported similar feelings of safety and feedback about the Level 2 vehicle automation. The glance differences demonstrated the complexity of attentional strategies among individual drivers, which is a necessary aspect of driver state to be monitored in automated driving.

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Cato, Shaun. "Stolen glances." Lancet 358, no. 9299 (December 2001): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(01)07174-4.

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4

Lewis, Jon. "Parting Glances." Cinema Journal 43, no. 3 (2004): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cj.2004.0021.

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5

SCHONBERG, HAROLD C. "Backward Glances." Opera Quarterly 10, no. 4 (1994): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oq/10.4.51.

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Rosenhaft, Eve. "Exchanging Glances." Third Text 22, no. 3 (May 2008): 311–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09528820802204300.

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7

Ebadi, Yalda, Ganesh Pai, Siby Samuel, and Donald L. Fisher. "Impact of Cognitive Distractions on Drivers’ Hazardous Event Anticipation and Mitigation Behavior in Vehicle–Bicycle Conflict Situations." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 7 (June 2, 2020): 504–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120923660.

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Vehicle–bicycle collisions are increasing alarmingly. A recent study shows that cognitively distracted drivers who are glancing on the forward roadway are also less likely to glance toward areas for potential vehicle–bicyclist conflicts. But this study did not determine whether cognitively distracted drivers who did glance toward the appropriate area were as likely to process the information as drivers who were not cognitively distracted. Evidence that drivers who were cognitively distracted and glanced toward the bicyclist were not as likely to process the information could be inferred either from shorter fixations in the area where a bicyclist could appear or from smaller reductions in the speed of their vehicle to mitigate a potential conflict. This study intends to add to previous results by examining only glance and vehicle behaviors of participants who glance toward the latent hazardous events involving bicyclists. Specifically, the durations of the glances toward the latent hazardous events of participants who are and are not cognitively distracted are compared as well as their velocity while approaching the potential strike zones. Two groups of 20 participants (one distracted, one not distracted) each drove through seven scenarios on a fixed-based driving simulator while their eye movements were continuously tracked using an eye tracker. Analysis of the participants’ longest glance duration toward the latent hazardous events indicated that distracted drivers made shorter glances toward the latent hazardous events when compared with their non-distracted counterparts. However, there was no difference in vehicle velocity between distracted and non-distracted drivers near the potential strike zones.

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Lee, Joonbum, Mauricio Muñoz, Lex Fridman, Trent Victor, Bryan Reimer, and Bruce Mehler. "Investigating the correspondence between driver head position and glance location." PeerJ Computer Science 4 (February 19, 2018): e146. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.146.

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The relationship between a driver’s glance orientation and corresponding head rotation is highly complex due to its nonlinear dependence on the individual, task, and driving context. This paper presents expanded analytic detail and findings from an effort that explored the ability of head pose to serve as an estimator for driver gaze by connecting head rotation data with manually coded gaze region data using both a statistical analysis approach and a predictive (i.e., machine learning) approach. For the latter, classification accuracy increased as visual angles between two glance locations increased. In other words, the greater the shift in gaze, the higher the accuracy of classification. This is an intuitive but important concept that we make explicit through our analysis. The highest accuracy achieved was 83% using the method of Hidden Markov Models (HMM) for the binary gaze classification problem of (a) glances to the forward roadway versus (b) glances to the center stack. Results suggest that although there are individual differences in head-glance correspondence while driving, classifier models based on head-rotation data may be robust to these differences and therefore can serve as reasonable estimators for glance location. The results suggest that driver head pose can be used as a surrogate for eye gaze in several key conditions including the identification of high-eccentricity glances. Inexpensive driver head pose tracking may be a key element in detection systems developed to mitigate driver distraction and inattention.

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Gaspar, John, and Cher Carney. "The Effect of Partial Automation on Driver Attention: A Naturalistic Driving Study." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 61, no. 8 (March 28, 2019): 1261–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720819836310.

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Objective: This naturalistic driving study investigated how drivers deploy visual attention in a partially automated vehicle. Background: Vehicle automation is rapidly increasing across vehicle fleets. This increase in automation will likely have both positive and negative consequences as drivers learn to use the new technology. Research is needed to understand how drivers interact with partially automated vehicle systems and what impact new technology has on driver attention. Method: Ten participants drove a Tesla Model S for 1 week during their daily commute on a stretch of busy interstate. Drivers were instructed to use Autopilot, a system that provides both lateral and longitudinal control, as much as they felt comfortable while driving on the interstate. Driver-facing video data were recorded and manually reduced to examine glance behavior. Results: Drivers primarily allocated their visual attention between the forward roadway (74% of glance time) and the instrument panel (13%). With partial automation engaged, drivers made longer single glances and had longer maximum total-eyes-off-road time (TEORT) associated with a glance cluster. Conclusion: These results provide a window into the nature of visual attention while driving with partial vehicle automation. The results suggest that drivers may be more willing to execute long, “outlier” glances and clusters of glances to off-road locations with partial automation. The findings highlight several important human factors considerations for partially automated vehicles.

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Lee, Ja Young, and John D. Lee. "Multi-level Analysis of Distracted Drivers’ Glances: Enhancing the Robustness of the NHTSA Acceptance Criteria." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 1919–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601960.

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The visual-manual distraction guidelines by National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) provide a method to assess potential distraction of secondary tasks. According to the method, one instance of “testable task” is performed once by 24 participants, and three glance measures (i.e., mean duration of off-road glances, total eyes off road time, and proportion of long glances) are used to decide whether the task imposes acceptable demand on the driver. The current study investigates variability from both participants and task instances (e.g., different telephone numbers used for dialing telephone number task) reflected in these glance measures, with repeated sampling of participants and repeated sampling of task instances. While NHTSA test method is vulnerable to both sources of variability, multi-level statistical modeling and sampling task instances offers a promising approach to overcome this limitation.

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Kircher, Katja, Tuomo Kujala, and Christer Ahlström. "On the Difference Between Necessary and Unnecessary Glances Away From the Forward Roadway: An Occlusion Study on the Motorway." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 62, no. 7 (August 12, 2019): 1117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720819866946.

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Objective The present study strove to distinguish traffic-related glances away from the forward roadway from non-traffic-related glances while assessing the minimum amount of visual information intake necessary for safe driving in particular scenarios. Background Published gaze-based distraction detection algorithms and guidelines for distraction prevention essentially measure the time spent looking away from the forward roadway, without incorporating situation-based attentional requirements. Incorporating situation-based attentional requirements would entail an approach that not only considers the time spent looking elsewhere but also checks whether all necessary information has been sampled. Method We assess the visual sampling requirements for the forward view based on 25 experienced drivers’ self-paced visual occlusion in real motorway traffic, dependent on a combination of situational factors, and compare these with their corresponding glance behavior in baseline driving. Results Occlusion durations were on average 3 times longer than glances away from the forward roadway, and they varied substantially depending on particular maneuvers and on the proximity of other traffic, showing that interactions with nearby traffic increase perceived uncertainty. The frequency of glances away from the forward roadway was relatively stable across proximity levels and maneuvers, being very similar to what has been found in naturalistic driving. Conclusion Glances away from the forward roadway proved qualitatively different from occlusions in both their duration and when they occur. Our findings indicate that glancing away from the forward roadway for driving purposes is not the same as glancing away for other purposes, and that neither is necessarily equivalent to distraction.

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Hoffman, Joshua D., John D. Lee, Daniel V. McGehee, Mashala Macias, and Andrew W. Gellatly. "Visual Sampling of In-Vehicle Text Messages." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1937, no. 1 (January 2005): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105193700104.

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Emerging in-vehicle technology associated with radio data systems, satellite radio, navigation aids, and infotainment systems will expose drivers to an increasing amount of textual information. The visual demands of driving make it critically important to understand how characteristics of such information affect visual sampling of the roadway. This study used a medium-fidelity driving simulator to evaluate the effect of scroll control (manual or automatic), the number of lines displayed (one, two, or four), and scrolling strategy (line by line or page by page) on drivers’ visual sampling behavior of text messages. Fifteen men and 15 women aged 25 to 51 (mean 35.7, s.d. 7.5) participated. Consistent with previous models of sampling behavior, text message characteristics affected the number of glances much more strongly than the duration of glances, and drivers were able to protect driving performance even with a demanding secondary visual task. However, the number of lines of text displayed increased the mean glance duration, the variability of glance duration, and the number of glances greater than 2 s. Scrolling text line by line increased visual demand relative to scrolling page by page, particularly when scrolling is manually controlled by the driver. Manual control of scrolling by using a touch screen button led to greater visual demand compared with automatically scrolled text.

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13

Murphy, Paul. "Further Parting Glances." Musical Times 135, no. 1813 (March 1994): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1002897.

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Xie, Jeanne Y., Huei-Yen Winnie Chen, and Birsen Donmez. "Gaming to Safety." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, no. 1 (September 2016): 1884–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601429.

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The risk of crash or near-crash significantly increases when drivers make long off-road glances to engage in distracting tasks. Providing drivers with feedback that integrates elements of game design could increase driver motivation for adopting safer behaviors. In an ongoing between-subjects simulator study with young drivers ( n=29 reported in this paper), we compare four conditions for off-road glance behaviors: no feedback, real-time feedback system, post-drive feedback system (real-time feedback + post-drive feedback), and gamification feedback system (real-time feedback + post-drive feedback + game design elements). Shorter average glance duration and less frequent risky (≥2 s) glances to an in-vehicle display were observed for the post-drive system, compared to no feedback and real-time feedback, and for the gamification system, compared to no feedback. Although no added benefit of gamification over the post-drive feedback system was observed for these eye glance metrics, longer-term exposure and assessment could show improvements to be more stable with the inclusion of game design elements.

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Schneider, Craig A., Foroogh Hajiseyedjavadi, Francis Tainter, Michael Knodler, Jingyi Zhang, Matthew Romoser, Siby Samuel, and Donald Fisher. "Measuring the Applicability of Intersection-Based Older Driver Training Programs." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 9 (July 1, 2020): 878–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120932566.

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Older drivers remain overrepresented in intersection crashes. Previous evidence suggests that the primary reason for this lies with their lack of scanning for potential threat vehicles while entering stop-controlled intersections. More so, secondary glances prove critical when the conditions obscure potential threat vehicles while approaching the intersection. Currently, simulator-based older driver training programs have proven effective in increasing the frequency of secondary glances taken by older drivers up to 2 years following the training. However, both the need for a full-scale driving simulator and participant dropout rates because of simulator sickness within training programs continue to limit the applicability of these alternatives. This study used a series of micro-scenarios to train older drivers in secondary glances, thus reducing the potential for participant dropouts resulting from simulator sickness. In addition, driver immersion levels varied across multiple training platforms, ranging from low to medium. A total of 91 participants between 67 and 86 years old were assigned to one of five groups. Three groups were provided active, secondary glance training on a driving simulator (one on a low immersion simulator and two on medium immersion simulators), a fourth group was provided passive training using a PowerPoint presentation, and the last group was a control with no training. Following training, all participants were evaluated in their personal vehicles while wearing head-mounted cameras. The medium immersion group resulted in the highest percentage of secondary glances (82%), whereas the control group resulted in the lowest percentage (42%). The results provide evidence to suggest that the training programs using micro-scenarios in medium and low immersion simulators can increase the frequency of secondary glances without having high dropout rates caused by simulator sickness.

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Greene, Michelle R., and Aude Oliva. "The Briefest of Glances." Psychological Science 20, no. 4 (April 2009): 464–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02316.x.

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Hackeng, Tilman M. "Gla glances at proteins." Blood 105, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2004-10-3874.

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Hannaham, James. "Air Disaster, and: Glances." Yale Review 109, no. 2 (2021): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tyr.2021.0030.

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Boffin, Tessa, and Jean Fraser. "Stolen Glances: Lesbians Take Photographs." Feminist Studies 18, no. 3 (1992): 550. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3178082.

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Blanchot, Maurice, and Hilari Allred. "Glances From Beyond the Grave." Yale French Studies, no. 81 (1992): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2930141.

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21

Main, Tom. "A few glances at psychiatry." Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy 6, no. 3 (January 1992): 249–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02668739200700221.

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Castaing, Jacques, and Marine Cotte. "Physicist glances at cultural heritage." Europhysics News 38, no. 5 (September 2007): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epn:2007020.

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Mehrotra, Shashank Kumar, Fangda Zhang, and Shannon C. Roberts. "Evaluation and Validation of Distraction Detection Algorithms on Multiple Data Sources." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 62, no. 1 (September 2018): 1949–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621442.

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Many researchers have developed algorithms to detect distraction, but they have yet to be validated on multiple data sources. This study aims to evaluate these algorithms by comparing their ability to detect distraction and predict event likelihood. Four algorithms that use measures of cumulative glance, past glance behavior, and glance eccentricity were used to understand the distracted state of the driver and were validated on two separate data sources: naturalistic and experimental data. Results showed that there was a higher likelihood of event detection when cumulative glances were considered. Glance eccentricity was best for predicting distraction. Future research can use these findings to design mitigation systems that give drivers feedback in instances of high crash likelihood.

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Merrikhpour, Maryam, and Birsen Donmez. "Towards Mitigating Teenagers’ Distracted Driving Behaviors." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, no. 1 (September 2016): 1879–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601428.

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Distraction contributes significantly to teens’ crash risks. Previous studies show that feedback can help mitigate distraction among young and adult drivers; however, the type of feedback that is effective for teenagers remains unexamined. This paper investigates whether real-time and post-drive feedback can mitigate teens’ driver distraction and reports preliminary findings from an ongoing simulator study. Data reported was collected in a between-subjects experiment with three conditions: real-time (n= 8), post-drive (n= 8), and no feedback (n= 9). Real-time feedback was provided as auditory warnings when teens had long offroad glances (>2 sec). Post-drive feedback was an end-of-trip report on teens’ off-road glances and driving performance provided on an in-vehicle display. Compared to no feedback, real-time feedback resulted in significantly smaller number of long off-road glances (>2 sec), smaller average duration of off-road glances, and smaller standard deviation of lane position. The effects observed for post-drive feedback were relatively minor.

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Hoekstra-Atwood, Liberty, David Prendez, John L. Campbell, and Christian M. Richard. "Some On-Road Glances are More Equal Than Others: Measuring Engagement in the Driving Task." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 63, no. 1 (November 2019): 1986–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631450.

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The current work examines a methodology developed for assessing driver attention management using high-precision eye glances towards safety-relevant driving information. The Task Analysis Eye Movement Overlay (TAEMO) method uses task analyses, video recordings of a driving scenario, and eye glance data toward visual keys that drivers sample during the driving scenario to directly measure driver engagement. This methodology has applications for evaluating infrastructure design, driver impairment assessment, driver training, driver distraction research, and vehicle human-machine interface (HMI) system design.

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Roxman, Susanna. "Brushstrokes and glances (review)." Prairie Schooner 85, no. 3 (2011): 157–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/psg.2011.0109.

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Seife, C. "QUANTUM PHYSICS:Furtive Glances Trigger Radioactive Decay." Science 288, no. 5471 (June 2, 2000): 1564a—1564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5471.1564a.

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Unverricht, James, Yusuke Yamani, and William J. Horrey. "Calibration in Older and Middle-aged Drivers: Relationship between Subjective and Objective Glance Performance at Complex Intersections." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 62, no. 1 (September 2018): 1913–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621434.

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Older drivers are an at-risk population for automobile crashes, especially at intersections. Intersection maneuvers demand a series of motor and visual responses executed at specific proximities and timings during a turn. Previous research indicates that older drivers are more likely than middle-aged drivers to neglect anticipatory glances to areas where latent hazards could materialize at intersections. Calibration, which reflects the degree of agreement (or discordance) between a driver’s self-perception of their driving ability and their actual ability, might be a factor that drives the age-related differences in visual scanning at intersections. This study examined relationships between eye movement patterns while driving through intersection scenarios in a medium-fidelity simulator and their subjective performance scores for middle-aged and older drivers. The data indicated no difference in calibration scores between older and middle-aged drivers. However, data showed that older drivers with higher subjective performance executed fewer secondary glances: this pattern was not present for middle aged drivers. Further research is necessary to identify psychological mechanisms involving driver calibration that control the age-related declines in anticipatory glance behavior at intersections.

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Bakhtiari, Sarah, Tingru Zhang, Tracy Zafian, Siby Samuel, Michael Knodler, Cole Fitzpatrick, and Donald L. Fisher. "Effect of Visual and Auditory Alerts on Older Drivers’ Glances toward Latent Hazards while Turning Left at Intersections." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 9 (May 4, 2019): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119844244.

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Older drivers are known to make significantly fewer glances toward hazards that are hidden from view (latent hazards) than middle-aged drivers. This is especially true when the driver is making a left turn at an intersection at that critical point in the turn immediately after the driver enters the intersection. This has led to the development of training programs that can increase the frequency of these glances toward latent hazards at intersections. However, training programs can require time and money that many older adults may not have. Advances in machine vision and vehicle-to-vehicle communications technologies make possible the use of alerts that warn older drivers of the location of latent hazards at intersections. This driving simulator study investigates the effect of auditory and visual warning alerts on older drivers’ primary (before entering the intersection) and secondary (just after entering the intersection) glance behavior when making a left turn at an intersection. In a between-subjects design, forty older drivers navigated eight unique scenarios containing latent hazards either in the presence or in the absence of combined auditory and visual hazard warning alerts. The results showed that older drivers anticipated a significantly greater proportion of latent hazards in the presence of warning alerts both before they enter the intersection and after they enter the intersection. The results of this study suggest that a combination of auditory and visual alerts may be effective at improving older drivers’ glance behavior while making left turns at intersections.

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Jenness, James W., Raymond J. Lattanzio, Maura O'Toole, and Nancy Taylor. "Voice-Activated Dialing or Eating a Cheeseburger: Which is More Distracting during Simulated Driving?" Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 4 (September 2002): 592–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204600405.

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We measured simulated driving performance for 26 participants who drove a fixed distance while continuously eating a cheeseburger, operating an automobile CD player, reading directions, or using a voice-activated dialing system to place calls on a mobile phone. Performance was also measured while participants drove without doing other tasks. Participants made the most lane-keeping errors, minimum speed violations, and glances away from the road while reading and while operating the CD player. They made significantly fewer driving errors and glances while voice-dialing the mobile phone or eating, although in both of these conditions they made more driving errors and glances than they did when driving without doing any other activity. We conclude that for simulated driving, placing calls using a voice-activated dialing system is as distracting as eating a cheeseburger, but both of these activities are less distracting than continuously operating a CD player or reading directions.

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Yang, Shiyan, Jonny Kuo, and Michael G. Lenné. "Patterns of Sequential Off-Road Glances Indicate Levels of Distraction in Automated Driving." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 63, no. 1 (November 2019): 2056–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631204.

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The safety concerns linked to semi-automated driving – more automation, less driver engagement – could be resolved by real-time driver monitoring with mitigation strategies. To achieve this, this paper analyzed an on-road dataset of sequential off-road glance behaviors under different levels of distraction in an autonomous vehicle trial named CANdrive. Several metrics based on sequential off-road glances were proposed and examined in terms of their capacity of measuring the levels of distraction. These findings are useful for the development of high-resolution driver state monitoring to improve safety in the collaboration between human driver and semi-autonomous vehicle.

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Graichen, Lisa, Matthias Graichen, and Josef F. Krems. "Evaluation of Gesture-Based In-Vehicle Interaction: User Experience and the Potential to Reduce Driver Distraction." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 61, no. 5 (January 29, 2019): 774–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720818824253.

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Objective: We observe the effects of in-vehicle system gesture-based interaction versus touch-based interaction on driver distraction and user experience. Background: Driver distraction is a major problem for traffic safety, as it is a contributing factor to a number of accidents. Visual distraction in particular has a highly negative impact on the driver. One possibility for reducing visual driver distraction is to use new forms of interaction in the vehicle, such as gesture-based interaction. Method: In this experiment, participants drove on a motorway or in a city scenario while using touch-based interaction or gesture-based interaction. Subjective data, such as acceptance and workload, and objective data, including glance behavior, were gathered. Results: As a result, participants rated their subjective impressions of safe driving as higher when using gesture-based interaction. More specifically, acceptance and attractiveness were higher, and workload was lower. The participants performed significantly fewer glances to the display and the glances were much shorter. Conclusion: Gestures are a positive alternative for in-vehicle interaction since effects on driver distraction are less significant when compared to touch-based interaction. Application: Potential application of this research includes interaction design of typical in-vehicle information and entertainment functions.

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Smith, Missie, Joseph L. Gabbard, Gary Burnett, and Nadejda Doutcheva. "The Effects of Augmented Reality Head-Up Displays on Drivers' Eye Scan Patterns, Performance, and Perceptions." International Journal of Mobile Human Computer Interaction 9, no. 2 (April 2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmhci.2017040101.

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This paper reports on an experiment comparing Head-Up Display (HUD) and Head-Down Display (HDD) use while driving in a simulator to explore differences in glance patterns, driving performance, and user preferences. Sixteen participants completed both structured (text) and semi-structured (grid) visual search tasks on each display while following a lead vehicle in a motorway (highway) environment. Participants experienced three levels of complexity (low, medium, high) for each visual search task, with five repetitions of each level of complexity. Results suggest that the grid task was not sensitive enough to the varying visual demands, while the text task showed significant differences between displays in user preference, perceived workload, and distraction. As complexity increased, HUD use during the text task corresponded with faster performance as compared to the HDD, indicating the potential benefits when using HUDs in the driving context. Furthermore, HUD use was associated with longer sustained glances (at the respective display) as compared to the HDD, with no differences in driving performance observed. This finding suggests that AR HUDs afford longer glances without negatively affecting the longitudinal and lateral control of the vehicle – a result that has implications for how future researchers should evaluate the visual demands for AR HUDs.

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Kanaan, Dina, Suzan Ayas, Birsen Donmez, Martina Risteska, and Joyita Chakraborty. "Using Naturalistic Vehicle-Based Data to Predict Distraction and Environmental Demand." International Journal of Mobile Human Computer Interaction 11, no. 3 (July 2019): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmhci.2019070104.

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This research utilized vehicle-based measures from a naturalistic driving dataset to detect distraction as indicated by long off-path glances (≥ 2 s) and whether the driver was engaged in a secondary (non-driving) task or not, as well as to estimate motor control difficulty associated with the driving environment (i.e. curvature and poor surface conditions). Advanced driver assistance systems can exploit such driver behavior models to better support the driver and improve safety. Given the temporal nature of vehicle-based measures, Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) were utilized; GPS speed and steering wheel position were used to classify the existence of off-path glances (yes vs. no) and secondary task engagement (yes vs. no); lateral (x-axis) and longitudinal (y-axis) acceleration were used to classify motor control difficulty (lower vs. higher). Best classification accuracies were achieved for identifying cases of long off-path glances and secondary task engagement with both accuracies of 77%.

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Garnett, Mary Anne, and Dorothy Kelly. "Telling Glances: Voyeurism in the French Novel." South Central Review 10, no. 4 (1993): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3190061.

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Thompson, Gregory C., and James R. Hepworth. "Stealing Glances: Three Interviews with Wallace Stegner." Western Historical Quarterly 32, no. 2 (2001): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3650784.

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Müller-Ruchholtz, W. "Glances at the history of transplantation immunology." Transplantation Proceedings 31, no. 3 (May 1999): 1443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-1345(99)00005-6.

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Haigh, Samantha, and Dorothy Kelly. "Telling Glances: Voyeurism in the French Novel." Modern Language Review 89, no. 4 (October 1994): 994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3733932.

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Ronald, A. "Stealing Glances: Three Interviews With Wallace Stegner." Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 6, no. 2 (July 1, 1999): 222–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isle/6.2.222.

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Thompson, Geoff. "Appraising glances: evaluating Martin's model of APPRAISAL." WORD 59, no. 1-2 (April 2008): 169–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00437956.2008.11432585.

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Bürgel, J. C. "The Lady Gazelle and Her Murderous Glances." Journal of Arabic Literature 20, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006489x00019.

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Schartmüller, Clemens, Klemens Weigl, Andreas Löcken, Philipp Wintersberger, Marco Steinhauser, and Andreas Riener. "Displays for Productive Non-Driving Related Tasks: Visual Behavior and Its Impact in Conditionally Automated Driving." Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 5, no. 4 (April 18, 2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mti5040021.

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(1) Background: Primary driving tasks are increasingly being handled by vehicle automation so that support for non-driving related tasks (NDRTs) is becoming more and more important. In SAE L3 automation, vehicles can require the driver-passenger to take over driving controls, though. Interfaces for NDRTs must therefore guarantee safe operation and should also support productive work. (2) Method: We conducted a within-subjects driving simulator study (N=53) comparing Heads-Up Displays (HUDs) and Auditory Speech Displays (ASDs) for productive NDRT engagement. In this article, we assess the NDRT displays’ effectiveness by evaluating eye-tracking measures and setting them into relation to workload measures, self-ratings, and NDRT/take-over performance. (3) Results: Our data highlights substantially higher gaze dispersion but more extensive glances on the road center in the auditory condition than the HUD condition during automated driving. We further observed potentially safety-critical glance deviations from the road during take-overs after a HUD was used. These differences are reflected in self-ratings, workload indicators and take-over reaction times, but not in driving performance. (4) Conclusion: NDRT interfaces can influence visual attention even beyond their usage during automated driving. In particular, the HUD has resulted in safety-critical glances during manual driving after take-overs. We found this impacted workload and productivity but not driving performance.

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Lee, Joonbum, Bruce Mehler, Bryan Reimer, and Joseph F. Coughlin. "Sensation Seeking and Drivers’ Glance Behavior while Engaging in a Secondary Task." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, no. 1 (September 2016): 1864–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601425.

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To investigate possible relationships between drivers’ sensation seeking and glance behavior while interacting with human-machine interfaces, a total of 70 drivers’ eye-glance data, Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS), and Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ) data were collected and analyzed. Participants conducted radio tuning tasks with two standard production interfaces while driving on a highway, and their glance allocations to defined regions were recorded and manually annotated. Results showed that sensation seeking scores were related with self-reported violation scores, off-road glance patterns, and driving speed: (1) violation scores of DBQ were positively correlated with sensation seeking, (2) mean and standard deviation of off-road glance duration were positively correlated with sensation seeking for younger drivers (under 40 years), (3) total off-road glance time per minute and number of off-road glances per minute were positively correlated with sensation seeking for older drivers (over 40 years), and (4) percentage of speed change was negatively correlated with sensation seeking for both younger and older drivers. The results indicate that sensation seeking is associated with drivers’ off-road glance patterns and driving behavior. These observations further highlight the relationship between personal traits and driver behavior.

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McWilliams, Thomas, Joonbum Lee, Bruce Mehler, and Bryan Reimer. "Revisiting Radio Tuning: A Secondary Analysis Comparing Glance Behavior Across Five Vehicles." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 1924–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601961.

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Visual-manual demand placed on drivers through interactions with operational functions, embedded telematics, infotainment systems, and nomadic technologies has raised concerns associated with diverting attention from the roadway. This analysis draws on data from field studies of five different infotainment systems representing a range of screen placements and control characteristics that diverge in significant ways from the relatively standard car radio layout of previous generations. Participants performed a set of classic visual-manual radio tuning tasks under highway driving conditions. There were significant differences in task completion time, number of off-road glances, mean single off-road glance duration, and total off-road glance time across vehicles. These results highlight that the range of configurations appearing in modern infotainment systems have changed the extent to which they can be used in the classic radio tuning task to provide a standard demand benchmark.

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Suleiman, Susan Rubin. "Introduction: On Signposts, Travelers, Outsiders, and Backward Glances." Poetics Today 17, no. 3 (1996): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1773409.

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Fraser, Jean, and Tessa Boffin. "Tantalizing Glimpses of Stolen Glances: Lesbians Take Photographs." Feminist Review, no. 38 (1991): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1395375.

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Bastian Cole, Joshua. "Passing Glances: Recognizing the Trans Gaze inMulholland Drive." Somatechnics 8, no. 1 (March 2018): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/soma.2018.0238.

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In a quick but disorienting visual exchange at the end of David Lynch's Mulholland Drive (2001), two unacquainted characters, Dan and Diane, encounter each other at a diner called Winkie's. The film's queer temporal and spatial logics invite these two to recognize each other – a shared recognition into which I am also drawn. Already a part of the queer film canon because a lesbian relationship drives Mulholland's plot, my trans reading adds a new perspective to the growing literature on queer spectatorship. Here in ‘this Winkie's’ fragmentation, circuitive desires, and cross-identifications transpose onto transtemporal ruptures. If cinema is a somatechnics – a crafting of bodies – it is important to consider the ways spectatorship is informed by trans viewers. In this essay, I demonstrate usages of trans male practices that connect new phenomenological links between embodiment and cinematic experience. My primary concern is to explore how a cinematic body looks, thereby bridging a trans viewer to cinema. After Diane and Dan share a passing glance, Lynch's fragmentary aesthetics suggest that perhaps I, not Lynch, am the man behind Winkie's, and Dan, with trans insight/foresight, can see me through the wall. Dan and Diane are waiting in Winkie's for me to see them and recognize them, just as they briefly recognize each other.

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Fraser, Jean, and Tessa Boffin. "Tantalizing Glimpses of Stolen Glances: Lesbians Take Photographs." Feminist Review 38, no. 1 (July 1991): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/fr.1991.17.

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Christiansen, Hope. "Exchanging glances: Learning visual communication in Balzac'sEugénie Grandet." European Romantic Review 6, no. 2 (January 1996): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10509589608570004.

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Quaranta, Maria Giovanna, Benedetta Mattioli, and Stefano Vella. "Glances in Immunology of HIV and HCV Infection." Advances in Virology 2012 (2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/434036.

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Since the identification of HIV and HCV much progress has been made in the understanding of their life cycle and interaction with the host immune system. Despite these viruses markedly differ in their virological properties and in their pathogenesis, they share many common features in their immune escape and survival strategy. Both viruses have developed sophisticated ways to subvert and antagonize host innate and adaptive immune responses. In the last years, much effort has been done in the study of the AIDS pathogenesis and in the development of efficient treatment strategies, and a fatal infection has been transformed in a potentially chronic pathology. Much of this knowledge is now being transferred in the HCV research field, especially in the development of new drugs, although a big difference still remains between the outcome of the two infections, being HCV eradicable after treatment, whereas HIV eradication remains at present unachievable due to the establishment of reservoirs. In this review, we present current knowledge on innate and adaptive immune recognition and activation during HIV and HCV mono-infections and evasion strategies. We also discuss the genetic associations between components of the immune system, the course of infection, and the outcome of the therapies.

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