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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

van der Meer, J. J. M. "Glacigenic sediments." Quaternary Science Reviews 11, no. 7-8 (1992): 823–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(92)90088-p.

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2

Hambrey, Michael J. "Glacigenic Sediments." Earth-Science Reviews 33, no. 1 (August 1992): 44–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(92)90072-2.

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3

Santos, Paulo R. "Glacigenic Sediments." Sedimentary Geology 81, no. 1-2 (November 1992): 157–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(92)90063-w.

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4

Menzies, John. "Review of glacigenic sediments." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 102, no. 3-4 (June 1993): 337–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(93)90079-x.

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5

McMillan, A. A. "A provisional Quaternary and Neogene lithostratigraphical framework for Great Britain." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 84, no. 2 (July 2005): 87–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016774600022988.

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AbstractThis paper presents an overview of a provisional lithostratigraphical framework for the Quaternary and Neogene deposits of Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) (onshore). The objective is to provide a workable framework to aid future Quaternary mapping and research, and a stratigraphical scheme capable of use in a wide variety of applications. Using the full hierarchy, a supergroup, group and subgroup lithostratigraphy, based upon the primary mapping unit, the formation, is proposed. It is recommended that some classes of lithogenetically-defined deposits which, at present cannot be accorded formational status, should be assigned informally to one of the proposed groups or subgroups. The framework distinguishes one superficial deposits supergroup within which seven groups are defined: i) Crag Group, marine deposits (Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene); ii), Dunwich Group, fluvial deposits (pre-Anglian/pre-Elsterian); iii) Residual Deposits Group; iv) British Coastal Deposits Group, coastal and marine deposits (Anglian to Holocene); v) Britannia Catchments Group, fluvial, organic and mass movement deposits (Anglian to Holocene) within broadly defined catchment areas related to Late Devensian to present-day physiography; vi) Albion Glacigenic Group, glacigenic deposits (pre-Devensian/pre-Weichselian), and vii) Caledonia Glacigenic Group, glacigenic deposits (Devensian/Weichselian). North of the Devensian (Weichselian) ice-sheet limit, a series of glacigenic subgroups are defined geographically for the two glacigenic groups on the basis of mappable formations of till. The subgroups include associated formations of glaciofluvial and glaciolacustrine deposits. Consequently some of the glacigenic water-lain units may extend beyond the Devensian limit. Catchment subgroups of the Britannia Catchments Group are proposed for formations and lithogenetic units defined within broad present-day physiographic regions by major river drainage systems that have developed since Middle Pleistocene time. Lithostratigraphical description and correlation of formations will aid the refinement of the proposed framework and enable the development of lithostratigraphical maps and three-dimensional models. As well as offering a unified framework for onshore Quaternary and Neogene deposits the proposed supergroup, group and subgroup structure may prove useful for a wide range of regional applications (e.g. hydrological, hydrogeological, engineering).
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6

Curry, Alastair M., and Colin K. Ballantyne. "Paraglacial Modification of Glacigenic Sediment." Geografiska Annaler, Series A: Physical Geography 81, no. 3 (October 1999): 409–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0435-3676.1999.00070.x.

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7

Park, Adrian F., and Bruce E. Broster. "Influence of glacitectonic fractures on wall failure in open excavations: Heath Steele Mines, New Brunswick, Canada." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 33, no. 5 (November 6, 1996): 720–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t96-098-319.

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Recognition and detailed mapping of glacigenic fractures and reactivated joints, along with such glacigenic features as striae and till fabrics, prove critical in predicting ground control hazards such as pit wall failure. Following a period of heavy rain in the autumn of 1991, a failure occured on part of the wall of an open-pit mining operation on the Heath Steel Mines property. The failure surfaces bounding the complex landslips of the pit wall were all either original glacigenic fractures or other joints reactivated during Late Wisconsinan glacier overriding. Apart from differential movement, such features include joints filled with coarse sand or clay. Comparaison of the geometry of glacigenic fractures in failed areas with the same features in areas just as densely fractured, but which did not fail, reveal a combination of circumstances where failure was predictable. In this case failure of an unstable rock mass resulted from unfavourable kinematic relationships involving the following: the low strength of clay- and sand-filled joints, the presence of highly permeable and weathered joint conduits, the unfavourable geometry between wall and joint orientation, and an occurrence of increased fluid pressure along the joints from high rainfall that triggered movement. Key words: glacitectonics, geotechnical, wall failure, excavations, rock-quality data, instability.
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8

Pedersen, Schack. "Progressive glaciotectonic deformation in Weichselian and Palaeogene deposits at Feggeklit, northern Denmark." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 42 (February 1, 1996): 153–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-1995-42-13.

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Structural analysis of the glaciotectonic deformations at Feggeklit, Mors, Denmark, provide a unique record of succesive deformation phases in a progressive glaciotectonic deformation. The Feggeklit profile displays glaciotectonically folded, thrust-faulted and sheared Palaeogene diatomite with thin volcanic ash layers, the Fur Formation, overlain by a glacigene succession. The combination of stratigraphical and structural analysis shows that the Feggeklit was affected by three glaciodynamic events. The first event is of Saalian age and is represented by the deposition of a till and the formation of a para-authochthonous glacitectonite in the top of the Fur Formation deposits. The second event is only represented by the deposition of a till, probably of Saalian age. The third event is of Late Weichselian age. It includes: 1) deposition of proglacial glaciolacustrine and -fluvial sediments, 2) the formation of a glaciotectonic unit (the Feggeklit deformation complex) and 3) deposition of a till resting on a tectonic uncon-formity formed subglacially. A detailed structural analysis of the glaciotectonic unit provides a subdivision into five succesive deformation phases. The first four phases are related to the proglacial deformation and comprise 1) anastamosing jointing, 2) conjugate faulting, 3) buckle folding and listric thrust faulting, and 4) large scale ramp thrusting. The final phase (5) is related to subglacial shear deformation and loading which produced an allochthonous diatomiteglacitectonite at the sole of the overlying lodgement till. The formation of the structural complex at Feggeklit was caused by two glaciotectonic mechanisms: 1) a proglacial gravity spreading deformation, and 2) a subglacial cataclastic shearing. The balanced cross-section of the fold structures related to the first deformation mechanism indicates that the detachment of the dislocation is situated below the base of the diatomite formation in the plastic clay at a depth of 80-100 m below the surface. Based on the glaciodynamic analysis and considerations on the dating of regional glacigenic setting the velocity of the advancing ice is estimated at 10 m per year. This advance created the gravity spreading deformation reflected in the glaciotectonic structures preserved in the Feggeklit.
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9

Fitzsimons, Sean, Michael Pollington, and Eric Colhoun. "Palaeomagnetism of New Zealand glacigenic deposits." Exploration Geophysics 24, no. 2 (June 1993): 303–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg993303.

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10

Rebesco, M., A. Camerlenghi, and J. Llopart. "Glacigenic debris-flow deposits, Storfjorden Fan." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 46, no. 1 (2016): 373–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m46.34.

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11

Dyke, Arthur S., and John V. Matthews. "Stratigraphy and Paleoecology of Quaternary Sediments Along Pasley River, Boothia Peninsula, Central Canadian Arctic." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 41, no. 3 (December 18, 2007): 323–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/032689ar.

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ABSTRACT Quaternary sediments exposed along Pasley River consist of a lower marine deltaic sand overlain in succession by complexly interbedded tills and glaciomarine sediments (the lower glacigenic assemblage), by a mid-section fluvial gravel, by an upper marine deltaic sand, and by glaciomarine sediment and till (the upper glacigenic assemblage). The midsection fluvial gravels contain plant and insect fossils indicating a climate as warm as and perhaps warmer than present. The top of the gravel is more than 55 000 years old ; the unit is probably of Sangamonian age (>75 000 ka) and separates Wisconsinan from lllinoian glacial deposits. The deltaic sands that underlie both glacigenic assemblages indicate substantial crustal depression during glacial buildup episodes prior to arrival of ice at the site. This implies that the process of buildup was slow and involved glacier expansion into major marine basins. Glaciomarine beds of the lower glacigenic assemblage locally contain abundant detrital terrestrial organic material as well as marine molluscs. The terrestrial organic detritus, an unusual constituent of glaciomarine sediment, is thought to have been released into the sea from glacier ice. These terrestrial fossil asemblages exhibit compositional differences which vary with the sediment faciès and probably reflect taphonomic factors such as differential buoyancy of the fossils. The upper marine deltaic sands contain some "old " rebedded plant detritus and amber indicating a nearby source of Tertiary sediment, possibly equivalent in age to the Beaufort Formation. Other rebedded fossils from the upper deltaic unit may be the same age as the mid-section fluvial gravels.
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12

DULLER, G. "Single grain optical dating of glacigenic deposits." Quaternary Geochronology 1, no. 4 (December 2006): 296–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2006.05.018.

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13

Bullard, Joanna E. "Contemporary glacigenic inputs to the dust cycle." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 38, no. 1 (September 23, 2012): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.3315.

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14

Rashid, Harunur, and David JW Piper. "The extent of ice on the continental shelf off Hudson Strait during Heinrich events 1-3." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 44, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 1537–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e07-051.

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North Atlantic Heinrich events, which dispersed widespread sediment plumes and icebergs, originated principally from Hudson Strait ice streams of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. The dynamics and extent of these ice streams across the wide continental shelf seaward of Hudson Strait are not well understood. High-resolution airgun seismic reflection profiles from the outer shelf and slope show an acoustically incoherent, prograded unit at least 30 m thick. This unit has been sampled by piston cores and corresponds to a carbonate-rich diamicton unit interpreted as a glacigenic debris flow, locally overlain by carbonate-rich mud turbidites, dated as corresponding to Heinrich event 3 (H3). Younger glacigenic debris flow deposits are lacking. These data are compared with the seismic-stratigraphic record on the continental shelf, where a regional erosion surface at 10–200 m depth below the sea floor truncates Tertiary strata and is overlain by a 50 m thick diamicton (?subglacial till) sheet and is correlated with the H3 glacigenic debris flows. Above this unit, at least two distinct diamicton sheets terminate on the inner continental shelf. These data imply that grounded Laurentide ice crossed the continental shelf during H3, delivering large amounts of diamicton to the continental slope, but during the younger Heinrich events H1 and H2, no detectable record of diamicton was left on the outer shelf or slope. These findings account for observed differences between H3 and younger Heinrich events in the Labrador Sea.
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15

Kortelainen, N. M., P. J. Korkeakoski, and J. A. Karhu. "Origin of calcite in the glacigenic Virttaankangas complex." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 79, no. 1 (June 2007): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17741/bgsf/79.1.001.

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16

Davies, Thomas A. "Contributions solicited for Atlas of Marine Glacigenic Features." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 75, no. 42 (1994): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94eo02000.

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17

Vogt, P. R., K. Crane, and E. Sundvor. "Glacigenic mudflows on the Bear Island Submarine Fan." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 74, no. 40 (1993): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93eo00370.

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18

Bennett, Matthew R., Richard I. Waller, Neil F. Glasser, Michael J. Hambrey, and David Huddart. "Glacigenic clast fabrics: genetic fingerprint or wishful thinking?" Journal of Quaternary Science 14, no. 2 (March 1999): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1417(199903)14:2<125::aid-jqs426>3.0.co;2-0.

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19

Sjørring, Steen. "INQUA and IGCP field meeting in Denmark 1981." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 34 (December 19, 1985): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-1985-34-20.

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On 25-30 May, 1981 a field meeting on Glacial Tectonics was held on the island of Møn, south­ern Denmark. It was the fifth conference of the Regional Group "Glacigenic Deposits in the Southwest Parts of the Scandinavian Icesheet".....
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20

Hodkin, Richard G., Jonathan R. Lee, James B. Riding, and Jenni A. Turner. "Genesis and provenance of a new Middle Pleistocene diamicton unit at Happisburgh, NE Norfolk, UK." Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society 61, no. 1 (February 26, 2016): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/pygs2015-367.

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Glacigenic deposits at Happisburgh, NE Norfolk, record the earliest known expansion of glaciers into lowland eastern England during the Quaternary. The sequence comprises two regionally extensive till units, the Happisburgh Till and Corton Diamicton members of the Happisburgh Glacigenic Formation, deposited during separate ice advances, and intervening glacilacustrine and outwash deposits laid down during ice-marginal retreat. During 2012, a new diamicton unit was discovered within the intervening sorted sediments and its significance is outlined here. Sedimentological and structural evidence suggests, tentatively, that the diamicton forms a small debris fan generated subaerially by a series of water-saturated hyperconcentrated or debris flows. The precise trigger mechanism for these flow deposits remains unclear, but may relate to seasonal melting of surface or buried ice followed by mass-movement, or to more abrupt geological events including periods of intense rainfall, moraine dam failure or a glacier outburst flood.
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21

Broster, Bruce E., and John J. Clague. "Advance and retreat glacigenic deformation at Williams Lake, British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 24, no. 7 (July 1, 1987): 1421–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e87-134.

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Glacigenic deformation structures at Williams Lake, British Columbia, occur within stratified Quaternary sediments that both overlie and underlie lodgement till of the last (Fraser = Late Wisconsinan) glaciation. The main structures in sediments below the lodgement till are faults, joints, and clastic dikes produced by glacier overriding during Late Wisconsinan time. The orientation of these structures is closely related to the direction of glacier flow at Williams Lake. Their character and stratigraphic position suggest that the substrate in this area was partly frozen and partly unfrozen when covered by ice during the Fraser Glaciation.A different suite of glacigenic deformation structures is found in sediments above the lodgement till. These include complex folds, load casts, and high-angle faults formed during deglaciation as a result of loss of ice support and collapse. These structures yield information on the local pattern of ice decay, but bear no relationship to the regional direction of Late Wisconsinan glacier flow.
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22

Dobrowolski, Radosław, Sławomir Terpiłowski, Marcin Szeliga, and Tadeusz Wiśniewski. "Flints of the Chełm Hills (Rejowiec flints) – origin, sedimentation environment and exploitation in prehistory – a case study from the Lechówka site." Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 74, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.23858/sa/74.2022.1.3110.

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Rejowiec flint from the Chełm Hills occur among glacigenic sediments of the Odranian glaciation and is referred to as erratic flints. The authors, based on the analysis of the sedimentary succession of a kame in Lechówka – within the boundaries of the largest outcrop, in so-called ‘Region I’ (Rejowiec region) – indicate that: (1) the probable source of the flints were older series of glacigenic sediments – from before the Odranian glaciation, (2) their great accumulation directly under the surface and – as a result – their considerable accessibility for exploitation in prehistory were caused by the ‘upfreezing of stones’ in the conditions of a periglacial environment during successive glacial periods (Odranian, Wartanian and Vistulian glaciations). The analysis of archaeological data confirmed the use of the local flints as early as in the Middle Palaeolithic and their most intense exploitation during two main periods – the final stage of the Palaeolithic and a period from the Late Neolithic to the Early Iron Age.
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23

Jeník, Jan. "A pioneer theory of nivation and glacigenic processes from 18th century." Geografie 91, no. 1 (1986): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie1986091010042.

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Thobias Gruber (*1744, +1806), a member of the expedition of the Czech Science Society to the Krkonoše range, two centuries ago, should be considered the founder of the physico-geographical research in the Sudeten Mountains, and a pioneer in geomorphological studies, mainly with respect to nivation and glacigenic modelling.
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24

Broster, Bruce E., and Allen A. Seaman. "Glacigenic rafting of weathered granite: Charlie Lake, New Brunswick." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 28, no. 4 (April 1, 1991): 649–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e91-056.

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Glaciation in the area of Charlie Lake, New Brunswick, has produced a granitic till very similar in appearance to weathered bedrock. Portions of weathered granite were moved intact and redeposited as imbricated rafts under basal till. The rafts vary from 0.3 to 2 m in thickness over a 10 m wide exposure and show deep weathering zones and brittle deformation, despite the fact that they are highly friable. The rafts are separated by glacigenic fault planes defined by lenses of diamict and rare clasts of distant origin. They are recognizable only in excavations where fault planes can be seen to delineate slabs of rock imbricated mainly upglacier. Surface weathering features, including core-stones, were preserved during movement over short distances.
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25

DOWDESWELL, JULIAN A., and MARTIN J. SHARP. "Characterization of pebble fabrics in modern terrestrial glacigenic sediments." Sedimentology 33, no. 5 (October 1986): 699–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1986.tb01970.x.

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26

Rhodes, E. J. "Observations of thermal transfer OSL signals in glacigenic quartz." Radiation Measurements 32, no. 5-6 (December 2000): 595–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1350-4487(00)00125-6.

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27

Helm, D. G. "Succession and sedimentation of glacigenic deposits at Hendre, Anglesey." Geological Journal 7, no. 2 (April 30, 2007): 271–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gj.3350070205.

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28

Ludwikowska-Kędzia, Małgorzata, Halina Pawelec, and Grzegorz Adamiec. "Sedimentological interpretation and stratigraphical position of glacigenic deposits in the Napęków area (Holy Cross Mountains, Poland)." Geologos 21, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 261–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/logos-2015-0018.

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AbstractThe identification of depositional conditions and stratigraphical position of glacigenic deposits in the Napęków area is important for the genetic and stratigraphical interpretation of Quaternary deposits in the central part of the Holy Cross Mountains, as well as for a revision of the course and extent of Middle Polish (Saalian) glaciations. These deposits comprise a series of diamictons which occur between sandy-gravelly deposits. Based on results of macro- and microscopic sedimentological investigations, analysis of heavy mineral composition, roundness and frosting of quartz grains, as well as OSL dating, this complex must have formed during the Odranian Glaciation (Drenthe, Saalian, MIS 6). Sandy-gravelly deposits are of fluvioglacial and melt-out origin. Diamictons represent subglacial traction till. Their facies diversity is a result of variations in time and space, complex processes of deposition and deformation, responsible for their formation at the base of the active ice sheet. This glacigenic depositional complex was transformed by erosion-denudation and aeolian processes in a periglacial environment during the Vistulian (Weichselian, MIS 5d-2).
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29

Weaver, Laura, and Emmanuelle Arnaud. "Polyphase glacigenic deformation in the Waterloo Moraine, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada." Sedimentary Geology 235, no. 3-4 (April 2011): 292–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2010.07.008.

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30

Addison, K., and M. J. Edge. "Early Devensian interstadial and glacigenic sediments in Gwynedd, North Wales." Geological Journal 27, no. 2 (April 1992): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gj.3350270208.

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31

Kar, Ratan. "A basal Gondwana palynoflora from the glacigene sediments of Tatapani-Ramkola Coalfield, India." Journal of Palaeosciences 61, no. (1-2) (December 31, 2012): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.2012.293.

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Palynological studies were undertaken on the sediments of Talchir Formation exposed along a stream cutting in the Tatapani-Ramkola Coalfield, Chhattisgarh State, India. The glacigenic nature of the Talchir Formation is evident, as manifested by the presence of lithified tillites, varves and rafted boulders. The varve clays have yielded a well preserved assemblage rich in radial monosaccates. The assemblage is dominated by Plicatipollenites (26-31%) with a sub-dominance of Parasaccites (8-22%). Potonieisporites, Virkkipollenites, Caheniasaccites and Sahnites are the other important constituents. The recovered palynoflora is characteristic of Plicatipollenites-Parasaccites palynoassemblage, which represents Lower Talchir palynozone and is of early Permian age.
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32

Stephenson, Michael H., Irfan U. Jan, and Sa'ad Zeki A. Kader Al-Mashaikie. "Palynology and correlation of Carboniferous–Permian glacigene rocks in Oman, Yemen and Pakistan." Gondwana Research 24, no. 1 (July 2013): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2012.06.005.

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33

Stephan, H. J. "Deformations striking parallel to glacier movement as a problem in reconstructing its direction." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 34 (May 30, 1985): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-1985-34-05.

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The structural analysis of glacigene deformations can lead to a wrong view on the movement of the in­land ice when deformations which strike parallel to the direction of glacier movement are interpreted as striking transverse. Parallel striking deformations are more frequent than it is often believed. They are found in push ridges at the lateral margins of ice lobes, but also in end moraines and below ground morai-nes. They seem to be especially frequent in a drumlinized landscape where they often occur together with structures striking oblique to the direction of the glacier movement. Several examples from Schleswig­Holstein are shortly described and discussed.
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34

Kortelainen, Nina M., and Juha A. Karhu. "Geochemical and isotopic evolution of high-pH groundwater in a carbonate-bearing glacigenic aquifer, SW Finland." Hydrology Research 40, no. 1 (February 1, 2009): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2009.032.

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The glacigenic Virttaankangas aquifer in SW Finland is characterized by groundwaters with high pH values of up to 9.5. High pH values exceeding 9 are uncommon for shallow groundwaters from unconsolidated glacigenic formations on crystalline bedrock. To evaluate the geochemical evolution of groundwater, water samples were collected from 17 sites. The samples were analysed for the isotopic composition of oxygen, hydrogen, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and strontium, the activities of radiocarbon and tritium, and for the basic chemical composition. Groundwaters in the Virttaankangas aquifer system show a considerable range in water pH from 6.4 to 9.5. The isotopic and chemical characteristics of the groundwater in the aquifer units were observed to vary depending on the aquifer mineralogy, groundwater residence time and the openness of the system to CO2 exchange. The pH values were noted to increase in parallel with the contents of Ca and DIC and δ13CDIC. In higher pH values, the groundwaters had attained saturation with respect to calcite. These chemical changes were interpreted to result from dissolution of calcite, present in trace amounts in the Virttaankangas sediments. Specifically, the highest pH values were attributed to calcite dissolution under closed system conditions at a low partial pressure of CO2.
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35

Broster, Bruce E. "Glacitectonic Deformation in Sediment and Bedrock, Hat Creek, British Columbia." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 45, no. 1 (December 13, 2007): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/032841ar.

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ABSTRACT A variety of deformation structures attributed to glacial overriding occur in rock and sediment of an intermontane valley at Hat Creek, British Columbia. Sediments exposed in vertical outcrops along Hat Creek, display contrasting styles of deformation involving fluidization, as well as brittle and ductile deformations that appear to have been formed concurrently. Typical structures include: joints, faults, infillings, and clastic dikes comprising; fluid-escape structures, glacigenic injections, as well as fluidal and viscous hydraulic expulsions. A model is presented for the glacitectonic formation of hydraulic expulsions during compression of underlying partially saturated unfrozen sediments. Bedrock exposed in excavations at higher elevations displays joints, faults and wedge fillings possibly associated with subglacial freezing during glacial advance. Orientation of the structures are correlative with directions of glacier flow as inferred from fabric, striae and geomorphology. The structures are believed to have been the product of several interrelated factors, including: glacial dynamics, engineering properties of the glacier bed material, subglacial relief, and the variation between coalescing glaciers. Correlation with directions of glacial movement, association with glacial faciès and infilling by glacial sediments, are conditions considered to be glacigenic signatures useful in differentiation of glacial from nonglacial (e.g. earthquake) origins for similar structures elsewhere.
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36

Stoker, M., and T. Bradwell. "Neotectonic deformation in a Scottish fjord, Loch Broom, NW Scotland." Scottish Journal of Geology 45, no. 2 (October 1, 2009): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/0036-9276/01-393.

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SynopsisMultibeam bathymetry, boomer seismic profiles and sediment core data from outer Loch Broom reveal slumping of the basin-floor fjord deposits of the Assynt Glacigenic Formation. On the swath image, the expression of slumping is manifest as two distinct sea bed depressions, at least 10 m deep and several hundred metres wide. Although the extent of displacement is constrained within the fjord, the seismic profiles reveal extensional and compressional faulting, and associated folding, within the fjord infill. The possibility that collapse of the sea bed has been partly facilitated by some kind of associated fluid release along the fault planes cannot be discounted. Local (core data) and regional stratigraphical information indicate that slumping occurred shortly after deposition of the Assynt Glacigenic Formation, between about 14 and 13 ka bp, during the deglaciation of the fjord region. It is inferred that these slumps broadly correlate with two areas of major sliding in adjacent fjord basins, and are linked to a regional phase of Lateglacial instability throughout the Summer Isles region. It is suggested that earthquake activity related to ice unloading is the most probable cause of this deformation. Holocene bottom-current activity has partially modified the shape of the depressions, and influenced the nature of the sediment infill.
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37

Whitehead, Jason M., and Barrie C. McKelvey. "Cenozoic glacigene sedimentation and erosion at the Menzies Range, southern Prince Charles Mountains, Antarctica." Journal of Glaciology 48, no. 161 (2002): 226–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756502781831340.

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AbstractThe Menzies Range in the southern Prince Charles Mountains, Antarctica, records at least four intervals of Cenozoic terrestrial glacigene sedimentation, and two periods of glacial erosion. The oldest Cenozoic strata, here named the Pardoe Formation, are >240 m thick, and consist of variable diamicts with subordinate sandstones and minor laminated lacustrine siltstones. The Pardoe Formation overlies a rugged erosion surface cut into Precambrian basement. Two subsequent Cenozoic sequences are here named informally the Trail diamicts and the younger Amphitheatre diamicts. The latter infilled the lower regions of an extremely rugged erosion surface, many components of which still dominate the present topography. The palaeodrainage of this erosion surface is markedly discordant with that of the older erosion surface underlying the Pardoe Formation. These three depositional events and the two associated erosion surfaces record warmer climates and increased snow accumulation under conditions of temperate wet-based glaciation. During the excavation of the sub-Amphitheatre diamict erosion surface, the East Antarctic ice sheet was either absent, further inland or the height of its surface relative to the Menzies Range was considerably lower than at present. The fourth and youngest depositional episode, recorded by a veneer of boulder gravel distributed along the northern flank of the Menzies Range, is from dry-based glacier ice, and assumed to be <2.6 Myr.
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38

Visser, J. N. J., K. J. Hall, and J. C. Loock. "The application of stone counts in the glacigene Permo-Carboniferous Dwyka Formation, South Africa." Sedimentary Geology 46, no. 3-4 (February 1986): 197–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(86)90059-x.

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39

Hiemstra, John F. "Microscopic Analyses of Quaternary Glacigenic Sediments of Marguerite Bay, Antarctic Peninsula." Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 33, no. 3 (August 2001): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1552232.

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40

Plassen, Liv, Tore O. Vorren, and Matthias Forwick. "Integrated acoustic and coring investigation of glacigenic deposits in Spitsbergen fjords." Polar Research 23, no. 1 (June 2004): 89–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/polar.v23i1.6269.

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41

Plassen, Liv, Tore O. Vorren, and Matthias Forwick. "Integrated acoustic and coring investigation of glacigenic deposits in Spitsbergen fjords." Polar Research 23, no. 1 (June 2004): 89–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-8369.2004.tb00132.x.

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42

Leszczynska, Karolina. "Various styles of deposition of Pleistocene glacigenic deposits in Essex, England." Quaternary International 279-280 (November 2012): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2012.08.715.

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43

Mattsson, Åke. "Glacial striae, glacigenous sediments and Weichselian ice movements in southernmost Sweden." Sedimentary Geology 111, no. 1-4 (July 1997): 285–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0037-0738(97)00022-5.

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44

Licht, Kathy J., and Sidney R. Hemming. "Analysis of Antarctic glacigenic sediment provenance through geochemical and petrologic applications." Quaternary Science Reviews 164 (May 2017): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.03.009.

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45

Sættem, Joar, Leif Rise, and Dag Arne Westgaard. "Composition and properties of glacigenic sediments in the southwestern Barents Sea." Marine Geotechnology 10, no. 3-4 (July 1991): 229–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10641199109379893.

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46

Ding, HaiFeng, DongSheng Ma, ChunYan Yao, and LiangShu Shu. "Sedimentary environment of Ediacaran glacigenic diamictite in Guozigou of Xinjiang, China." Chinese Science Bulletin 54, no. 18 (July 24, 2009): 3283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11434-009-0443-5.

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47

BURCKLE, LLOYD H., DAVIDA E. KELLOGG, THOMAS B. KELLOGG, and JAMES L. FASTOOK. "A mechanism for emplacement and concentration of diatoms in glacigenic deposits." Boreas 26, no. 1 (January 16, 2008): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.1997.tb00650.x.

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48

Hiemstra, John F. "Microscopic Analyses of Quaternary Glacigenic Sediments of Marguerite Bay, Antarctic Peninsula." Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 33, no. 3 (August 2001): 258–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2001.12003429.

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49

McCarroll, Danny, and Charles Harris. "The glacigenic deposits of Western Lleyn, North Wales: Terrestrial or marine?" Journal of Quaternary Science 7, no. 1 (March 1992): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jqs.3390070103.

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50

Lakin, Jon A., John E. A. Marshall, and Ian Troth. "An investigation of a Devonian/Carboniferous Boundary section on the Bolivian Altiplano." Geological Magazine 158, no. 12 (October 4, 2021): 2209–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756821000741.

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AbstractThe Devonian/Carboniferous Boundary (DCB) interval is associated with mass extinction, isotope excursions and a short glacial episode. This study investigates how boundary extinction and environmental change is expressed in the glacial high-palaeolatitudinal record of the Bolivian Altiplano (western Gondwana). A latest Devonian and early Carboniferous section has been investigated using sedimentology, palynology, total organic carbon and bulk δ13Corganic. The Colpacucho Formation is a Late Devonian shelfal–marine siliciclastic sequence. It is overlain in the study area by a unit of coarse sandstones and sandy diamictites, interpreted as glaciomarine. This distinctive glaciomarine unit is at least 7 km wide and 60–120 m thick with a variably incisive basal contact (<100 m). It is of very latest Famennian age and is a stratigraphic equivalent of proven glacigenic deposits across central South America. The offshore marine Kasa Formation overlies the glacigenic unit above a basal flooding surface. The DCB is 12 m above this flooding surface on the last occurrence of Retispora lepidophyta and significant palynological assemblage changes. This includes the loss of the Umbellasphaeridium saharicum phytoplankton bioprovince, endemic to Gondwana. Marine and terrestrial palynological extinctions are synchronous with a 2 ‰ positive carbon isotope excursion interpreted to be reflective of changes in organic matter delivery and preservation during an interval of environmental stress. These results inform wider debates on global environmental change and mass extinction at the DCB.
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