Journal articles on the topic 'Glaciers – Tanggula Mountains (China)'
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1
Yongjian, Ding, Li Zhongqin, Liu Shiyin, and Yu Xinzhi. "Glacioclimatological features in the Tanggula mountains, China." Annals of Glaciology 16 (1992): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/1992aog16-1-1-6.
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Air temperature and precipitation data have been obtained from the Geladandong region at the headwaters of the Yangtze River. At the equilibrium line altitude of the glaciers, mean annual and summer air temperatures are –10 to –12.0°C and 1.0 to –1.0°C, respectively. Accumulation on the glaciers on the south side of the Tanggula mountains depends mainly on water vapour transported from the south and southeast. The moisture source for the glaciers on the north side is from the east. Precipitation increases with altitude in the glaciated areas. An estimated annual accumulation in the firn areas is about 400 to 600 mm of water equivalent. The Geladandon region has a cold, dry climate and the glaciers in the region can be classified as continental. The present climatic conditions result in a negative mass budget for most glaciers.
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Yongjian, Ding, Li Zhongqin, Liu Shiyin, and Yu Xinzhi. "Glacioclimatological features in the Tanggula mountains, China." Annals of Glaciology 16 (1992): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500004729.
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Air temperature and precipitation data have been obtained from the Geladandong region at the headwaters of the Yangtze River. At the equilibrium line altitude of the glaciers, mean annual and summer air temperatures are –10 to –12.0°C and 1.0 to –1.0°C, respectively. Accumulation on the glaciers on the south side of the Tanggula mountains depends mainly on water vapour transported from the south and southeast. The moisture source for the glaciers on the north side is from the east. Precipitation increases with altitude in the glaciated areas. An estimated annual accumulation in the firn areas is about 400 to 600 mm of water equivalent. The Geladandon region has a cold, dry climate and the glaciers in the region can be classified as continental. The present climatic conditions result in a negative mass budget for most glaciers.
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Zichu, Xie. "Progress and prospect for research on mountain glaciers in China." Annals of Glaciology 16 (1992): 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/1992aog16-1-207-211.
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In the past decade the interest of many scientists worldwide has been attracted to the central Asian area of China. A number of gaps in scientific knowledge have been closed, and many significant discoveries have been made.The most important achievement is the ice-core research by the Sino-American Joint Expedition to the Dunde Ice Cap, Qilian mountains, that established a record of ten thousand years of climatic and environmental change. In addition, in cooperation with scientists from Japan, Switzerland and the Soviet Union, studies have been carried out focusing on glacier mass balance, heat balance, the mechanism and formation of glacial runoff, and high mountain climates. This work has been done in the Tien Shan, west Kunlun, Tanggula, Nyaingentanglha and Gongga mountains.In addition, through joint efforts of scientists from China, Nepal and Canada, important advances have also been made in studies of glacier lake outburst floods and debris flows in the Karakoram and the Himalayas, and in mountainous areas in southeastern Tibet.The glaciers in central Asia will continue to be an important research area for glaciologists from all over the world in the coming decade.
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Zichu, Xie. "Progress and prospect for research on mountain glaciers in China." Annals of Glaciology 16 (1992): 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500005085.
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In the past decade the interest of many scientists worldwide has been attracted to the central Asian area of China. A number of gaps in scientific knowledge have been closed, and many significant discoveries have been made.The most important achievement is the ice-core research by the Sino-American Joint Expedition to the Dunde Ice Cap, Qilian mountains, that established a record of ten thousand years of climatic and environmental change. In addition, in cooperation with scientists from Japan, Switzerland and the Soviet Union, studies have been carried out focusing on glacier mass balance, heat balance, the mechanism and formation of glacial runoff, and high mountain climates. This work has been done in the Tien Shan, west Kunlun, Tanggula, Nyaingentanglha and Gongga mountains.In addition, through joint efforts of scientists from China, Nepal and Canada, important advances have also been made in studies of glacier lake outburst floods and debris flows in the Karakoram and the Himalayas, and in mountainous areas in southeastern Tibet.The glaciers in central Asia will continue to be an important research area for glaciologists from all over the world in the coming decade.
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Zhou, Yushan, Xin Li, Donghai Zheng, Xiaolong Zhang, Yingzheng Wang, Shanshan Ren, and Yanlong Guo. "Decadal Changes in Glacier Area, Surface Elevation and Mass Balance for 2000–2020 in the Eastern Tanggula Mountains Using Optical Images and TanDEM-X Radar Data." Remote Sensing 14, no. 3 (January 21, 2022): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14030506.
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The response of lake-terminating glaciers to climate change is complex, and their rapid changes are often closely linked to glacial-lake outburst floods. However, the eastern Tanggula Mountains, which are the only area where lake-terminating glaciers are found within the Tibetan Plateau, have received little attention to date. In this study, to address this gap, we generated updated glacier boundaries and estimated the interdecadal area changes for 2000–2020 based on the interpretation of Landsat-5/8 and Sentinel-2 images. In addition, based on the method of digital elevation model (DEM) differencing, we quantified the changes in glacier thickness and mass balance using TanDEM-X radar data and SRTM DEM over almost the same periods. The final results show that the glaciers in the eastern Tanggula Mountains, as a whole, have experienced accelerated area shrinkage (with a rate of area loss increasing from −0.34 ± 0.83 km2 a−1 to −0.93 ± 0.81 km2 a−1 for 2000–2013 and 2013–2020, respectively) and accelerated ice thinning (changing from −0.19 ± 0.05 m a−1 and −0.53 ± 0.08 m a−1 for 2000−2012 and 2012–2020, respectively). Furthermore, the region-wide glacier mass balance was −0.16 ± 0.04 m w.e. a−1 and −0.45 ± 0.07 m w.e. a−1 for these two sub-periods, corresponding to a 1.8 times acceleration of mass loss rate. The average mass balance during 2000–2020 was −0.23 ± 0.04 m w.e. a−1, which is equivalent to a rate of mass loss of −0.04 Gt a−1. More specifically, within the region, the lake-terminating glaciers have exhibited more significant acceleration of area loss and mass loss, compared to the land-terminating glaciers. However, interestingly, the average thinning rate of the lake-terminating glaciers is always lower than that of the land-terminating glaciers over all study periods, which is in contrast with previous findings in other high mountain areas (e.g., the Himalaya Mountains). Field study and proglacial lakes monitoring suggest that the local topography plays a vital role in the evolution of the glacial lakes in this region, which further affects the glacier changes. Furthermore, the present status of the glacier changes in this region can be attributed to the long-term increase in air temperature. Our findings provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of glacier changes across the eastern Tanggula Mountains and will help to improve the understanding of the heterogeneous response of glaciers to climate change.
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Fu-Bao, Wang, and C. Y. Fan. "Climatic Changes in the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Region of China during the Holocene." Quaternary Research 28, no. 1 (July 1987): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(87)90032-9.
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AbstractClimatic changes in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau of China were studied by analyzing the composition of peat and layers of sand and gravel distributed along the southern slopes of Nianqing-Tanggula and Gangdise Mountains, cross sections of deposits near a number of interior lakes in Xizang, past glacial variations on the southern slope of Nianqing-Tanggula Mountain, and landform changes south of the Yaluzangbu River. Such geologic evidence suggests a division of five climatic periods since the beginning of the Holocene: (1) The Wumadung interval, 10,000–7500 yr B.P., slightly cold and dry; (2) Qilongduo interval, 7500-3000 yr B.P., warm and moist; (3) the mid-Neoglacial period, 3000-1500 yr B.P., cold, except between 2500 and 200 yr B.P. when it was warmer; (4) the Dawelong interval, 1500-300 yr B.P., mild; and (5) the Little Ice Age, 300-0 yr B.P., cold. These changes progressed in a similar but not identical pattern as those in the northeastern part of China and in the northern region of Europe.
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He, Jing, Ninglian Wang, An’an Chen, Xuewen Yang, and Ting Hua. "Glacier Changes in the Qilian Mountains, Northwest China, between the 1960s and 2015." Water 11, no. 3 (March 26, 2019): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11030623.
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Glaciers in the Qilian Mountains are important sources of fresh-water for sustainable development in the Hexi Corridor in the arid northwest China. Over the last few decades, glaciers have generally shrunk across the globe due to climate warming. In order to understand the current state of glaciers in the Qilian Mountains, we compiled a new inventory of glaciers in the region using Landsat Operational Land Imager (OLI) images acquired in 2015, and identified 2748 glaciers that covered an area of 1539.30 ± 49.50 km2 with an ice volume of 81.69 ± 7.40 km3, among which the Shule River basin occupied the largest portion of glaciers (24.8% in number, 32.3% in area, and 35.6% in ice volume). In comparison to previous inventories, glacier area was found to shrink by 396.89 km2 (20.5%) in total, and 446 glaciers with an area of 44.79 km2 disappeared over the period from the 1960s to 2015. This situation was primarily caused by the increase in air temperature, and also related with the size of glacier and some local topographic parameters. In addition, the change of glaciers in the Qilian Mountains showed a distinct spatial pattern, i.e., their shrinking rate was large in the east and small in the west.
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Ding, Yongjian, Shiyin Liu, Jing Li, and Donghui Shangguan. "The retreat of glaciers in response to recent climate warming in western China." Annals of Glaciology 43 (2006): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756406781812005.
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AbstractGlaciers in China are primarily located in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and surrounding high mountains. The Chinese Glacier Inventory indicates that there are 46 377 glaciers in western China. Meteorological records indicate that air temperature in western China has risen by 0.2˚C per decade since 1951, and 1998 was the warmest year; precipitation in the region increased by 5–10% per decade from 1953 to 1997. Using remote-sensing and Geographic Information System methods, we have monitored the changes in >5000 glaciers over the past 50 years. We conclude that >80% of glaciers in western China have retreated, losing 4.5% of their combined areal coverage, although some glaciers have advanced. In addition, regional differences characterize glacier changes over the past few decades. For example, glaciers in the central and northwestern TP were relatively stable, while glaciers in the mountains surrounding the TP experienced extensive wastage. Mass-balance variations for some glaciers show accelerated ice shrinkage in the last two decades.
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Zhu, Cheng, Jianxin Zhang, and Peng Cheng. "Rock glaciers in the Central Tianshan Mountains, China." Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 7, no. 1 (January 1996): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1530(199601)7:1<69::aid-ppp210>3.0.co;2-b.
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Tseng, K. H., K. T. Liu, C. K. Shum, Y. Jia, K. Shang, and C. Dai. "QUANTIFICATION OF GLACIER DEPLETION IN THE CENTRAL TIBETAN PLATEAU BY USING INTEGRATED SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING AND GRAVIMETRY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 23, 2016): 399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b8-399-2016.
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Glaciers over the Tibetan Plateau have experienced accelerated depletion in the last few decades due primarily to the global warming. The freshwater drained into brackish lakes is also observed by optical remote sensing and altimetry satellites. However, the actual water storage change is difficult to be quantified since the altimetry or remote sensing only provide data in limited dimensions. The altimetry data give an elevation change of surface while the remote sensing images provide an extent variation in horizontal plane. Hence a data set used to describe the volume change is needed to measure the exact mass transition in a time span. In this study, we utilize GRACE gravimetry mission to quantify the total column mass change in the central Tibetan Plateau, especially focused on the lakes near Tanggula Mountains. By removing these factors, the freshwater storage change of glacier system at study area can be potentially isolated.
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Tseng, K. H., K. T. Liu, C. K. Shum, Y. Jia, K. Shang, and C. Dai. "QUANTIFICATION OF GLACIER DEPLETION IN THE CENTRAL TIBETAN PLATEAU BY USING INTEGRATED SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING AND GRAVIMETRY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 23, 2016): 399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b8-399-2016.
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Glaciers over the Tibetan Plateau have experienced accelerated depletion in the last few decades due primarily to the global warming. The freshwater drained into brackish lakes is also observed by optical remote sensing and altimetry satellites. However, the actual water storage change is difficult to be quantified since the altimetry or remote sensing only provide data in limited dimensions. The altimetry data give an elevation change of surface while the remote sensing images provide an extent variation in horizontal plane. Hence a data set used to describe the volume change is needed to measure the exact mass transition in a time span. In this study, we utilize GRACE gravimetry mission to quantify the total column mass change in the central Tibetan Plateau, especially focused on the lakes near Tanggula Mountains. By removing these factors, the freshwater storage change of glacier system at study area can be potentially isolated.
12
Sha, Jingeng, Paul L. Smith, and Franz T. Fürsich. "Jurassic Ostreoida (Bivalvia) from China (Tanggula Mountains, Qinghai-Xizang Plateau) and their Paleobiogeographic context." Journal of Paleontology 76, no. 3 (May 2002): 431–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002233600003729x.
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The Bathonian-Oxfordian ostreid fauna from the main ridge of the Tanggula Mountains of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, China, consists of six taxa: Actinostreon gregareum (J. Sowerby, 1815), Actinostreon sp. A, Liostrea birmanica Reed, 1936, Gryphaea (Bilobissa) bilobata (J. de C. Sowerby, 1835), Nanogyra nana (J. Sowerby, 1822) and Eligmus rollandi Douvillé 1907. Liostrea birmanica is only known from the eastern Tethys and south Xizang area, Eligmus rollandi is limited to the Tethys, G. (B.) bilobata occurs in northwest Europe and the northern Tethys, whereas A. gregareum and possibly N. nana have a complex global distribution between paleo-latitudes 60° north and south.Actinosteon gregareum first occurs in the Sinemurian of northern Chile, and during the Toarcian it underwent trans-Pacific dispersal to arrive in east Africa. During the Bajocian it dispersed rapidly along the southern and northwestern margins of the Tethys, northwestern Europe, and western Canada (Stikine Terrane), but it disappeared from South America in the Aalenian. It occupied Kachchh, southern Xizang, and the northern and northeastern Tethys as early as the Bathonian but it did not reach the northwestern Pacific until the Late Jurassic. The species declined after the Kimmeridgian, being limited to northern Africa (southern Tunisia) and the northwestern Pacific (Japan) during the Tithonian. By the end of the Jurassic it was extinct.Actinostreon gregareum apparently possessed very high fertility typical of opportunists that rapidly colonize new habitats. As a result of ocean current dispersal, presumably by both planktotrophic larvae and postlarval pseudoplankton, it rapidly spread along continental margins and island chains. Occasionally, either directly or by island hopping, it crossed the vast Tethys and Pacific oceans, colonizing all warm and temperate waters at low and intermediate paleolatitudes. It may also have used the Hispanic Corridor as a means of dispersal between the Tethys and Pacific oceans as early as the Toarcian.
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SHA, JINGENG, PAUL L. SMITH, and FRANZ T. FÜRSICH. "JURASSIC OSTREOIDA (BIVALVIA) FROM CHINA (TANGGULA MOUNTAINS, QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU) AND THEIR PALEOBIOGEOGRAPHIC CONTEXT." Journal of Paleontology 76, no. 3 (May 2002): 431–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2002)076<0431:jobfct>2.0.co;2.
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Fujita, Koji, Katsumoto Seko, Yutaka Ageta, Pu Jianchen, and Yao Tandong. "Superimposed ice in glacier mass balance on the Tibetan Plateau." Journal of Glaciology 42, no. 142 (1996): 454–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000003440.
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AbstractThe relations between mass balance and meltwater refreezing were examined on the basis of glaciological observations carried out in summer 1993 on Xiao Dongkemadi Glacier, Tanggula Mountains, central Tibetan Plateau. On this glacier, a part of meltwaler refreezes at the snow/ice interface as superimposed ice. The amount of superimposed ice formation was determined by both meltwater supply and temperature condition of the glacier. Snow-layer thickness on the glacier ice body is less than 2 m, even in the higher accumulation zone. About 60% of meltwaler generated in the accumulation zone for the period May–September was trapped at the snow/ice interface by refreezing, and was not discharged out of the glacier. About 26% of accumulated snow to the glacier surface was replaced on the snow/ice interface by refreezing in the accumulation zone. These facts indicate that superimposed ice formation is quite significant for water retention in glaciers under low-precipitation conditions.
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Fujita, Koji, Katsumoto Seko, Yutaka Ageta, Pu Jianchen, and Yao Tandong. "Superimposed ice in glacier mass balance on the Tibetan Plateau." Journal of Glaciology 42, no. 142 (1996): 454–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000003440.
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AbstractThe relations between mass balance and meltwater refreezing were examined on the basis of glaciological observations carried out in summer 1993 on Xiao Dongkemadi Glacier, Tanggula Mountains, central Tibetan Plateau. On this glacier, a part of meltwaler refreezes at the snow/ice interface as superimposed ice. The amount of superimposed ice formation was determined by both meltwater supply and temperature condition of the glacier. Snow-layer thickness on the glacier ice body is less than 2 m, even in the higher accumulation zone. About 60% of meltwaler generated in the accumulation zone for the period May–September was trapped at the snow/ice interface by refreezing, and was not discharged out of the glacier. About 26% of accumulated snow to the glacier surface was replaced on the snow/ice interface by refreezing in the accumulation zone. These facts indicate that superimposed ice formation is quite significant for water retention in glaciers under low-precipitation conditions.
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Wang, Puyu, Zhongqin Li, Hongliang Li, Zhengyong Zhang, Liping Xu, and Xiaoying Yue. "Glaciers in Xinjiang, China: Past Changes and Current Status." Water 12, no. 9 (August 24, 2020): 2367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092367.
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The Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China is the largest arid region in Central Asia, and is heavily dependent on glacier melt in high mountains for water supplies. In this paper, glacier and climate changes in Xinjiang during the past decades were comprehensively discussed based on glacier inventory data, individual monitored glacier observations, recent publications, as well as meteorological records. The results show that glaciers have been in continuous mass loss and dimensional shrinkage since the 1960s, although there are spatial differences between mountains and sub-regions, and the significant temperature increase is the dominant controlling factor of glacier change. The mass loss of monitored glaciers in the Tien Shan has accelerated since the late 1990s, but has a slight slowing after 2010. Remote sensing results also show a more negative mass balance in the 2000s and mass loss slowing in the latest decade (2010s) in most regions. This needs further investigation on whether the slowing is general and continuing. In addition, glacier surging occurs more frequently in the Karakoram and Kunlun Mountains.
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Li, Jianguo, and David J. Batten. "Early Cretaceous palynofloras from the Tanggula Mountains of the northern Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau, China." Cretaceous Research 25, no. 4 (August 2004): 531–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2004.04.005.
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Liu, Shiyin, Donghui Shangguan, Yongjian Ding, Haidong Han, Changwei Xie, Yong Zhang, Jing Li, Jian Wang, and Gang Li. "Glacier changes during the past century in the Gangrigabu mountains, southeast Qinghai–Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau, China." Annals of Glaciology 43 (2006): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756406781812348.
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AbstractThe present research focuses on glacier changes in the southeast of the Qinghai–Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau, where most of the temperate glaciers in China are located. Our results show that the 102 measured glaciers in the region have all retreated between 1915 and 1980, with total area and volume decreases of 47.9 km2 and 6.95 km3, respectively. The extrapolated mass loss of all glaciers in the Gangrigabu mountains amounted to 27 km3, 9.8% of the ice mass in 1915. Between 1980 and 2001, glaciers in the region have also experienced a general retreat; however, up to 40% of the glaciers were advancing. Our analysis demonstrates that precipitation in the studied area has increased substantially since the mid-1980s. This precipitation increase is likely to bring about a positive mass balance for glaciers in the region, so that the retreat of retreating glaciers might slow down or even turn into advance. Considering the sensitivity of the temperate glaciers in the region and the uncertainty in climate projections, more attention must be paid to glacier changes in the southeast Tibetan Plateau region.
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Zongtai, Wang, and Yang Huian. "Characteristics of the distribution of glaciers in China." Annals of Glaciology 16 (1992): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/1992aog16-1-17-20.
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About 80% of the glaciers in China have been inventoried. Based on the inventory and an estimate of the area that has not been inventoried, there are about 45 375 glaciers in China, with a total area of 58 735 km2 and an ice volume of about 5.31 × 1012 m3. These glaciers are widespread in high mountains and in highland areas in western China, between 27°06′ to 49°09′N and 71°32′ to 103°54′E. The glacierized area in China comprises about 16% of the alpine glacier area in the world, and 47% of that in Asia. There are about 230 large glaciers, with areas exceeding 100 km2, in the world outside Antarctica and Greenland. Among them, 65 (28%) are in Asia and 31 (13%) in China.
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Zongtai, Wang, and Yang Huian. "Characteristics of the distribution of glaciers in China." Annals of Glaciology 16 (1992): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500004754.
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About 80% of the glaciers in China have been inventoried. Based on the inventory and an estimate of the area that has not been inventoried, there are about 45 375 glaciers in China, with a total area of 58 735 km2 and an ice volume of about 5.31 × 1012 m3. These glaciers are widespread in high mountains and in highland areas in western China, between 27°06′ to 49°09′N and 71°32′ to 103°54′E. The glacierized area in China comprises about 16% of the alpine glacier area in the world, and 47% of that in Asia. There are about 230 large glaciers, with areas exceeding 100 km2, in the world outside Antarctica and Greenland. Among them, 65 (28%) are in Asia and 31 (13%) in China.
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Chu, Xinde, Xiaojun Yao, Hongyu Duan, Cong Chen, Jing Li, and Wenlong Pang. "Glacier extraction based on high-spatial-resolution remote-sensing images using a deep-learning approach with attention mechanism." Cryosphere 16, no. 10 (October 13, 2022): 4273–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4273-2022.
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Abstract. The accurate and rapid extraction of glacier boundaries plays an important role in the study of glacier inventory, glacier change and glacier movement. With the successive launches of high-resolution remote-sensing satellites and the increasing abundance of available remote-sensing data, great opportunities and challenges now exist. In this study, we improved the DeepLab V3+ as Attention DeepLab V3+ and designed a complete solution based on the improved network to automatically extract glacier outlines from Gaofen-6 panchromatic and multispectral (PMS) images with a spatial resolution of 2 m. In the solution, test-time augmentation (TTA) was adopted to increase model robustness, and the convolutional block attention module (CBAM) was added into the atrous spatial pyramid pooling (ASPP) structure in DeepLab V3+ to enhance the weight of the target pixels and reduce the impact of superfluous features. The results show that the improved model effectively increases the robustness of the model, enhances the weight of target image elements and reduces the influence of non-target elements. Compared with deep-learning models, such as full convolutional network (FCN), U-Net and DeepLab V3+, the improved model performs better in the test dataset. Moreover, our method achieves superior performance for glacier boundary extraction in parts of the Tanggula Mountains, the Kunlun Mountains and the Qilian Mountains based on Gaofen-6 PMS images. It could distinguish glaciers from terminal moraine lakes, thin snow and clouds, thus demonstrating excellent performance and great potential for rapid and precise extraction of glacier boundaries.
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Wang, Tongxia, Zhengyong Zhang, Lin Liu, Zhongqin Li, Puyu Wang, Liping Xu, Guining Zhao, et al. "Simulation of the Potential Distribution of the Glacier Based on Maximum Entropy Model in the Tianshan Mountains, China." Water 13, no. 11 (May 30, 2021): 1541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13111541.
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Under the background of global climate change, the variation in the spatial distribution and ice volume of mountain glaciers have a profound influence on regional economic development and ecological security. The development of glaciers is like biological succession; when climate change approaches or exceeds the threshold of suitable conditions for glacier development, it will lead to changes in potential distribution pattern. Therefore, from the perspective of the "biological" characteristics of glaciers, it is a beneficial exploration and attempt in the field of glaciology to explore its potential distribution law with the help of the niche model. The maximum entropy model (MaxEnt) can explain the environmental conditions suitable for the survival of things by analyzing the mathematical characteristics and distribution laws of samples in space. According to glacier samples and the geographical environment data screened by correlation analysis and iterative calculation, the potential distribution pattern of Tianshan glaciers in China in reference years (1970–2000) was simulated by MaxEnt. This paper describes the contribution of geographical environmental factors to distribution of glaciers in Tianshan Mountains, quantifies the threshold range of factors affecting the suitable habitat of glaciers, and predicts the area variation and distribution pattern of glaciers under different climate scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP5-8.5) in the future (2040–2060, 2080–2100). The results show that the MaxEnt model has good adaptability to simulate the distribution of glaciers. The spatial heterogeneity of potential distribution of glaciers is caused by the spatio-temporal differences of hydrothermal combination and topographic conditions. Among the environmental variables, precipitation during the wettest month, altitude, annual mean temperature, and temperature seasonality have more significant effects on the potential distribution of glaciers. There is significant spatial heterogeneity in the potential distribution of glaciers in different watersheds, altitudes, and aspects. From the forecast results of glacier in various climatic scenarios in the future, about 18.16–27.62% of the total reference year glacier area are in an alternating change of melting and accumulation, among which few glaciers are increasing, but this has not changed the overall retreat trend of glaciers in the study area. Under the low emission scenario, the glacier area of the Tianshan Mountains in China decreased by 18.18% and 23.73% respectively in the middle and end of the 21st century compared with the reference years and decreased by 20.04% and 27.63%, respectively, under the high emission scenario, which showed that the extent of glacier retreat is more intense under the high emission scenario. Our study offers momentous theoretical value and practical significance for enriching and expanding the theories and analytical methods of the glacier change.
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Xu, Min. "Study on Water Storage Change and Its Consideration in Water Balance in the Mountain Regions over Arid Northwest China." Advances in Meteorology 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4291765.
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Changes in permafrost and glaciers influence water balance in mountain regions of arid northwest China. Terrestrial water storage change (TWSC) is an important factor in the water cycle. In this study, we used Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites data to retrieve the TWSC in Tien Shan and Qi Lian Mountains. Variation of seasonal TWSC was obvious. However, the seasonal and annual differences reflected the imbalance of water resource distribution in two mountains. The TWSC decreased in the Tien Shan Mountains but increased in the Qi Lian Mountains during 2003 to 2010. Permafrost and glaciers play an important role in the water cycle in arid mountain regions. Demands for water for agriculture need more groundwater extraction for irrigation and glacial melt feeding the rivers which leads to the state of loss of TWSC in Tien Shan Mountains. Increase and thickening of the active layer of permafrost could lead to more infiltration of surface water into the groundwater, which result in increasing water storage and changes in the regional water balance. According to water balance, precipitation and evaporation changed little in short time, and TWSC changed obviously, whereas runoff showed an increasing trend in the Tien Shan Mountains and a decreasing trend in the Qi Lian Mountains.
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Tian, Hongzhen, Taibao Yang, and Qinping Liu. "Climate change and glacier area shrinkage in the Qilian mountains, China, from 1956 to 2010." Annals of Glaciology 55, no. 66 (2014): 187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2014aog66a045.
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AbstractGlaciers in the Qilian mountains, located in the northeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau, constitute an important freshwater resource for downstream populations and natural systems. To enhance our understanding of the variability of the glaciers, temporally and spatially comprehensive information on them is needed. In this study, the glacier outlines of ~1990, ~2000 and ~2010 for the whole area were delineated in a semi-automated manner using band TM3/TM5 ratio images of Landsat ETM+ or TM scenes with the help of a merged ASTER GDEM/SRTM v4.1 digital elevation model. Combining our own results with those of previously published studies that span the period back to 1956, we found that the glacier area shrank by 30 ±8% from 1956 to 2010 and the shrinkage accelerated remarkably in the past two decades. The linear trends of annual air temperature and precipitation measured at weather stations within the glacierized areas were 0.03-0.05°Ca-1 (significant only after 2000) and 0.37-1.58 mm a–1 (not significant) respectively from 1961 to 2010. Glaciers shrank mainly due to the increasing temperature. Glaciers in the Qilian mountains are very unlikely to have experienced positive mass balance over the past decade. Moreover, given the trend toward higher temperatures, the glaciers in this region will continue to shrink.
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Zhang, Zhengyong, Lin Liu, Xinlin He, Zhongqin Li, and Puyu Wang. "Evaluation on glaciers ecological services value in the Tianshan Mountains, Northwest China." Journal of Geographical Sciences 29, no. 1 (January 2019): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11442-019-1586-1.
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Ganyushkin, Dmitry, Kirill Chistyakov, Ilya Volkov, Dmitry Bantcev, Elena Kunaeva, Tatyana Andreeva, Anton Terekhov, and Demberel Otgonbayar. "Present Glaciers of Tavan Bogd Massif in the Altai Mountains, Central Asia, and Their Changes since the Little Ice Age." Geosciences 8, no. 11 (November 12, 2018): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8110414.
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The Tavan Bogd mountains (of which, the main peak, Khuiten Uul, reaches 4374 m a.s.l.) are situated in the central part of the Altai mountain system, in the territories of Russia, Mongolia and China. The massif is the largest glacierized area of Altai. The purposes of this study were to provide a full description of the scale and structure of the modern glacierized area of the Tavan Bogd massif, to reconstruct the glaciers of the Little Ice Age (LIA), to estimate the extent of the glaciers in 1968, and to determine the main glacial trends, and their causes, from the peak of the LIA. This work was based on the results of long-term field studies and analysis of satellite and aerial data. At the peak of the LIA, Tavan Bogd glaciation comprised 243 glaciers with a total area of 353.4 km2. From interpretation of Corona images, by 1968 the number of glaciers had decreased to 236, with a total area of 242 km2. In 2010, there were 225 glaciers with a total area of 201 km2. Thus, since the peak of the LIA, the glacierized area of the Tavan Bogd mountains decreased by 43%, which is somewhat less than for neighboring glacial centers (i.e., Ikh-Turgen, Tsambagarav, Tsengel-Khairkhan and Mongun-Taiga mountains). The probable causes are higher altitude and the predominance of larger glaciers resistant to warming. Accordingly, the smallest decline in Tavan Bogd occurred in the basins of the Tsagan-Gol (31.7%) and Sangadyr (36.4%) rivers where the largest glaciers are located. In contrast, on the lower periphery of the massif, where small glaciers predominate, the relative reduction was large (74–79%). In terms of general retreat trends, large valley glaciers retreated faster in 1968–1977 and after 2010. During the 1990s, the retreat was slow. After 2010, glacial retreat was rapid. The retreat of glaciers in the last 50–60 years was caused by a trend decrease in precipitation until the mid-1970s, and a sharp warming in the 1990s and early 2000s.
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Baisheng, Ye, Ding Yongjian, Liu Fengjing, and Liu Caohai. "Responses of various-sized alpine glaciers and runoff to climatic change." Journal of Glaciology 49, no. 164 (2003): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756503781830999.
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AbstractThis paper presents a glacier ice-flow model that simulates changes to alpine glaciers of various sizes and their runoff response to climate change in the Yili river basin in the Tien Shan mountains, northwestern China. It is suggested that the sensitivity of glaciers to climatic change is determined by glacier size. The change in glacial runoff does not keep pace with climatic change. As climate warms and glaciers retreat, the glacier runoff tends to increase and then decrease. The runoff peak and its timing depend not only on glacier size but also on the rate of air-temperature rise.
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MA, YING. "A new sand mite of the genus Euschoengastia from Tanggula Mountains, Qinghai, China (Acari: Trombiculidae)." Systematic and Applied Acarology 16, no. 3 (October 14, 2011): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.11158/saa.16.3.16.
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Alifu, Haireti, Yukiko Hirabayashi, Brian Johnson, Jean-Francois Vuillaume, Akihiko Kondoh, and Minoru Urai. "Inventory of Glaciers in the Shaksgam Valley of the Chinese Karakoram Mountains, 1970–2014." Remote Sensing 10, no. 8 (July 24, 2018): 1166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10081166.
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The Shaksgam Valley, located on the north side of the Karakoram Mountains of western China, is situated in the transition zone between the Indian monsoon system and dry arid climate zones. Previous studies have reported abnormal behaviors of the glaciers in this region compared to the global trend of glacier retreat, so the region is of special interest for glacier-climatological studies. For this purpose, long-term monitoring of glaciers in this region is necessary to obtain a better understanding of the relationships between glacier changes and local climate variations. However, accurate historical and up-to-date glacier inventory data for the region are currently unavailable. For this reason, this study conducted glacier inventories for the years 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2014 (i.e., a ~10-year interval) using multi-temporal remote sensing imagery. The remote sensing data used included Corona KH-4A/B (1965–1971), Hexagon KH-9 (1980), Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) (1990/1993), Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) (2000/2001), and Landsat Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) (2014/2015) multispectral satellite images, as well as digital elevation models (DEMs) from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), DEMs generated from Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) images (2005–2014), and Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) World 3D 30 m mesh (AW3D30). In the year 2014, a total of 173 glaciers (including 121 debris-free glaciers) (>0.5 km2), covering an area of 1478 ± 34 km2 (area of debris-free glaciers: 295 ± 7 km2) were mapped. The multi-temporal glacier inventory results indicated that total glacier area change between 1970–2014 was not significant. However, individual glacier changes showed significant variability. Comparisons of the changes in glacier terminus position indicated that 55 (32 debris-covered) glaciers experienced significant advances (~40–1400 m) between 1970–2014, and 74 (32 debris-covered) glaciers experienced significant advances (~40–1400 m) during the most recent period (2000–2014). Notably, small glaciers showed higher sensitivity to climate changes, and the glaciers located in the western part of the study site were exhibiting glacier area expansion compared to other parts of the Shaksgam Valley. Finally, regression analyses indicated that topographic parameters were not the main driver of glacier changes. On the contrary, local climate variability could explain the complex behavior of glaciers in this region.
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Xiaoling, Wu, Xie Zichu, Hisao Wushiku, and Nobuko Kanamori. "Characteristics of Stable Isotopes in Glaciers in the High Mountains of China (Abstract)." Annals of Glaciology 6 (1985): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/1985aog6-1-329-329.
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Xiaoling, Wu, Xie Zichu, Hisao Wushiku, and Nobuko Kanamori. "Characteristics of Stable Isotopes in Glaciers in the High Mountains of China (Abstract)." Annals of Glaciology 6 (1985): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500010880.
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Xu, Junli, Shiyin Liu, Wanqin Guo, Zhen Zhang, Junfeng Wei, and Tong Feng. "Glacial Area Changes in the Ili River Catchment (Northeastern Tian Shan) in Xinjiang, China, from the 1960s to 2009." Advances in Meteorology 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/847257.
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The Ili River originates in the Tian Shan Mountains of Northwest China before flowing into Kazakhstan and Lake Balkash. Melting snow and ice are its major contributors. We analyzed glacial changes in the upper Ili River basin between the 1960s and 2007/2009 using topographic maps and satellite imagery from a Landsat TM. The relationships between glacial changes and glacial size, topographic factors, and debris cover were examined. Our results found that total glacial area decreased by 485 ± 177.3 km2(24.2% ± 8.8%) during the study period, and there were no advancing glaciers. Additionally, 331 glaciers disappeared and 18 disintegrated into two or three smaller glaciers. This study demonstrated a linear relationship between glacial area change and elevation. Changes in glaciers smaller than 1 km2were affected by both glacial size and topographic factors, while larger ones were affected by size only. Area losses in debris-covered glaciers were smaller by 2.5% to 7.5% compared to clean ice of the same size in this basin. As in other glaciated regions, glacial retreat in the Ili River basin is attributed to global warming. The slightly increasing precipitation over the study period could not offset the ice melting.
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Tsutomu, Kadota, and Davaa Gombo. "Recent glacier variations in Mongolia." Annals of Glaciology 46 (2007): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756407782871675.
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AbstractGlacier monitoring enables us to detect influences of global warming in high mountain regions. To initiate the establishment of a glacier-monitoring network in northern Eurasia, we studied recent glacier variations in Mongolia using topographical maps, aerial photographs and satellite images (Corona and Landsat). Glaciers in Mongolia exist in the Altai mountains which span approximately 1400 km within Russia, China and Mongolia. Four regions were selected to form the study area: Tavan Bogd region, Turgen massif, Kharkhiraa massif and Tsambagarav massif. During the period from the 1940s to 2000 or from 1968 to 2000, the glaciers in these regions lost 10.2%, 19.3%, 28.0% and 28.8% of their area respectively. The glaciers in the Tavan Bogd, Kharkhiraa and Turgen regions were found to have been almost stationary since 1987/88, while those in Tsambagarav massif showed no significant change in area since 1963. Shrinkage of the glaciers occurred between 1945/68 and 1987/88 in the former regions and between 1948 and 1963 in the latter. Mongolian glaciers seem to behave differently from other glaciers which have been experiencing steady shrinkage recently.
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Shiyin, Liu, Sun Wenxin, Shen Yongping, and Li Gang. "Glacier changes since the Little Ice Age maximum in the western Qilian Shan, northwest China, and consequences of glacier runoff for water supply." Journal of Glaciology 49, no. 164 (2003): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756503781830926.
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AbstractBased on aerial photographs, topographical maps and the Landsat-5 image data, we have analyzed fluctuations of glaciers in the western Qilian Shan, north-west China, from the Little Ice Age (LIA) to 1990. The areas and volumes of glaciers in the whole considered region decreased 15% and 18%, respectively, from the LIA maximum to 1956. This trend of glacier shrinkage continued and accelerated between 1956 and 1990. These latest decreases in area and volume were about 10% in 34 years. The recent shrinkage may be due either to a combination of higher temperatures and lower precipitation during the period 1956–66, or to continuous warming in the high glacierized mountains from 1956 to 1990. As a consequence, glacier runoff from ice wastage between 1956 and 1990 has increased river runoff by 6.2 km3 in the four river basins under consideration. Besides, the equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) rise estimated from the mean terminus retreat of small glaciers <1 km long is 46 m, which corresponds to a 0.3°C increase of mean temperatures in warm seasons from the LIA to the 1950s.
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Xiao, Cunde, Shiyin Liu, Lin Zhao, Qingbai Wu, Peiji Li, Chunzhen Liu, Qiwen Zhang, et al. "Observed changes of cryosphere in China over the second half of the 20th century: an overview." Annals of Glaciology 46 (2007): 382–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756407782871396.
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AbstractDuring approximately the past five decades, changes in snow cover, mountain glaciers, frozen ground (including permafrost), sea ice and river ice have been observed in China. However, most data were published in Chinese and thus unknown to the international communities. Here we review these published results to show an overview of cryospheric changes in China for the last ~50 years. Long-term variability of snow cover over the Qinghai–Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau (QXP) is characterized by large interannual variability superimposed on a continuously increasing trend. Glacier changes in western China vary remarkably in different regions. Although in most mountains the glaciers display a retreating trend (~80%) or have even vanished, some glaciers (~20%) are still advancing. Frozen ground (including permafrost) has experienced a rapid decay since the 1980s, and these changes are occurring both in the QXP and in the cold regions of north China. Sea-ice areas in the Bohai and north Yellow Seas have been shrinking since the 1970s. Interannual variations possibly relate to the solar cyles, and sea-ice extent extremes relate to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. The freeze-up and break-up dates of river ice in north China in the 1990s are, on average, 1–6 days later and 1–3 days earlier, respectively, than the 1950s–1990 mean. Frozen duration and the maximum thickness of river ice are, respectively, 4–10 days shorter and 0.06–0.21cm thinner in the 1990s than the average.
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Liu, Yushuo, Dahe Qin, Zizhen Jin, Yanzhao Li, Liang Xue, and Xiang Qin. "Dynamic Monitoring of Laohugou Glacier No. 12 with a Drone, West Qilian Mountains, West China." Remote Sensing 14, no. 14 (July 9, 2022): 3315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14143315.
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Laohugou glacier No. 12 (LHG12), located in the northeast of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, is the largest valley glacier in the Qilian mountains. Since 1957, LHG12 has shrunk significantly. Due to the limitations of in situ observations, simulations and investigations of LHG12 have higher levels of uncertainty. In this study, consumer-level, low-altitude microdrones were used to conduct repeated photogrammetry at the lower part of LHG12, and a digital orthophoto map (DOM) and a digital surface model (DSM) with a resolution at the centimeter scale were generated, from 2017 to 2021. The dynamic parameters of the glacier were detected by artificial and automatic extraction methods. Using a combination of GNSS and drone-based data, the dynamic process of LHG12 was analyzed. The results show that the terminus of LHG12 has retreated by 194.35 m in total and by 19.44 m a−1 on average during 2008–2021. The differential ablation leading to terminus retreat distance markedly increased during the study period. In 2019–2021, the maximum annual surface velocity was 6.50 cm day−1, and during ablation season, the maximum surface velocity was 13.59 cm day−1, 52.17% higher than it is annually. The surface parameters, motion, and mass balance characteristics of the glacier had significant differences between the west and east branches. The movement in the west branch is faster than it is in the east branch. Because of the extrusion of the two ice flows, there is a region with a faster surface velocity at the ablation area. The ice thickness of LHG12 is decreasing due to intensified ablation, leading to a deceleration in the surface velocity. In large glaciers, this phenomenon is more obvious than it is in small glaciers in the Qilian mountains.
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Liu, Lin, Hao Tian, Xueying Zhang, Hongjin Chen, Zhengyong Zhang, Guining Zhao, Ziwei Kang, et al. "Analysis of Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity of Glacier Mass Balance on the Northern and Southern Slopes of the Central Tianshan Mountains, China." Water 14, no. 10 (May 17, 2022): 1601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14101601.
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Glacier mass balance can visually indicate the degree of glacier response to climate change. The mountain glaciers are an essential source of recharge for rivers in arid regions and play a vital role in maintaining regional ecological stability and production life. This paper drives a spatially distributed degree-day model using multi-source remote sensing data such as MOD11C3 and TRMM3B43 to simulate the mass balance in the Tianshan Mountains’ south and north slope basins. The spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the mass balance was compared and attributed using a Geographical detector. The results show that: (1) The glaciers in the north and south basins are mainly distributed at an altitude of 3900–4300 m, and the total glacier area accounts for 85.71%. The number of less than 1 km2 glaciers is the most in the whole region. (2) During the study period, the glaciers in the north and south basins were negative (−465.95 mm w.e.) an entire interannual change rate was −28.36 mm w.e./a. The overall trend of ablation can be divided into two stages: from 2000 to 2010a, the persistence increased, and from 2010 to 2016a, the volatility decreased. (3) In the attribution of mass balance, the factors affecting glacier mass balance can be divided into two parts: climate and topography. The cumulative contribution rate of climate factors in Kaidu is nearly 20% higher than that of topographic factors, but the contribution rate of climate factors in Manas is only 7.3% higher. Therefore, the change of glacier mass balance in the Kaidu river basin is more driven by climate factors, while the glacier mass balance in the Manas river basin is more affected by the combination of climate and topographic factors. (4) The climate accumulation is the dominant factor in the Manas river basin (69.55%); for the ablation area, the Kaidu river basin is dominated by climate (70.85%), and the Manas river basin is dominated by topographic factors (54.11%). Due to the driving force of climate and topographic factors and the different coupling modes, glacier mass balance’s spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the north and south slope basins is caused. This study contributes to analyzing the mechanism of regional changes in the glacier mass balance. It provides a scientific basis for investigating the characteristics of water resource changes and water resource regulation in the north and south slope basins of the Tianshan Mountains.
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Cao, Bo, Baotian Pan, Jie Wang, Donghui Shangguan, Zhenling Wen, Wentao Qi, Hang Cui, and Yaoyang Lu. "Changes in the glacier extent and surface elevation along the Ningchan and Shuiguan river source, eastern Qilian Mountains, China." Quaternary Research 81, no. 3 (May 2014): 531–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2014.01.011.
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AbstractWe investigate the changes at nine glaciers in the Ningchan and Shuiguan river source, eastern Qilian Mountains, between 1972 and 2010. According to analysis of topographic maps and multispectral satellite data, all nine glaciers in the study area have retreated, by a maximum of 250 ± 57.4 m and a minimum of 91 ± 57.4 m. The total glacier area decreased by 1.20 km2, corresponding to 9.9% of the glacierized area in 1972. Comparing the two DEMs generated from the topographic maps and Real-Time Kinematic GPS data, the mean glacier thinning rate was 0.64 m yr− 1 between 1972 and 2010. The most significant thinning generally occurred on the termini. The ice-volume loss was about 106.8 ± 46.7 × 10− 3 km3 (equal to 90.8 ± 39.7 × 10− 3 km3 w.e.), which suggested a mean water discharge of 0.1 ± 0.05 m3/s during 1972–2010. Based on analysis of meteorological data, the summer temperature (June–August) tends to increase over a similar time period. The consistency of temperature increase and glacier shrinkage allows us to suggest that air temperature plays an important role in glacier changes in this region.
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Liu, Guohua, Rensheng Chen, and Kailu Li. "Glacial Change and Its Hydrological Response in Three Inland River Basins in the Qilian Mountains, Western China." Water 13, no. 16 (August 14, 2021): 2213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13162213.
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Glacial changes have great effects on regional water security because they are an important component of glacierized basin runoff. However, these impacts have not yet been integrated and evaluated in the arid/semiarid inland river basins of western China. Based on the degree-day glacier model, glacier changes and their hydrologic effects were studied in 12 subbasins in the Shiyang River basin (SYRB), Heihe River basin (HHRB) and Shule River basin (SLRB). The results showed that the glacier area of each subbasin decreased by 16.7–61.7% from 1965 to 2020. By the end of this century, the glacier areas in the three basins will be reduced by 64.4%, 72.0% and 83.4% under the three climate scenarios, and subbasin glaciers will disappear completely after the 2070s even under RCP2.6. Glacial runoff in all subbasins showed a decreasing–increasing–decreasing trend, with peak runoff experienced in 11 subbasins during 1965~2020. The contribution of glacial meltwater to total runoff in the basin ranged from 1.3% to 46.8% in the past, and it will decrease in the future due to increasing precipitation and decreasing glacial meltwater. However, the scale differences in glacier runoff are significant when aggregated over the region/basin/subbasin. This suggests that the results of large-scale generalization may be misleading for subbasin glacier water resource evaluations. Therefore, the hydrological effects of glaciers should be studied more in subbasins to provide an accurate reference for practical water resource management.
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Xu, Chunhai, Zhongqin Li, Feiteng Wang, and Jianxin Mu. "Spatio-Temporal Changes of Mass Balance in the Ablation Area of the Muz Taw Glacier, Sawir Mountains, from Multi-Temporal Terrestrial Geodetic Surveys." Remote Sensing 13, no. 8 (April 10, 2021): 1465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13081465.
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The glaciers in the Sawir Mountains are an important freshwater resource, and glaciers have been experiencing a continuing retreat over the past few decades. However, studies on detailed glacier mass changes are currently sparse. Here, we present the high-precision evolution of annual surface elevation and geodetic mass changes in the ablation area of the Muz Taw Glacier (Sawir Mountains, China) over the latest three consecutive mass-balance years (2017–2020) based on multi-temporal terrestrial geodetic surveys. Our results revealed clearly surface lowering and negative geodetic mass changes, and the spatial changing patterns were generally similar for the three periods with the most negative surface lowering (approximately −5.0 to −4.0 m a−1) around the glacier terminus. The gradient of altitudinal elevation changes was commonly steep at the low elevations and gentle in the upper-elevation parts, and reduced surface lowering was observed at the glacier terminus. Resulting emergence velocities ranged from 0.11 to 0.86 m a−1 with pronounced spatial variability, which was mainly controlled by surface slope, ice thickness, and the movement of tributary glaciers. Meanwhile, emergence velocities slightly compensated the surface ablation at the ablation area with a proportion of 14.9%, and dynamic thickening had small contributions to glacier surface evolution. Limited annual precipitation and glacier accumulation may result in these weak contributions. Higher-resolution surveys at the seasonal and monthly scales are required to get insight into the mass balance processes and their mechanism.
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Pei, Gu, and Bu Jueying. "Compilation of Glacier Maps for Some Mountains (Abstract)." Annals of Glaciology 8 (1986): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500001567.
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Chinese Glacier Inventory is part of International Glacier Inventory, and glacier maps are important components of the glacier inventory.Since 1979, we have completed glacier maps for Qilianshan, Altaishan, Tianshan and Pamier mountain systems one after another, about 40% of the whole work.In order to improve the quality and accuracy of the maps, we fully considered the principles for the compilation of the International Glacier Inventory with due respect to the specific conditions in China as follows; 1.Materials and data.Newly published aerial topographic maps of 1:50 000 and 1:100 000 are used as basic maps with aerial photographs as supplementary data for checking and correction.2.Scale and projection.According to the use of the glacial maps, the shape and size of the surveyed area and base data, the scale of the maps of drainage basins is fixed at 1:250 000 and 1:400 000, with Gauss projection. For the distribution maps of glaciers and their geographic landscape and characteristics, and for coding key maps, scales of 1:1 000 000 and 1:2000 000 are used, respectively, and their projection is the normal, minimum-error, conformal, conical projection, with two standard parallels.3.Synthesis and presentational method.To show the location, type, shape, direction of movement and dependent drainage basin of glaciers is the most important task for the compilation of glacier inventory. Therefore, it is very necessary to carry out scientific summarization during compilation and to decide the acceptance or rejection of the surveyed features. In addition, the key elements of drainage basins, ridges, etc. are also given in detail.The glacier map is a basic skeleton for the glacier inventory, giving important basic data for glaciological research and exploitation, as well as the utilization of the ice-snow resources, etc.
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Pei, Gu, and Bu Jueying. "Compilation of Glacier Maps for Some Mountains (Abstract)." Annals of Glaciology 8 (1986): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500001567.
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Chinese Glacier Inventory is part of International Glacier Inventory, and glacier maps are important components of the glacier inventory. Since 1979, we have completed glacier maps for Qilianshan, Altaishan, Tianshan and Pamier mountain systems one after another, about 40% of the whole work. In order to improve the quality and accuracy of the maps, we fully considered the principles for the compilation of the International Glacier Inventory with due respect to the specific conditions in China as follows; 1. Materials and data. Newly published aerial topographic maps of 1:50 000 and 1:100 000 are used as basic maps with aerial photographs as supplementary data for checking and correction. 2. Scale and projection. According to the use of the glacial maps, the shape and size of the surveyed area and base data, the scale of the maps of drainage basins is fixed at 1:250 000 and 1:400 000, with Gauss projection. For the distribution maps of glaciers and their geographic landscape and characteristics, and for coding key maps, scales of 1:1 000 000 and 1:2000 000 are used, respectively, and their projection is the normal, minimum-error, conformal, conical projection, with two standard parallels. 3. Synthesis and presentational method. To show the location, type, shape, direction of movement and dependent drainage basin of glaciers is the most important task for the compilation of glacier inventory. Therefore, it is very necessary to carry out scientific summarization during compilation and to decide the acceptance or rejection of the surveyed features. In addition, the key elements of drainage basins, ridges, etc. are also given in detail. The glacier map is a basic skeleton for the glacier inventory, giving important basic data for glaciological research and exploitation, as well as the utilization of the ice-snow resources, etc.
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Zhang, Guoliang, Baotian Pan, Bo Cao, Jie Wang, Hang Cui, and Xiling Cao. "Elevation changes measured during 1966–2010 on the monsoonal temperate glaciers' ablation region, Gongga Mountains, China." Quaternary International 371 (June 2015): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.03.055.
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Bai, Changbin, Feiteng Wang, Lin Wang, Chunhai Xu, Xiaoying Yue, Shujing Yang, Puyu Wang, Yanqun Bi, and Haining Wei. "Dynamic Monitoring of Debris-Covered Glacier Surface Velocity and Ice Thickness of Mt.Tomur, Tian Shan, China." Remote Sensing 15, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15010150.
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The Mt.Tomur glaciers, in the Tian Shan mountains of Western China, are usually debris-covered, and due to climate change, glacial hazards are becoming more frequent in this region. However, no changes in the long-time series of glacier surface velocities have been observed in this region. Conducting field measurements in high-altitude mountains is relatively difficult, and consequently, the dynamics and driving factors are less studied. Here, image-correlation offset tracking using Landsat images was exploited to estimate the glacier surface velocity of glaciers in the Mt.Tomur region from 2000 to 2020 and to assess glacier ice thickness. The results show that the glacier surface velocity in the Mt.Tomur region showed a significant slowdown during 2000–2020, from 6.71 ± 0.66 m a−1 to 3.95 ± 0.66 m a−1, an overall decrease of 41.13%. The maximum glacier ice thickness in the Mt.Tomur region was estimated based on the ice flow principle being 171.27 ± 17.10 m, and the glacier average thickness is 50.00 ± 5.0 m. Glacier thickness at first increases with increasing altitude, showing more than 100 ± 10 m ice thickness between 3400 m and 4300 m, and then decreases with further increases in altitude. The reliability of the surface velocity and ice thickness obtained from remote sensing was proved using the measured surface velocity and ice thickness of Qingbingtan glacier No. 72 stall (the correlation coefficient R2 > 0.85). The debris cover has an overall mitigating effect on the ablation and movement rate of Qingbingtan Glacier No. 72; however, it has an accelerating effect on the ablation and movement rate of glacier No. 74.
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KUTUZOV, STANISLAV, LONNIE G. THOMPSON, IVAN LAVRENTIEV, and LIDE TIAN. "Ice thickness measurements of Guliya ice cap, western Kunlun Mountains (Tibetan Plateau), China." Journal of Glaciology 64, no. 248 (November 22, 2018): 977–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jog.2018.91.
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ABSTRACTDespite their high value and importance for various glaciological applications, detailed ice thickness measurements of alpine glaciers are still very limited. Knowledge of bedrock topography is essential for paleoglaciological studies. The Guliya ice cap located on the Tibetan Plateau is one of the highest and largest ice caps in mid-low latitude regions. A detailed ground-penetrating radar (GPR) survey was conducted on the Guliya ice cap in 2015 using 20 and 40 MHz frequency antennas. An empirical Bayesian kriging method was used for ice thickness interpolation and uncertainty assessment. GPR measurements revealed complex basal topography of the Guliya glacier with a maximum thickness of 371.12 ± 13 m. The internal reflections caused by changes in the dielectric properties were registered on the 40 MHz radargrams at the summit and were attributed to density variations. As a result of this fieldwork, one of the largest ice thickness datasets in High Mountain Asia was obtained. Guliya glacier elevation changes were assessed by differencing digital elevation models. The glacier gained mass from 2000 to 2015 with an average rate of 0.270 ± 0.11 m w.e. a−1at the summit and 0.279 ± 0.11 m w.e. a−1at the lower elevations.
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Haemmig, Christoph, Matthias Huss, Hansrudolf Keusen, Josef Hess, Urs Wegmüller, Zhigang Ao, and Wubuli Kulubayi. "Hazard assessment of glacial lake outburst floods from Kyagar glacier, Karakoram mountains, China." Annals of Glaciology 55, no. 66 (2014): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2014aog66a001.
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AbstractKyagar glacier is located in the Chinese Karakoram mountains. The glacier tongue entirely blocks the riverbed in the upper Shaksgam valley and impounds a glacial lake, which was the source of several violent and disastrous glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs). A GLOF early warning system was implemented between 2011 and 2013. We present an integrative analysis of the hazard potential of Kyagar lake, taking into account the ice flow dynamics of Kyagar glacier as well as the recent surface mass-balance response to climate change. Comparison of two high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) for the ice dam shows surface lowering rates of >5ma– 1 between 2002 and 2011, leading to a significant reduction in the maximum potential lake volume. However, two DEMs covering the entire glacier for the period 2000–10 indicate mass gains in its central part, and flow speed measurements show an acceleration in this region. This pattern of local ice-thickness changes combined with varying ice flow velocities is typical for surge-type glaciers. The velocity of the glacier surface and of the ice dam between 2011 and 2012 are analyzed at high temporal and spatial resolution, based on feature tracking of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images.
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Plyusnin, V. M., Li Zehong, and Chen Xiaona. "The Response of Glaciers to Global Warming in the Mountains of Eastern Siberia, Mongolia, and Northwest China." Geography and Natural Resources 42, no. 4 (December 2021): 306–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1875372821040132.
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Gou, Xiaohua, Fahu Chen, Meixue Yang, Gordon Jacoby, Jianfeng Peng, and Yongxiang Zhang. "A comparison of tree-ring records and glacier variations over the past 700 years, northeastern Tibetan Plateau." Annals of Glaciology 43 (2006): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756406781812438.
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AbstractThe ecological environment of the headwater area of the Yellow River, west China, is seriously deteriorating because of the harsh natural environment, weakened ecological systems and intensified human activities as well as regional climate changes. Forests and glaciers coexist in this area. Glaciers in the area have retreated over the last decade because of climate change. Most glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) tend to retreat during warm intervals and advance during cold intervals. Tree-ring records provide an important index for examining past climate changes. A total of 139 core samples from 97 living cypresses (Juniperus przewalskii) in the central region of the Yellow River headwater area, the Animaqin mountains, northeastern TP, were sampled from three sites that are close to each other. The chronologies were developed using the ARSTAN program. Analyses indicate that these tree-ring width records reflect the summer maximum temperature of the study area over the past 700 years. The tree-ring records and the glacier advances recorded by terminal moraines are compared. Inferred summer maximum temperatures suggest three cold periods during the Little Ice Age, around AD1500, 1700 and 1850. These cold intervals are consistent with the glacier moraine record from the region.
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Cheng, Quanying, and Fan Li. "Performance of RegCM4.5 in Simulating the Regional Climate of Western Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang, China." Atmosphere 12, no. 12 (November 23, 2021): 1544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121544.
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The western Tianshan Mountains region in China has a complex topography where basins, mountains and glaciers co-exist. It is of great significance to study the sensitivity of meteorological factors in this region to different parameterization schemes of climate models. In this paper, the regional climate model RegCM4.5 is used to simulate the meteorological factor (mean temperature, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, precipitation and wind speed) occurring in the western Tianshan Mountains region from 2012 to 2016, so as to investigate the effects of different cumulus convective schemes (Grell, Tiedtke and Emanuel), including land cumulus convective schemes (LCCs) and ocean convective schemes (OCCs) on annual and seasonal simulations of meteorological factor by using the schemes of RUN1 (Grell for LCC and Tiedtke for OCC), RUN2 (Tiedtke for LCC and Emanuel for OCC), RUN3 (Grell for LCC and Emanuel for OCC) and ENS (the ensemble of RUN1, RUN2 and RUN3). The results show that the simulations of annual and seasonal meteorological factors are not significantly sensitive to the combination of LCCs and OCCs. In the annual simulations, RUN2 scheme has the best simulation performance for the maximum, average and minimum temperatures. However, other schemes of precipitation simulation outperform RUN2 scheme, and there is no difference among the four schemes for wind speed simulation. In the seasonal simulations, RUN2 scheme still performs well in the simulation of the average, maximum and minimum temperatures for four seasons, except for the simulation of the average temperature in spring and summer. For the simulation of the maximum temperature in summer, RUN2 scheme performs the same as ENS. For the simulation of other seasons, different meteorological factors have different performances in four seasons. Overall, the results show that different combinations of cumulus convection schemes can improve the simulation performance of meteorological factors in the western Tianshan Mountains of Xinjiang.
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Xu, Jianzhong, Guangming Yu, Shichang Kang, Shugui Hou, Qianggong Zhang, Jiawen Ren, and Dahe Qin. "Sr-Nd isotope evidence for modern aeolian dust sources in mountain glaciers of western China." Journal of Glaciology 58, no. 211 (2012): 859–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2012jog12j006.
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AbstractIn order to apportion the dust sources of mountain glaciers in western China, the Sr-Nd isotopic compositions of insoluble particles were determined in snow samples collected from 13 sites. The combined plot of 87Sr/86Sr and εNd(0) demonstrates a distinctive geographic pattern over western China, which can be classified into three regions from north to south. Samples from the Altai mountains show the lowest 87Sr/86Sr ratio and the highest εNd(0) value, similar to the data of deserts in the north of China such as the Gurbantunggut desert. Samples from the southern Tibetan Plateau (TP) and Himalaya show the highest 87Sr/86Sr and lowest εNd(0) values, resembling the local and regional dust sources found in the southern TP and Himalaya-India region. Samples from the Tien Shan and northern Tibetan Plateau exhibit intermediate 87Sr/86Sr and εNd(0) values, similar to the data reported for the northern margin of the TP (NM_TP). However, three sampling sites, JMYZ (Jiemayangzong) located in the Himalaya and ZD (Zadang) and YL (Yulong) located in the southeast TP, presented distinctive Sr-Nd isotopic signatures typical of the NM_TP, suggesting potential long-range and high-altitude dust transport across the TP.