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Academic literature on the topic 'Glaciers'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 October 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Glaciers"

1

Lipar, Matej, Andrea Martín-Pérez, Jure Tičar, Miha Pavšek, Matej Gabrovec, Mauro Hrvatin, Blaž Komac, et al. "Subglacial carbonate deposits as a potential proxy for a glacier's former presence." Cryosphere 15, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-17-2021.

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Abstract. The retreat of ice shelves and glaciers over the last century provides unequivocal evidence of recent global warming. Glacierets (miniature glaciers) and ice patches are important components of the cryosphere that highlight the global retreat of glaciers, but knowledge of their behaviour prior to the Little Ice Age is lacking. Here, we report the uranium–thorium age of subglacial carbonate deposits from a recently exposed surface previously occupied by the disappearing Triglav Glacier (southeastern European Alps) that may elucidate the glacier's presence throughout the entire Holocene. The ages suggest the deposits' possible preservation since the Last Glacial Maximum and Younger Dryas. These thin deposits, formed by regelation, are easily eroded if exposed during previous Holocene climatic optima. The age data indicate the glacier's present unprecedented level of retreat since the Last Glacial Maximum and the potential of subglacial carbonates as additional proxies to highlight the extraordinary nature of the current global climatic changes.

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Letréguilly, Anne. "Relation between the Mass Balance of Western Canadian Mountain Glaciers and Meteorological Data." Journal of Glaciology 34, no. 116 (1988): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002214300000900x.

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AbstractThe mass balance, summer balance, winter balance, and equilibrium-line altitude of three Canadian glaciers (Peyto, Place, and Sentinel Glaciers) are compared with the meteorological records of neighbouring stations for the period 1966—84. While Peyto Glacier’s mass balance is almost entirely related to summer temperature, Sentinel Glacier’s mass balance is mostly controlled by winter precipitation. Place Glacier is influenced by both elements. Statistical reconstructions are presented for the three glaciers, using the best regression equations with the meteorological records since 1938.

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Letréguilly, Anne. "Relation between the Mass Balance of Western Canadian Mountain Glaciers and Meteorological Data." Journal of Glaciology 34, no. 116 (1988): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s002214300000900x.

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AbstractThe mass balance, summer balance, winter balance, and equilibrium-line altitude of three Canadian glaciers (Peyto, Place, and Sentinel Glaciers) are compared with the meteorological records of neighbouring stations for the period 1966—84. While Peyto Glacier’s mass balance is almost entirely related to summer temperature, Sentinel Glacier’s mass balance is mostly controlled by winter precipitation. Place Glacier is influenced by both elements. Statistical reconstructions are presented for the three glaciers, using the best regression equations with the meteorological records since 1938.

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4

Weidick, A. "Investigating Greenland's glaciers." Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 148 (January 1, 1990): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/rapggu.v148.8119.

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Investigations of Greenland's glaciers undertaken by GGU are primarily related to the exploitation of meltwater from the Inland lce and local glaciers in western Greenland, i.e. they are essentially related to glacier hydrology (Olesen & Braithwaite, 1989). The studies are therefore based on mass balance data combined with investigations of superglacial melt/refreezing and the determination of the internal mode of drainage. Related to this work is the documentation of short-term glacier changes at specific localities identified as being of special interest for hydropower from the point of view of glacier hazards, i.e. for example damage caused by tapping of ice dammed lakes or change of proglacial draining caused by change in the glacier's thickness and extent. Similar documentation of long-term glacier fluctuations provides a background for control and modelling of past glacier fluctuations. The procedures have a direct bearing on the calculation of scenarios for future events related to the individual localities or, in a regional sense, to the impact of changes in Greenland glaciers on global sea level (the 'greenhouse effect’).

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Braithwaite, R. J., and S. C. B. Raper. "Estimating equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) from glacier inventory data." Annals of Glaciology 50, no. 53 (2009): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756410790595930.

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AbstractA glacier’s most fundamental altitude is the equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) because it divides the glacier into ablation and accumulation areas. The best parameterization of the ELA for glacier inventory is the balanced-budget ELA. We discuss direct estimation of balanced-budget ELA from mass-balance data for individual glaciers, and indirect estimation of balanced-budget ELA from simple topographic parameters available from the World Glacier Inventory (WGI), i.e. the area-median and maximum and minimum altitudes. Mass balance and ELA for individual glaciers are usually strongly correlated and we calculate balanced-budget ELA from the regression equation linking the two. We then compare balanced-budget ELA with area-median and mid-range altitudes for the 94 glaciers for which we have all the necessary data. The different ELA estimates agree well enough (±82 to ±125 m) to describe geographical variations in ELA and for application of glacier–climate models to glacier inventory data. Mid-range and area-median altitudes are already available for tens of thousands of glaciers in the current WGI and should be evaluated in future inventories.

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Brugger, Keith A. "Non-Synchronous Response Of Rabots Glaciar and Storglaciaren To Recent Climatic Change." Annals of Glaciology 14 (1990): 331–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500008910.

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Rabots glaciär and Storglaciären are small valley glaciers located in the Kebnekaise massif of northern Sweden. Rabots glaciär flows west from the summit of Kebnekaise (2114 m) and Storglaciären flows east; thus regional climate affecting the glaciers is the same. The glaciers are of comparable size and geometry, although differences exist in the variation of ice thickness and the subglacial bedrock topography within the respective basins. The thickness of Rabots glaciär appears to be relatively uniform over much of its length and its bed smooth. The bed over which Storglaciären flows is characterized by a “riegel and basin” topography and ice thicknesses vary accordingly.Advance and retreat of the glaciers during the last 100 years has been documented by historical records and photographs, measurements of ice retreats, and detailed glacial and geological studies. Both advanced to their maximum 20th century extents around 1916. In their subsequent retreat, Rabots glaciär has lagged behind Storglaciären by 10 years.Mass-balance studies for the years 1981–87 suggest that while the “local” climate for each glacier is slightly different (in terms of the magnitude of acumulation and ablation), variations in local climate are synchronous. Non-synchronous response of the glaciers is therefore attributed to differences in glacier dynamics, which are quite apparent when velocity profiles are compared. Ice velocities on Rabots glaciär vary little from an average of −7.5 m/yr, resulting in a longitudinal strain rate, r, of about 6 × 10−3yr −1. In contrast, values for r on Storglaciären are as high as 2.5 × 10−2 yr−1 owing to greater ice velocities and variation in ice velocity. Since the response time of a glacier is proportional to 1/r, the lower strain rates found on Rabots glaciär probably account for its more sluggish retreat.A simple, non-diffusive, kinematic wave model is used to analyze the response of the glaciers to a step-like perturbation in mass balance. This model predicts that the response time of Storglaciären is on the order of 30 years and that a new steady-state profile would be attained in about 50 years. The predicted response time of Rabots glaciär is about 75 years, its new steady-state profile being reached after more than 100 years.More accurate analyses of each glacier's response to climatic change use a time-dependent numerical model which includes the effects of diffusion. The climatic forcing in these modelling efforts is represented by the changes in mass balance resulting from changes in the equilibrium line altitude (ELA). ELAs can be correlated to regional meteorological variables which in turn are used to create a “synthetic” record of ELA variations where necessary. Therefore climatic oscillations since the turn of the century can be simulated by the appropriate changes in ELA. Using synchronous variations of ELAs and their 1916 profiles as datum states, the modeled behavior of Rabots glaciär and Storglaciären shows that: (a) the rates of ice retreat for each glacier are in reasonable agreement with those observed; and (b) Rabots glaciär took slightly longer than Storglaciären to react to the slight warming that occurred shortly after their 1916 advance.

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7

Brugger, Keith A. "Non-Synchronous Response Of Rabots Glaciar and Storglaciaren To Recent Climatic Change." Annals of Glaciology 14 (1990): 331–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500008910.

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Abstract:

Rabots glaciär and Storglaciären are small valley glaciers located in the Kebnekaise massif of northern Sweden. Rabots glaciär flows west from the summit of Kebnekaise (2114 m) and Storglaciären flows east; thus regional climate affecting the glaciers is the same. The glaciers are of comparable size and geometry, although differences exist in the variation of ice thickness and the subglacial bedrock topography within the respective basins. The thickness of Rabots glaciär appears to be relatively uniform over much of its length and its bed smooth. The bed over which Storglaciären flows is characterized by a “riegel and basin” topography and ice thicknesses vary accordingly. Advance and retreat of the glaciers during the last 100 years has been documented by historical records and photographs, measurements of ice retreats, and detailed glacial and geological studies. Both advanced to their maximum 20th century extents around 1916. In their subsequent retreat, Rabots glaciär has lagged behind Storglaciären by 10 years. Mass-balance studies for the years 1981–87 suggest that while the “local” climate for each glacier is slightly different (in terms of the magnitude of acumulation and ablation), variations in local climate are synchronous. Non-synchronous response of the glaciers is therefore attributed to differences in glacier dynamics, which are quite apparent when velocity profiles are compared. Ice velocities on Rabots glaciär vary little from an average of −7.5 m/yr, resulting in a longitudinal strain rate, r, of about 6 × 10−3yr −1. In contrast, values for r on Storglaciären are as high as 2.5 × 10−2 yr−1 owing to greater ice velocities and variation in ice velocity. Since the response time of a glacier is proportional to 1/r, the lower strain rates found on Rabots glaciär probably account for its more sluggish retreat. A simple, non-diffusive, kinematic wave model is used to analyze the response of the glaciers to a step-like perturbation in mass balance. This model predicts that the response time of Storglaciären is on the order of 30 years and that a new steady-state profile would be attained in about 50 years. The predicted response time of Rabots glaciär is about 75 years, its new steady-state profile being reached after more than 100 years. More accurate analyses of each glacier's response to climatic change use a time-dependent numerical model which includes the effects of diffusion. The climatic forcing in these modelling efforts is represented by the changes in mass balance resulting from changes in the equilibrium line altitude (ELA). ELAs can be correlated to regional meteorological variables which in turn are used to create a “synthetic” record of ELA variations where necessary. Therefore climatic oscillations since the turn of the century can be simulated by the appropriate changes in ELA. Using synchronous variations of ELAs and their 1916 profiles as datum states, the modeled behavior of Rabots glaciär and Storglaciären shows that: (a) the rates of ice retreat for each glacier are in reasonable agreement with those observed; and (b) Rabots glaciär took slightly longer than Storglaciären to react to the slight warming that occurred shortly after their 1916 advance.

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8

Jones, Andrew G., Shaun A. Marcott, Andrew L. Gorin, Tori M. Kennedy, Jeremy D. Shakun, Brent M. Goehring, Brian Menounos, Douglas H. Clark, Matias Romero, and Marc W. Caffee. "Four North American glaciers advanced past their modern positions thousands of years apart in the Holocene." Cryosphere 17, no. 12 (December 21, 2023): 5459–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5459-2023.

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Abstract. There is unambiguous evidence that glaciers have retreated from their 19th century positions, but it is less clear how far glaciers have retreated relative to their long-term Holocene fluctuations. Glaciers in western North America are thought to have advanced from minimum positions in the Early Holocene to maximum positions in the Late Holocene. We assess when four North American glaciers, located between 38–60∘ N, were larger or smaller than their modern (2018–2020 CE) positions during the Holocene. We measured 26 paired cosmogenic in situ 14C and 10Be concentrations in recently exposed proglacial bedrock and applied a Monte Carlo forward model to reconstruct plausible bedrock exposure–burial histories. We find that these glaciers advanced past their modern positions thousands of years apart in the Holocene: a glacier in the Juneau Icefield (BC, Canada) at ∼2 ka, Kokanee Glacier (BC, Canada) at ∼6 ka, and Mammoth Glacier (WY, USA) at ∼1 ka; the fourth glacier, Conness Glacier (CA, USA), was likely larger than its modern position for the duration of the Holocene until present. The disparate Holocene exposure–burial histories are at odds with expectations of similar glacier histories given the presumed shared climate forcings of decreasing Northern Hemisphere summer insolation through the Holocene followed by global greenhouse gas forcing in the industrial era. We hypothesize that the range in histories is the result of unequal amounts of modern retreat relative to each glacier's Holocene maximum position, rather than asynchronous Holocene advance histories. We explore the influence of glacier hypsometry and response time on glacier retreat in the industrial era as a potential cause of the non-uniform burial durations. We also report mean abrasion rates at three of the four glaciers: Juneau Icefield Glacier (0.3±0.3 mm yr−1), Kokanee Glacier (0.04±0.03 mm yr−1), and Mammoth Glacier (0.2±0.2 mm yr−1).

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9

Etzelmüller, Bernd, and Johan Ludvig Sollid. "Glacier geomorphometry — an approach for analyzing long-term glacier surface changes using grid-based digital elevation models." Annals of Glaciology 24 (1997): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500012064.

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This paper presents an approach to long-term glacier monitoring. Mathematical surface descriptors, such as altitude, slope and curvature (surface form) are used to classify and quantify glacier surface developments. The analysis is based on photogrammetically derived grid-based digital elevation models over a period of decades. This paper outlines the concept and applies it to five valley glaciers in Spitsbergen, Svalbard, which differ with respect to size, thermal regime and dynamics. The results reflect differences between the glaciers investigated which are attributable to glacier dynamics, in particular concerning the glacier’s possible surge behaviour during a period with retreat and mass losses.

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Etzelmüller, Bernd, and Johan Ludvig Sollid. "Glacier geomorphometry — an approach for analyzing long-term glacier surface changes using grid-based digital elevation models." Annals of Glaciology 24 (1997): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500012064.

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This paper presents an approach to long-term glacier monitoring. Mathematical surface descriptors, such as altitude, slope and curvature (surface form) are used to classify and quantify glacier surface developments. The analysis is based on photogrammetically derived grid-based digital elevation models over a period of decades. This paper outlines the concept and applies it to five valley glaciers in Spitsbergen, Svalbard, which differ with respect to size, thermal regime and dynamics. The results reflect differences between the glaciers investigated which are attributable to glacier dynamics, in particular concerning the glacier’s possible surge behaviour during a period with retreat and mass losses.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Glaciers"

1

Kramer, Michiel Arij. "Meltwater storage and its effect on ice-surface velocity, Matanuska Glacier, Alaska." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2006.

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Wuite, Jan. "Spatial and temporal dynamics of three East Antarctic outlet glaciers and their floating ice tongues." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1162225099.

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3

Brett, Melissa Carrie. "Glacier Inventories and Change in Glacier National Park." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4348.

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Glacier National Park, in northwestern Montana, is a unique and awe-inspiring national treasure that is often used by the media and public-at-large as a window into the effects of climate change. An updated inventory of glaciers and perennial snowfields (G&PS) in the Park, along with an assessment of their change over time, is essential to understanding the role that glaciers are playing in the environment of this Park. Nine inventories between 1966 and 2015 were compiled to assess area changes of G&PS. Over that 49-year period, total area changed by nearly -34 ± 11% between 1966 and 2015. Volume change, determined from changes in surface topography for nine glaciers, totaling 8.61 km² in area, was +0.142 ± 0.02 km³, a specific volume loss of -16.3 ± 2.5m. Extrapolating to all G&PS in the Park in 1966 yields a park-wide loss of -0.660 ± 0.099 km³. G&PS have been receding in the Park due to warming air temperatures rather than changes in precipitation, which has not changed significantly. Since 1900, air temperatures in Glacier National Park have warmed by +1.3 C°, compared to +0.9 C° globally. Spatially, G&PS at lower elevations and on steeper slopes lost relatively more area than other G&PS.

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4

Stearns, Leigh Asher. "Outlet Glacier Dynamics in East Greenland and East Antarctica." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2007. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/StearnsLA2007.pdf.

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Thompson, Derrick R. "Glacier variability (1966--2006) in the Wind River Range, Wyoming, U.S.A." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1950188861&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Goodsell, Becky. "The structure, dynamics and debris transport of two alpine glaciers : Haut Glacier d'Arolla and Bas Glacier d'Arolla, Valais, Switzerland." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.422321.

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Caruso, Raven, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Flow obstructions in valley glaciers." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2007, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/654.

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Valley glaciers often occur within complex dendritic systems where tributary glaciers contribute ice mass and blocking potential to the trunk glacier. Analysis of glacier inventories and maps in the regions of Svalbard, East Greenland, Yukon Territory and the Thompson Glacier system indicates that trunk - tributary intersections commonly occur at angles between 45° and 90°. An analogue material with flow properties similar to creep in pure ice has been used to simulate flow in a model valley glacier. The model and a series of blockages were constructed based on dimensions derived from the inventory and map analysis. The angled blockage indicates lower overall velocity rates and appears to have a funnelling rather than blocking affect on the analogue material. The perpendicular obstruction that blocked half the width of the model valley caused a piling up of analogue material prior to a release into the unobstructed side of the valley.
ix, 149 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm.

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O'Leary, Martin Eugene William. "Frontal processes on tidewater glaciers." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610259.

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9

Monnier, Sébastien Fouache Eric Kaiser Brigitte. "Les glaciers-rocheux, objets géographiques." Créteil : Université de Paris-Val-de-Marne, 2006. http://doxa.scd.univ-paris12.fr:80/theses/th0245655.pdf.

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Smith, Colby. "An Interhemispheric Comparison of the Recession of Mountain Glaciers in the Last 150 Years." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2003. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/SmithC2003.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Glaciers"

1

author, Drysdale Jake, ed. Glacier kid, goodbye glaciers. [Place of publication not identified]: [publisher not identified], 2007.

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Gordon, J. E. Glaciers. Grantown-on-Spey, Scotland: C. Baxter Photography, 2001.

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Carruthers, Margaret W. Glaciers. New York: Franklin Watts, 2005.

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Sepheri, Sandy. Glaciers. Vero Beach, FL: Rourke Pub., 2008.

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Berger, Melvin. Glaciers. New York: Scholastic, 2005.

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Georges, D. V. Glaciers. Chicago: Childrens Press, 1986.

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Berger, Melvin. Glaciers. New York: Scholastic, 2005.

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Hambrey, M. J. Glaciers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

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Jürg, Alean, ed. Glaciers. 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004.

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illustrator, Myer Ed, ed. Glaciers! Vero Beach, Florida: Rourke Educational Media, 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "Glaciers"

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Jain, Sreepat. "Glaciers." In Fundamentals of Physical Geology, 241–62. New Delhi: Springer India, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1539-4_11.

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Stahr, Alexander, and Ewald Langenscheidt. "Glaciers." In Landforms of High Mountains, 85–108. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-53715-8_7.

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Wilson, Eric G. "Glaciers." In The Spiritual History of Ice, 71–138. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403981806_3.

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Gobejishvili, Ramin. "Glaciers." In The Physical Geography of Georgia, 127–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90753-2_11.

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Molnia, Bruce F. "Alaskan Glaciers." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 16–22. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2642-2_13.

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Vuille, Mathias. "Andean Glaciers." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 40–43. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2642-2_20.

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Sigurðsson, Oddur. "Iceland Glaciers." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 630–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2642-2_290.

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Kumar, Rajesh. "Marine Glaciers." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 725. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2642-2_339.

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Arora, Monohar. "Piedmont Glaciers." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 863. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2642-2_407.

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Glasser, Neil F. "Polythermal Glaciers." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 865–67. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2642-2_417.

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Conference papers on the topic "Glaciers"

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Kordzakhia, George, Larisa Shengelia, Gennady Tvauri, and Guguli Dumbadze. "Morphology and Exposure Studies in the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia (West Georgia) on the Background of Modern Climate Change." In 3rd International Congress on Engineering and Life Science. Prensip Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61326/icelis.2023.19.

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The degradation of glaciers is one of the most obvious signals of climate change in the current period of Earth's history. Modern glaciation is unevenly distributed between different regions of the Earth and some river basins. Glaciers in Georgia are spread over the Great Caucasus Range, concentrated in the basins of the Enguri, Rion, Kodori, Tergi and other rivers, where there are mountain peaks of 3500 m and higher. The study of the melting of glaciers due to the ongoing climate change is extremely important to clarify natural events of a glacial nature, to ensure the rise of the sea level and the safety of the population living in the coastal zone, to determine the change in glacial water runoff and to assess the risks related to the melting of glaciers in general, to develop adaptation strategies and mitigation measures to the melting of glaciers. In the article, the glaciers of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia (hereafter “Abkhazia”) and their characteristics are studied. High-resolution satellite remote sensing (SRS) is the only way to study the current state of glaciers in the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia, because on the one hand, there is no local glaciology school, and on the other hand, the current political situation does not allow conducting expeditions and studying glaciers in field conditions. The objective of the article is to study the morphology and exposure of these glaciers and snowfields based on the data from the catalogue of the former USSR (hereafter “catalogue”) which is called initial data and is obtained from more than one century of observations and is issued between 1960 -1975 and satellite data, at several time points, namely 2010 and 2015 that are derived from high-resolution (30 m) LANDSAT satellite data, and the latest 2020 data are processed from satellite MODIS (1.5 m resolution). Complexly using the best international practices, processed SRS data and several SRS databases, historical data and expert knowledge define the reliability of received data. It should be noted that the authors had to overcome several difficulties and ambiguities in the data to discuss the problem relevantly.

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Trcka, Allison, and Andrew G. Fountain. "ROCK GLACIERS OF THE AMERICAN WEST: RE-ANALYSIS OF ROCK GLACIER INVENTORIES." In 115th Annual GSA Cordilleran Section Meeting - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019cd-329172.

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Tart, Rupert G. "Pipeline Geohazards Unique to Northern Climates." In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10085.

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Pipelines in northern climates can be impacted by geohazards that are unique to cold regions. Some of these include frost heave, thaw settlement, solifluction, icings, glaciers, ice-rich slopes, and others. This paper will discuss most of these geohazards as they have been monitored, mitigated, and managed along the Trans Alaska Pipeline (TAPS) and other pipelines in Alaska and Russia. Early analyses of frost heave and thaw settlement of piles concluded that frost heave and thaw settlement would be controlled by installing passive heat removal devices (heat pipes). In permafrost areas heat pipes have generally worked well. In unfrozen terrain or discontinuous permafrost the heat pipes have not been able to maintain stability. Examples of each of these situations will be discussed. Steep rolling terrain makes up a significant part of the TAPS route. Some of the slopes are in permafrost and others are in thawed ground. For the past 15 years, surveillance and monitoring of some of the slopes along the pipeline route has documented the response of slopes in frozen ground. Warmer (that is near 0 degrees C) ice-rich slopes can creep. An example of this is documented on a slope instrumented with inclinometers and thermistors. Other slope movements related to pore pressure increases caused by active layer containment of unfrozen groundwater flows will be discussed. The impact of solifluction zones on pipeline construction and routing will be addressed as it has been managed along the TAPS. Other near surface slope movements that appear to be similar to solifluction have been observed along the pipeline right-of-way on the workpad. This paper will address an interrelationship of these observed slope behaviors. In doing this the interaction of slope seeps and the freeze front as it forms in fall and then recedes in spring and summer is compared to observations of engineered projects. Icings can be observed in several locations along TAPS. In some cases these can be related to slope movements. In other cases the icings have reached the aboveground and caused maintenance issues. TAPS was designed to avoid future surges of several large glaciers. In most years these glaciers have retreated and have not been a significant issue. A recent large earthquake caused a landslide on the largest glacier near TAPS and resulted in some review of the activity on that glacier. In 2002 a large earthquake centered near TAPS caused liquefaction in some areas, breakage of ice in lakes in some locations, and sand boils very close to the pipe. These observations will be related to the thinly frozen active layer over a deep talik during the earthquake.

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Qian, Meirui. "Climate Change on Glaciers and the Current Approach of Protecting the Glaciers." In 2021 International Conference on Public Art and Human Development ( ICPAHD 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220110.010.

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Monz, Morgan E., Peter Hudleston, Simon Cook, and Melanie Leng. "DOES THRUST FAULTING OCCUR IN GLACIERS? A CASE STUDY OF A SWEDISH GLACIER." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-339287.

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Hill, Chelsea. "Surging Glaciers and Climate Change." In The 3rd Global Virtual Conference of the Youth Environmental Alliance in Higher Education. Michigan Technological University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37099/mtu.dc.yeah-conference/april2021/all-events/22.

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OConnell, Suzanne. "IMPACTS OF MELTING MOUNTAIN GLACIERS." In GSA Connects 2021 in Portland, Oregon. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021am-369084.

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Marchisio, M., A. Bianchi, X. Bodin, P. Ciuffi, L. D‘Onofrio, D. Fabre, M. Pappalardo, A. Ribolini, S. Sartini, and P. Schoneich. "Application of Electrical Resistivity Tomography on Glaciers and Rock-Glaciers in the Western Alps." In Near Surface 2005 - 11th European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.13.p033.

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Picotti, S., M. Giorgi, R. Francese, and F. Pettenati. "Ambient Vibration Recordings Used to Map Glaciers Thickness - A First Study from Alpine Glaciers." In Near Surface Geoscience 2015 - 21st European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201413723.

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Tabacco, I., P. Pettinicchio, and L. Veronese. "Radar and Seismic Survey on Temperate Glaciers in Northern Italy, Adamello and Stelvio Glacier." In 1st EEGS Meeting. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201407431.

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Reports on the topic "Glaciers"

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Ambinakudige, Shrinidhi, and Bernard Abubakari. Inventory of Western United States Glaciers- 2020. Mississippi State University, January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54718/wwaj8121.

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The dataset employed for delineating glacier boundaries in the Western United States comprises a compilation of original Sentinel-2 images obtained from the European Space Agency's Copernicus website. These images were instrumental in generating the glacier inventory. Additionally, the dataset includes a Python and R script specifically crafted for processing and classifying Sentinel images. The outcome of this process is represented in an ESRI shapefile, which contains an inventory of glaciers extracted from Sentinel images.

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Beason, Scott, Taylor Kenyon, Robert Jost, and Laurent Walker. Changes in glacier extents and estimated changes in glacial volume at Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, USA from 1896 to 2021. National Park Service, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299328.

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Surface area of glaciers and perennial snow within Mount Rainier National Park were delineated based on 2021 aerial Structure-from-Motion (SfM) and satellite imagery to document changes to glaciers over the last 125 years. These extents were compared with previously completed databases from 1896, 1913, 1971, 1994, 2009, and 2015. In addition to the glacial features mapped at the Park, any snow patches noted in satellite- and fixed-wing- acquired aerial images in September 2021 were mapped as perennial snowfields. In 2021, Mount Rainier National Park contained a total of 28 named glaciers which covered a total of 75.496 ± 4.109 km2 (29.149 ± 1.587 mi2). Perennial snowfields added another 1.938 ± 0.112 km2 (0.748 ± 0.043 mi2), bringing the total perennial snow and glacier cover within the Park in 2021 to 77.434 ± 4.221 km2 (29.897 ± 1.630 mi2). The largest glacier at Mount Rainier was the Emmons Glacier, which encompasses 10.959 ± 0.575 km2 (4.231 ± 0.222 mi2). The change in glacial area from 1896 to 2021 was -53.812 km2 (-20.777 mi2), a total reduction of 41.6%. This corresponds to an average rate of -0.430 km2 per year (-0.166 mi2 × yr-1) during the 125 year period. Recent changes (between the 6-year period of 2015 to 2021) showed a reduction of 3.262 km2 (-1.260 mi2) of glacial area, or a 4.14% reduction at a rate of -0.544 km2 per year ( 0.210 mi2 × yr-1). This rate is 2.23 times that estimated in 2015 (2009-2015) of -0.244 km2 per year (-0.094 mi2 × yr-1). Changes in ice volume at Mount Rainier and estimates of total volumes were calculated for 1896, 1913, 1971, 1994, 2009, 2015, and 2021. Volume change between 1971 and 2007/8 was -0.65 km3 ( 0.16 mi3; Sisson et al., 2011). We used the 2007/8 LiDAR digital elevation model and our 2021 SfM digital surface model to estimate a further loss of -0.404 km3 (-0.097 mi3). In the 50-year period between 1971 and 2021, the glaciers and perennial snowfields of Mount Rainier lost a total of -1.058 km3 (-0.254 mi3) at a rate of -0.021 km3 per year (-0.005 mi3 × yr-1). The calculation of the total volume of the glaciers during various glacier extent inventories at Mount Rainier is not straightforward and various methods are explored in this paper. Using back calculated scaling parameters derived from a single volume measurement in 1971 and estimates completed by other authors, we have developed an estimate of glacial mass during the last 125-years at Mount Rainier that mostly agree with volumetric changes observed in the last 50 years. Because of the high uncertainty with these methods, a relatively modest 35% error is chosen. In 2021, Mount Rainier’s 28 glaciers contain about 3.516 ± 1.231 km3 (0.844 ± 0.295 mi3) of glacial ice, snow, and firn. The change in glacial mass over the 125-year period from 1896 to 2021 was 3.742 km3 (-0.898 mi3), a total reduction of 51.6%, at an average rate of -0.030 km3 per year ( 0.007 mi3 × yr-1). Volume change over the 6-year period of 2015 to 2021 was 0.175 km3 (-0.042 mi3), or a 4.75% reduction, at a rate of -0.029 km3 per year (-0.007 mi3 × yr-1). This survey officially removes one glacier from the Park’s inventory and highlights several other glaciers in a critical state. The Stevens Glacier, an offshoot of the Paradise Glacier on the Park’s south face, was removed due to its lack of features indicating flow, and therefore is no longer a glacier but instead a perennial snowfield. Two other south facing glaciers – the Pyramid and Van Trump glaciers – are in serious peril. In the six-year period between 2015 and 2021, these two glaciers lost 32.9% and 33.6% of their area and 42.0% and 42.9% of their volume, respectively. These glaciers are also becoming exceedingly fragmented and no longer possess what can be called a main body of ice. Continued losses will quickly lead to the demise of these glaciers in the coming decades. Overall, the glaciers on the south face of the mountain have been rapidly shrinking over the last 125 years. Our data shows a continuation of gradual yet accelerating loss of glacial ice at Mount Rainier, resulting in significant changes in regional ice volume over the last century. The long-term impacts of this loss will be widespread and impact many facets of the Park ecosystem. Additionally, rapidly retreating south-facing glaciers are exposing large areas of loose sediment that can be mobilized to proglacial rivers during rainstorms, outburst floods, and debris flows. Regional climate change is affecting all glaciers at Mount Rainier, but especially those smaller cirque glaciers and discontinuous glaciers on the south side of the volcano. If the regional climate trend continues, further loss in glacial area and volume parkwide is anticipated, as well as the complete loss of small glaciers at lower elevations with surface areas less than 0.2 km2 (0.08 mi2) in the next few decades.

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Cho, Kyoung-Hee. Glaciers. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-207.

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Mena Benavides, Melisa, Alicia Bustillos Ardaya, Caitlyn Eberle, and Stefan Schneiderbauer. Technical Report: Mountain glaciers melting. United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS), October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53324/sevx5525.

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Mountain regions are known as the “water towers of the world” for their capacity to store freshwater in glaciers. River basins with glaciers on their headwaters benefit from water stored as ice, representing a regulating water source for downstream river flow, particularly during the summer and in dry periods, especially in times of drought. However, human-induced global warming has caused glaciers to retreat, meaning the ice mass that has formed over many years melts faster than snowfall can replace. Currently, glaciers are melting at double the speed they have in the past two decades, with ever decreasing water availability for those that depend on glacial meltwater for their lives. This technical background report for the 2023 edition of the Interconnected Disaster Risks report analyses the root causes, drivers, impacts and potential solutions for the mountain glaciers melting risk tipping point our world is facing through an analysis of academic literature, media articles and expert interviews.

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Cubillos, Alonso, Eric Krumm, Juan Umerez, Lukas Arenson, and Pablo Wainstein. Safe blasting near rock glaciers. International Permafrost Association (IPA), June 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.52381/icop2024.168.1.

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Nestor Campos, Nestor Campos. When will the Southern European glaciers disappear? Experiment, May 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/11352.

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Horlings, Brita. The Nature of Kinematic Waves in Glaciers and Their Application to Understanding the Nisqually Glacier, Mt. Rainier, Washington. Portland State University Library, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/honors.308.

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Lanik, Amanda, Jason Rogers, and Ronald Karpilo. Lake Clark National Park and Preserve: Geologic resources inventory report. National Park Service, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2288490.

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Geologic Resources Inventory reports provide information and resources to help park managers make decisions for visitor safety, planning and protection of infrastructure, and preservation of natural and cultural resources. Information in GRI reports may also be useful for interpretation. This report synthesizes discussions from a scoping meeting held in 2005 and a follow-up conference call in 2018. Chapters of this report discuss the geologic setting and significance, geologic features and processes, and geologic resource management issues within Lake Clark National Park and Preserve. Information about the previously completed GRI map data is also provided. GRI map posters (separate product) illustrate these data. Geologic features, processes, and resource management issues identified include volcanoes and volcanic hazards, bedrock, faults and folds, landslides and rockfall, earthquakes, tsunamis, mineral development and abandoned mineral lands, paleontological resources, glaciers and glacier monitoring, lakes, permafrost, and coastal features.

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Koerner, R., R. Dubey, and M. Parnandi. Scientists monitor climate and pollution from ice caps and glaciers. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/127539.

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Bikash Maharjan, Sudan. Glaciers in Afghanistan: Status and changes from 1990 to 2015. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.784.

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