Relevant bibliographies by topics / Glacial

Academic literature on the topic 'Glacial'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 3 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Glacial"

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Temovski, Marjan, Balázs Madarász, Zoltán Kern, Ivica Milevski, and Zsófia Ruszkiczay-Rüdiger. "Glacial Geomorphology and Preliminary Glacier Reconstruction in the Jablanica Mountain, Macedonia, Central Balkan Peninsula." Geosciences 8, no. 7 (July 23, 2018): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8070270.

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Although glacial landforms on the Balkan Peninsula have been studied since the 19th century, only scarce data are available about the extent of the former glaciations in the Central Balkan Peninsula, the transition zone between the Mediterranean and Central Europe. Glacial features of the Jablanica Mt. were mapped, described and classified into morphostratigraphic units. A revised glacio-geomorphological map was produced and glacial landforms were assigned to six morphostratigraphic units. Ten primary and two secondary cirques were identified in the upper parts of the studied valleys, while downstream the valleys were steep and glacially shaped with several glacial steps and thresholds. Cirque and valley morphology indicate that subglacial deepening was limited within the cirques and was more intensive in the valley sections during more extensive glacial phases. The largest reconstructed glaciers were 4.6–7 km long, while the last cirque glaciers were only a few hundred meters long. Using morphostratigraphic data, a glacier reconstruction was carried out for the largest mapped glacial extent. On the basis of glacial geomorphology, a former equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) of ~1800 m and glacier cover of 22.6 km2 were estimated during this stage. The local ELA values were compared to the regional ELA record and enabled to tentatively attribute a MIS 6 age for the reconstructed maximum ice extent in the study area.
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Cortés-Ramos, J., and H. Delgado-Granados. "The recent retreat of Mexican glaciers on Citlaltépetl Volcano detected using ASTER data." Cryosphere Discussions 6, no. 4 (August 6, 2012): 3149–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-6-3149-2012.

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Abstract. Satellite imagery and net radiation data collected between 2001 and 2007 for Citlaltépetl Volcano confirm the dramatic shrinkage of Glaciar Norte and the elimination of Jamapa and Chichimeco glacier tongues. The Glaciar Norte rapidly retreated between 2001 and 2002 while for 2007 this retreat decreases considerably. Jamapa and Chichimeco tongues disappeared by 2001 as compared to the geometry shown for 1958. The Glaciar Norte lost about 72% of its surface area between 1958 and 2007. Recently, the ice loss appears to be accelerating as evidenced by the 33% areal loss in just 6 yr between 2001 and 2007. At this shrinkage rate the glaciers would be gone from the volcano by the year 2020, which is decades earlier than previously estimated. The net radiation from ASTER images and the energy fluxes calculated via the meteorological data at the glacial surface show the close relationship between glacial shrinkage and surface energy balance. The magnitude of changes in the net radiation balance allows improved understanding of glacial retreat in Mexico.
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Steinemann, Olivia, Alicia Martinez, Vincenzo Picotti, Christof Vockenhuber, and Susan Ivy-Ochs. "Glacial Erosion Rates Determined at Vorab Glacier: Implications for the Evolution of Limestone Plateaus." Geosciences 11, no. 9 (August 24, 2021): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11090356.

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Understanding how fast glaciers erode their bedrock substrate is one of the key elements in reconstructing how the action of glaciers gives mountain ranges their shape. By combining cosmogenic nuclide concentrations determined in glacially abraded bedrock with a numerical model, we quantify glacial erosion rates over the last 15 ka. We measured cosmogenic 36Cl in fourteen samples from the limestone forefield of the Vorab glacier (Eastern Alps, Switzerland). Determined glacial erosion rates range from 0.01 mm a−1 to 0.16 mm a−1. These glacial abrasion rates differ quite markedly from rates measured on crystalline bedrock (>1 mm a−1), but are similarly low to the rates determined on the only examined limestone plateau so far, the Tsanfleuron glacier forefield. Our data, congruent with field observations, suggest that the Vorab glacier planed off crystalline rock (Permian Verrucano) overlying the Glarus thrust. Upon reaching the underlying strongly karstified limestone the glacier virtually stopped eroding its bed. We attribute this to immediate drainage of meltwater into the karst passages below the glacier, which inhibits sliding. The determined glacial erosion rates underscore the relationship between geology and the resulting landscape that evolves, whether high elevation plateaus in limestone terrains or steep-walled valleys in granitic/gneissic areas.
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Koppes, Michèle, Bernard Hallet, and John Anderson. "Synchronous acceleration of ice loss and glacial erosion, Glaciar Marinelli, Chilean Tierra del Fuego." Journal of Glaciology 55, no. 190 (2009): 207–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214309788608796.

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AbstractTo contribute to the understanding of the influence of climate on glacial erosion and on orogenic processes, we report contemporary glacial erosion rates from a calving glacier in the Southern Andes and elucidate the influence of ice dynamics on erosion. Using seismic profiles of sediments collected in a proglacial fjord and a documented history of retreat, we determine the time-varying sediment flux of Glaciar Marinelli as a measure of basin-wide erosion rates, and compare these rates with the annual ice budget reconstructed using NCEP–NCAR reanalysis climate data from 1950 to 2005. The rate of erosion of the largest tidewater glacier in Tierra del Fuego averaged 39 ± 16 mm a−1 during the latter half of the 20th century, with an annual maximum approaching 130 mm a−1 following a decade of rapid retreat. A strong correlation emerges between the variable rate of ice delivery to the terminus and the erosion rate, providing quantitative insight into the relationship between ice fluxes and glacial erosion rates. For Glaciar Marinelli, as for other calving glaciers for which suitable data exist, the marked retreat and thinning over the past 50 years have resulted in a period of accelerated basal sliding and unusually rapid erosion.
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Glasser, Neil F., and Matthew R. Bennett. "Glacial erosional landforms: origins and significance for palaeoglaciology." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 28, no. 1 (March 2004): 43–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0309133304pp401ra.

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Glacial inversion modelling of continental-scale palaeo-ice sheets is now recognized as an important tool in palaeoglaciology. Existing palaeoglaciological reconstructions of the dimensions, geometry and dynamics of former ice sheets are based mainly on glacial depositional, as opposed to glacial erosional, landforms. Part of the reason for this is a lack of detailed understanding of the origin and significance of glacial erosional landforms. Here we review recent developments in our understanding of the processes and landforms of glacial erosion and consider their value in palaeoglaciology. Glacial erosion involves the removal and transport of bedrock and/or sediment by glacial quarrying, glacial abrasion and glacial meltwater. These processes combine to create a suite of landforms that are frequently observed in areas formerly occupied by ice sheets and glaciers, and which can be used in palaeoglaciological reconstructions. For example, all landforms of glacial erosion provide evidence for the release of subglacial meltwater and the existence of warm-based ice. Landforms of glacial quarrying such as roches moutonnées, rock basins and zones of areal scouring are created when cavities form between an ice sheet and its bed and therefore are indicative of low effective basal pressures (0.1-1 MPa) and high sliding velocities that are necessary for ice-bed separation. Fluctuations in basal water pressure also play an important role in the formation of glacially quarried landforms. Landforms of glacial abrasion include streamlined bedrock features (‘whalebacks’), some ‘p-forms’, striae, grooves, micro-crag and tails, bedrock gouges and cracks. Abrasion can be achieved by bodies of subglacial sediment sliding over bedrock or by individual clasts contained within ice. Although abrasion models depend critically on whether clasts are treated as dependent or independent of subglacial water pressure, it appears that abrasion is favoured in situations where effective basal pressures are greater than 1 MPa and where there are low sliding velocities. Consequently, landforms dominated by glacial abrasion are created when there is no ice-bed separation. Landforms of glacial meltwater erosion include both subglacial and ice-marginal meltwater channels. Investigations of the relationship between glacial meltwater channels and other aspects of the subglacial drainage system, such as areas of ice-bed contact, areas of ice-bed separation and precipitate-filled depressions, enable inferences to be made concerning former subglacial water pressure-drainage relationships, effective pressures and glacier velocities. Meltwater palaeovelocity and palaeodischarge can also be calculated from measurements of channel shape, channel width and the size of material transported within former glacial meltwater channels. We surmize that glacial erosional landforms offer insight into former glacio-logical conditions at both the landform- and landscape-scale within palaeoglaciology. Exposure-age dating techniques, including cosmogenic isotope dating of bedrock surfaces, will be important in increasing our understanding of the age and chronological significance of landforms of glacial erosion. We conclude that landforms of glacial erosion are of great value in ice mass reconstruction and speculate that these landforms will achieve greater recognition within palaeoglaciology in line with improvements in exposure-age dating techniques.
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Shangguan, Donghui, Da Li, Yongjian Ding, Jun Liu, Muhammad Naveed Anjum, Yaojun Li, and Wanqin Guo. "Determining the Events in a Glacial Disaster Chain at Badswat Glacier in the Karakoram Range Using Remote Sensing." Remote Sensing 13, no. 6 (March 18, 2021): 1165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13061165.

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The Karakoram mountain range is prone to natural disasters such as glacial surging and glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) events. In this study, we aimed to document and reconstruct the sequence of events caused by glacial debris flows that dammed the Immit River in the Hindu Kush Karakoram Range on 17 July 2018. We used satellite remote sensing and field data to conduct the analyses. The order of the events in the disaster chain were determined as follows: glacial meltwater from the G2 glacier (ID: G074052E36491N) transported ice and debris that dammed the meltwater at the snout of the G1 glacier (ID: G074103E36480N), then the debris flow dammed the Immit River and caused Lake Badswat to expand. We surveyed the extent of these events using remote sensing imagery. We analyzed the glaciers’ responses to this event chain and found that the glacial debris flow induced G1 to exhibit accelerating ice flow in parts of the region from 25 July 2018 to 4 August 2018. According to the records from reanalysis data and data from the automatic weather station located 75 km from Lake Badswat, the occurrence of this disaster chain was related to high temperatures recorded after 15 July 2018. The chains of events caused by glacially related disasters makes such hazards more complex and dangerous. Therefore, this study is useful not only for understanding the formation of glacial disaster chains, but also for framing mitigation plans to reduce the risks for vulnerable downstream/upstream residents.
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Kotlyakov, V. M., L. P. Chernova, T. Ye Khromova, and N. M. Zverkova. "Glacier surges and glacial disasters." Doklady Earth Sciences 472, no. 1 (January 2017): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1028334x17010056.

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Yagol, P., A. Manandhar, P. Ghimire, RB Kayastha, and JR Joshi. "Identification of Locations for Potential Glacial Lakes Formation using Remote Sensing Technology." Journal on Geoinformatics, Nepal 12 (October 31, 2013): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njg.v12i0.9068.

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In past Nepal has encountered a number of glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) events causing loss of billions of rupees. Still there are a number of glacial lakes forming and there are chances of new glacial lake formation. Hence there is intense need to monitor glaciers and glacial lakes. The development on remote sensing technology has eased the researches on glacier and glacial lakes. Identification of locations of potential glacial lakes through the use of remote sensing technology has been proven and hence is opted for identification of locations of potential glacial lake in Khumbu Valley of Sagarmatha Zone, Nepal. The probable sites for glacial lake formation are at Ngojumpa, Lobuche, Khumbu, Bhotekoshi, Inkhu, Kyasar, Lumsumna, etc. As per study, the biggest glacial lake could form at Ngozumpa glacier. Even in other glaciers potential supra-glacial lakes could merge together to form lakes that occupy significant area. Nepalese Journal on Geoinformatics -12, 2070 (2013AD): 10-16
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Allen, R., M. J. Siegert, and A. J. Payne. "Reconstructing glacier-based climates of LGM Europe and Russia – Part 3: Comparison with GCM and pollen-based climate reconstructions." Climate of the Past Discussions 3, no. 5 (October 26, 2007): 1199–233. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-3-1199-2007.

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Abstract. Understanding past climates using GCM models is critical to confidently predicting future climate change. Although previous analysis of GCM simulations have shown them to under predicted European glacial temperature anomalies (the difference between modern and glacial temperatures) such analyses have focused primarily on results from glacial simulations alone. Here we compare glacial maximum GCM results with the palaeoenvironment derived from glacier-climate modelling. The comparison confirms that GCM anomalies are under predicted, and that this is due to modern conditions that are modelled too cold and glacial temperatures that are too warm. The result is that CGM results, if applied to a glacier mass balance model, over predict the extent of glaciers today, and under predict their extent at the last glacial (as depicted in glacial geological reconstructions). Effects such as seasonality and model parameterisation change the magnitude of the under prediction but still fail to match expected glacial conditions.
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Cauvy-Fraunié, S., T. Condom, A. Rabatel, M. Villacis, D. Jacobsen, and O. Dangles. "Technical Note: Glacial influence in tropical mountain hydrosystems evidenced by the diurnal cycle in water levels." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 12 (December 4, 2013): 4803–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4803-2013.

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Abstract. Worldwide, the rapid shrinking of glaciers in response to ongoing climate change is modifying the glacial meltwater contribution to hydrosystems in glacierized catchments. Determining the influence of glacial runoff to streams is therefore of critical importance to evaluate potential impact of glacier retreat on water quality and aquatic biota. This task has challenged both glacier hydrologists and ecologists over the last 20 yr due to both structural and functional complexity of the glacier–stream system interface. Here we propose quantifying the diurnal cycle amplitude of the streamflow to determine the glacial influence in glacierized catchments. We performed water-level measurements using water pressure loggers over 10 months at 30 min time steps in 15 stream sites in 2 glacier-fed catchments in the Ecuadorian Andes (> 4000 m a.s.l.) where no perennial snow cover is observed outside the glaciers. For each stream site, we performed wavelet analyses on water-level time series, determined the scale-averaged wavelet power spectrum at 24 h scale and defined three metrics, namely the power, frequency and temporal clustering of the diurnal flow variation. The three metrics were then compared to the percentage of the glacier cover in the catchments, a metric of glacial influence widely used in the literature. As expected, we found that the diurnal variation power of glacier-fed streams decreased downstream with the addition of non-glacial tributaries. We also found that the diurnal variation power and the percentage of the glacier cover in the catchment were significantly positively correlated. Furthermore, we found that our method permits the detection of glacial signal in supposedly non-glacial sites, thereby revealing glacial meltwater resurgence. While we specifically focused on the tropical Andes in this paper, our approach to determine glacial influence may have potential applications in temperate and arctic glacierized catchments. The measure of diurnal water amplitude therefore appears as a powerful and cost-effective tool to understand the hydrological links between glaciers and hydrosystems better and assess the consequences of rapid glacier shrinking.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Glacial"

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O'Malley, Dana Jean. "Glacial warm." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3154.

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Glacial Warm investigates romantic, human relationships and our collective commitment to the environment we inhabit. A couple travels and settles into polar and tropical landscapes, gathering, taking shelter, and finding sustenance together. They build their climate, adapting to continuous change. Through glaciers melting, volcanoes hissing, whales breaching, and nude bodies touching and holding, I develop a painted mythology. Partnership is embodied through separate entities working together. Everyday tasks become intimate gestures. The tenderness of these gestures is rooted in their separation as individuals. Paint application is direct. What melts, drips. What freezes is preserved in cloudy impasto. A kiss is an oily smudge.
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Butts, Eric Clark. "Models of glacial flow /." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487262825076709.

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Yu, Jaehyung. "Investigation of glacial dynamics in lambert glacial basin using satellite remote sensing techniques." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3123.

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The Antarctic ice sheet mass budget is a very important factor for global sea level. An understanding of the glacial dynamics of the Antarctic ice sheet are essential for mass budget estimation. Utilizing a surface velocity field derived from Radarsat three-pass SAR interferometry, this study has investigated the strain rate, grounding line, balance velocity, and the mass balance of the entire Lambert Glacier – Amery Ice Shelf system, East Antarctica. The surface velocity increases abruptly from 350 m/year to 800 m/year at the main grounding line. It decreases as the main ice stream is floating, and increases to 1200 to 1500 m/year in the ice shelf front. The strain rate distribution defines the shear margins of ice flows. The major ice streams and their confluence area experience the most severe ice deformation. The width of the shear margin decreases as it flows downstream except for the convergent areas with tributary glaciers. The grounding line for the main ice stream and the boundary of Amery Ice Shelf and surrounding tributary glaciers is delineated. The total basal melting is estimated to be 87.82 ± 3.78 Gt/year for the entire Amery Ice Shelf. Compared with the ice flux (16.35 ± 3.11 Gt/year) at the ice shelf front, basal melting is apparently the dominant discharging process of the system. The melting rate for the Amery Ice Shelf decreases rapidly from the grounding zone (21.64 ± 2.17 m/year) to the ice shelf front (-0.95 ± 0.14 m/year). The Lambert Glacial Basin contributes the total ice mass of 95.64 ± 2.89 Gt/year to the ocean, which is equivalent to increasing the global sea level by 0.24 mm/year. Considering 90.54 ± 1.55 Gt/year of snow accumulation, the entire Lambert Glacier – Amery Ice Shelf system is slightly negatively imbalanced at -5.09 ± 3.46 Gt/year. Although the entire system is estimated to have a slight negative mass balance, three sub-glacial systems have a net positive mass balance due to a relatively high snow accumulation rate or relatively slow ice motion. Considering the large mass loss in West Antarctica, it is believed that the overall mass budget in Antarctica is negative based on this research.
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Hyatt, Olivia Marie. "Insights into New Zealand Glacial Processes from studies of glacial geomorphology and sedimentology in Rakaia and other South Island Valleys." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3699.

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This thesis investigates the assertion by many early and more recent New Zealand glacial workers, that the high catchment rainfall and low seasonality in New Zealand create unique glacial sedimentary and geomorphic processes. Specifically the thesis examines the nature of glacial sedimentology and geomorphology in South Island, New Zealand focussing on the Rakaia Valley, as most of the early studies that suggested a distinct New Zealand process environment were based on South Island, East Coast glacial valleys. The thesis provides insights into glacial processes operating at glacial termini of late Quaternary glaciers in this region. The primary findings are as follows: Glacial terminus landforms (moraines) and sediments are described in two eastern (Rakaia and Ashburton Lakes) and one western (Waiho) valley of South Island. There are three main types of landforms 1) outwash head, 2) push moraines and 3) ice-contact fans. Outwash heads and push moraines have been identified before in New Zealand, but ice-contact fans have not. The spatial relationships between the three landforms can be complex especially where there is a fluctuating glacier terminus. Outwash heads are the dominant landform, with ice-contact fans deposited at a stationary terminus with channelised meltwater and push moraines preserved during retreat accompanied with outwash head incision. Both ice-contact fans and push moraines are prone to reworking into the outwash head. Supraglacial material comprises a small cap on the moraines and is usually insignificant in this system. The nature of past glacier termini can be gained from detailed study of these three landform relationships and their sediment record. The dominance of glacifluvial processes at the glacier terminus is a reflection of the low seasonality, abundant catchment rainfall, coupled with a large sediment supply. Preservation and deposition of the push moraines and ice-contact fans are controlled by glacifluvial processes on an outwash head, which in turn are controlled by the mass balance of the glacier. Sedimentology, stratigraphy and facies architecture were examined in the lower Rakaia Valley and elsewhere. The main environments recorded by these sediments are largely proglacial lacustrine and fluvial including 1) outwash gravels, with deposition of a sequence of glacier-fed, Gilbert-type deltas deposited over buried ice at Bayfield Cliff, 2) lacustrine silts and sands, 3) sub-aqueous ice-contact fans, 4) sub-aqueous mass flow deposits, and 5) supraglacial melt out material. These glacilacustrine facies are widespread during both retreats and advances. Sub-aqueous deltas are the primary ice terminus form, in this mid-valley lacustrine setting, which record termini advance and retreats. Syn- and postdepositional deformation of lacustine facies are also common as a result of pushing and overriding from the fluctuating glacier termini. Buried ice is also widespread and many of these deposits display evidence of disruption of sedimentation by its meltout. This implies that stagnant tongues of ice were often buried by outwash and lacustrine sediments. From the sediments and geomorphology described in this thesis, two main glacier terminus settings in New Zealand valleys are apparent A) when the glacier terminus is on or abutting its outwash fan-head, or B) when the glacier terminus is within its trough. Both the geomorphic and edimentological findings allow a better understanding of New Zealand glacial chronologies. Firstly, the sedimentology permits the identification of many more advances and retreats than are recorded in surface sediments. At Rakaia Valley, facies record six significant advances and retreats and many more small oscillations over the last 200 000 years. The geomorphic understanding and high resolution mapping has identified many more ice termini in the valleys than were previously recognised and allow the insights into ice margin behaviour through time. This includes the changing location of outwash heads and glacial troughs, with a migration up-valley since the OIS 6 advance/s, in the Rakaia Valley. The glacier overran its outwash head to reach its LGM position, and subsequently retreated slowly over about 10,000 years, back to its outwash head. It then changed to a calving margin and continued retreating but with no terminal moraines preserved, only lateral features. The research in this thesis has contributed to greater understanding of the New Zealand glacial system. Although low seasonality and large volumes of meltwater do play a role, and equally important control in New Zealand valleys is that of tectonics in terms of delivering huge sediment supply. This sediment supply enables large outwash head and fans to accumulate, which allow large stable lakes to form during glacier recession. The data and interpretations from this thesis will underpin the development of a New Zealand glacial land system, of which other valleys such as the Himalayas have. This land system development is important for understanding the temperate, high sediment yield glacial environment end member.
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Evatt, Geoffey William. "Jokulhlaups and sub-glacial floods." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.496870.

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Hindmarsh, R. C. A. "Modelling glacial erosional landform development." Thesis, Durham University, 1985. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7235/.

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Glacial erosional systems exhibit a complex, highly scaledependent phenomenology. Some aspects of modelling the development of glacial erosional landforms in response to glacial erosional processes acting over a wide range of scales are considered. The physics of ice at the glacier sole is discussed. A simple ice-water mixture theory is proposed. A method for finding the solution of the equations of motion of ice at the glacier sole based on the finite element velocities-pressure formulation is shown, which includes novel formulations for the sliding boundary condition, compression of ice and flow of water between ice and bedrock. These finite element formulations are used to simulate flows at the ice-rock interface. The use of the Laplace equation in simulating uni-axial flow is also considered, and further simulations are carried out using this equation. The results from these finite element simulations are used to consider erosional processes occurring at the glacier bed. The processes of abrasion are considered, and previous models are shown to be physically inconsistent. Cavitation, transiency and heterogeneity are shown to have an effect on clast-bed contact forces, and the local viscosity of ice is identified as being a further controlling variable on abrasion. These results are used to consider the likely development of hummocks of bedrock. A mass-balance analysis of basal debris is carried out and shown to have an important effect on erosional patterns. The equations describing the movement of a surface normal to itself are considered. Various solution techniques for these equations are tested, and requirements for the persistence of form under lowering are given. The modelling strategy used in this thesis is a nested hierarchy, with the various hierarchical levels corresponding to different scales. The effect of this hierarchisation on the modelling is discussed with respect to the generic properties of the systems, explanation and testability.
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Jackson, Rebecca H. (Rebecca Harding). "Dynamics of Greenland's glacial fjords." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104586.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2016.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 165-172).
Glacial fjords form conduits between glaciers of the Greenland Ice Sheet and the North Atlantic. They are the gateways for importing oceanic heat to melt ice and for exporting meltwater into the ocean. Submarine melting in fjords has been implicated as a driver of recent glacier acceleration; however, there are no direct measurements of this melting, and little is known about the fjord processes that modulate melt rates. Combining observations, theory, and modeling, this thesis investigates the circulation, heat transport, and meltwater export in glacial fjords. While most recent studies focus on glacial buoyancy forcing, there are other drivers - e.g. tides, local wind, shelf variability - that can be important for fjord circulation. Using moored records from two major Greenlandic fjords, shelf forcing (from shelf density fluctuations) is found to dominate the fjord circulation, driving rapid exchange with the shelf and large heat content variability near the glacier. Contrary to the conventional paradigm, these flows mask any glacier-driven circulation in the non-summer months. During the summer, when shelf forcing is reduced and freshwater forcing peaks, a mean exchange flow transports warm Atlantic-origin water towards the glacier and exports glacial meltwater. Many recent studies have inferred submarine melt rates from oceanic heat transport, but the fjord budgets that underlie this method have been overlooked. Building on estuarine studies of salt fluxes, this thesis presents a new framework for assessing glacial fjord budgets and revised equations for inferring meltwater fluxes. Two different seasonal regimes are found in the heat/salt budgets for Sermilik Fjord, and the results provide the first time-series of submarine meltwater and subglacial discharge fluxes into a glacial fjord. Finally, building on the observations, ROMS numerical simulations and two analytical models are used to investigate the dynamics of shelf-driven flows and their importance relative to local wind forcing across the parameter space of Greenland's fjords. The fjord response is found to vary primarily with the width relative to the deformation radius and the fjord adjustment timescale relative to the forcing timescale. Understanding these modes of circulation is a step towards accurate modeling of ocean-glacier interactions.
by Rebecca H. Jackson.
Ph. D.
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Allen, Robert. "Reconstructing the last glacial maximum climate of Europe and Russia using the glacial-geological record." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.439675.

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Miller, Helen. "Lake bed environments, modern sedimentation and the glacial and post-glacial history of Windermere, UK." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/365472/.

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Windermere, the largest natural lake in England, is a glacial ribbon lake located in the southeast of the Lake District. High resolution geophysical datasets, combined with sediment analysis, geomorphological mapping and historical research have been used to investigate the lake bed environments, recent sediment record of pollution and glacial and post-glacial history of the lake and surrounding catchment. The data are used to generate a present-day landscape map of Windermere, revealing a complex landform record characterised by nine sub-basins, separated by steps, ridges and isolated topographic highs related to the retreat of the British and Irish Ice Sheet (BIIS). Debris flows and anthropogenic features are superimposed on the general bathymetric framework formed since the Last Glacial Maximum. Analysis of sediment cores and correlation with existing seismic data have revealed key stratigraphic facies extend across the lake basin, and consist of a drape of Holocene gyttja overlying glaciolacustrine and lacustrine sediment fill relating to retreat of the BIIS. Analysis of geophysical core properties have identified a peak in magnetic susceptibility and iron which possibly represents a change in relative input from different ice masses. Onshore mapping of Troutbeck Valley identifies a series of depositional environments, including recessional moraines formed by still-stands or small readvances of an outlet glacier. Following deglaciation through disintegration into a number of independent ice caps, major sediment redistribution led to formation of a large fan delta via paraglacial and post-glacial sedimentation. The sedimentology of Windermere is characterised by five distinct lake bed facies showing a dominance of gyttja, representing recent Holocene sedimentation derived from the catchment over the last 10,000 years. Coarser sediments (gravel and fine sand) are found in lake-marginal shallow water. High resolution geochemical data, radiochronology and isotopic analysis have revealed significant increases in lead, zinc and copper in recent lake sediments. The principal sources of anthropogenic lead contamination are gasoline lead, Carboniferous coal (most likely source is coal fired steam ships) and lead derived from Carboniferous Pb-Zn mineralisation (mining activities). A number of up-system sediment traps have limited the amount of mining related heavy metals entering Windermere. As a result, many peaks in heavy metals do not correlate with periods of metal workings, but recent increases are possibly due to flood-induced metal inwash. Elevated concentrations of zinc and filamentous growths on the lake bed are attributed to sewage inputs. Geophysical, physical and visual surveys of twelve demonstrated or putative spawning grounds of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) suggest suitable spawning habitat in Windermere is limited and siltation by fine sediments has occurred over the past 50 years. The integrated approach used in this study has shown that a catchment analysis, using several datasets and techniques, can be used to inform wider regional and ice sheet wide glacial reconstructions. This approach, which can be applied to other lacustrine environments, is capable of determining modern lake bed habitats and the sediment record of pollution, and further demonstrates the value of lake sediments as a high resolution record of local and regional environmental change.
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Rowan, Ann Victoria. "Braided river response to glacial-drainage capture and climate variations through the last glacial maximum." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/braided-river-response-to-glacialdrainage-capture-and-climate-variations-through-the-last-glacial-maximum(5ad78c4e-f5b6-4d53-9221-193e7ed75573).html.

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Glacial-interglacial cycles drive changes in the discharge and sediment flux from the headwaters of glaciated basins, which are recorded by proglacial fluvial sediments. Linking braided river stratigraphy to the Quaternary climate record could indicate the control of climate-driven variations in discharge and sediment flux on fluvial processes, and the magnitude and frequency of past climate variations. New Zealand is a key location for investigating terrestrial records of Southern Hemisphere climate change. The Late Quaternary braided river deposits on the Canterbury Plains, South Island, New Zealand have formed over the last 400 ka. The coastal cliff marking the southeastern margin of the Canterbury Plains provides excellent exposure of fluvial sediments deposited during the last glacial period, from ~40 ka until the end of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) (~18 ka).Deposition at the modern coastline of the Canterbury Plains is interpreted in the context of the climate event stratigraphy for New Zealand, which requires a precise geochronology. This thesis demonstrates the first successful application of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating to glaciofluvial sediments on South Island: a technique that was previously considered unsuitable for this region. Ages produced for the coastal stratigraphy range from 36.7 ± 2.9 to 18.2 ± 1.3 ka, indicating that deposition took place during the last glacial, with little or no postglacial aggradation. Three adjacent catchments on the southern Canterbury Plains - the Rakaia, Ashburton and Rangitata - have undergone glacial-drainage capture during the period represented by the coastal stratigraphy. During glacials, transfluent ice reversed the flow direction in several key tributaries, resulting in dramatic variations in effective drainage area of the Ashburton and Rangitata, and variations in discharge and sediment flux which are recorded in the stratigraphy of these catchments. The magnitude, timing and duration of drainage capture were quantified using the Plummer and Phillips (2003) glacier model. The Ashburton catchment increased to 160% of the modern effective drainage area when temperature change relative to modern conditions exceeded -6°C during the LGM. Meanwhile, the effective drainage area of the Rangitata decreased to 63%, and the Rakaia to 93%, reducing discharge from these catchments. Furthermore, glaciation dramatically affects the seasonality of the annual hydrograph. At four coastal sites, the fluvial stratigraphy was surveyed to investigate possible variations in depositional architecture, due to both climate variations, and glacial-drainage capture in the Ashburton and Rangitata. Unexpectedly, little vertical variation in depositional architecture was found, indicating that the deposits created by the braided rivers represent sediment transport during a similar set of flow (and by inference, climate) conditions. Laterally extensive erosional surfaces separating storeys of one or two flow depths in thickness, in combination with the OSL geochronology, suggest that the gravel-bed braided river stratigraphy primarily records a response to climate variations within glacial maxima, rather than on the scale of the glacial-interglacial cycle.
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Books on the topic "Glacial"

1

Juncosa, Lluís. Glacial. Palma (Mallorca): Lleonard Muntaner, 2013.

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Douglas, Fong, ed. Glacial chase. Leamington Spa: Scholastic, 2009.

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Glacial period. New York: ComicsLit, 2006.

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Glacial environments. Vancouver: UBC Press, 1994.

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Glacial environments. London: UCL Press, 1994.

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Glacial geologic processes. London: Arnold, 1986.

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John, Shaw, Smith Norman D, and Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists., eds. Glacial sedimentary environments. Tulsa, Okla: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, 1985.

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Glacial geologic processes. London: E. Arnold, 1986.

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B, Anderson John. Glacial-marine sedimentation. Washington, D.C: American Geophysical Union, 1989.

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The glacial stairway. Manchester: Carcanet Press, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Glacial"

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Swift, Darrel A. "Ogive (Glacial)." In Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms, 1–4. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9213-9_522-1.

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Pavlopoulos, Kosmas, Niki Evelpidou, and Andreas Vassilopoulos. "Glacial Environments." In Mapping Geomorphological Environments, 111–34. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01950-0_5.

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Gutiérrez, Francisco, and Mateo Gutiérrez. "Glacial Landforms." In Landforms of the Earth, 199–220. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26947-4_11.

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Van Hoesen, John G. "Glacial Clast." In Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms, 1–7. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9213-9_182-1.

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Van Hoesen, John G. "Glacial Clast." In Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms, 852–57. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3134-3_182.

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Swift, Darrel A. "Ogive (Glacial)." In Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms, 1481–84. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3134-3_522.

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Ponce, Juan Federico, and Marilén Fernández. "Glacial Geomorphology." In Climatic and Environmental History of Isla de los Estados, Argentina, 45–67. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4363-2_5.

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Fu, Ping, and Jonathan Harbor. "Glacial Erosion." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 332–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2642-2_181.

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Dobhal, D. P. "Glacial Erratic." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 341. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2642-2_182.

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Dobhal, D. P. "Glacial Grooves." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 358. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2642-2_184.

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Conference papers on the topic "Glacial"

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Walcott, Caleb, Joseph P. Tulenko, Jason P. Briner, and Nicolás E. Young. "PALEO-GLACIER EQUILIBRIUM LINE ALTITUDES FROM CENTRAL ALASKA: INSIGHTS INTO LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM AND LATE GLACIAL CLIMATE." In GSA 2020 Connects Online. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020am-356805.

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Doughty, Alice Marie, Meredith A. Kelly, James M. Russell, Brian Anderson, and Margaret S. Jackson. "MODELING GLACIAL EXTENT DURING THE LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM IN UGANDA." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-301319.

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Frank, Garrett, Nooreen A. Meghani, and Alison Anders. "AGE ISN’T EVERYTHING; GLACIAL MELTWATER FLOW PATHS INFLUENCE POST-GLACIAL DRAINAGE DENSITY." In 54th Annual GSA North-Central Section Meeting - 2020. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020nc-348261.

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Lai, Jingtao, and Alison Anders. "CLIMATIC CONTROLS ON GLACIAL EROSION – INSIGHTS FROM NUMERICAL GLACIAL LANDSCAPE EVOLUTION MODELING." In GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-323595.

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Denker, Christopher, and David Wilkins. "DENDROCHRONOLOGICAL ESTIMATION OF GLACIAL RETREAT AND GLACIOISOSTATIC UPLIFT, DAVIDSON GLACIER, SOUTHEAST ALASKA." In Joint 70th Annual Rocky Mountain GSA Section / 114th Annual Cordilleran GSA Section Meeting - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018rm-313831.

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Stansell, Nathan, Donald T. Rodbell, Joseph M. Licciardi, Mark B. Abbott, and Bryan G. Mark. "LATE GLACIAL AND HOLOCENE GLACIER FLUCTUATIONS IN THE CORDILLERA BLANCA, PERUVIAN ANDES." In 51st Annual Northeastern GSA Section Meeting. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016ne-272716.

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Quirk, Brendon J., Jeffrey R. Moore, Benjamin J. Laabs, Mitchell A. Plummer, and Jenna Taylor. "WASATCH RANGE, UT GLACIER RECONSTRUCTIONS FOR THE LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM AND LATEGLACIAL." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-303263.

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Ommani, Babak, Petter Andreas Berthelsen, Halvor Lie, Vegard Aksnes, and Geir Løland. "Hydrodynamic Modelling and Estimating Response of Glacial Ice Near a Drilling Rig." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-95798.

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Abstract Impact scenarios involving a typical drilling rig and glacial ice are studied. The goal is to better identify the important physical effects in modelling the dynamics of glacial ice in presence of waves and a floating platform, whilst improving simulation tools to capture the location and energy of possible collisions. A state-of-the-art numerical model of a typical semi-submersible is developed and calibrated with model tests to represent the drilling rig. A systematic incremental approach is adopted to model the dynamics of glacial ice. Long wave approximation, nonlinear excitation and restoring forces, interaction forces with the semi-submersible, and viscous forces due to flow separation are among the models which are considered step by step. The sensitivity of the resulted collision scenario to the modelling choices is investigated. The possibility of impact with columns, pontoons, and risers are particularly studied. Based on the obtained results, recommendations are made for modelling of glacial ice dynamics in presence of a floating platform.
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King, Courtney C., Brenda L. Hall, John O. Stone, and Trevor R. Hillebrand. "TIMING OF THE LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM AND SUBSEQUENT RECESSION ALONGSIDE HATHERTON GLACIER, ANTARCTICA." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-278499.

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King, Courtney C., Trevor R. Hillebrand, John O. Stone, and Brenda L. Hall. "HISTORY OF THE LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM AND SUBSEQUENT RECESSION ALONGSIDE HATHERTON GLACIER, ANTARCTICA." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-278633.

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Reports on the topic "Glacial"

1

Bednarski, J. Glacial geological history. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/298876.

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Wolken, G. J., and Katreen Wikstrom Jones. Valdez Glacier ice-dammed lake: June 2017 glacial lake outburst flood. Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/29743.

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Wikstrom Jones, Katreen, and G. J. Wolken. Valdez Glacier ice-dammed lake: June 2018 glacial lake outburst flood. Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, May 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/30175.

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Klassen, R. D., and F. J. Thompson. Glacial studies in Labrador. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/122622.

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Stravers, J., and G. S. Boulton. Itirbilung Fiord, Glacial Features. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/130442.

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Klassen, R. A. A preliminary interpretation of glacial history derived from glacial striations, central Newfoundland. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/193847.

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Rice, J. M., R. C. Paulen, H. E. Campbell, M. Ross, and M. Pyne. Glacial history and surficial mapping. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/306139.

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Kettles, I. M. Glacial geology and glacial sediment geochemistry in the Clyde Forks - Westport area of Ontario. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/133492.

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Duk-Rodkin, A. Glacial limits map of Yukon Territory. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/210739.

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Shilts, W. Principles of Glacial Dispersal and Sedimentation. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/132390.

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