Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Glaces astrophysiques'
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Bychkova, Anna. "Energetic iοn prοcessing οf arοmatic mοlecules in the sοlid phase." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMC236.
Full textFormed in the dense clouds, icy mantles are condensates of small molecules on solid grains. These icy mantles are promising sites for rich chemical processes, where complex organic molecules can form, as these mantles are continuously exposed to ionizing radiation. Once dense clouds transform into an accretion disc and eventually into a planetary system, these icy mantles may potentially contribute to the reservoir of the complex molecules of the planets.In this thesis, the effects of ion irradiation on two aromatic molecules, pyridine and pyrene were investigated. The samples were exposed to ion irradiation at the GANIL (Caen, France) and ATOMKI (Debrecen, Hungary) ion beam facilities. Their evolution was monitored using in-situ infrared spectroscopy. It was found that the initial structure (amorphous or crystalline) and the irradiation temperature do not affect the destruction cross section of pure pyridine. Additionally, it was observed that the local dose is not a key parameter as previously assumed. Indeed, since the destruction of pyrene caused by heavy ions, starting from C, is significantly greater than that caused by lighter ions such as H and He for the same deposited local dose. For both molecules, a significant increase in the destruction cross section was observed for decreasing molecule concentration in the water matrix. The half-life time of pyridine and pyrene in dense clouds was estimated to be around 13 and 20 millions of years, respectively. This suggests that once formed in these environments, they could survive and contribute to planetary formation
Fresneau, Aurélien. "Simulations expérimentales en laboratoire pour la préparation à l'analyse des données issues de missions spatiales, ainsi que pour l'étude de l'impact en exobiologie de l'évolution de la matière organique au sein d'environnements astrophysiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4760/document.
Full textDust grains located in dense molecular clouds play a major role in the formation of complex organic molecules. These grains are covered by icy mantles containing primitive molecules. Dense molecular clouds can collapse and lead to the formation of planetary systems such as our own. During this evolution, the grains are exposed to energetic processes which transform the organic matter inside the ices. The grains are ultimately incorporated into small solar system bodies such as comets and asteroids, which can then contribute to the exogenous delivery of organic matter on Earth. In this context, this thesis focuses on simulating the chemical evolution of ices. To that end, ice analogues are formed by condensing a relevant gas mixture on a cold substrate. These interstellar ice analogues are irradiated with UV photons and/or heated in order to simulate astrophysical processes. An organic residue is formed which we characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and very high resolution mass spectrometry (VHRMS) by Orbitrap.First, we performed mechanistic studies focused on the formation of aminoalcohols and hydroxynitriles from the warming of ices containing acetaldehyde (CH$_3$CHO) or acetone ((CH$_3$)$_2$CO) with NH$_3$, HCN and H$_2$O. Secondly, we studied the global composition of residues made from irradiation and warming of ices containing H$_2$O, CH$_3$OH, and NH$_3$. We present a new approach to interpret Orbitrap data of the residues. Similarities observed with meteoritic organic matter analyses found in the literature could mean that some of the evolution that led to meteoritic organic matter is shared with the evolution of our residues
Fresneau, Aurélien. "Simulations expérimentales en laboratoire pour la préparation à l'analyse des données issues de missions spatiales, ainsi que pour l'étude de l'impact en exobiologie de l'évolution de la matière organique au sein d'environnements astrophysiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4760.
Full textDust grains located in dense molecular clouds play a major role in the formation of complex organic molecules. These grains are covered by icy mantles containing primitive molecules. Dense molecular clouds can collapse and lead to the formation of planetary systems such as our own. During this evolution, the grains are exposed to energetic processes which transform the organic matter inside the ices. The grains are ultimately incorporated into small solar system bodies such as comets and asteroids, which can then contribute to the exogenous delivery of organic matter on Earth. In this context, this thesis focuses on simulating the chemical evolution of ices. To that end, ice analogues are formed by condensing a relevant gas mixture on a cold substrate. These interstellar ice analogues are irradiated with UV photons and/or heated in order to simulate astrophysical processes. An organic residue is formed which we characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and very high resolution mass spectrometry (VHRMS) by Orbitrap.First, we performed mechanistic studies focused on the formation of aminoalcohols and hydroxynitriles from the warming of ices containing acetaldehyde (CH₃CHO) or acetone ((CH₃)₂CO) with NH₃, HCN and H₂O. Secondly, we studied the global composition of residues made from irradiation and warming of ices containing H₂O, CH₃OH, and NH₃. We present a new approach to interpret Orbitrap data of the residues. Similarities observed with meteoritic organic matter analyses found in the literature could mean that some of the evolution that led to meteoritic organic matter is shared with the evolution of our residues
Lv, Xue-Yang. "Irradiation de glaces d’intérêt astrophysique par des ions lourds." Caen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CAEN2074.
Full textThis thesis concerns irradiation of ices composed of simple molecules (H2O, CO, CO2, NH3) with heavy ion beams at GANIL. These ices exist in several astrophysical environments such as comets, surfaces of Jovian satellites, and dense molecular clouds. Irradiation in the laboratory allows simulating the effects of cosmic rays with high energy ion beams, and those of solar wind with low energy beams. The analysis is performed by Fourier transformed Infrared absorption spectroscopy, which allows detecting molecules created during ion irradiation. The evolution of the ices, characterized by destruction cross sections, formation cross sections and sputtering yields was studied as a function of the deposited energy for some of the most abundant simple molecules in space as a function of electronic stopping power. Furthermore, Implantation experiments were performed in order to study chemistry induced by the projectile ions and formation of molecules such as CO2 and SO2. The formation rates were compared to the corresponding observations of abundance of those molecules and the Jovian moon Europa. After irradiation of the mixture CO2+NH3 several new species such as CO, OCN- et [HCOO-][NH4+] were observed. This indicates that complex molecules can possibly be formed by irradiation of ices in space
Schmitt, Bernard. "La Surface de la glace structure, dynamique et interactions, implications astrophysiques /." Phd thesis, Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37601091r.
Full textSeperuelo, Duarte Eduardo. "Etude par spectroscopie infrarouge des effets d'irradiation de glaces d'intérêt astrophysique par des ions lourds." Caen, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CAEN2050.
Full textIn the Solar System, as well as inside the dense interstellar regions, ice mantles constituted by small molecules are exposed to ionizing radiation formed by photons, electrons and ions. As a result, chemical reactions, phase changes, desorption and other physical chemical processes occur in the ice. Among the ionizing projectiles, fast heavy ions play a particular role in the sense that they are relatively low abundant in space but have high ionizing power and are very efficient for inducing desorption. These cosmic events can be simulated in laboratory. The main goal of the current work is to identify and quantify the effects of the fast heavy ion interaction with ices. Experiments were performed at the medium energy facility at GANIL, where 46 and 537 MeV Ni ions irradiated four ices cooled down at about 13 K: H2O, CO, CO2 and the mixture H2O:NH3:CO. The molecular concentrations of these species and the formed ones were determined by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) as a function of the beam fluence. From the acquired data, destruction and formation cross sections of molecular species were measured as well as the sputtering yields. Results show that protons are more efficient for producing new molecular species, while heavy ions are responsible for the desorption process. This work is collaboration between the PUC-Rio and CIMAP-GANIL institutions
Langlinay, Thomas. "Effets de l’irradiation par des ions lourds multichargés sur des cristaux et des glaces d’intérêt astrophysique." Caen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CAEN2045.
Full textThe solar system and the interstellar medium are permanently exposed to radiations such as solar wind and cosmic rays. The interaction between energetic particles and astrophysical materials (ices, silicates and carbon-based materials) plays an important role in several astrophysical phenomena. Laboratory experiments correlated to observational data may allow a better understanding of these phenomena. The aim of this thesis was to study the effect of slow and fast heavy ions on lithium fluoride and on astrophysical materials such as ices and silicates. We focused on the sputtering phenomenon. The present study was performed with a time of flight imaging technique (XY-TOF-SIMS) at the CIMAP-GANIL laboratory. The major fraction of secondary ions is found to be emitted in the form of clusters. Several parameters affect sputtering: the stopping power regime, the thickness of the target, the incident angle and, for low highly charged ions, the projectile charge. Our laboratory simulations exhibit the possibility that sputtered particles contribute to the formation of Mercury’s and Jupiter’s moons exospheres
Bénit, Jean. "Effets d'irradiation par des ions de grande énergie dans la glace HO et applications astrophysiques." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376028420.
Full textBénit, Jean. "Effets d'irradiation par des ions de grande énergie dans de la glace H₂O et applications astrophysiques." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112229.
Full textThis thesis presents the study of radiation effects induced in H20 ice by MeV/u ions: desorption of ionized species, "erosion" of the irradiated film and molecular synthesis within the ice. The desorption is analysed by time of flight mass spectroscopy. We describe the mass spectra of the desorbed ions, both positively and negatively charged, up to 400 uma. The absolute yields are given, as well as their dependence with the energy and energy loss of the primary ions. The "erosion" of the ice is analysed by infrared spectroscopy, on line during the irradiation. Absolute yields are derived, as a function of the ions beam flux, the mass and energy of the ions, and the thickness of the samples. A linear dependence of the yield with the thickness is interpretated as follows: the erosion comes primarely from the dissociation of the molecules all along the ion tracks. Some astrophysical implications of the results are discussed in the framework of irradiation of icy material in a variety of environments: magnetospheres of giant planets, cometary nuclei, circumstellar shells and molecular clouds. Lt is emphasized that the irradiation by energetic ions plays a major role in cosmochemistry
DUARTE, EDUARDO SEPERUELO. "ETUDE DES EFFETS DE L´IRRADIATION PAR DES IONS LOURDS SUR DES GLACES D´INTÉRÊT ASTROPHYSIQUE PAR SPECTROSCOPIE INFRAROUGE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2009. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=15132@1.
Full textDans le système solaire et dans les régions denses du milieu interstellaire, des manteaux de glaces constitués de petites molécules sont irradiés par des particules ionisantes : des photons, des électrons et des ions. L’interaction entre les particules énergétiques et les manteaux induit plusieurs processus tels que les réactions chimiques, les changements de phase et la désorption de molécules. Les effets de l’irradiation par des photons et des ions légers sont étudiés depuis 20 ans. Cependant, les expériences réalisées avec des ions lourds et rapides sont rares dans la littérature. Bien que les ions légers soient plus abondants, le grand pouvoir d’arrêt et le haut rendement de pulvérisation des ions lourds peuvent compenser cet écart numérique. Ce travail résulte d’un projet de collaboration entre la PUC-Rio et le CIMAP-GANIL. L’objectif de ce projet est d’étudier l’effet de l’irradiation de glaces astrophysiques avec des ions lourds et rapides. Les expériences ont été réalisées sur les lignes IRRSUD et SME du GANIL avec des ions Ni (46 et 537 MeV). L’analyse des glaces a été faite par spectroscopie infrarouge par transformée de Fourier (FTIR). Quatre cibles ont été irradiées et analysées : H2O, CO, CO2 et H2O :CO :NH3. Les sections efficaces de destruction, de création des molécules produites et les rendements de pulvérisation ont été déterminés pour chaque cible. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les ions lourds sont plus efficaces que les protons pour la pulvérisation des manteaux de glaces alors que les protons sont eux plus efficace pour la synthèse de nouvelles molécules.
No Sistema Solar e em regiões densas do meio interestelar, mantos de gelo constituídos de moléculas pequenas estão expostos à irradiação de partículas ionizantes: fótons, elétrons e íons. A interação entre partículas energéticas e os mantos induzem uma série de processos físicos e químicos no gelo como: reações químicas, mudanças de fase e dessorção de moléculas. Os efeitos da irradiação provocados por fótons e íons leves como prótons e partículas alfas vêm sendo estudados há mais de 10 anos. Porém, experimentos envolvendo a irradiação com íons pesados e rápidos são escarsos na literatura. Apesar dos íons leves serem mais abundantes no espaco, a alta taxa de ionização e o alto rendimento de dessorção induzidos pelos íons pesados podem compensar sua menor abundância. Este trabalho consiste em estudar os efeitos da irradiação de gelos astrofísicos por íons pesados e rápidos, em projeto de colaboração entre as instituições PUC-Rio e CIMAP-GANIL. Os experimentos foram realizados nas linhas de baixa e média energia do acelerador GANIL, utilizando íons de Ni com 46 MeV e 537 MeV de energia cinética. Os gelos foram analisados utilizando a técnica de espectrometria de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR). Os quatro gelos irradiados foram: H2O, CO, CO2 e H2O:NH3:CO. As grandezas analisadas foram as seções de choque de destruição destas moléculas, as seções de choque de formação de novas espécies moleculares formadas nos gelos e os rendimentos de dessorção. Os resultados mostram que os íons pesados são mais eficientes do que os prótons na dessorção de moléculas em mantos de gelo no espaço, mesmo considerando as baixas abundâncias deles nos raios cósmicos. Ao contrário, em se tratando de síntese de novas espécies moleculares, os prótons são mais eficientes do que os íons pesados.
Joliat, Julien. "Modélisation des processus de piégeage, par la glace d'eau et les clathrates hydrates, de petites molécules d'intérêt astrophysique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UBFCD053.
Full textIn this work, molecular-scale simulations have been used to model the trapping, possibly selective, of small molecules by icy systems (hexagonal crystalline ice and clathrate hydrates), at temperatures and pressures typical of certain bodies in the Solar System (such as Enceladus and Titan). The main objective is to gain a better understanding of how, by favoring the trapping of certain species over others, the molecular structure of ice can influence the composition of the surrounding fluid phase. Monte Carlo simulations have been carried out in the grand canonical ensemble (GCMC). These simulations are perfectly suited for calculating adsorption isotherms and adsorption energies, observables that can be compared with available experimental results. In particular, the trapping of small alcohol molecules has been modeled on hexagonal ice, as well as, for the first time, the trapping of a mixture of n-butanol/acetic acid in different proportions. The selectivity of trapping mixtures of N2 -- CH4 in Titan's clathrate hydrates has also been characterized in detail. These results, in excellent agreement with experimental data, pave the way for modeling the selectivity of trapping other mixed fluids by other forms of solid water, such as amorphous ice
Baouche, Saoud. "Formation d'hydrogène moléculaire sur des surfaces d'intérêt astrophysique : premiers résultats sur des glaces d'eau à très basse température et sur le graphite à haute température." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066361.
Full textGrisolle, Florence. "Les condensats saisonniers de Mars : étude expérimentale de la formation et du métamorphisme de glaces de CO2." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01010519.
Full textVinogradoff, Vassilissa. "Importance de la réactivité thermique au sein d'analogues de glaces interstellaires pour la formation de molécules complexes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4740.
Full textDust grains in the interstellar medium (ISM) play an important role in dense molecular clouds chemistry in providing a surface (catalyst) upon which atoms and molecules can freeze out, forming icy mantles. Dense molecular clouds are characterized by low temperature (10-50 K) and represent the birth sites of stars. After a gravitational breakdown, a part of the dense molecular cloud collapses toward the formation of star and subsequently a protoplanetary disk from which planets, asteroids and comets will appear. During this evolution, interstellar organic material inside ices undergoes different range of chemical alterations (thermal cycling process, ultraviolet photons, cosmic rays irradiation) hence increasing the molecular complexity before their incorporation inside precometary ices. In laboratory, in order to better understand the evolution of molecules in interstellar ices, we developed a new approach by making "specifics" interstellar ices analogues submitted to one energetic process at time. Consequently we showed the importance of thermal reactivity (neglected effect for long time) for the formation of complexes organics molecules (HMT, trimers, aminoalcools) which are more refractory compounds than water. Our works have many implications in astrophysics since we gave crucial informations on the chemical processes that are happening in solid phase chemistry of the ISM, and on the formation of news molecules which could be incorporated in parent's body of meteorites/comets. We also show some Exobiological implications particularly for the formations of amino acids in the ISM
Vinogradoff, Vassilissa. "Importance de la réactivité thermique au sein d'analogues de glaces interstellaires pour la formation de molécules complexes." Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille Université, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00951946.
Full textDing, Jing-Jie. "Irradiation of water ice and astrophysical implication." Caen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CAEN2056.
Full textIces can exist in our solar system for example on comets, the moons of Jupiter and Saturn, and trans-Neptunian objects. In the cold interstellar medium, they form thin layers on dust grains. Water (H2O) is the most abundant molecules in those ices, which are continuously exposed to the irradiation by cosmic rays, solar wind, and ions trapped in the magnetosphere of the giant planets. Simulation in the laboratory compared to telescopic observations can provide information to understand the large variety of radiation induced physicochemical processes. Therefore, we simulated the effects of swift heavy ion (cosmic ray analogs) and slow ion (solar wind, magnetosphere ions) irradiation of water ice at different beam lines of the GANIL accelerator facility. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to analyze the ices. The irradiation induced structural changes of water ice such as amorphization and compaction were studied. The efficiency to amorphize and compact the ice was established as a function of projectile stopping power with several swift heavy ions. Furthermore, by implantation of sulfur ions in water ice, the formation yield of sulfuric acid was measured and found to increase with projectile energy. From comparison to measure sulfur ion fluxes and sulfuric acid concentrations by the Galileo spacecraft, strong evidence was found that H2SO4 on Europa’s surface can be formed by sulfur ion implantation of magnetosphere ions in water ice. Finally, we also performed a first preliminary experiment to study the radiation induced chemistry with a carbonaceous solid substrate covered with a NH3+H2O ice mantle
Auge, Basile. "Effet du rayonnement cosmique galactique sur les petits corps glacés du système solaire externe : indices pour la formation de la matière organique des micrométéorites antarctiques ultra-carbonées." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMC228.
Full textExtraterrestrial materials, such as meteorites and interplanetary dust particles, provide constraints on the formation and evolution of organic matter in the young solar system. Micrometeorites represent the dominant source of extraterrestrial matter at the Earth’s surface, some of them originating from large heliocentric distances.Micrometeorites recovered from Antarctica snows provide a unique source of pristine interplanetary dust particles, which underwent a minimal weathering at atmospheric entry. A few percent are characterized by very large carbon content with at least 50% in volume, much higher than the value found in meteorites. This organic matter exhibits extreme deuterium excesses and is unusually nitrogen-rich.Several formation scenarios have been proposed for the formation of the N-rich organic matter observed in UCAMMs, suggesting that these particles come from a parent body orbiting beyond the nitrogen snow line, in the outer Solar System where they are exposed to ions from the galactic cosmic rays. We experimentally evaluate the scenario involving high energy irradiation of icy bodies subsurface orbiting at large heliocentric distances by irradiating N2-CH4 ices with swift heavy ions provided by the GANIL facility. Chemical evolution was monitored by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with two experimental set-up : CASIMIR and IGLIAS. Ex situ mass spectroscopy measurement where also conducted. Results concerning the origin of the organic matter found in ultracarbonaceous micrometeorites and the origin of its deuterium enrichment will be presented and discussed
Layssac, Yohann. "Formation de molécules organiques complexes par des processus radicalaires." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AIXM0489.
Full textIn order to better understand the chemistry of the interstellar medium (ISM), we have simulated in the laboratory the thermal and energetic processes taking place in star-forming regions by means of a physical chemistry experiment, called RING (reactivity in INterstellar grains), which allows us to generate interstellar ice analogues on a cold finger (11 K) and under vacuum (10^-9 mbar). We use a hydrogen plasma lamp to reproduce the UV radiation (Lyman-alpha: 121.6 nm) of surrounding stars and to initiate radical reactivity processes within the sample. Three analytical techniques allow us to follow the chemical evolution of our interstellar ice analogues: infrared and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies and mass spectrometry. Thanks to the joint use of these techniques, many products relevant to the ISM chemistry such as sugars (glyceraldehyde), polyols (glycerol), carboxylic acids (formic acid) and polymers (polyoxymethylene) have been characterized. The precise reaction schemes leading to the formation of these molecules were also studied, in particular by isolating the radical intermediates in cryogenic rare gas matrices
Jasinghege, Don Prasanna Deshapriya. "Spectrophotometric properties of the nucleus of the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko observed by the ROSETTA spacecraft." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC007/document.
Full textThis thesis is based on the spectrophotometric properties of the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, using the OSIRIS instrument of Rosetta space mission. Composed of two scientific cameras to observe the nucleus and the coma of the comet, OSIRIS images are acquired with multiple filters, that span the near-UV to near-IR wavelength range. They were used to study the spectrophotometric curves of the exposed bright features that appeared on the surface of the cometary nucleus, leading to a comparative study, that was carried out in collaboration with the VIRTIS spectro-imager aboard Rosetta, that demonstrated, that these exposures are related to H2O ice, using its absorption band located at 2 microns. The thesis further details a spectrophotometric study of the Khonsu region in the southern latitudes of the comet, where the seasonal variation of the spectral slope of different types of terrains is explored. Finally, the results of an extended survey of exposed bright features are presented. More than 50 individual features are presented under four morphologies along with an albedo calculation, suggesting that different activity sources are responsible for their appearance on the nucleus