Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Glace de mer – Plasticité'
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Girard, Lucas. "Vers un nouveau cadre de modélisation rhéologique de la banquise." Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENU021.
Full textIn this thesis, new approaches are used to model the mechanical behavior of sea ice and to evaluate sea ice models in terms of ice drift and deformation. It is first shown how the statistical and scaling properties of sea ice drift and deformation can be used as an evaluation metric for sea ice models. These properties are known to play an important role regarding ice growth estimates and should therefore be captured in sea ice models. The evaluation metric is applied to simulations performed with a coupled ocean/sea ice model, where the mechanical behavior of sea ice is represented using the Viscous-Plastic (VP) rheology, as in most current global ocean and climate models. The VP model is shown to be unable to capture the statistical and scaling properties of sea ice deformation. As these properties are a signature of the ice mechanical behavior, it suggests that the VP rheology is inappropriate for sea ice modeling. The new mechanical model developped during this thesis is based on the hyopthesis that sea ice deformation is mainly accommodated by fracturing and frictional sliding (brittle behavior) over a wide range of scales (stresses can be transmitted on long distances). The main characteristics of this new model, named the Elasto-Brittle (EB) rheology, are progressive damage to represent the brittle behavior, and an elastic constitutive law to allow long-range elastic interactions to take place. The EB rheology is first used to carry out a fundamental study of fracture in heterogeneous media. Simulations show that fracture is preceded by a divergence of the correlation length, measured from a correlation analysis of discrete events and from a scaling analysis of the continuous strain-rate field. The scaling properties of deformation that emerge in the vicinity of failure ressemble those observed for the brittle deformation of geophysical objects such as sea ice or the earth's crust. These results, that argue for a critical point interpretation of fracture, are discussed in the context of fracture at geophysical scales. Secondly, short term simulations of the winter Arctic sea ice cover are carried out using the EB rheology. The results show that the EB rheology captures well the statistical and scaling properties of sea ice deformation, motivating the implementation of the EB rheology in global sea ice models. On longer time scales, sea ice can recover its mechanical properties through refreezing of fractures. A healing law accounting for this process is presented along with preliminary results from simulations accounting for the effect of healing. Finally, a methodology for the implementation of the EB rheology within a global sea ice model is presented and discussed
Germe, Agathe. "Variabilité de la glace de mer en mer du Groenland : liens avec les forçages atmosphériques et océaniques à l'échelle interannuelle." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066629.
Full textRandall, Kevin. "La glace de mer arctique : Source ou puits d'oxyde nitreux?" Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27428/27428.pdf.
Full textNitrous oxide (N2O) is a greenhouse gas which also plays a role in stratospheric ozone depletion. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the presence of N2O in Arctic sea ice, and to quantify the impact of this potential source to the atmosphere. Bulk concentrations of N2O in the bottom 10 cm of the sea ice and in the underlying surface waters were measured in the Beaufort Sea from March to April 2008. Our sea ice measurements revealed low N2O bulk concentrations with N2O being consistently undersaturated with respect to the underlying surface water (ca. 40% saturation) and the atmosphere (ca. 30% saturation). The most plausible mechanism to explain the low N2O sea ice concentrations is a loss of N2O via brine rejection during sea ice formation in autumn and winter. Sea ice could thus act as a source of N2O via brine rejection during sea ice formation in autumn and winter.
Chevallier, Matthieu, and Matthieu Chevallier. "Prévisibilité saisonnière de la glace de mer de l'océan Arctique." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00806125.
Full textChevallier, Matthieu. "Prévisibilité saisonnière de la glace de mer de l'océan Arctique." Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1117/document.
Full textSea ice experiences some major changes in the early 21st century. The recent decline of the summer Arctic sea ice extent, reaching an all-time record low in September 2012, has woken renewed interest in this remote marine area. Sea ice seasonal forecasting is a challenge of operational oceanography that could benefit to several stakeholders : fishing, energy, research, tourism. Moreover, sea ice is a boundary condition of the atmosphere. As such, as tropical sea surface temperature, it may drive some atmosphere seasonal predictability. The goal of this PhD work was to set up a dedicated Arctic sea ice seasonal forecasting system, using CNRM-CM5.1 coupled climate model. We address the initialization strategy, the creation and the evaluation of the hindcasts (or re-forecasts). In contrast to sea ice concentration, very few thickness data are available over the whole Arctic ocean. In order to initialize sea ice and the ocean dynamically and thermodynamically, we used the ocean-sea ice component of CNRM-CM5.1, named NEMO-GELATO, in forced mode. The initialization run is a forced simulation driven by ERA-Interim forcing over the period 1990-2010. Corrections based on satellite data and in-situ measurements leads to skilful simulation of the ocean and sea ice mean state and interannual variability. Sea ice thickness seems overall underestimated, based on the most recent estimates. Some characteristics of sea ice inherent predictability are then addressed. A diagnostic potential predictability study allowed us to identify two regimes of predictability using sea ice volume and the ice thickness distribution. The first one is the 'persistence regime', for winter sea ice area. March sea ice area is potentially predictable up to 3 months in advance using simple persistence, and surface covered by thin ice to a lesser extent. The second one is the 'memory regime', for summer sea ice area. September sea ice area is potentially predictable up to 6 months in advance using volume and to a greater extent the area covered by relatively thick ice. These results suggest that a comprehensive winter volume and thickness initialization could improve the summer forecasts. Summer and winter seasonal hindcasts shows very encouraging skills, in terms of raw and detrended anomalies. These skills suggest a predicatibility from initial conditions besides predictability due to the trend. Summer forecasts analysis shows that the volume and the ice thickess distribution explains a high fraction of the variance of predicted sea ice extent, which confirms the existence of the 'memory regime'. Winter forecasts also suggest the 'persistence regime'. A regional investigation of the winter hindcast helps precising the role of the ocean in the forecasts, and shows to what extent our system predictions could be used operationally, especially in the Barents Sea
Lépy, Élise. "Les glaces de mer en Mer Baltique : Etude géographique et implications environnementales et sociétales à partir de l'étude comparée de la Baie de Botnie(Oulu, Finlande) et du Golfe de Riga (Lettonie)." Caen, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00444566.
Full textJourdain, Nicolas. "Simulations climatiques régionales couplées atmosphère - océan - glace de mer en Antarctique." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00266564.
Full textLe climat de l'Antarctique implique la glace de mer, dont l'extension modifie par exemple l'humidité diponible pour l'atmosphère. Mais l'ensemble de l'océan joue également un rôle, car la formation d'eau dense près des côtes engendre des échanges relativement rapides entre la surface et l'océan profond. C'est pourquoi nous avons choisi de créer un modèle régional couplé atmosphère - glace de mer - océan. Le but de cette thèse est uniquement de développer et d'évaluer un tel modèle.
Pour l'atmosphère, nous utilisons le Modèle Atmosphérique Régional (MAR, Gallee et al. 2005). Ce modèle a été spécialement développé pour les régions polaires. Il se distingue des autres modèles climatiques régionaux par sa représentation élaborée de la neige, et par une représentation interactive de la neige soufflée par le vent. Pour l'océan et la glace de mer, nous utilisons NEMO (Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean), constitué de OPA-9 (Océan PArallélisé, Madec 2007) et de LIM-2 (Louvain Ice Model, Fichefet 1997). Le modèle d'océan utilise une paramétrisation élaborée de la diffusion turbulente le long des isopycnes et de la diffusion verticale. Le modèle de glace de mer utilise un modèle thermodynamique à trois couches, des équations dynamiques basées sur la rhéologie visco-plastique. Enfin, MAR et NEMO sont couplés grâce au logiciel OASIS-3 (Valcke et al. 2003). Le modèle résultant est appelé TANGO, pour Triade Atmosphère-Neige, Glace de mer, Océan.
Avant d'analyser des simulations de TANGO, il convient de connaître précisément le comportement de chacun des modèles lorsqu'ils sont forcés par des données. Dans un premier temps, nous testons la sensibilité de MAR à la représentation de la rugosité orographique. En simulant un cas de la littérature, nous montrons que MAR est capable de simuler des cyclones de méso-échelle ; nous montrons ensuite que le rôle des vents catabatiques côtiers dans la cyclogenèse est faible devant le rôle de l'écoulement synoptique, contrairement à ce que conjecturaient les travaux précédents. Comme les vents catabatiques côtiers dépendent fortement de la rugosité orographique des Montagnes Transantarctiques, les polynies de TANGO pourraient en dépendre ; c'est pourquoi nous avons réglé ce paramètre de façon à avoir des vents côtiers en accord avec les relevés des stations météorologiques. Enfin, nous montrons que la fraction de glace de mer a peu d'influence sur la circulation atmosphérique, probablement parce que notre méthode ne modifie pas la position des fronts de glace.
Estimer l'apport du couplage s'avère compliqué, car une partie du comportement de TANGO vient effectivement des rétroactions physiques permises par le couplage, mais une autre partie vient du changement de "forçages". En effet, MAR voit habituellement la glace de mer se SSM/I, et NEMO voit habituellement des champs atmosphériques issus des réanalyses ERA-40 ; dans TANGO, MAR voit donc les défauts de NEMO, et inversement. Pour évaluer la capacité de TANGO à représenter des rétroactions physiques, nous avons donc réalisé un jeu de simulations dans lequel MAR est forcé par les champs de surface de NEMO, et NEMO est forcé par les champs de surface de MAR. Les comparaisons entre ces simulations et les simulations couplées montrent que la couverture de glace de mer de TANGO diffère de celle de NEMO forcé par MAR, ce qui prouve que des rétroactions sont représentées. Dans le détail, nous identifions également une rétroaction impliquant la glace produite dans une polynie à l'automne, et une rétroaction impliquant les précipitations et la température de surface de l'océan.
Finalement, l'ensemble des évaluations de MAR sur l'océan ont permis des améliorations très récentes de MAR : H. Gallée a ainsi amélioré la prise en compte des nuages aux frontières, et les flocons de neige ont été introduits dans le schéma radiatif de façon à mieux simuler les températures de la couche limite sur la calotte. Ceci améliore également le comportement de TANGO. Cette étude souligne également l'importance du couplage, puisque la solution couplée diffère de la solution forcée, toutes paramétrisations étant égales. Nous concluons donc qu'il est nécessaire de poursuivre l'utilisation de TANGO.
Ces travaux ouvrent d'abord des perspectives à court terme, puisqu'il faudra analyser le détail des rétroactions mises en \oe uvre de façon à tenter de mieux comprendre le climat de l'Antarctique. Ensuite, TANGO pourra être utilisé à petite échelle et haute résolution pour l'analyse des polynies et des formations des masses d'eau dense impliquées dans les circulations océaniques profondes. Une autre possibilité sera d'utiliser TANGO à l'échelle de la calotte, de façon à travailler sur la régionalisation du changement climatique en Antarctique. Enfin, à plus long terme, il sera nécessaire de travailler sur le représentation des cavités sous les plate-formes glaciaires dans TANGO.
Houssais, Marie-Noëlle. "Modelisation des interactions ocean-glace : application a la mer du groenland." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066173.
Full textCusset, Fanny. "Importance de la glace de mer pour les oiseaux marins arctiques." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36971.
Full textIn the Arctic, sea ice sets the clock for marine productivity. This includes two consecutive pulses of primary producers, sea-ice algae and phytoplankton, that constitute the basis of marine food webs and provide the energy transferred to higher trophic levels. As such, any change affecting Arctic sea-ice will have strong implications on the phenology of primary producers, and cascading effects on all other trophic levels. Previous studies demonstrated the potential of Highly Branched Isoprenoid biomarkers (HBIs) to quantify the relative contributions of the two pools of primary producers to higher trophic levels. Here, we combined HBIs with stable isotopesto (i) evaluate if and how much arctic seabird rely on sea ice, and (ii) determine if changes in sea ice affect their feeding ecology and reproductive performance. We focused on two Arctic species exhibiting contrasting ecologies: the thick-billed murre (Uria lomvia) and the northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis). For each species, 60 eggs were collected on Prince Leopold Island (Canadian Arctic) during years of highly contrasting ice conditions (2010-2013). Eggs were analysed for HBI distributions, isotopic (carbon and nitrogen) and energetic compositions. Results showed that murres were closely linked to sea ice and heavily relied on ice-associated prey. Sea ice presence was beneficial for murres’ reproductive performance, with larger and more energetic eggs laid during icier years. In contrast, fulmars did not exhibit a clear association with sympagic communities. Even large changes in sea ice did not seem to affect their feeding ecology or their reproductive performance. Murres therefore appear more vulnerable to changes and may become the losers of future climate shifts in the Arctic, while more resilient species such as fulmars might make the most of the situation. Overall, our study emphasises the importance of combining different biomarkers to better understand the importance of sympagic resources for top predators within changing Arctic marine ecosystems
Houssais, Marie-Noëlle. "Modélisation des interactions océan-glace application à la mer du Groënland /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376059649.
Full textMartinerie, Patricia. "Teneur en gaz des glaces polaires : variations géographiques actuelles, variations au cours du dernier cycle climatique dans la région de Vostok." Grenoble 1, 1990. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01576069.
Full textGuerreiro, Kévin. "Amélioration des estimations d'épaisseur de glace de mer arctique par altimétrie spatiale." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30277.
Full textSatellite observations have shown that the arctic sea ice extent has strongly decreased during the last 40 years, with a clear increase of the shrinking since the 90's. While the mechanisms responsible for this accelerated shrinking are relatively well known, sea ice models do not clearly reproduce the observed extent variations. This inaccurate representation is generally attributed to a misunderstanding of the arctic system climate feedbacks. Among these feedbacks, we seek to study one of them in particular: the sea ice thinning. Sea ice thinning is generally associated with an earlier seasonal melt as well as an increase in sea ice export; both tend to accelerate the sea ice retreat. A good representation of sea ice thickness is therefore necessary to improve our understanding of the arctic sea ice extent variations observed during the last decades. Unlike sea ice extent data, there are currently no pan-Arctic sea ice thickness observations covering a large period (> 20 years). However, several studies have demonstrated the potential of satellite altimetry to retrieve sea ice thickness at a basin scale. To measure sea ice thickness from radar altimetry, the "freeboard" technique is generally employed. This methodology consists of estimating the thickness of the emerged sea ice (freeboard) from radar altimetry and then converting this measurement to sea ice thickness, using an equation for the hydrostatic equilibrium that exists between the snow covered sea ice and the ocean. The freeboard methodology has been applied to diverse altimetric missions (ERS-2, Envisat and CryoSat-2) since 1995 and should allow the retrieval of more than 20 years of pan-Arctic ice thickness. However, the previous estimates of sea ice thickness are data shorter than 6 years in duration. This absence of a long ice thickness time series is mostly due to the difficulty in providing continuity between the different altimetric missions (conventional altimetry/SAR altimetry) as well as to the uncertainties related to the freeboard-to-thickness conversion. In this context, this thesis makes an analysis of the freeboard inter-mission biases and improves the freeboard-to-thickness conversion in order to produce long term ice thickness estimates. To achieve these goals, a thorough analysis of the interaction between the radar signal and the sea ice parameters (snow, roughness, etc) is performed. The analysis of the radar signal physics over sea ice allows to derive the longest time series of arctic sea ice thickness ever established to this day (2002-2016). The analysis of this time series shows that sea ice has thinned from 0.013(± 0.09) m/year in average during the 2002-2016 period. The ice thinning is mainly attributed to the loss of perennial sea ice that occurred during the same period while the high uncertainty associated with this trend is associated to the important inter-annual variability of arctic sea ice thickness
Côté, Jean-Sébastien. "Flux biologiques d'azote dans la glace de mer de l'archipel Arctique canadien." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26544.
Full textL'objectif principal de cette étude était de quantifier, à la base de la glace de mer de première année dans l’archipel Arctique canadien, la variabilité spatiale des principales réactions biologiques du cycle de l'azote, soit l'assimilation du nitrate et de l'ammonium, la nitrification, l'ammonification et la fixation de N₂ afin d’en comparer les taux et de les relier à la variabilité des conditions environnementales du milieu. Les flux d'azote quantifiés ont démontré une grande variabilité selon les conditions biologiques, physiques et chimiques de la glace. La productivité du milieu, estimée par la concentration en biomasse, modulait un grand nombre de ces flux, dont l’intensité relative était généralement semblable pour l'ensemble des sites échantillonnés malgré la variabilité des conditions environnementales. L’ammonification s’est avérée particulièrement importante, favorisant une assimilation conséquente de l’ammonium et une production essentiellement régénérée. Les résultats de cette étude approfondissent la compréhension des mécanismes régulant les flux biologiques d’azote dans la glace de mer et pourront servir à l’élaboration de scénarios futurs en resserrant la paramétrisation des modèles biogéochimiques.
Le, Clainche Yvonnick. "Etude du couplage océan-glace-atmosphère et de l'impact de la glace de mer sur le climat des hautes latitudes." Paris 6, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA066274.
Full textNadaï, Gabrielle, and Gabrielle Nadaï. "Impact de fonte tardive ou hâtive de neige et de glace sur l'export de microalgues dans la mer de Beaufort." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37674.
Full textLes observations dérivées d’images satellites suggèrent que la réduction récente de l’étendue de la glace de mer a entraîné une augmentation de la production primaire en Arctique. Cependant, peu d’observations in situ sont disponibles pour confirmer ces estimations, en particulier au début de la saison de production. Les cellules de microalgues collectées dans des pièges à particules déployés sur trois sites de la mer de Beaufort au cours de trois à cinq cycles annuels de 2011 à 2017 ont été énumérées et identifiées afin d'étudier les changements dans le timing, l'abondance et la composition de l’export de microalgues en relation avec les variations dans le couvert de neige et de glace de mer. Les diatomées ont dominé les flux de microalgues avec différents assemblages au printemps-été (avril à août; Fragilariopsis spp. et Thalassiosira spp.) et à l'automne (septembre-novembre; Cylindrotheca closterium). La fonte des neiges ou la débâcle des glaces s'est produite dès la fin avril (2016) et jusqu'à la mi-août (2013). Les flux printemps-été des diatomées variaient de 0,05 à 500 mg C m⁻² (< 10⁵ à 1,25 x 10¹⁰ cellules m⁻²) et étaient négativement corrélés à la date de la fonte des neiges (r² = 0,35, n = 12) et à la débâcle des glaces (r² = 0,32, n = 12). L’exportation de l’algue de glace Nitzschia frigida reflète la libération des algues de glace au début de la fonte des neiges. Les flux maximaux de diatomées ont été systématiquement observés peu de temps après la débâcle des glaces. La contribution en pourcentage du flux de carbone associé aux microalgues (MC) au flux de carbone organique particulaire (POC) augmente avec l'ampleur du flux de diatomées. L'ampleur du flux de diatomées automnal relativement faible n'était pas corrélée de manière significative à la date de formation du couvert de glace (r² = 0,24, n = 10). Nos résultats sont généralement cohérents avec les observations satellitaires suggérant une augmentation de la biomasse de microalgues et le développement d’une prolifération de diatomées à l’automne en réponse à une saison libre plus longue dans les mers arctiques. Les variations à l’échelle régionale dans le régime de neige et de glace de mer ont une incidence directe sur le moment et l’ampleur de la production de microalgues et sur sa contribution à l’export de POC dans la mer de Beaufort. Avec le réchauffement climatique, la réduction continue du couvert de neige et de glace dans les mers arctiques entraînera une augmentation des flux de carbone vers le benthos et, potentiellement, une séquestration du carbone en profondeur.
Microalgal cells collected in sediment traps deployed at three sites in the Beaufort Sea during three to five annual cycles from 2011 to 2017 were enumerated and identified to investigate changes in the timing, abundance and composition of microalgal export in relation to variations in snow and sea ice cover. Diatoms dominated the microalgal fluxes with different assemblages in spring-summer (April to August; Fragilariopsis spp. and Thalassiosira spp.) and autumn (September-November; Cylindrotheca closterium). Snowmelt or ice breakup occurred as early as late April (2016) and as late as mid-August (2013). The magnitude of the spring-summer diatom flux varied from ~0.05 to 500 mg C m⁻² (< 10⁵ to 1.25 x 10¹⁰ cells m⁻²) and was negatively correlated to snowmelt date (r² = 0.35, n = 12) and sea-ice breakup date (r² = 0.32, n = 12). The export of the ice-obligated algae Nitzschia frigida reflected the release of sea ice algae at the onset of snowmelt. Peak diatom fluxes were consistently observed shortly after seaice break-up. The percent contribution of microalgal carbon to the particulate organic carbon (POC) flux increased with the magnitude of the diatom flux. The magnitude of the relatively small autumnal diatom flux was not significantly correlated to freeze-up date (r² = 0.24, n = 10). Our results are generally consistent with satellite observations suggesting an increase in microalgal biomass and the development of an autumn diatom bloom in response to a longer ice-free season in Arctic seas. Variations at the regional scale in the snow and sea-ice regimes directly impact the timing and magnitude of microalgal production and its contribution to POC export in the Beaufort Sea. With global warming, the ongoing reduction of the sea-ice cover in Arctic seas will result in increased carbon fluxes to the benthos and, potentially, carbon sequestration at depth.
Microalgal cells collected in sediment traps deployed at three sites in the Beaufort Sea during three to five annual cycles from 2011 to 2017 were enumerated and identified to investigate changes in the timing, abundance and composition of microalgal export in relation to variations in snow and sea ice cover. Diatoms dominated the microalgal fluxes with different assemblages in spring-summer (April to August; Fragilariopsis spp. and Thalassiosira spp.) and autumn (September-November; Cylindrotheca closterium). Snowmelt or ice breakup occurred as early as late April (2016) and as late as mid-August (2013). The magnitude of the spring-summer diatom flux varied from ~0.05 to 500 mg C m⁻² (< 10⁵ to 1.25 x 10¹⁰ cells m⁻²) and was negatively correlated to snowmelt date (r² = 0.35, n = 12) and sea-ice breakup date (r² = 0.32, n = 12). The export of the ice-obligated algae Nitzschia frigida reflected the release of sea ice algae at the onset of snowmelt. Peak diatom fluxes were consistently observed shortly after seaice break-up. The percent contribution of microalgal carbon to the particulate organic carbon (POC) flux increased with the magnitude of the diatom flux. The magnitude of the relatively small autumnal diatom flux was not significantly correlated to freeze-up date (r² = 0.24, n = 10). Our results are generally consistent with satellite observations suggesting an increase in microalgal biomass and the development of an autumn diatom bloom in response to a longer ice-free season in Arctic seas. Variations at the regional scale in the snow and sea-ice regimes directly impact the timing and magnitude of microalgal production and its contribution to POC export in the Beaufort Sea. With global warming, the ongoing reduction of the sea-ice cover in Arctic seas will result in increased carbon fluxes to the benthos and, potentially, carbon sequestration at depth.
Verbeke, Véronique. "Concentrations en gaz dans la glace de mer: développements techniques et implications environnementales." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210942.
Full textCe travail a pour objectif d’étudier les relations complexes qui existent entre les processus chimiques, physiques et biologiques qui se déroulent au sein de la glace de mer. La détermination des propriétés physiques et de la composition chimique des glaces de mer correspond en effet à un pré-requis indispensable à l’étude des cycles géochimiques qui existent dans la banquise.
Différentes glaces de mer, naturelles ou artificielles, ont été analysées. Pour ce faire, les caractéristiques spécifiques à ce type de glace font que des méthodes d’analyse de la composition en gaz particulières ont été nécessaires.
Nous avons ainsi pu montrer que le contenu et la composition en gaz des différentes glaces analysées dépendent de facteurs physico-chimiques et de facteurs biologiques. L’impact des facteurs physico-chimiques se marque lors de l’incorporation initiale des impuretés dans la glace de mer et via une diffusion "post-génétique" tant que la glace est plus chaude que –5°C. En outre, les organismes photosynthétiques sont à l’origine d’une production d’oxygène et d’une consommation de dioxyde de carbone. La composition en gaz résultante peut donc être sensiblement différente de la composition atmosphérique ou de celle des gaz dissous dans l’eau de mer sous-jacente, en été comme en hiver. Il s’agit par conséquent de sérieusement envisager l’impact potentiel de la glace de mer et des microorganismes qu’elle contient, lors du réchauffement et de la débâcle, sur les échanges entre atmosphère et océan comme sur leurs compositions respectives.
Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation géographie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Perron, Christophe. "Développement d'une sonde à réflectance diffuse pour la mesure in-situ des propriétés optiques inhérentes de la glace de mer." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68628.
Full textPineault, Simon. "Signature isotopique du carbone et de l'azote dans la matière organique particulaire de la glace de mer en Arctique : facteurs de contrôle et applications écologiques." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28049/28049.pdf.
Full textSalas, Y. Melia David. "Développement et validation d'un modèle couplé océan-glace de mer pour l'étude du climat des hautes latitudes." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00170895.
Full textSauser, Christophe. "Les oiseaux marins polaires, sentinelles de la glace de mer : Réponses démographiques et traits d’histoire de vie." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS027.
Full textThe impact of climate change on sea ice and polar ecosystems has been well recognized. However, these environments are generally difficult to study because of their extreme climate, isolation and the associated logistical difficulties. The lack of knowledge regarding the mechanisms linking the life history traits of polar organisms and sea ice variation limit our understanding of the consequences of climate change on long-lived species such as polar seabirds and sea ice ecosystems. Seabirds, generally located at the top of food webs, could however constitute sentinel species of ecosystems linked to sea ice. The objective of this thesis is to improve knowledge on the processes involved in the responses of polar marine predators to environmental variations, and mainly the mechanisms linked to sea ice. For this purpose we have based our analyses on the long-term monitoring of two polar seabirds, the snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea) and the Cape petrel (Daption capense). Both species breed in polar environments of the Southern Ocean. One is particularly dependent on sea ice for foraging (snow petrel) while the other prefers ice-free habitats (Cape petrel). During this PhD, we estimated the influence of extrinsic factors (top-down, bottom-up, local weather) and intrinsic factors (age, breeding experience, sex and colony) on the demographic responses of these two species using multi-states capture-recapture models. We also tested the influence of environmental factors on phenotypic traits (body condition and breeding phenology) of snow petrels. For the Cape petrel, we show a decrease in breeding success as well as an influence of several extrinsic parameters (sea surface temperature, predation, local weather) on this demographic parameter. We also show an increase in adult survival linked to variations of a large scale climate index, the southern annular mode. Modelling of the population dynamics using a matrix population model indicated a positive population growth rate and suggest that this species probably beneficiates from current climate changes. In snow petrels, we demonstrate the influence of sea ice and other extrinsic factors (predation, southern annular mode, local weather) as well as intrinsic factors (sex, colony, breeding experience) on multiple demographic traits (probabilities of survival, breeding, hatching, and fledging). We also show a shift (delay) in the breeding phenology of snow petrels in response to environmental changes (sea ice concentration, winds), and found that delayed reproduction negatively impacted the probability of fledging. Finally, we show that the sea ice concentration and the southern annular mode have a negative influence on the survival and body condition of juvenile snow petrels. This thesis provides new knowledge on the links between sea ice and the life history traits of two Antarctic polar seabirds characterized by specific dependence to sea ice. This knowledge helps to better understand the consequences of climate change on polar seabirds and polar ecosystems in general, and contributes to the understanding of population dynamics concerning intra-specific demographic variations at a fine spatial scale
Salas, y. Mélia David. "Developpement et validation d'un modele couple ocean-glace de mer pour l'etude du climat des hautes latitudes." Toulouse 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOU30110.
Full textCohen-Solal, Emmanuelle. "Etude de l'énergétique du système climatique à l'aide d'un modèle couplé : atmosphère, océan superficiel, glace de mer." Paris 6, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA066088.
Full textKhodri-Chouchou, Myriam. "Modélisation couplée Océan-Atmosphère-Glace de mer de la réponse climatique aux changements d'insolation du dernier interglaciaire." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066420.
Full textHaarpaintner, Jörg. "Formation de saumures par production de glaces de mer dans Storfjorden, Svalbard, estimée à partir d'images ers-2 sar et de simples modèles de dérive et formation de glaces de mer." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001VERSA003.
Full textSt-Onge, Joanie. "Relation entre le diméthylsulfure (DMS), les structures hydrographiques et la glace de mer dans la baie de Baffin." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66418.
Full textSea surface dimethylsulfide (DMS) concentrations were determined in Baffin Bay and parts of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago during the summers of 2017 (July-August) and 2018 (July). More than 3500 DMS measurements were obtained using a mass spectrometer coupled with a cryogenic trap and a gaseous exchange membrane (ACT-MIMS). These measurements were performed alongside continuous quantification of sea surface salinity (SSS), sea surface temperature (SST), fluorescence (proxy for Chlorophyll a (Chl a)), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and discrete measurements of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP). Concentrations of DMS varied over 2 orders of magnitude, from ca. 0.2 to 43.0 nmol L-1 in 2017, and from ca. 1.6 to 55.0 nmol L-1 in 2018. Surface water DMS hotspots (> 10 nmol L-1 ) were observed in association with hydrographic frontal structures, as well as in high productivity coastal waters. In the open water of northern Baffin Bay, an increasing west-to-east gradient of DMS concentrations was positively correlated with SSS, SST and Chl a, suggesting that upper ocean dynamics of DMS are linked to the physicochemical properties and biological signature of water masses in this sector. High DMS concentrations were observed at the ice-edge of ponded first-year ice providing further evidence to the increasingly recognized role sea ice plays in the cycling of marine DMS. In the northern Labrador Sea and Davis Strait, DMS exhibited day-night trends of 2 orders of magnitude with highest concentrations at night and midday minimums. Although it is possible these results were influenced by other factors, concentrations of DMS decreased with increasing PAR in 2017 as well as in 2018. These results suggest that, in some regions, DMS concentrations may be characterized by large (> 10 nmol L -1 ) and rapid (< 24 h) variations that would be neglected by data interpolation where in situ data are still sparse. The presence of localized DMS hotspots demonstrates the potential of using high-resolution automated instruments such as the ACT-MIMS to resolve the spatial distribution of DMS and contribute to the improvement of the accuracy of DMS emission model predictions.
Balasoiu, Dimitri. "Modélisation et simulation du comportement mécanique de floes de glace." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALM045.
Full textThis doctoral dissertation is part of a research project on sea ice modeling, initiated by TOTAL S.A. and the Université Grenoble Alpes.This project lead to the development of a granular model for the evolution of sea ice, and in particular the mechanical behavior of ice floes in the marginal ice zone.The implementation of the model can simulate the collisions of one million ice floes, and their interaction with rigid structures.This PhD thesis improves the current granular model by adding an efficient model for ice floe fracture.Firstly, we present a fracture model for an ice floe subject to a boundary displacement.This model is a brittle fracture model, relying on the work of citeauthor{GRIFFITH1921}.It is written in a variational framework inspired from that of citeauthor{FM98}'s model: we minimize the total energy of the material.We show that, under some hypothesis, the total energy of the ice floe has a minimum.This variational model is efficient, and can be used in the collision model which simulates the behavior of a large number of floes.This efficiency relies on a strong geometric hypothesis, although mitigated by the use of a quasistatic loading : we restrict the space of admissible fractures to the set of segment lines.Secondly, we present a research strategy to obtain an expression of the boundary displacement during the percussion of two ice floes.The strategy is the following : we consider the ice floe as the limit of an isotropic mass-spring lattice.For a given lattice, we can write the differential equation verified by each mass, and thus we hope to derive an expression of the boundary displacement.We identify three mathematical limits which we deem necessary to the understanding of the percussion phenomenon, and we obtain two of them.Doing so, we prove two Gamma-convergence results of discrete functionals, defined on different lattices, to the classical elastic energy.In particular, we work with a stochastic isotropic lattice, built as the Delaunay triangulation of a stochastic point process.In that case, we will prove the almost-sure Gamma-convergence
Maksimovich, Elena. "L' impact des conditions météorologiques sur la variabilité de démarrage de la fonte sur la glace de mer en Arctique centrale." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066033.
Full textTiming of spring Snow Melt Onset (SMO) on Arctic sea ice strongly affects the heat accumulation in snow and ice during the short melt season. This summertime heat uptake is quasi-linearly and inversely proportional to the remnant ice volume by the end of the melt season. On top of sea ice SMO timing, as well as its interannual and regional variations are controlled by surface heat fluxes. Anomalously early (delayed) SMO is due to large and early (weak and retarded) heat accumulation within the snowpack. Satellite passive microwave (SSM/I) observations show that the \textit{apparent} Melt Onset (MO) varies by 20-30 days interannually and over 25-50 km distance. These apparent MO records appear to be a complex blend of SMO on sea ice and sea ice opening due to divergent ice drift. We extracted SMO out of the apparent MO record using sea ice concentration data. Applying 20-year ERA Interim reanalysis of radiative and turbulent surface heat fluxes we examined how well the heat fluxes reflect the variations in SMO. Anomalies of heat fluxes in the pre-melt period explained a significant portion of the interannual and spatial variations in SMO within the central Arctic. The main term was the downward longwave radiation locally accounting for up to 90\% of the temporal SMO variations. The role of the latent and sensible heat fluxes in earlier/later SMO was not to bring more/less heat to the surface but to reduce/enhance the surface heat loss. Solar radiation alone was not an important factor for SMO timing. Anomalies in surface fluxes were examined also in relation to meteorological conditions. 20-year MO and SMO trends are towards earlier spring melt in the central Arctic Ocean
Labrousse, Sara. "Beneath the sea ice : exploring elephant seal foraging strategy in Earth's extreme Antarctic polar environment." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066542/document.
Full textUnderstanding how physical properties of the environment underpin habitat selection of large marine vertebrates is crucial in identifying how and where animals acquire resources necessary for locomotion, growth and reproduction and ultimately their fitness. The Southern Ocean harbors one of the largest and most dynamic marine ecosystems on our planet which arises from the presence of two majors physical features, (i) the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and (ii) the seasonal sea ice cover region. In the Antarctic, marine predators are exposed to climate-induced shifts in atmospheric circulation and sea ice. However, because these shifts vary regionally, and because much remains to be understood about how individual animals use their environment, it has been difficult to make predictions on how animals may respond to climate variability. Southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) are a major consumer of Southern Ocean resources and use two main large scale foraging strategies, (i) feeding in the frontal zone of the Southern Ocean, or (ii) feeding in the seasonal sea ice region. In the present thesis I examined the winter post-moulting foraging strategies of 46 male and female Kerguelen southern elephant seals which utilized the second strategy. Using an eleven year time-series of tracking, diving, and seal-collected hydrographic data (from 2004-2014) I assessed their movements and foraging performance in relation to in situ hydrographic and sea ice conditions. The influence of both the spatio-temporal and inter-annual variability of sea ice around seal locations was investigated, and an investigation on the role of polynya for male elephant seal during winter conducted
Pellichero, Violaine. "Étude de la dynamique de la couche de surface et des interactions surface/océan dans l'océan Austral sous la glace de mer." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2018SORUS029.pdf.
Full textThe Southern Ocean is a key region for the understanding of the global ocean circulation and for the climate as a whole. In this region, a large majority of the ocean’s water masses are ventilated in the surface layer, before being sent back to the deep ocean. The surface layer of the Southern Ocean is therefore a central element for understanding the global ocean circulation. Despite their fundamental role in the global ocean circulation and climate, the structure and characteristics of the mixed-layer are still poorly understood in the Antarctic Polar Region due to a significant lack of in-situ observations.However, the international MEOP program (2004) has led to the deployment of thousands of hydrological sensors on Elephant Seals and offers a unique spatial coverage of new data that cover the entire seasonal cycle. In this thesis, we exploit this dataset and other more conventional data, to bring a new perspective on this unknown region. Based on these observations, we describe the climatological properties and dynamics of the mixed-layer under Antarctic sea-ice. The vertical transfers between the mixed-layer and the deep ocean, associated with the meridional overturning circulation, and the hydrographic variations of the water masses in the mixed-layer, are described at seasonal and inter-annual time scales. The results highlight the critical role of freshwater fluxes, induced by sea-ice and precipitations, on the transformation of water masses under the sea-ice. Our findings suggest that changes in the intensity of these freshwater fluxes would directly affect the buoyancy budgets of the mixed-layer and impact the large-scale overturning circulation
Testut, Laurent. "Apport de la topographie à l'étude des calottes polaires." Toulouse 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOU30170.
Full textJardon, Fernanda. "Etude de processus dynamiques et thermodynamiques dans l'océan et la glace de mer régissant l'activité des polynies côtières Arctiques : le cas du Storfjorden." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066093.
Full textApril, André. "Étude de sensibilité et analyse thermodynamique de la formation et fonte de la glace de mer de la polynie des Eaux du Nord." Thèse, [Rimouski, Québec] : Université du Québec à Rimouski, 2006.
Find full textTitre de lʹécran-titre (visionné le 23 avril 2007). Thèse présentée à l'Université du Québec à Rimouski comme exigence partielle du programme de doctorat en océanographie. Comprend un résumé. CaQRU CaQRU CaQRU Bibliogr.: f. 151-162. Paraît aussi en éd. imprimée. CaQRU
Michelot, Candice. "Le manchot Adélie, sentinelle de la glace de mer : étude du comportement de recherche alimentaire en réponse aux variations environnementales en période de reproduction." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS009.
Full textA central question in ecology is the understanding of the environmental change effects on organisms and on the ecosystem functioning. The Arctic and Antarctic warm faster than any other region on Earth, which has consequences on the sea-ice state and by extent on polar species which depend on it for their breeding and feeding activities. The main objective of my PhD was to determine the behavioural responses of a bio-indicator species, the Adélie penguin, during its foraging activity facing variable sea-ice conditions, at different species levels : individual, population, inter-population. We use a foraging activity dataset (GPS data, diet) on Adélie penguins obtained collected each year since 2010 in Terre Adélie (East Antarctica), at each breeding season in several colonies. We highlight foraging behavioural variations in that species related to sea-ice conditions and dynamics, but similar responses between individuals and between colonies facing comparable environmental conditions. Our results highlight the importance of specific habitats and sea-ice conditions for an optimal foraging activity. We discuss about intrinsic and extrinsic factors at the origin of the observed variations, and of the implication of such variations on the reproductive behaviour of Adélie penguins. Those PhD results are replaced in a context of ecosystem conservation for the implementation of efficient protection measures based on the ecology of sentinel species
Mainsant, Gildas. "Réponse des masses d'eau intermédiaires et modales de l'océan Austral au mode annulaire austral : les processus en jeu et rôle de la glace de mer." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENU060/document.
Full textRecent climate trends show a warming and freshening of the surface layers in the region of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). Over the same period, the westerlies driving the circulation of the Southern Ocean have significantly increased. This increase is partly due to the intensification of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), the main mode of atmospheric variability south of 20°S. In this thesis, we are interested in understanding the effects of the positive trend of the SAM onto the properties of water masses formed in the region of the ACC. To do so, we implement a strategy of regional coupled ocean-sea ice simulations forced by a series of atmospheric disturbance scenarios.These scenarios are constructed from atmospheric reanalyses in order to describe the various components (dynamic and thermodynamic) of the changes related to the SAM. In response to the increase of the SAM, the simulations show a significant salinification of the ocean mixed layer and of the mode water (SAMW) and intermediate water (AAIW).Most of these changes can be attributed to the dynamic components of the SAM. In Seasonal Ice Zone, the thermodynamic components of the SAM can play an important part (especially in Amundsen Sea and Weddell Sea). The simulations also show the key role played by sea ice in mediating atmospheric changes toward the interior ocean.These simulation results suggest that SAM is not the only driver of recent climate trends in the Southern Ocean
Mathiot, Pierre. "Influence du forçage atmosphérique sur la représentation de la glace de mer et des eaux de plateau en Antarctique dans une étude de modélisation numérique." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00375960.
Full textMathiot, Pierre. "Influence du forçage atmosphérique sur la représentation de la glace de mer et des eaux de plateau en Antarctique dans une étude de modélisation numérique." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10013.
Full textThe representation in numerical models of dense shelf water formation and interaction between sea ice, ocean, and atmosphere are essential for realistic simulation of bottom water mass and thermohaline circulation. The purpose of this work is to improve the representation of basic processes controling the formation and modification of shelf dense water in Antarctic like sea ice, ice shelves and forcing fields in NEMO ocean/sea-ice model. Series of realistic simulations show that fine tuning for the sea ice model, ice shelf parametrization, and katabatic winds correction have a positive impact on simulated sea ice, polynya and shelf water properties. However, these improvements are not able to correct all initial flaws. Other simulations are carried out, to test the effect of adifferent atmospheric forcing obtained from a regional downscaling of global reanalysis ERA40 in Antarctic area, performed with a regional mesoscale atmospheric model. This work shows that turbulent atmospheric variables (temperature, humidity and wind) have a strong positive impacts on sea ice and shelf water properties. This impact is greater that the tuning, parametrization and correction performed previously. Nevertheless, great effort are yet necessary to produce the regional forcing fields that sea-ice and ice shelves require
Riedel, Andrea Joyce. "Influence des substances exopolymériques et des microorganismes hétérotrophes sur le cycle du carbone de la glace de mer, sur le plateau du Mackenzie, dans l'Arctique canadien." Thèse, [Rimouski, Québec] : Université du Québec à Rimouski, 2006.
Find full textTitre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 1er novembre 2007). Thèse présentée à l'Université du Québec à Rimouski comme exigence partielle du programme de doctorat en océanographie. CaQRU CaQRU Bibliogr.: f. [127]-141. Publié aussi en version papier. CaQRU
Lannuzel, Delphine. "Iron biogeochemistry in the Antartic sea ice environment." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210775.
Full textGarric, Gilles. "Simulation couplée globale : atmosphère, banquise et océan superficiel." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30241.
Full textOziel, Laurent. "Variabilité de la mer de Barents et son impact sur le phytoplancton." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066483/document.
Full textThe Barents Sea has a particularly rich ecosystem. This is an Arctic region subject to intense climate changes. The drastic decrease in sea ice cover is the most visible effect. What are the impacts of these climatic changes on the hydrology and phytoplankton? In order to answer these questions, this thesis relies on the creation of an extensive historical database of physical and bio-geochemical parameters. A 3D bio-geochemical model with an Arctic specific ecosystem is used when observations are lacking. At least, remote sensing data provides valuable time series of Ice concentration, Chlorophyll-a... The Polar Front, separating the Atlantic Water coming from the Nordic Sea from the Arctic Water, is the principal feature of the Barents Sea region. Its position is known west of 35°E, but we showed that the polar front splits into two branches in the East part of the Barents Sea: the "Southern Front" and the "Northern Front". They enclose the winter locally formed Barents Sea Water. An “Atlantification”, illustrating a doubling of the Atlantic Water volume, has been evidenced and goes along with a North-eastward shift of the fronts. These hydrological and sea ice changes have a significant impact on the phytoplankton development. The two blooms of the Barents Sea occur further North and East with a 40% total anual biomass increase for the last two decades. This study suggests that the winter sea ice conditions and the frontal structure are the key mechanisms driving the inter-annual phytoplankton variability
Boutin, Guillaume. "Interactions vagues-banquise en zones polaires." Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0050/document.
Full textSea ice, which covers most of the ocean near the poles, is a key component of the climate system. Global warming is driving its massive melting, especially in the Arctic. Where sea ice cover decreases, fetch increases leading to more energetic sea states. This means potentially enhanced wavesice interactions effects in the future. The quick evolution of sea ice extent and volume combined with the intensification of human activities in polar regions urge us to improve our understanding of waves-ice interactions.Sea ice attenuates waves. They can however propagate through it and break it far into the ice cover. Attenuation depends on ice properties such as floe size, thickness, etc. Once broken, resulting floes are more likely to drift and melt. In addition, wave attenuation yields a force which pushes the floes in the direction of wave propagation.A simplified representation of sea ice, including a floe size distribution, has been incorporated in a wave model.It allows us to show the important contribution of dissipative mechanisms in the wave attenuation, especially those induced by the bending of the ice plates. After validation, the modified wave model is coupled to an ice model. The floe size distribution is exchanged in the coupled framework and used in ice lateral melt computation. The force exerted by the waves on the ice floes is sent from the wave model and is shown to compact sea ice in summer. This reduces the melting and significantly increases the temperature and salinity in the surface ocean close to the ice edge
Kilic, Lise. "Estimation des paramètres de surface des océans et de la banquise à partir d’observations micro-ondes basses fréquences." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS167.
Full textThe oceans and sea ice play an important role in the climate and weather system. A future low-frequency passive microwave satellite mission designed to observe the polar regions is currently under study at the European Space Agency for the expansion of the Copernicus programme. Passive microwave satellite observations provide all-weather observation of the Earth surface, both day and night. In this thesis, we are interested in estimating ocean and ice surface parameters from low-frequency passive microwave satellite observations. The objective is to develop new methods for estimating these parameters that are more efficient and adapted to the future passive microwave satellite mission CIMR (Copernicus Imaging Microwave Radiometer). The first part of the thesis deals with the estimation of ocean parameters such as sea surface temperature, salinity and ocean wind speed. The second part deals with the estimation of sea ice parameters such as sea ice concentration, snow depth and snow-ice interface temperature. Finally, with the methods developed in this thesis, the performances of the CIMR mission are evaluated and compared with the current missions
Fontaine, Emmanuel. "Masse des cristaux de glace et facteurs de réflectivité radar dans les systèmes de nuages convectifs de moyenne échelle formés dans les Tropiques et la région de la mer Méditerranée." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF22527/document.
Full textThis study focuses on the variability of mass-diameter relationships (m(D)) and shape of ice hydrometeors in Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCS). It bases on data base which were recorded during four airborne measurement campaigns: (i) African monsoon’s MCS (continent; MT2010), (ii) Indian Ocean’s MCS (MT2011), (iii) Mediterranean’s MCS (costs; HyMeX), (iv) North-Australian monsoon’s MCS (costs; HAIC-HIWC). m(D) of ice hydrometeors are derived from a combined analysis of particle images from 2D-array probes and associated reflectivity factors measured with a Doppler cloud radar on the same research aircraft. Usually, m(D) is formulated as a power law (with one pre-factor and one exponent) that need to be constrained from complementary information on hydrometeors. A theoretical study of numerous hydrometeor shapes simulated in 3D and arbitrarily projected on a 2D plan allowed to constrain the exponent β of the m(D) relationship from the exponent σ of the surface-diameter S(D) relationship, which is likewise written as a power law. Since S(D) always can be determined for real data from 2D optical array probes or other particle imagers, the evolution of the m(D) exponent can be calculated. After that, the pre-factor α of m(D) is constrained from theoretical simulations of the radar reflectivity factor matching the measured reflectivity factor along the aircraft trajectory. Mean profiles of m(D) coefficients, particles size distributions and Condensed Water Content (CWC) are calculated in functions of the temperature, and are different for each type of MCS. For the four types of MCS, it is shown that the variability of m(D) coefficients is correlated with the variability of the temperature. Four types of m(D) parametrisations are calculated since the analysis of the variability of the m(D) coefficients. The significant benefit of using variable m(D) relations instead of a single m(D) relationship is demonstrated from the impact of all these m(D) relations on Z-CWC and Z-CWC-T fitted parametrisations
Lebrun, Marion. "De l'interaction entre banquise, lumière et phytoplancton arctique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS524.
Full textLarge weaknesses remain considering our understanding of the drivers of phytoplankton growth in Arctic sea ice zone, especially due to large uncertainties in the interactions between sea ice, light and phytoplankton.The aim of this PhD thesis is to better understand these interactions and to highlight the main uncertainties considering these interactions in Earth System Models. I first show that the ice-free period is mainly led by the solar irradiance cycle and by the ocean-atmosphere thermodynamic exchanges during summer. It is consequently projected to extend into fall in the future. Then, I evaluate the radiative transfer scheme in the ocean model NEMO, in arctic sea ice zone. I show that NEMO largely underestimates the transmitted shortwave radiation in ice-covered waters, especially due to the overestimation of the snow and the first level of the ocean attenuation. I finally define a diagnostic to describe available light seasonality in the sea ice zone and I study the impact of this diagnostic on simulated phytoplankton in the bio-geochemistry model PISCES. However, large uncertainties remain in the study of the relation between this diagnostic and the phytoplankton growth. This is especially due to the non-linearity between available light and phytoplankton growth and also due to the lake of knowledge about the phytoplankton physiology
Rampal, Pierre. "Etude de la dérive et de la déformation de la banquise Arctique par l'analyse de trajectoires Lagrangiennes." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00352799.
Full textOn observe une disparition significative et progressive de la banquise depuis environ un demi siècle, disparition qui s'est accélérée au cours des dernières années, a tel point qu'elle dépasse les prévisions les plus alarmistes des modèles les plus sophistiqués.
Nous montrons dans cette thèse que cette sous-estimation pourrait être le résultat de l'utilisation d'un cadre de modélisation inadéquat : en considérant la banquise comme un milieu continu fluide, les modèles actuels ne parviennent pas a reproduire, entre autres, les propriétés d'intermittence et d'hétérogénéité de son champs de déformation que nous mettons en évidence. De ce fait, la fracturation de la banquise, bien que largement observable sur le terrain et/ou par satellite, n'est pas correctement reproduite. Or, elle apparait comme essentielle au regard de son contrôle sur le caractère isolant décrit plus haut.
Dans ce travail, nous suggérons également d'adopter un nouveau schéma de modélisation, considérant la banquise comme une plaque rigide ayant un comportement mécanique elasto-fragile.
Moreau, Sébastien D. V. "Effets combinés du réchauffement climatique et du rayonnement UVB sur la composition et le métabolisme de la communauté microbienne marine dans l'ouest de la Péninsule Antarctique : impact potentiel sur le cycle du carbone." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20028.
Full textRegional warming in the western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP), along with the expected decrease in sea-ice cover and the seasonal ozone layer breakdown could modify the composition and the structure of the microbial community. In addition, these environmental changes could modify the potential of the WAP as a CO2 sink. In this context, this thesis aimed at evaluating the combined effects of regional climatic changes on the primary production and the composition and structure of the microbial community in the WAP. In a second time, this thesis aimed at evaluating the role of the microbial community structure, composition, primary production and respiration on air-sea CO2 gas exchanges.First, the variations in sea-ice cover, stratospheric ozone layer thickness and sea surface temperature over the last 30 years (1972-2007) were described. Related to the warming of WAP waters, the retreat of sea-ice was happening earlier each decade in the WAP. The observed changes in these environmental parameters offer a new temporal window for primary production. Indeed, the annual primary production increased from 1997 to 2007, in relation with the sea-ice cover anomaly for the previous winter. In addition, daily primary production was negatively and positively correlated to, respectively, sea-ice cover and sea-water temperature from September to November and from February to March, suggesting that regional warming favoured more primary production during spring and fall. On the contrary, the early retreat of sea-ice in spring, in coincidence with the spring ozone layer breakdown, led to an increase in photoinhibition (with an average of 11.6 ± 2.8 % of the daily primary production being photoinhibited). Therefore, regional climatic changes in the WAP had both a positive and a negative impact on primary production.The microbial community variability was also described in the Melchior Archipelago (in the WAP) from fall to spring 2006. Because of the extreme environmental conditions, the microbial community abundance and biomass were low in fall and winter and the community was dominated by small cells (< 2 µm), hence by a microbial food-web. Indeed, phytoplanktonic biomass was low during fall and winter (with respective chlorophyll a concentration, Chl-a, of 0.3 and 0.13 µg l-1). Phytoplankton biomass increased in spring (with a maximum Chl-a of 1.13 µg l-1) but, despite favourable growth conditions, phytoplankton was still dominated by small cells (2-20 µm), hence by a microbial or multivorous food-web. In addition, the early retreat of sea-ice in the spring 2006 exposed the WAP waters to strong ultraviolet B radiations (UVBR, 280-320 nm) that had a negative impact on the microbial community in surface waters.Finally, the relationship between air-sea CO2 and O2 exchanges in the WAP with the phytoplankton community biomass and composition and with the microbial community primary production and respiration was described. A positive relationship existed between Chl-a and the proportion of diatoms in the phytoplankton community. In addition, a negative relationship existed between Chl-a and ΔpCO2. The net community production (NCP) was mainly controlled by primary production and was negatively and positively related to ΔpCO2 and the %O2 saturation, respectively, suggesting that primary production was the main driver of air-sea CO2 and O2 gas exchanges in the WAP. In addition, the average ΔpCO2 for the summers and falls 2002 to 2004 was -20.04 ± 44.3 µatm, leading to a potential CO2 sink during this period in the WAP. The southern WAP was a potential CO2 sink (-43.60 ± 39.06 µatm) during fall while the northern part of the Peninsula was mainly a potential CO2 source during summer and fall (-4.96 ± 37.6 and 21.71 ± 22.39 µatm, respectively). The higher Chl-a concentrations measured in the southern WAP may explain this spatial distribution
Mallien, Cédric. "Étude de la diversité neutre et adaptative chez l'anémone de mer symbiotique Anemonia viridis : apport de techniques de type Next-Generation Sequencing dans les questions de délimitation d’espèces et d’adaptation locale." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4111/document.
Full textThe symbiotic sea anemone Anemonia viridis has five morphs described using morphological traits. First, the taxonomical status of three of the morphs of A. viridis (var. rufescens, rustica and smaragdina) was studied using stress gene markers and RAD markers. We revealed that the three morphs were not different species, but that A. viridis was split into four polymorphic independent genetic lineages based on geographical origin (three in the Mediterranean Sea, one in the English Channel). Using ITS2 sequence variation, we could not detect any implication of the symbiont (Symbiodinium sp) in the morph differentiation, but we revealed a divergence in symbiont composition among the geographic independent lineages of the animal host. If no effect of the symbiont was detected, a variable distribution of the ITS2 variants based on geography was revealed. Moreover, A. viridis lives in highly contrasted environments, making it an ideal species to study local adaptation. Thus, local adaptation was tested on A. viridis by comparing populations coming from contrasted environments (shallow vs. deep and lagoon vs. sea). Using RAD and stress genes markers in a search for outlier loci, we revealed no candidate adaptive genes under our environmental conditions. In conclusion, Anemonia viridis seems to be a very plastic organism, with a high intrinsic polymorphism and a high acclimation potential
Brosset, Pablo. "Condition corporelle et conséquences sur la plasticité des traits d’histoire de vie chez les petits pélagiques de Méditerranée." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT120/document.
Full textMultiple changes have been described since 2008 in the Gulf of Lions ecosystem and particularly in small pelagic fish dynamic. In particular, the two main exploited species, i.e. anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and sardine (Sardina pilchardus) are now smaller and in poor condition while a third species, the sprat (Sprattus sprattus) strongly increased in terms of biomass and abundance. This PhD thesis investigated these changes through the analysis of small pelagic fish body condition (i.e individual energy stores) variations, its causes and consequences. Anchovy and sardine body condition was optimal in 2005 and 2006 and decreased after 2008 to remain steady at low level since 2010. Moreover, older sardine have particularly displayed poor body condition since 2008. A part of these changes is associated with changes in zooplankton concentration for both species, but also with both sea surface temperature and diatoms for sardine and Rhône outflow for anchovy. Thus, as bottom-up control was highlighted, the following chapter investigated potential changes in diet through isotope and stomach content analyses. Isotopic niche varied temporally and have been overlapping since 2010 for both anchovy and sardine with the sprat, resulting in a potential new trophic competition. Further, preys are also smaller and probably less energetic. Both studies may explain the poorer body condition by a reduced food supply. Although smaller energy stores are available, both species still allocate a large part of their energy to reproduction, as observed through e.g. gonado-somatic indices. This bias in energy allocation towards reproduction might impair survival and explain the disappearance of oldest mature sardine in the Gulf of Lions. Maternal effects were also underlined. Indeed, large individuals spawn more eggs while fatter individual spawn higher quality eggs. The decrease in size and condition has thus led to a lower production of eggs since 2010 for sardines while anchovy managed to maintain if not increase its egg production thanks to the expanding number of individuals and the decline of anchovy size and age at maturity. At a broader scale, we pointed out that fish body condition decreased in other Mediterranean areas such as the Adriatic Sea, the Catalan Sea or the Strait of Sicily. Nonetheless, body condition variations were not synchronous in the Mediterranean Sea, pointing out the importance of local factors in this quasi-enclosed basin. Furthermore, anchovy displays a better body condition in high energetic areas (fronts areas, local upwellings) when sardine prefers areas with high primary productivity. Those differences could be linked to the different reproductive cycles and trophic behaviours. This PhD thesis complements the previous work made on top-down processes and strengthens the bottom-up importance to determine forage fish body condition both in the Gulf of Lions and the Mediterranean Sea. Studying body condition allowed understanding the reasons of the sardine demographic truncation. Indeed, the older the individual the poorer the body condition, preventing them to achieve both reproduction and survival. This PhD thesis reaches new conclusions and improves knowledge on small pelagic fish dynamic in the Gulf of Lions. Although, further work is still necessary to estimate experimentally if a body condition threshold exists and to improve zooplanktonic monitoring to better understand the link between planktonic productivity and small pelagic fish dynamic. This will help to investigate deeply the ecological and economical consequences of small pelagic fish decreasing body condition in the Mediterranean
Papa, Fabrice. "Nouvelles applications scientifiques des missions altimétriques pour l'étude des océans et des terres émergées." Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30093.
Full textBarton, Benjamin I. "Climate change in the Barents Sea : ice-ocean interactions, water mass formation and variability." Thesis, Brest, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BRES0053.
Full textWinter sea ice has declined in the Barents Sea and there is growing evidence that the low sea ice here coincides with cold, winter surface air temperature in Europe and Asia. Atlantic Water (AW) transported into the Barents Sea is warming and its temperature variability is correlated with variability in sea ice extent. As AW extends into the Barents Sea it is modified into a cooler, fresher water mass called BarentsSea Water (BSW). There are limited observations of BSW despite its importance in the Arctic Ocean system, leading to the question, how does the seasonal sea ice impact ocean stratification and mean flow?First, satellite observations are used to find the Polar Front, a water mass boundary between BSW and fresher Arctic Water to the north. The sea ice extent was found to be independent of the Polar Front until the mid-2000s when warming AW prevented the extension of winter sea ice south of the front.Second, by combining satellite and in situ data, it is shown that sea surface temperature can approximate heat content in the Barents Sea. Using heat content with satellite steric height, freshwater content can also be estimated, showing the potential for remote monitoring of BSW properties.Third, a high-resolution model is used to calculate the volume, transport and flux budgets within the AW and BSW domain south of the Polar Front. The model shows BSW volume minimum years in 1990 and2004. Both events were preceded by extensive winter sea ice and substantial summer sea ice melt, a result of preceding, cool AW. The event in 2004 was more extreme and allowed warming AW a greater volume in the Barents Sea