Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Glace de mer – Arctique – Mesure'
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Gani, Sarah. "Analyse des processus physiques régissant les évolutions récentes de la banquise Arctique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS377.
Full textIn the Arctic, the consequences of global warming are stronger than anywhere else on the planet : the increase in air temperature over the last two decades is more than twice the average increase, according to the latest IPCC report. The evolution of the ice pack is a prime example of these changes. We observe a significant decrease in sea ice cover, associated with a loss of volume in all seasons. The sea ice becomes younger, more breakable, and more mobile. These changes in sea ice have brought the Arctic into a new state where air/snow/ice/ocean interactions are altered and difficult to apprehend. More observations and efficient numerical models are required to better understand and predict these changes and to correctly simulate the interactions between sea ice and the other components that control the Arctic climate. In this climate change context, the objective of this thesis is to analyze observations mainly collected in winter by IAOOS -Ice Atmosphere Arctic Ocean Observing System- drifting buoys (equipped with SIMBAs -SAMS Ice Mass Balance for the Arctic-), to understand which processes determine the recent Arctic sea ice evolution. We confront these analyses with numerical simulations made from the one-dimensional ice and snow model LIM1D (Louvain-la-Neuve sea Ice Model)
Soriot, Clément. "Caractérisation de la banquise Arctique à partir d'observations micro-ondes multi-satellites." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS451.
Full textSea ice plays a major role in ocean circulation as well as in the climate and weather system. In the context of global warming, the extent of the Arctic sea ice has been decreasing steadily over the last 40 years and monitoring of the Arctic is essential. Microwave instruments on board satellites allow the study of this region of the Earth under all weather conditions, and regardless of the day/night cycle. Particularly suited over polar regions with high cloud cover and a six-month polar night, microwave satellite provide key observations for estimating geophysical parameters of the sea ice. Nevertheless, the understanding of the physics underlying the observed microwave signatures is still partial. This thesis aims at improving our understanding of the microwave signals of the sea ice and is part of the preparation of two upcoming Earth observation missions led by the European Space Agency: the Copernicus Imager Microwave Radiometer (CIMR) and the Copernicus Polar Ice and Snow Topography ALtimeter (CRISTAL). In a first part, the covariabilities of passive microwave signals, highlighted by an unsupervised classification technique, will be analyzed and interpreted jointly with active microwave signals, using a microwave radiative transfer model. The results showed that it is possible to identify specific behaviors of sea ice concentration and thickness, and snow structure. The importance of metamorphism within the snowpack for the interpretation of passive microwave signals was highlighted. In a second part, an algorithm for estimating sea ice thickness from passive microwave observations was developed using an artificial intelligence technique. The results were compared to in situ sea ice thickness measurements and also showed good performance compared to other satellite-based sea ice thickness products. By applying the algorithm to a long collection of intercalibrated satellite data, a time series of Arctic sea ice thickness was constructed between 1992 and 2020, making it the longest to date. A final section deals with microwave altimetry techniques for measuring geophysical parameters of the sea ice. The sensitivity of microwave altimetry waveforms to the thickness of the snow cover of the Arctic sea ice is analyzed
Randall, Kevin. "La glace de mer arctique : Source ou puits d'oxyde nitreux?" Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27428/27428.pdf.
Full textNitrous oxide (N2O) is a greenhouse gas which also plays a role in stratospheric ozone depletion. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the presence of N2O in Arctic sea ice, and to quantify the impact of this potential source to the atmosphere. Bulk concentrations of N2O in the bottom 10 cm of the sea ice and in the underlying surface waters were measured in the Beaufort Sea from March to April 2008. Our sea ice measurements revealed low N2O bulk concentrations with N2O being consistently undersaturated with respect to the underlying surface water (ca. 40% saturation) and the atmosphere (ca. 30% saturation). The most plausible mechanism to explain the low N2O sea ice concentrations is a loss of N2O via brine rejection during sea ice formation in autumn and winter. Sea ice could thus act as a source of N2O via brine rejection during sea ice formation in autumn and winter.
Chevallier, Matthieu, and Matthieu Chevallier. "Prévisibilité saisonnière de la glace de mer de l'océan Arctique." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00806125.
Full textChevallier, Matthieu. "Prévisibilité saisonnière de la glace de mer de l'océan Arctique." Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1117/document.
Full textSea ice experiences some major changes in the early 21st century. The recent decline of the summer Arctic sea ice extent, reaching an all-time record low in September 2012, has woken renewed interest in this remote marine area. Sea ice seasonal forecasting is a challenge of operational oceanography that could benefit to several stakeholders : fishing, energy, research, tourism. Moreover, sea ice is a boundary condition of the atmosphere. As such, as tropical sea surface temperature, it may drive some atmosphere seasonal predictability. The goal of this PhD work was to set up a dedicated Arctic sea ice seasonal forecasting system, using CNRM-CM5.1 coupled climate model. We address the initialization strategy, the creation and the evaluation of the hindcasts (or re-forecasts). In contrast to sea ice concentration, very few thickness data are available over the whole Arctic ocean. In order to initialize sea ice and the ocean dynamically and thermodynamically, we used the ocean-sea ice component of CNRM-CM5.1, named NEMO-GELATO, in forced mode. The initialization run is a forced simulation driven by ERA-Interim forcing over the period 1990-2010. Corrections based on satellite data and in-situ measurements leads to skilful simulation of the ocean and sea ice mean state and interannual variability. Sea ice thickness seems overall underestimated, based on the most recent estimates. Some characteristics of sea ice inherent predictability are then addressed. A diagnostic potential predictability study allowed us to identify two regimes of predictability using sea ice volume and the ice thickness distribution. The first one is the 'persistence regime', for winter sea ice area. March sea ice area is potentially predictable up to 3 months in advance using simple persistence, and surface covered by thin ice to a lesser extent. The second one is the 'memory regime', for summer sea ice area. September sea ice area is potentially predictable up to 6 months in advance using volume and to a greater extent the area covered by relatively thick ice. These results suggest that a comprehensive winter volume and thickness initialization could improve the summer forecasts. Summer and winter seasonal hindcasts shows very encouraging skills, in terms of raw and detrended anomalies. These skills suggest a predicatibility from initial conditions besides predictability due to the trend. Summer forecasts analysis shows that the volume and the ice thickess distribution explains a high fraction of the variance of predicted sea ice extent, which confirms the existence of the 'memory regime'. Winter forecasts also suggest the 'persistence regime'. A regional investigation of the winter hindcast helps precising the role of the ocean in the forecasts, and shows to what extent our system predictions could be used operationally, especially in the Barents Sea
Cusset, Fanny. "Importance de la glace de mer pour les oiseaux marins arctiques." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36971.
Full textIn the Arctic, sea ice sets the clock for marine productivity. This includes two consecutive pulses of primary producers, sea-ice algae and phytoplankton, that constitute the basis of marine food webs and provide the energy transferred to higher trophic levels. As such, any change affecting Arctic sea-ice will have strong implications on the phenology of primary producers, and cascading effects on all other trophic levels. Previous studies demonstrated the potential of Highly Branched Isoprenoid biomarkers (HBIs) to quantify the relative contributions of the two pools of primary producers to higher trophic levels. Here, we combined HBIs with stable isotopesto (i) evaluate if and how much arctic seabird rely on sea ice, and (ii) determine if changes in sea ice affect their feeding ecology and reproductive performance. We focused on two Arctic species exhibiting contrasting ecologies: the thick-billed murre (Uria lomvia) and the northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis). For each species, 60 eggs were collected on Prince Leopold Island (Canadian Arctic) during years of highly contrasting ice conditions (2010-2013). Eggs were analysed for HBI distributions, isotopic (carbon and nitrogen) and energetic compositions. Results showed that murres were closely linked to sea ice and heavily relied on ice-associated prey. Sea ice presence was beneficial for murres’ reproductive performance, with larger and more energetic eggs laid during icier years. In contrast, fulmars did not exhibit a clear association with sympagic communities. Even large changes in sea ice did not seem to affect their feeding ecology or their reproductive performance. Murres therefore appear more vulnerable to changes and may become the losers of future climate shifts in the Arctic, while more resilient species such as fulmars might make the most of the situation. Overall, our study emphasises the importance of combining different biomarkers to better understand the importance of sympagic resources for top predators within changing Arctic marine ecosystems
Guerreiro, Kévin. "Amélioration des estimations d'épaisseur de glace de mer arctique par altimétrie spatiale." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30277.
Full textSatellite observations have shown that the arctic sea ice extent has strongly decreased during the last 40 years, with a clear increase of the shrinking since the 90's. While the mechanisms responsible for this accelerated shrinking are relatively well known, sea ice models do not clearly reproduce the observed extent variations. This inaccurate representation is generally attributed to a misunderstanding of the arctic system climate feedbacks. Among these feedbacks, we seek to study one of them in particular: the sea ice thinning. Sea ice thinning is generally associated with an earlier seasonal melt as well as an increase in sea ice export; both tend to accelerate the sea ice retreat. A good representation of sea ice thickness is therefore necessary to improve our understanding of the arctic sea ice extent variations observed during the last decades. Unlike sea ice extent data, there are currently no pan-Arctic sea ice thickness observations covering a large period (> 20 years). However, several studies have demonstrated the potential of satellite altimetry to retrieve sea ice thickness at a basin scale. To measure sea ice thickness from radar altimetry, the "freeboard" technique is generally employed. This methodology consists of estimating the thickness of the emerged sea ice (freeboard) from radar altimetry and then converting this measurement to sea ice thickness, using an equation for the hydrostatic equilibrium that exists between the snow covered sea ice and the ocean. The freeboard methodology has been applied to diverse altimetric missions (ERS-2, Envisat and CryoSat-2) since 1995 and should allow the retrieval of more than 20 years of pan-Arctic ice thickness. However, the previous estimates of sea ice thickness are data shorter than 6 years in duration. This absence of a long ice thickness time series is mostly due to the difficulty in providing continuity between the different altimetric missions (conventional altimetry/SAR altimetry) as well as to the uncertainties related to the freeboard-to-thickness conversion. In this context, this thesis makes an analysis of the freeboard inter-mission biases and improves the freeboard-to-thickness conversion in order to produce long term ice thickness estimates. To achieve these goals, a thorough analysis of the interaction between the radar signal and the sea ice parameters (snow, roughness, etc) is performed. The analysis of the radar signal physics over sea ice allows to derive the longest time series of arctic sea ice thickness ever established to this day (2002-2016). The analysis of this time series shows that sea ice has thinned from 0.013(± 0.09) m/year in average during the 2002-2016 period. The ice thinning is mainly attributed to the loss of perennial sea ice that occurred during the same period while the high uncertainty associated with this trend is associated to the important inter-annual variability of arctic sea ice thickness
Côté, Jean-Sébastien. "Flux biologiques d'azote dans la glace de mer de l'archipel Arctique canadien." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26544.
Full textL'objectif principal de cette étude était de quantifier, à la base de la glace de mer de première année dans l’archipel Arctique canadien, la variabilité spatiale des principales réactions biologiques du cycle de l'azote, soit l'assimilation du nitrate et de l'ammonium, la nitrification, l'ammonification et la fixation de N₂ afin d’en comparer les taux et de les relier à la variabilité des conditions environnementales du milieu. Les flux d'azote quantifiés ont démontré une grande variabilité selon les conditions biologiques, physiques et chimiques de la glace. La productivité du milieu, estimée par la concentration en biomasse, modulait un grand nombre de ces flux, dont l’intensité relative était généralement semblable pour l'ensemble des sites échantillonnés malgré la variabilité des conditions environnementales. L’ammonification s’est avérée particulièrement importante, favorisant une assimilation conséquente de l’ammonium et une production essentiellement régénérée. Les résultats de cette étude approfondissent la compréhension des mécanismes régulant les flux biologiques d’azote dans la glace de mer et pourront servir à l’élaboration de scénarios futurs en resserrant la paramétrisation des modèles biogéochimiques.
Germe, Agathe. "Variabilité de la glace de mer en mer du Groenland : liens avec les forçages atmosphériques et océaniques à l'échelle interannuelle." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066629.
Full textMaksimovich, Elena. "L' impact des conditions météorologiques sur la variabilité de démarrage de la fonte sur la glace de mer en Arctique centrale." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066033.
Full textTiming of spring Snow Melt Onset (SMO) on Arctic sea ice strongly affects the heat accumulation in snow and ice during the short melt season. This summertime heat uptake is quasi-linearly and inversely proportional to the remnant ice volume by the end of the melt season. On top of sea ice SMO timing, as well as its interannual and regional variations are controlled by surface heat fluxes. Anomalously early (delayed) SMO is due to large and early (weak and retarded) heat accumulation within the snowpack. Satellite passive microwave (SSM/I) observations show that the \textit{apparent} Melt Onset (MO) varies by 20-30 days interannually and over 25-50 km distance. These apparent MO records appear to be a complex blend of SMO on sea ice and sea ice opening due to divergent ice drift. We extracted SMO out of the apparent MO record using sea ice concentration data. Applying 20-year ERA Interim reanalysis of radiative and turbulent surface heat fluxes we examined how well the heat fluxes reflect the variations in SMO. Anomalies of heat fluxes in the pre-melt period explained a significant portion of the interannual and spatial variations in SMO within the central Arctic. The main term was the downward longwave radiation locally accounting for up to 90\% of the temporal SMO variations. The role of the latent and sensible heat fluxes in earlier/later SMO was not to bring more/less heat to the surface but to reduce/enhance the surface heat loss. Solar radiation alone was not an important factor for SMO timing. Anomalies in surface fluxes were examined also in relation to meteorological conditions. 20-year MO and SMO trends are towards earlier spring melt in the central Arctic Ocean
Houssais, Marie-Noëlle. "Modelisation des interactions ocean-glace : application a la mer du groenland." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066173.
Full textJardon, Fernanda. "Etude de processus dynamiques et thermodynamiques dans l'océan et la glace de mer régissant l'activité des polynies côtières Arctiques : le cas du Storfjorden." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066093.
Full textHaarpaintner, Jörg. "Formation de saumures par production de glaces de mer dans Storfjorden, Svalbard, estimée à partir d'images ers-2 sar et de simples modèles de dérive et formation de glaces de mer." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001VERSA003.
Full textLebrun, Marion. "De l'interaction entre banquise, lumière et phytoplancton arctique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS524.
Full textLarge weaknesses remain considering our understanding of the drivers of phytoplankton growth in Arctic sea ice zone, especially due to large uncertainties in the interactions between sea ice, light and phytoplankton.The aim of this PhD thesis is to better understand these interactions and to highlight the main uncertainties considering these interactions in Earth System Models. I first show that the ice-free period is mainly led by the solar irradiance cycle and by the ocean-atmosphere thermodynamic exchanges during summer. It is consequently projected to extend into fall in the future. Then, I evaluate the radiative transfer scheme in the ocean model NEMO, in arctic sea ice zone. I show that NEMO largely underestimates the transmitted shortwave radiation in ice-covered waters, especially due to the overestimation of the snow and the first level of the ocean attenuation. I finally define a diagnostic to describe available light seasonality in the sea ice zone and I study the impact of this diagnostic on simulated phytoplankton in the bio-geochemistry model PISCES. However, large uncertainties remain in the study of the relation between this diagnostic and the phytoplankton growth. This is especially due to the non-linearity between available light and phytoplankton growth and also due to the lake of knowledge about the phytoplankton physiology
Pineault, Simon. "Signature isotopique du carbone et de l'azote dans la matière organique particulaire de la glace de mer en Arctique : facteurs de contrôle et applications écologiques." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28049/28049.pdf.
Full textPerron, Christophe. "Développement d'une sonde à réflectance diffuse pour la mesure in-situ des propriétés optiques inhérentes de la glace de mer." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68628.
Full textRampal, Pierre. "Etude de la dérive et de la déformation de la banquise Arctique par l'analyse de trajectoires Lagrangiennes." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00352799.
Full textOn observe une disparition significative et progressive de la banquise depuis environ un demi siècle, disparition qui s'est accélérée au cours des dernières années, a tel point qu'elle dépasse les prévisions les plus alarmistes des modèles les plus sophistiqués.
Nous montrons dans cette thèse que cette sous-estimation pourrait être le résultat de l'utilisation d'un cadre de modélisation inadéquat : en considérant la banquise comme un milieu continu fluide, les modèles actuels ne parviennent pas a reproduire, entre autres, les propriétés d'intermittence et d'hétérogénéité de son champs de déformation que nous mettons en évidence. De ce fait, la fracturation de la banquise, bien que largement observable sur le terrain et/ou par satellite, n'est pas correctement reproduite. Or, elle apparait comme essentielle au regard de son contrôle sur le caractère isolant décrit plus haut.
Dans ce travail, nous suggérons également d'adopter un nouveau schéma de modélisation, considérant la banquise comme une plaque rigide ayant un comportement mécanique elasto-fragile.
Bertosio, Cécilia. "On the evolution of the halocline in the upper Arctic Ocean since 2007." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS423.
Full textIn the Arctic Ocean, stratification is determined by salinity, unlike the mid-latitude oceans which are stratified by temperature. In other words, in the Arctic, salty water ends up at the bottom, even if it is warmer. The halocline of the Arctic Ocean is a 100-200m thick layer with strong vertical salinity gradients and is located between 100 and 350m depth. The halocline lies between the sea ice at the surface and the relatively warm Atlantic water. The halocline thus insulates the ice from the heat reservoir contained in the underlying Atlantic layer, and is a key element for the maintenance of the sea ice cover. During this thesis, we studied the evolution of the Arctic Ocean halocline since 2007, using several tools: hydrographic measurements obtained from autonomous drifting platforms or from sea campaigns, and high spatial resolution numerical model simulations ("PSY4")
Verin, Gauthier. "Propriétés physiques et optiques du manteau neigeux sur la banquise arctique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAU010/document.
Full textThe Arctic ocean shows a very strong seasonality trough the permanent presence of sea ice whose extent varies from 6 to 15 millions km2. As an interface, sea ice limits ocean - atmosphere interactions and impacts the global energy budget by reflecting most of the short-wave incoming radiations. The snow cover, at the surface, is a key element contributing to the optical properties of sea ice. Snow enhances further the surface albedo and thus delays the onset of the ice melt. In addition, snow is the main responsible for the vertical light extinction in sea ice. However, after the polar night, this low light transmitted to the water column is a limiting factor for primary production at the base of the oceanic food web. The snow cover, through the temporal evolution of its physical properties, plays a key role controlling the magnitude and the timing of the phytoplanktonic bloom. In the actual global warming context, sea ice undergoes radical changes including summer extent reduction, thinning and shifts in snow thickness, all of which already alter Arctic primary production on a regional and global scale.This PhD thesis aims to better constrain the snow cover contributions to the radiative transfer of sea ice and its impact on Arctic primary production. It is based on a dataset collected during two sampling campaigns on landfast sea ice. Physical properties of snow such as snow specific surface area (SSA) and density allow a precise modeling of the radiative transfer which is then validated by optical measurements including albedo, transmittance through sea ice and vertical profiles of irradiance in the snow.During the melt season, marine snow which shows strong spatial heterogeneity evolves fol- lowing four distinctive phases. The melting, which first appears at the surface and gradually propagates to the entire snowpack, is characterized by a decrease in SSA from 25-60 m2kg-1 to less than 3 m2kg-1 resulting in a decrease in albedo and an increase in sea ice transmittance. This is a chaotic period, where optical properties show a very strong temporal variability induced by alternative episodes of surface melting and snowfalls. The physical properties of snow are used in a radiative transfer model in order to calculate albedo, transmittance through sea ice and vertical profiles of irradiance at all depths. The comparison between these simulations and measured vertical profiles of irradiance in snow highlights the presence of snow absorbing impurities which were subsequently qualitatively and quantitatively studied. In average, impurities were composed of 660 ngg-1 of mineral dust and 10 ngg-1 of black carbon. They were responsible for a two-fold reduction in light transmitted through sea ice. The light extinction, calculated at all depths in sea ice, and represented by isolums, was compared to the temporal evolution of ice algae biomass. The results show that every significant growth in ice algae population is related to an increase of light in the ice. These growths were observed even at very low light intensities of 0.4 uEm-2s-2. Light variations in the ice were linked by snow metamorphism and snow melting at the surface
Oziel, Laurent. "Variabilité de la mer de Barents et son impact sur le phytoplancton." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2015PA066483.pdf.
Full textThe Barents Sea has a particularly rich ecosystem. This is an Arctic region subject to intense climate changes. The drastic decrease in sea ice cover is the most visible effect. What are the impacts of these climatic changes on the hydrology and phytoplankton? In order to answer these questions, this thesis relies on the creation of an extensive historical database of physical and bio-geochemical parameters. A 3D bio-geochemical model with an Arctic specific ecosystem is used when observations are lacking. At least, remote sensing data provides valuable time series of Ice concentration, Chlorophyll-a... The Polar Front, separating the Atlantic Water coming from the Nordic Sea from the Arctic Water, is the principal feature of the Barents Sea region. Its position is known west of 35°E, but we showed that the polar front splits into two branches in the East part of the Barents Sea: the "Southern Front" and the "Northern Front". They enclose the winter locally formed Barents Sea Water. An “Atlantification”, illustrating a doubling of the Atlantic Water volume, has been evidenced and goes along with a North-eastward shift of the fronts. These hydrological and sea ice changes have a significant impact on the phytoplankton development. The two blooms of the Barents Sea occur further North and East with a 40% total anual biomass increase for the last two decades. This study suggests that the winter sea ice conditions and the frontal structure are the key mechanisms driving the inter-annual phytoplankton variability
Lique, Camille. "Etude des échanges entre l'Océan Arctique et l'Atlantique Nord : Origine, Variabilité et Impact sur les mers Nordiques." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00528245.
Full textOziel, Laurent. "Variabilité de la mer de Barents et son impact sur le phytoplancton." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066483/document.
Full textThe Barents Sea has a particularly rich ecosystem. This is an Arctic region subject to intense climate changes. The drastic decrease in sea ice cover is the most visible effect. What are the impacts of these climatic changes on the hydrology and phytoplankton? In order to answer these questions, this thesis relies on the creation of an extensive historical database of physical and bio-geochemical parameters. A 3D bio-geochemical model with an Arctic specific ecosystem is used when observations are lacking. At least, remote sensing data provides valuable time series of Ice concentration, Chlorophyll-a... The Polar Front, separating the Atlantic Water coming from the Nordic Sea from the Arctic Water, is the principal feature of the Barents Sea region. Its position is known west of 35°E, but we showed that the polar front splits into two branches in the East part of the Barents Sea: the "Southern Front" and the "Northern Front". They enclose the winter locally formed Barents Sea Water. An “Atlantification”, illustrating a doubling of the Atlantic Water volume, has been evidenced and goes along with a North-eastward shift of the fronts. These hydrological and sea ice changes have a significant impact on the phytoplankton development. The two blooms of the Barents Sea occur further North and East with a 40% total anual biomass increase for the last two decades. This study suggests that the winter sea ice conditions and the frontal structure are the key mechanisms driving the inter-annual phytoplankton variability
Gourdal, Margaux. "Distribution et dynamique du sulfure de diméthyle (DMS) associées à la banquise dans l'Arctique canadien pendant la période de fonte." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33607.
Full textSeasonal sea ice represents a dynamic and episodically productive environment in the Polar Regions. This high biological productivity translates into the accumulation of exceptionally high concentrations of dimethyl sulfide (DMS). DMS is a biogenic sulfur-containing gas involved in the regional climate regulation through its influence on aerosols and clouds formation. This thesis focuses on DMS distribution and dynamics within the Arctic seasonal sea ice during the melt period. Together, my results highlight the ubiquity of DMS within the ice-associated ecosystem, and the determinant role played by sea ice in the DMS cycle in ice-covered regions. DMS concentrations reported in bottom sea ice are amongst the highest ever observed in polar oceans and throughout the marine environment. This pool of bottom ice-DMS enriches the under-ice ocean and potentially acts as a source of atmospheric DMS as it diffuses upward through interior sea ice. Following the decay of the sea ice algal bloom, phytoplankton growth under the ice may lead to a second increase of pelagic DMS concentrations. My results show that melt ponds that form atop sea ice following snow melt are also sources of DMS for the arctic atmosphere. Melt ponds were observed to accumulate DMS concentrations up to 12 nmol l-1, hence four-fold the global ocean surface average DMS concentration. Results from incubations experiments conducted during my thesis indicate that DMS production in melt ponds is initiated upon algal and salt intrusion via the underlying brine network during the melt season. Together, my results contribute to highlighting the importance and diversity of iceassociated DMS sources within the Arctic Ocean. DMS fluxes from seasonally ice-covered ocean should be accounted for in future global and regional models. Finally, my results suggest that gradual replacement of perennial sea ice with seasonal sea ice in the Arctic would result in an increase of DMS emission from the ice-covered ocean.
Koenig, Zoé. "Atlantic Water properties and circulation north of Svalbard in a changing Arctic." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066306.
Full textThe Atlantic Water (AW) inflow is crucial for the heat and salt budget of the Arctic. This PhD thesis brings new insights to the inflow of AW in the area north of Svalbard. The IAOOS (Ice Atmosphere Ocean Observing System) platforms were deployed during the N-ICE2015 expedition which gathered the first winter hydrographic data in the area. They document shallow warm water over the Svalbard continental slope that melts sea ice with ice-ocean heat fluxes reaching up to 400W.m-2. Heat is brought from the AW layer up to the surface through near-inertial waves generated by winter storms, large barotropic tides over steep topography and/or geostrophic adjustments. Sea ice extent largely differs between winters 2015 and 2016. 1/12° operational model outputs from Mercator-Ocean suggest that convection-induced upward heat fluxes explain the differences. Model outputs are also used to examine the AW inflow pathways : besides the Svalbard Branch and the Yermak Branch, the model shows an AW winter pathway not much documented before : the Yermak Pass Branch across the Yermak Plateau. Finally, the model suggests an important mesoscale activity throughout the AW flow. The Yermak Pass Branch properties are examined using one-year (2007-2008) of moored ADCP data in the Yermak Pass. The flow is largely dominated by tides. In winter, baroclinic eddies of AW with a periodicity of 5 to 10 days and pulses of AW monthly/bimonthly are found, carrying AW eastward through the Pass. Model outputs suggest that the Yermak Pass Branch is a robust winter pattern over the last 10 years, carrying on average 31% of the volume transport of the West Spitsbergen Current
Barton, Benjamin I. "Climate change in the Barents Sea : ice-ocean interactions, water mass formation and variability." Thesis, Brest, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BRES0053.
Full textWinter sea ice has declined in the Barents Sea and there is growing evidence that the low sea ice here coincides with cold, winter surface air temperature in Europe and Asia. Atlantic Water (AW) transported into the Barents Sea is warming and its temperature variability is correlated with variability in sea ice extent. As AW extends into the Barents Sea it is modified into a cooler, fresher water mass called BarentsSea Water (BSW). There are limited observations of BSW despite its importance in the Arctic Ocean system, leading to the question, how does the seasonal sea ice impact ocean stratification and mean flow?First, satellite observations are used to find the Polar Front, a water mass boundary between BSW and fresher Arctic Water to the north. The sea ice extent was found to be independent of the Polar Front until the mid-2000s when warming AW prevented the extension of winter sea ice south of the front.Second, by combining satellite and in situ data, it is shown that sea surface temperature can approximate heat content in the Barents Sea. Using heat content with satellite steric height, freshwater content can also be estimated, showing the potential for remote monitoring of BSW properties.Third, a high-resolution model is used to calculate the volume, transport and flux budgets within the AW and BSW domain south of the Polar Front. The model shows BSW volume minimum years in 1990 and2004. Both events were preceded by extensive winter sea ice and substantial summer sea ice melt, a result of preceding, cool AW. The event in 2004 was more extreme and allowed warming AW a greater volume in the Barents Sea
Parouty, Soazig. "Interprétation des séries temporelles altimétriques sur la calotte polaire Antartique." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/900/.
Full textThis work aims at improving our understanding of the altimetric time series acquired over the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Dual frequency data (S Band - 3. 2GHz and Ku Band - 13. 6GHz) from thealtimeter onboard the ENVISAT satellite are used, during a five year time period from january2003 until december 2007. These data cover around 80% of the surface of the Antarctic continent,up to 82°S. Having data in two different frequencies is valuable when it comes to better estimatethe altimeter sensitivity regarding snow surface property changes. Over the Antarctic ice sheet, snow surface changes with respect to space and time, beingaffected by meteorological conditions close to the surface, and especially winds. The altimetricwave penetrates more or less deeply beneath the surface, depending on snow surface and subsurfaceproperties. As a result, when the wave comes back to the satellite, the recorded signal, namedwaveform, is more or less distorted. The accuracy of the ice sheet topographic changes computedthanks to satellite altimetric techniques depends on our knowledge of the processes inducing thisdistortion. The purpose of the present work is to better understand the effect of changing windconditions on altimetric data. Winds in Antarctica are indeed famous for their strength and theirimpact on the snow surface state. First, spatial and temporal variability of the altimetric data on the one hand, and of wind speedreanalysis fields (from ERA-Interim, NCEP/NCAR and NCEP/DOE projects) on the other handare studied. We estimate spatial and temporal typical length scales for all datasets. As a result, weare able to smooth the data, so that all datasets have the same spatial and temporal caractericticlength scales. Furthermore, we note that our time series are well described by an annual signal. This annual cycle shows that whereas wind speed would always be maximum in austral winter,altimetric seasonal cycles have very different behaviors depending on the location. .
Kilic, Lise. "Estimation des paramètres de surface des océans et de la banquise à partir d’observations micro-ondes basses fréquences." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS167.
Full textThe oceans and sea ice play an important role in the climate and weather system. A future low-frequency passive microwave satellite mission designed to observe the polar regions is currently under study at the European Space Agency for the expansion of the Copernicus programme. Passive microwave satellite observations provide all-weather observation of the Earth surface, both day and night. In this thesis, we are interested in estimating ocean and ice surface parameters from low-frequency passive microwave satellite observations. The objective is to develop new methods for estimating these parameters that are more efficient and adapted to the future passive microwave satellite mission CIMR (Copernicus Imaging Microwave Radiometer). The first part of the thesis deals with the estimation of ocean parameters such as sea surface temperature, salinity and ocean wind speed. The second part deals with the estimation of sea ice parameters such as sea ice concentration, snow depth and snow-ice interface temperature. Finally, with the methods developed in this thesis, the performances of the CIMR mission are evaluated and compared with the current missions
Fontaine, Emmanuel. "Masse des cristaux de glace et facteurs de réflectivité radar dans les systèmes de nuages convectifs de moyenne échelle formés dans les Tropiques et la région de la mer Méditerranée." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF22527/document.
Full textThis study focuses on the variability of mass-diameter relationships (m(D)) and shape of ice hydrometeors in Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCS). It bases on data base which were recorded during four airborne measurement campaigns: (i) African monsoon’s MCS (continent; MT2010), (ii) Indian Ocean’s MCS (MT2011), (iii) Mediterranean’s MCS (costs; HyMeX), (iv) North-Australian monsoon’s MCS (costs; HAIC-HIWC). m(D) of ice hydrometeors are derived from a combined analysis of particle images from 2D-array probes and associated reflectivity factors measured with a Doppler cloud radar on the same research aircraft. Usually, m(D) is formulated as a power law (with one pre-factor and one exponent) that need to be constrained from complementary information on hydrometeors. A theoretical study of numerous hydrometeor shapes simulated in 3D and arbitrarily projected on a 2D plan allowed to constrain the exponent β of the m(D) relationship from the exponent σ of the surface-diameter S(D) relationship, which is likewise written as a power law. Since S(D) always can be determined for real data from 2D optical array probes or other particle imagers, the evolution of the m(D) exponent can be calculated. After that, the pre-factor α of m(D) is constrained from theoretical simulations of the radar reflectivity factor matching the measured reflectivity factor along the aircraft trajectory. Mean profiles of m(D) coefficients, particles size distributions and Condensed Water Content (CWC) are calculated in functions of the temperature, and are different for each type of MCS. For the four types of MCS, it is shown that the variability of m(D) coefficients is correlated with the variability of the temperature. Four types of m(D) parametrisations are calculated since the analysis of the variability of the m(D) coefficients. The significant benefit of using variable m(D) relations instead of a single m(D) relationship is demonstrated from the impact of all these m(D) relations on Z-CWC and Z-CWC-T fitted parametrisations
Bertin, Clément. "The role of the Mackenzie River in the carbon biogeochemistry of the Beaufort Sea coastal waters (Arctic Ocean)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Rochelle, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LAROS007.
Full textAbout 10 % of atmospheric carbon dioxide is sequestered in the ocean above 60°N, half of which is in coastal seas where 10 % of the global riverine freshwater volume flows in. Five of the world’s largest rivers convey in the Arctic Ocean (AO) huge quantities of dissolved carbon in the organic (DOC) and inorganic (DIC) form. The response of the coastal ocean to this supply is still highly uncertain, which makes the assessment of air-sea CO2fluxes challenging in this remote region. It is thus timely to gain a better understanding of the impact of terrestrial carbon released by watersheds on air-sea CO2 fluxes in Arctic rivers plumes, especially in a context of global warming. In the present PhD thesis, the ECCO-Darwin ocean-sea ice-biogeochemical model is used to investigate the synoptic to interannual response of the South eastern Beaufort Sea (Western AO) to the Mackenzie River’s carbon exports. The model includes the very first daily terrestrial DOC (tDOC) runoff forcing estimated through merging riverine in situ measurements and coastal remotely sensed data at three major delta outlets, over the last two decades (2000-2019). We find that interannual variability in river discharge modulates localized air-sea CO2flux in the coastal plume with riverine DIC contributing twice as much as riverine DOC to CO2 outgassing. As current knowledge on tDOC remineralization in Arctic plume regions is still uncertain, the range of air-sea CO2 flux variability due to microbial remineralization is estimated to ±0.39 TgC yr−1 in 2009. Other biophysical processes also contribute to the high CO2 flux variability, such as tDOC flocculation (+0.14 TgC yr−1 in gassing) and enhanced plume stratification (+0.35 TgC yr−1 outgassing). To conclude, the work presented here intends to pave the way toward a better representation of the land-to-ocean continuum (LOAC) in regional Arctic models with the aim to improve the simulated carbon cycle in rapidly changing Arctic watersheds and coastal seas
Kinda, Gnouregma Bazile. "Acoustic remote sensing of Arctic sea ice from long term soundscape measurements." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENU032/document.
Full textThe Arctic sea ice melting, in the global warming context, has become a major scientific topic during the last 30 years. The Arctic Ocean plays a fundamental role in the global climate balance and requires a particular attention. The Arctic Regions are then monitored by satellite observations and in-situ measurements. The climatic impact of the total melting of the Arctic sea ice is not yet understood and researches are still needed for long term monitoring of Arctic Ocean, particularly the dynamics of the ice cover and its consequences on the ecosystems. Our work focused on the natural soundscapes of these Polar Regions prior to their possible industrialization. So, we first examined the impact of climate warming alone on polar soundscapes by studying the seasonal variability of ambient noise and its environmental drivers. We then developed an ambient noise estimation algorithm for automatic extraction of this noise component from long term measurements. In second, we examined the acoustic transients generated by the mechanical behavior of the ice cover at its maximum extent. This aims to better understanding of the physical processes involved in under-ice noise production and their potential use for sea ice monitoring
Koenig, Zoé. "Atlantic Water properties and circulation north of Svalbard in a changing Arctic." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066306/document.
Full textThe Atlantic Water (AW) inflow is crucial for the heat and salt budget of the Arctic. This PhD thesis brings new insights to the inflow of AW in the area north of Svalbard. The IAOOS (Ice Atmosphere Ocean Observing System) platforms were deployed during the N-ICE2015 expedition which gathered the first winter hydrographic data in the area. They document shallow warm water over the Svalbard continental slope that melts sea ice with ice-ocean heat fluxes reaching up to 400W.m-2. Heat is brought from the AW layer up to the surface through near-inertial waves generated by winter storms, large barotropic tides over steep topography and/or geostrophic adjustments. Sea ice extent largely differs between winters 2015 and 2016. 1/12° operational model outputs from Mercator-Ocean suggest that convection-induced upward heat fluxes explain the differences. Model outputs are also used to examine the AW inflow pathways : besides the Svalbard Branch and the Yermak Branch, the model shows an AW winter pathway not much documented before : the Yermak Pass Branch across the Yermak Plateau. Finally, the model suggests an important mesoscale activity throughout the AW flow. The Yermak Pass Branch properties are examined using one-year (2007-2008) of moored ADCP data in the Yermak Pass. The flow is largely dominated by tides. In winter, baroclinic eddies of AW with a periodicity of 5 to 10 days and pulses of AW monthly/bimonthly are found, carrying AW eastward through the Pass. Model outputs suggest that the Yermak Pass Branch is a robust winter pattern over the last 10 years, carrying on average 31% of the volume transport of the West Spitsbergen Current
Lacroix, Pascal. "Apport de l'altimétrie radar spatiale à l'étude de la neige de la calotte polaire Antarctique." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00216105.
Full textDepuis 2002 et le lancement de ENVISAT, on dispose d'un altimètre radar qui couvre 80 \% de la calotte polaire Antarctique, dont la particularité est d'acquérir des signaux à deux fréquences différentes (bande S à 3.2 GHz et bande Ku à 13.6 GHz). Ces deux ondes pénètrent dans le manteau neigeux sur plusieurs mètres et ont des sensibilités aux propriétés de la neige différentes. Ainsi, l'idée de cette thèse est d'utiliser cette double information pour retrouver les propriétés du manteau neigeux.
On se propose de résoudre cette problématique par une analyse et une modélisation des signaux altimétriques bi-fréquences sur la calotte polaire, puis par leur inversion. On se penche tout d'abord sur quelques études de cas pour estimer la sensibilité des signaux aux différentes propriétés de la neige: i/ On montre tout d'abord que le signal altimétrique est sensible à la rugosité de la surface à différentes échelles, puis ii/ que le signal altimétrique est sujet à des variations saisonnières causées par la densification de la neige en surface, et enfin iii/ que les ondes radars sont réfléchies par des strates en profondeur.
Un modèle de l'interaction de l'onde avec le manteau neigeux est réalisé simultanément aux deux fréquences, afin de permettre une comparaison de ces signaux entre eux. Les résultats du modèle sont utilisés pour expliquer les variations saisonnières précédemment observées. Finalement, les paramètres du manteau neigeux sont estimés à l'échelle de la calotte polaire antarctique. Les tailles de grains retrouvées présentent un grossissement vers l'intérieur du continent. La densité montre des variations saisonnières de plusieurs g.cm3 notamment sur les côtes antarctiques. Certaines régions présentent un état de surface de la neige particulièrement lisse (Dronning Maud Land, par exemple).
La donnée in situ de l'état de surface de la neige étant quasi inexistante sur les calottes polaires, on développe finalement un protocole de mesure de la rugosité de la neige, qui est testé sur un glacier du Spitzberg.