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Journal articles on the topic 'Gizzard shad'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 January 2023

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1

Kim, Gene W., Alpa P. Wintzer, Trisha K. Menker, Roy A. Stein, John M. Dettmers, Russell A. Wright, and Dennis R. DeVries. "Effect of detritus quality on growth and survival of gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum): potential importance to benthic–pelagic coupling." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 64, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 1805–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f07-143.

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Gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) population characteristics vary with lake productivity, competing with and providing prey for sport fishes. Because age-0 gizzard shad (>30 mm total length) are facultative detritivores, they can link benthic energy, carbon, and nutrients to pelagic food webs. To determine how age-0 gizzard shad success varies along a detritus-quality gradient, we completed a 15-day laboratory experiment in which age-0 gizzard shad fed lake sediment and starved gizzard shad both suffered high mortality, whereas fish fed zooplankton grew and survived well. This suggested that detritus alone is insufficient to ensure gizzard shad growth and survival. When sediment quality was high in outdoor mesocosms, density-dependent factors led to rapid growth only at low fish density and high-quality sediments; however, survival generally increased with sediment quality, regardless of gizzard shad density. In four small reservoirs, annual growth of gizzard shad increased with sediment quality. Collectively, our findings suggest that detritus quality ultimately can contribute to regulation of community and ecosystem productivity, mediated by its influence on gizzard shad biomass available for trophic transfer to gape-limited predators (i.e., piscivorous fish). This role of gizzard shad can link higher trophic levels in aquatic food webs to allochthonous detritus subsidies from the surrounding watershed.

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2

Smoot, James C., and Robert H. Findlay. "Digestive enzyme and gut surfactant activity of detritivorous gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 1113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f00-036.

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Measuring digestive enzyme and surfactant activities tested specialization of gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) digestive physiology to a detritivorous feeding strategy. Digestive enzyme activity was measured in adult and larval gizzard shad using fluorescently labeled artificial substrates. Surfactant activity in gizzard shad was measured by comparing gut juice drop diameters over a range of dilutions. Enzyme activity in the ceca region of adult gizzard shad was high for esterase, beta-glucosidase, lipase, and protease. Enzyme activity was lower in posterior intestine sections than in anterior intestine sections, although protease activity remained high for the greatest distance in the intestine. Micelles were detected in adult gizzard shad gut juice, and surfactant activity was greatest in the ceca region. Larval gizzard shad protease activity was similar to that of adult fish, and surfactants were below their critical micelle concentration. Gizzard shad coupled digestive physiology with gut anatomy to obtain nutrients from detritus, and these adaptations may explain elevated growth rates observed in these fish when they are planktivorous.

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3

DeVries, Dennis R., and Roy A. Stein. "Complex Interactions between Fish and Zooplankton: Quantifying the Role of an Open-Water Planktivore." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49, no. 6 (June 1, 1992): 1216–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f92-137.

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An open-water planktivore, the gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum), can drive complex interactions among fish and zooplankton in Ohio reservoirs. In Kokosing Lake, crustacean zooplankton density declined to near zero immediately after larval gizzard shad abundance peaked during 1987 and 1988. This decline can be attributed to increased death rates, due to predation, and to reduced number of eggs per cladoceran. In an enclosure/exclosure experiment, young-of-year gizzard shad at lake densities significantly reduced density of crustacean zooplankton and rotifers within 2 wk. In addition, phytoplankton that were edible to zooplankton were reduced in enclosures, likely due to a combination of direct herbivory by gizzard shad and reduced nutrient availability due to uptake by the growing gizzard shad. Gizzard shad not only directly influenced zooplankton via predation, they also indirectly affected zooplankton by reducing phytoplankton abundance. Because larval bluegill (Lepomis macrochira) migrated to the limnetic zone during or shortly after the zooplankton decline, food available to these zooplanktivorous larvae, as well as their ultimate recruitment, was reduced with gizzard shad. Through direct (i.e. predation) and indirect (i.e. influencing algal abundance) pathways, gizzard shad can drive zooplankton to extinction, thereby reducing recruitment of other fishes and controlling community composition.

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4

Vatland, Shane, and Phaedra Budy. "Predicting the invasion success of an introduced omnivore in a large, heterogeneous reservoir." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 64, no. 10 (October 1, 2007): 1329–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f07-100.

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We demonstrate that invasion success, through the introduction and establishment stages, can generally be predicted based on biological characteristics of the organisms and physical aspects of the environment; however, predicting subsequent effects during integration is more challenging, especially for omnivorous fish species in large, heterogeneous systems. When gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) were incidentally introduced into Lake Powell, Utah–Arizona (2000), we predicted they would be successful invaders and would have food-web effects ranging from neutral to negative. As predicted, gizzard shad successfully established and dispersed throughout this large reservoir (300 km) within just 4 years, and their density was positively correlated with productivity. Also as predicted, gizzard shad exhibited fast growth rates, and striped bass (Morone saxatilis) predators were thus gape-limited, obtaining little gizzard shad forage. Contrary to our predictions, however, competition over zooplankton resources between gizzard shad and both threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense) and juvenile striped bass appeared limited because of spatial segregation and diet preference. In sum, gizzard shad will continue to be successful invaders, but with limited effects on the established predator–prey cycle.

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5

Mather, Martha E., Michael J. Vanni, Thomas E. Wissing, Scott A. Davis, and Maynard H. Schaus. "Regeneration of nitrogen and phosphorus by bluegill and gizzard shad: effect of feeding history." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52, no. 11 (November 1, 1995): 2327–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f95-825.

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We combined laboratory and field studies to experimentally assess how the effects of feeding regime and time since feeding influence nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and the N:P ratio excreted by two common freshwater fish, bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum). In addition, for adult gizzard shad, we modelled excretion rates as a function of the nutrient content of ingested sediment detritus. For both bluegill and gizzard shad, feeding significantly increased nutrient excretion rates and altered excreted N:P ratios. For both species, excretion rates were highest immediately after feeding and declined thereafter. Because the phosphorus excretion rate decreased more rapidly after feeding than did the nitrogen excretion rate, the excreted N:P ratio increased with time since feeding. Young-of-year gizzard shad excreted more nitrogen than adults, resulting in a higher excreted N:P ratio for these small fish. For P, predictions from our model agreed well with our experiments with gizzard shad; for N, the agreement was not as strong yet was still reasonable. In summary, N:P ratios excreted by these fish differed across species, size, and time since feeding. Variation in these factors may explain discrepancies among studies that examine both trophic interactions and nutrient budgets.

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6

Stein, Roy A., Dennis R. DeVries, and John M. Dettmers. "Food-web regulation by a planktivore: exploring the generality of the trophic cascade hypothesis." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52, no. 11 (November 1, 1995): 2518–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f95-842.

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The trophic cascade hypothesis currently being tested in north temperate systems may not apply to open-water communities in lower latitude U.S. reservoirs. These reservoir communities differ dramatically from northern lakes in that an open-water omnivore, gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum), often occurs in abundance. Neither controlled by fish predators (owing to high fecundity and low vulnerability) nor by their zooplankton prey (following the midsummer zooplankton decline, gizzard shad consume detritus and phytoplankton), gizzard shad regulate community composition rather than being regulated by top-down or bottom-up forces. In experiments across a range of spatial scales (enclosures, 1–9 m2; ponds, 4–5 ha; and reservoirs, 50–100 ha), we evaluated the generality of the trophic cascade hypothesis by assessing its conceptual strength in reservoir food webs. We reviewed the role of gizzard shad in controlling zooplankton populations and hence recruitment of bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus (via exploitative competition for zooplankton), and largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides (by reducing their bluegill prey). Reservoir fish communities, owing to the presence of gizzard shad, appear to be regulated more by complex weblike interactions among species than by the more chainlike interactions characteristic of the trophic cascade.

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7

Stahl, Thomas P., and Roy A. Stein. "Influence of Larval Gizzard Shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) Density on Piscivory and Growth of Young-of-Year Saugeye (Stizostedion vitreum × S. canadense)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, no. 9 (September 1, 1994): 1993–2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f94-202.

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Growth and survival of young-of-year saugeye (Stizostedion vitreum ♂ × S. canadense ♀) (stocked into Ohio reservoirs to create sport fisheries) are probably influenced by prey availability, variations in which may account for historically documented variability in stocking success. Because saugeye switch from a diet of zooplankton to fish once stocked, we sought to determine experimentally if saugeye size and available ichthyoplankton, i.e., larval gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum), affected this switch and whether piscivory improved saugeye growth. In an enclosure experiment, saugeye (33.9 mm TL) immediately switched to piscivory when exposed to ichthyoplankton densities of 20 and 100∙m−3, growing faster when more gizzard shad were available. In another enclosure experiment, saugeye 30–49 mm TL consumed 14-mm gizzard shad. In ponds (N = 4 ponds∙treatment−1) containing zooplankton and chironomids, we compared saugeye growth with and without larval gizzard shad and found, as in the first enclosure experiment, that piscivory improved saugeye growth. Neither saugeye size nor ichthyoplankton density influenced how quickly saugeye switched to piscivory. We conclude that managers should stock saugeye ≥ 30 mm 1–2 wk before peak ichthyoplankton densities to improve saugeye growth and survival by enhancing opportunities for exploitation of young-of-year gizzard shad.

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8

Bremigan, Mary T., and Roy A. Stein. "Gape-dependent Larval Foraging and Zooplankton Size: Implications for Fish Recruitment across Systems." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 913–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f94-090.

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Small gape of zooplanktivorous larval fish limits their prey size; yet, within constraints set by gape, zooplankton size eaten influences larval growth and ultimately survival. To determine if optimal zooplankton size varied among fish species with different gapes, we conducted foraging trials with larval bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus, 10–26 mm TL) and gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum, 18–31 mm TL). Larvae (n = 10) fed for 1 h on zooplankton assemblages that varied in size, after which all larvae and remaining zooplankton were preserved. Larval gape was measured; both larval gut contents and available zooplankton were quantified. Bluegill, the large-gaped species, fed on larger zooplankton than did gizzard shad with similar gapes. Further, larger bluegill fed on progressively larger zooplankton whereas all gizzard shad ate small prey (< 0.60 mm). As available zooplankton size increased, bluegill prey size increased whereas gizzard shad consistently selected small prey. Therefore, differences in zooplankton size among lakes could differentially affect foraging success of larval fishes. In particular, systems with small zooplankton may represent ideal foraging environments for gizzard shad whereas lakes with large zooplankton may favor larval bluegill. If differential larval foraging translates to differential growth and survival, zooplankton size could influence recruitment success and ultimately fish community composition.

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9

Catalano, Matthew J., and Micheal S. Allen. "A whole-lake density reduction to assess compensatory responses of gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68, no. 6 (June 2011): 955–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f2011-036.

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We used a fishery-induced density reduction of gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum at a previously unharvested lake to evaluate compensatory density dependence in recruitment processes. We also studied gizzard shad populations at two nearby unharvested lakes to provide contrast with the harvested population. Gizzard shad spawner biomass was reduced by 72% at the harvested lake after 2 years of gill-net removals, although variation in total shad biomass was more modest. We evaluated responses by gizzard shad to the range of biomasses present among the three lakes and 5 years of the study. Annual growth increments varied little over 5 years and were not related to population density across the three lakes. Length-at-maturity differed among lakes and years, but was not related to population density. Despite the range in spawner biomass among the lakes during the study, annual recruitment estimates showed little relationship to the size of the spawner population, suggesting density-dependent prerecruit survival. A spawner–recruit analysis on pooled data from the three lakes indicated that prerecruit survival was negatively related to spawner biomass. Our study provides a rare glimpse of fish compensatory responses following exploitation of a previously unharvested population and has implications for population dynamics theory and fisheries management.

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10

Winston, Matthew R. "Culturing Larval Gizzard Shad in Laboratory Aquaria." Progressive Fish-Culturist 50, no. 2 (April 1988): 118–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1988)050<0118:clgsil>2.3.co;2.

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11

Lazzaro, Xavier, Ray W. Drenner, Roy A. Stein, and J. Durward Smith. "Planktivores and Plankton Dynamics: Effects of Fish Biomass and Planktivore Type." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49, no. 7 (July 1, 1992): 1466–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f92-161.

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We quantified the effects of planktivore biomass and planktivore type in an experimental mesocosm study of factorial design in which five levels of fish biomass (0–75 g/m3) were cross-classified with two plantivore types: filter-feeding gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) and visual-feeding bluegill (Lepomis macrochims). As fish biomass increased, cladocerans, cyclopoids, particulate phosphorus (PP) > 200 μm, and chironomids declined; conversely, rotifers, primary productivity, chlorophyll a, turbidity, unicellular flagellates, colonial and unicellular green algae, pennate diatoms, total phosphorus, and 20–200 and 12–20 μm PP were enhanced. In the presence of gizzard shad, as compared with bluegill, cyclopoids, turbidity, unicellular green algae, pennate diatoms, > 200 μm PP, and chironomid tubes were higher whereas colonial green algae and < 0.2 μm PP were lower. Fish biomass operated independently of planktivore type for most variables, except copepods, colonial green algae, turbidity, and 20–200 μm PP. Although gizzard shad and bluegill have different trophic cascade pathways, fish biomass was more important than planktivore type as a regulator of plankton communities and water quality.

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12

Quist, Michael C., Randall J. Bernot, Christopher S. Guy, and James L. Stephen. "Seasonal Variation in Population Characteristics of Gizzard Shad." Journal of Freshwater Ecology 16, no. 4 (December 2001): 641–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2001.9663856.

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13

Clayton, Darien L., and Michael J. Maceina. "Validation of Annulus Formation in Gizzard Shad Otoliths." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 19, no. 4 (November 1999): 1099–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1999)019<1099:voafig>2.0.co;2.

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14

Oplinger, Randall W., Matthew J. Diana, and David H. Wahl. "Population social structure and gizzard shad density influence the size-specific growth of bluegill." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 70, no. 9 (September 2013): 1278–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0055.

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Many bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) populations are stunted and consist mainly of smaller individuals. There has been much recent interest in determining factors that influence the growth of bluegill so that management remedies can be designed to alleviate stunting. Bluegill population size structure is unlikely controlled by any one factor. Instead, multiple variables likely interact to regulate adult size. We used Akaike’s information criterion to determine how various environmental variables influence the size-specific growth of bluegill at 50, 100, and 150 mm total length (TL) in 16 lakes. Eight models related to prey availability, lake productivity, lake habitat, predation pressure, intraspecific competition, angling pressure, gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) density, and population social structure were constructed. Population social structure had the greatest effect on the size-specific growth rates of fish at 50 mm TL. At this size we found a significant negative relationship between size-specific growth rates and the mean age of maturation of males in the population. Size-specific growth rates at 100 and 150 mm TL were negatively related to gizzard shad density. These results suggest that management actions that help to increase the numbers of large males and reduce gizzard shad density would help alleviate stunting in bluegill populations.

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15

Allen, M. "Factors related to gizzard shad and threadfin shad occurrence and abundance in Florida lakes." Journal of Fish Biology 57, no. 2 (August 2000): 291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jfbi.2000.1323.

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16

Willis, David W. "Reproduction and Recruitment of Gizzard Shad in Kansas Reservoirs." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 7, no. 1 (January 1987): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1987)7<71:rarogs>2.0.co;2.

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17

Gido, K. B. "Effects of gizzard shad on benthic communities in reservoirs." Journal of Fish Biology 62, no. 6 (June 2003): 1392–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00124.x.

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18

Allen, M. S., M. V. Hoyer, and D. E. Canfield. "Factors related to gizzard shad and the threadfin shad occurrence and abundance in Florida lakes." Journal of Fish Biology 57, no. 2 (August 2000): 291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2000.tb02173.x.

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19

Tisa, Mark S., and John J. Ney. "Compatibility of Alewives and Gizzard Shad as Reservoir Forage Fish." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 120, no. 2 (March 1991): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1991)120<0157:coaags>2.3.co;2.

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20

Dettmers, John M., and Roy A. Stein. "Quantifying Linkages among Gizzard Shad, Zooplankton, and Phytoplankton in Reservoirs." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 125, no. 1 (January 1996): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1996)125<0027:qlagsz>2.3.co;2.

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21

Klein, Zachary B., Ben C. Neely, and Jeff D. Koch. "Relationships between Gizzard Shad, Impoundment Characteristics, and Sympatric Fish Species." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 42, no. 2 (March 13, 2022): 447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nafm.10761.

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22

Guest, W. Clell, Ray W. Drenner, Stephen T. Threlkeld, F. Douglas Martin, and J. Durward Smith. "Effects of Gizzard Shad and Threadfin Shad on Zooplankton and Young-of-Year White Crappie Production." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 119, no. 3 (May 1990): 529–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1990)119<0529:eogsat>2.3.co;2.

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23

Domine, Leah M., Michael J. Vanni, and William H. Renwick. "New and regenerated primary production in a productive reservoir ecosystem." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 67, no. 2 (February 2010): 278–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f09-182.

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The concept of new and regenerated production has been used extensively in marine ecosystems but rarely in freshwaters. We assessed the relative importance of new and regenerated phosphorus (P) in sustaining phytoplankton production in Acton Lake, a eutrophic reservoir located in southwestern Ohio, USA. Sources of nutrients to the euphotic zone, including watershed loading, fluxes from sediments, and excretion by sediment-feeding fish (gizzard shad, Dorosoma cepedianum ), were considered sources of new P input that support new primary production and were quantified over the course of a growing season. Regenerated production was estimated by the difference between new and total primary production. New production represented 32%–53% of total primary production, whereas regenerated production represented 47%–68% of total primary production. P excretion by gizzard shad supplied 45%–74% of new P and 24% of P required for total production. In summary, fluxes of P from the watershed and those from sediment-feeding fish need to be considered in strategies to reduce eutrophication in reservoir ecosystems.

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24

Aumen, Nicholas G., Cindy L. Crist, Dawn E. Miller, and Keith O. Meals. "Particulate Organic Carbon Supply and Trophic Dynamics in a Mississippi Flood-Control Reservoir Dominated by Gizzard Shad (Dorosoma cepedianum)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49, no. 8 (August 1, 1992): 1722–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f92-191.

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Sources of particulate organic carbon (POC) and trophic–dynamic relationships were studied in a reservoir with low sportfish populations. Fish community structure and POC input from tributaries, phytoplankton primary production, and vascular vegetation on mudflats were estimated. Gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) averaged 39.8% of the total fish biomass in 1988, and as much as 94% of the total forage fish biomass was too large to serve as prey for most predators. Phytoplankton primary productivity averaged 1182 mg C∙m−2∙d−1 in 1987 and 1988, contributed 33.57 Gg POC∙yr−1 to the reservoir, and apparently was phosphate limited. POC inflow from tributaries contributed 60.00 Gg∙yr−1with 79% of POC <75 μm in size. Winter and spring stormflow was responsible for 92% of the total POC transported. Considering POC size fractions available to gizzard shad, POC input from tributaries, phytoplankton, and mudflats contributed 21, 54, and 25% of the total POC input, respectively. The trophic–dynamic analysis indicated that phytoplankton POC was adequate to support the reservoir fish community. A more efficient transfer of carbon in the food web might be accomplished by stocking with a smaller forage fish, such as threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense), which are not common in the reservoir.

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25

Michaletz, Paul H. "Factors Affecting Abundance, Growth, and Survival of Age-0 Gizzard Shad." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 126, no. 1 (January 1997): 84–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0084:faagas>2.3.co;2.

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26

Fincel, Mark J., Mike J. Smith, Robert P. Hanten, and William J. Radigan. "Recommendations for Stocking Gizzard Shad in a Large Upper Midwest Reservoir." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 37, no. 3 (April 27, 2017): 599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2017.1300614.

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27

Prophet, Carl W., and Jennifer K. Frey. "Capture ofDiaptomus siciloidesandDiaptomus pallidusby Suction Simulator and Gizzard Shad (Dorosoma cepedianum)." Journal of Freshwater Ecology 4, no. 2 (December 1987): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02705060.1987.9664659.

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28

Ward, Mathew J., David W. Willis, and Gene F. Galinat. "Gizzard Shad Recruitment Patterns in a Western South Dakota Irrigation Reservoir." Journal of Freshwater Ecology 21, no. 2 (June 2006): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2006.9664988.

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29

Ostrander, Gary K., William E. Hawkins, Ronald L. Kuehn, Ann D. Jacobs, K. Darrell Berlin, and Jimmie Pigg. "Pigmented subcutaneous spindle cell tumors in native gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum)." Carcinogenesis 16, no. 7 (1995): 1529–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/16.7.1529.

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30

Mukherjee, M., V. R. Suresh, R. K. Manna, D. Panda, A. P. Sharma, and M. K. Pati. "Dietary preference and feeding ecology of Bloch’s gizzard shad, Nematalosa nasus." Journal of Ichthyology 56, no. 3 (May 2016): 373–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0032945216030097.

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31

Haines, Dan E. "Biological control of gizzard shad impingement at a nuclear power plant." Environmental Science & Policy 3 (September 2000): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1462-9011(00)00067-8.

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32

Tomljanovich, David A., and John H. Heuer. "Passage of Gizzard Shad and Threadfin Shad Larvae through a Larval Fish Net with 500-μm Openings." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 6, no. 2 (April 1986): 256–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1986)6<256:pogsat>2.0.co;2.

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33

Jude, D. J., P. J. Mansfield, S. F. DeBoe, and F. J. Tesar. "Spatial Distribution of Entrained Fish Larvae in a Power Plant Discharge Canal." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43, no. 5 (May 1, 1986): 1070–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f86-134.

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Larval fish were sampled with plankton nets during June and July at 1-, 3-, and 5-m depths at three stations in the 6-m-deep discharge canal of the Monroe electricity-generating plant on western Lake Erie. Of nine species, gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) accounted for 96% of all larval fish collected in June and, along with freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens), 78% of those taken in July. Densities of fish larvae at the three depths, and at two of the three stations sampled, were not significantly different. Mean densities of gizzard shad and total fish larvae in June were significantly higher at one station. Fluctuating and significantly lower velocity at that station, causing the flowmeter not to turn while the net was still filtering water, was suspected of causing inflated densities. Generally sizes of larvae were not stratified by depth or station; differences that were found were small. Thus, we concluded that to obtain samples with representative species, densities, and sizes of entrained fish larvae, a stationary net should be positioned where the water has uniform high velocity and is well mixed.

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34

Armstrong, David L., Dennis R. Devries, Chris Harman, and David R. Bayne. "Examining Similarities and Differences between Congeners: Do Larval Gizzard Shad and Threadfin Shad Act as Ecologically Equivalent Units?" Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 127, no. 6 (November 1998): 1006–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1998)127<1006:esadbc>2.0.co;2.

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35

Schaus, M. H., M. J. Vanni, T. E. Wissing, M. T. Bremigan, J. E. Garvey, and R. A. Stein. "Nitrogen and phosphorus excretion by detritivorous gizzard shad in a reservoir ecosystem." Limnology and Oceanography 42, no. 6 (September 1997): 1386–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.1997.42.6.1386.

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36

Johnson, Garret R., Rebecca A. Dillon, Richard D. Zweifel, Stuart A. Ludsin, and Joseph D. Conroy. "Gizzard Shad Target Strength‐to‐Body Size Equations at Multiple Hydroacoustic Frequencies." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 150, no. 2 (March 2021): 242–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tafs.10287.

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37

Zweifel, Richard D., R. Scott Hale, David B. Bunnell, and Mary T. Bremigan. "Hatch Timing Variations among Reservoir Gizzard Shad Populations: Implications for StockedSanderspp. Fingerlings." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 29, no. 2 (April 2009): 488–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/m08-141.1.

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38

Petering, Raymond W., and Michael J. Van Den Avyle. "Relative Efficiency of a Pump for Sampling Larval Gizzard and Threadfin Shad." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 117, no. 1 (January 1988): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1988)117<0078:reoapf>2.3.co;2.

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39

Michaletz, Paul H. "Responses of gizzard shad and white crappie to introductions of palmetto bass." Journal of Freshwater Ecology 29, no. 4 (June 18, 2014): 551–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2014.930359.

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40

Webber, P. Aaron, and M. Tildon Jones. "Continued Gizzard Shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) Range Expansion in the Colorado River Basin." Western North American Naturalist 73, no. 1 (May 2013): 110–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3398/064.073.0112.

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41

Holley, L. L., M. K. Heidman, R. M. Chambers, and S. L. Sanderson. "Mucous contribution to gut nutrient content in American gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum." Journal of Fish Biology 86, no. 5 (March 23, 2015): 1457–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfb.12656.

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42

Fetzer, William W., Thomas E. Brooking, James R. Jackson, and Lars G. Rudstam. "Overwinter Mortality of Gizzard Shad: Evaluation of Starvation and Cold Temperature Stress." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 140, no. 6 (November 2011): 1460–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2011.630281.

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43

Buynak, Gerard L., R. Scott Hale, and Bill Mitchell. "Differential Growth of Young-of-Year Gizzard Shad in Several Kentucky Reservoirs." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 12, no. 3 (August 1992): 656–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1992)012<0656:dgoyoy>2.3.co;2.

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44

Michaletz, Paul H., and Craig M. Gale. "Longitudinal Gradients in Age-0 Gizzard Shad Density in Large Missouri Reservoirs." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 19, no. 3 (August 1999): 765–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1999)019<0765:lgiags>2.0.co;2.

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45

Adams, S. Marshal, James E. Breck, and Richard B. McLean. "Cumulative stress-induced mortality of gizzard shad in a southeastern U.S. reservoir." Environmental Biology of Fishes 13, no. 2 (June 1985): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00002578.

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46

Kinter, Bryan T., and Stuart A. Ludsin. "Nutrient inputs versus piscivore biomass as the primary driver of reservoir food webs." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 70, no. 3 (March 2013): 367–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2012-0369.

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Abstract:

We used an ecosystem-based modeling approach, Ecopath with Ecosim, to explore the relative importance of a top-down biotic management lever (top predator introduction) versus a bottom-up abiotic management lever (alteration of nutrient inputs) in regulating biomass in reservoir food webs. To do so, we modeled three Ohio reservoirs that varied in ecosystem productivity. For each, we simulated five hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis) (introduced top predator) biomass levels at three nutrient input levels (n = 15 simulations per reservoir). Nutrient inputs influenced the food web more than introduced predators within each reservoir. Further, across all three reservoirs, the impact of stocked hybrid striped bass on the equilibrium biomass of phytoplankton, prey fish (gizzard shad, Dorosoma cepedianum), and native top predators (e.g., largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides) was <3%, <14%, and <20%, respectively, of the maximum impact of changes in nutrient inputs on these components. Thus, in mesotrophic to hypereutrophic reservoirs that are dominated by omnivorous gizzard shad, manipulating allochthonous inputs of nutrients offers agencies a more powerful means to regulate food web structure than manipulation of top predator biomass.

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47

Wahl, David H., and Roy A. Stein. "Comparative Population Characteristics of Muskellunge (Esox masquinongy), Northern Pike (E. lucius), and Their Hybrid (E. masquinongy × E. lucius)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50, no. 9 (September 1, 1993): 1961–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f93-218.

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Abstract:

We compared growth, survival, diet, and angler catch of muskellunge (Esox masquinongy), northern pike (E. lucius), and tiger muskellunge (E. masquinongy × E. lucius) through 5 yr after their introduction into three Ohio reservoirs. Muskellunge grew slower than northern pike and tiger muskellunge through the first year but faster than northern pike in subsequent years. Large stocked esocids (180–205 mm) survived better than small ones (145 mm). Survival patterns established through the first fall were maintained through age 5; northern pike survived best, followed by muskellunge and tiger muskellunge. Angler catch reflected differences in survival as well as catchability among taxa. Northern pike were caught at smaller sizes and younger ages than other taxa. Gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) dominated esocid diets for all taxa and age classes, followed by centrarchids and cyprinids. Prey length consumed increased linearly with esocid length; northern pike selected larger gizzard shad than either muskellunge or tiger muskellunge. These differences in population characteristics among esocids should influence mangement and stocking programs. Whereas northern pike maximize angling opportunities, muskellunge probably will provide trophy fisheries. Although tiger muskellunge can be reared inexpensively, they appear to provide little recreational fishing in return.

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48

Davis, Robert D., Ted W. Storck, and Steven J. Miller. "Daily Growth Increments in the Otoliths of Young-of-the-Year Gizzard Shad." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 114, no. 2 (March 1985): 304–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1985)114<304:dgiito>2.0.co;2.

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Stephens, Robert R. "The Lateral Line System of the Gizzard Shad, Dorosoma cepedianum Lesueur (Pisces: Clupeidae)." Copeia 1985, no. 3 (August 5, 1985): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1444742.

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50

Dettmers, John M., and Roy A. Stein. "Food Consumption by Larval Gizzard Shad: Zooplankton Effects and Implications for Reservoir Communities." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 121, no. 4 (July 1992): 494–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1992)121<0494:fcblgs>2.3.co;2.

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