Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'GIS-related'
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Collins, Susan. "A GIS approach to modelling traffic related air pollution." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 1998. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/4843/.
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There is increased concern regarding the effect of traffic related pollution on public heath. As the number of vehicles on the roads continues to rise, it is becoming increasingly more important to identify areas where the population may be at a greater risk to raised levels of pollution and areas where the implementation of policy to control and monitor levels of pollution would be beneficial. Traditionally, levels of air pollution have been established through dispersion modelling or monitoring. However, for modelling traffic related pollution for large populations, these methods have proved inappropriate. Three new approaches have been developed to model traffic related air pollution and are reported in this thesis. The approaches have been developed in a Geographical Information System (GIS) and involve generating detailed maps of the pollution surface from monitored data and information about the pollution sources. The new methods are compared against the geostatistical technique kriging. The first approach combines spatial interpolation from monitoring sites and dispersion modelling, linking the dispersion model to the GIS, the second combines GIS techniques for filtering data and spatial interpolation, and the third uses a combination of GIS techniques for filtering and statistical techniques. The three approaches are tested and validated by predicting levels of pollution at monitoring sites not used to develop the models. It was found that the new approaches provided more reliable estimates of pollution at unsampled locations than kriging, with the last of these proving to be the most effective. The adjusted r2 values for kriging, interpolation and dispersion, interpolation and filtering, and filtering and statistics were found to be 0.44, 0.63, 0.67 and 0.82 respectively. The approaches therefore have clear potential in the areas of air pollution management and epidemiology, where the maps can be used to help identify locations where levels of pollution exceed air quality standards, assess the relationship between air pollution and health outcome and examine the risk of exposure to raised levels of pollution.
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Lawrence, Bryce T. "Recreation related degradation in Kansas state parks : applying GIS models." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/74.
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De, Hoogh Cornelis. "Estimating exposure to traffic-related pollution within a GIS environment." Thesis, University of Northampton, 1999. http://nectar.northampton.ac.uk/2816/.
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This thesis applies, evaluates and compares methods for estimating exposure to traffic-related pollution within a GIS environment. The methods were used in two contrasting case studies; Greater London and Sheffield, where they were selected on basis of data availability and resolution. The methods used in this research were CALINE3, DMRB, ADMS-Urban and ISC3 (air pollution dispersion models), kriging and co-kriging (spatial interpolation), SAVIAH (regression method) and traditional exposure indicators. Calculated estimates were validated by comparing them to monitored NO2 data. In the Sheffield case study the best methods were then used to analyse relationships between traffic-related pollution and respiratory health. Evaluation of the performance of the various methods found that none of the methods used in Greater London worked very well, although ISC3 and kriging tended to give more reliable results. In Sheffield DMR.B and SAVIAH gave the best estimates of monitored pollution levels. Traditional exposure indicators were only used in Sheffield of which ‘density of main roads within 150 metres’, ‘traffic flow within 150 metres’ and ‘HGV flow within 150 metres’ provided the most reliable estimates. In general, the quality of all exposure measures was highly dependent on the quality of input data. This is largely due to the fact that most variation of traffic-related pollution occurs close to main roads. In Greater London the quality of data was clearly inadequate. In Sheffield, where data was of a higher quality, results were better. No substantial or significant associations were found between the exposure measures and health outcome in the Sheffield case study. In Sheffield, this research also showed that passive sampling of NO2 provided a reliable measure of relative levels of air pollution across an urban area. It also showed that none of the models were able to detect raised NO2 concentrations due to accumulation of pollution from the city, as a result of wind direction. The results of this research show that, although the methods used here can help in the investigation of relationships between traffic-related pollution and health, there is a major need to improve methods for modelling exposure to air pollution. An important development could be to link different models together within a GIS environment, in order to improve the ability to use available information and exploit the different capabilities of the models. In order to detect the effects of traffic-related pollutants on chronic health, estimates are needed across large populations. Linkage of the methods applied here, would be particularly useful to model spatial and temporal variations in these types of studies
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Cunningham, Helen. "Spatially related data and GIS for land and property applications." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240743.
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Manase, David. "An exploratory study of GIS based analysis of health and safety related information." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/39053.
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Statistics from the Health and Safety Executive show that the UK construction industry has approximately 80 fatalities per year, making the construction industry one of the most dangerous industries when compared to other industries. The reduction of construction accidents in the construction industry has led to the need for thoroughly analysed construction environment information which can be effectively utilised in formulating construction health and safety planning strategies, thus enabling the construction industry meet accident reduction targets. However, existing approaches to information analysis mainly focus on factors within construction health and safety information during analysis and do not shed light on the influencing socio-economic and spatially influenced issues within which the industry’s accident contributory factors are rooted. It is also clear that limitations of information usage in the construction industry are due to the fragmented nature in which health and safety information is availed to practitioners for ultimate utilisation in the construction process. There is, therefore, a need for more appropriate decision-support mechanisms that can take account of spatial contributory factors to accident occurrence. There is also a need for mechanisms that enhance the management, analysis and utilisation construction environment information from varied sources for integration in the construction process. The failure to utilise information from varied sources in the construction industry, means that adequately analysed information is lacking for integration in construction health and safety planning strategy formulation process. This study was initiated as a response to this challenge. This prompted further research into the utilisation of health and safety information and its integration in the construction process. A survey involving 215 construction stakeholders was conducted to establish the limitation and requirements of health and safety in the construction industry. Results derived through qualitative analysis further emphasised the need for enhanced health and safety information analysis and integration for use in decision making. The research explored how the spatial element present in all in construction environment information could be utilised to account for accident contributory factors. This led to the exploration Geographical Information System (GIS), a mechanism that takes into account spatial aspects of bodies of information of the phenomenon being explored, for its potential capabilities in management and analysis of construction environment information. The implementation of the GIS-based system known as Geographical Information System for Accident Prevention (GISAP) is then presented. The evaluation of the system by prospective end-users reveals the limitations and benefits of the system implementation and recommendations made for further research. In conclusion, it was clear from this study that this approach has the potential to provide a quick referencing GIS success that can link, organise, analyse and display accident data and other construction and non construction environment data. This can assist stakeholders in decision making during formulation of construction health and safety strategies. The approach can improve understanding of analyses and can enhance the handling of queries related to accident data and other data. This innovative approach can also offer an extra dimension of safety information management, identify trends and areas for effective accident preventive action and ultimately enable development and directions of future work and to engender wider debate.
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Ma, Jingsheng. "Integrating GIS and spatial statistical tools for the spatial analysis of health-related data." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2001. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14818/.
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Spatial Statistical Analysis (SSA) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are instrumental in many areas of geographical study. However, their use tends to be separate one from another. This has prevented their potential in many application areas from being realised. This research is an attempt to bring the two technologies together for a specific application area - health research. There are two research objectives. The first and main objective is to construct a software package - SAGE - by integrating necessary SSA techniques with ARC/INFO, a GIS, to enable the user to undertake a coherent study of area-based health-related data. The second objective is to evaluate and demonstrate SAGE through a case study. A range of SSA techniques was identified to be useful for addressing typical health questions. A three-tier client-server model was suggested and argued to be the most appropriate for integration as it takes advantages of both the loose-coupling and close-coupling approaches. Under this model, a SSA component forms the client, while ARCH/INFO functions as the server. They are linked through the middle tier - the linking agent. The development of SAGE provided experiences useful for developing a generic SSA module in the future for any GIS that confonns to a set of well-defined standard application interfaces. An empirical study of colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence for the city of Sheffield using SAGE is presented. It shows the usefulness of the SAGE regionalisation tool in constructing an appropriate regional framework for subsequent data analyses and of both exploratory and confirmatory spatial data analysis in exploring the characteristics of CRC incidence. Some weaknesses of SAGE are identified, while remedies for them are suggested. Future work is recommended. The SAGE User Guide, related publications and the SAGE source and executable code as well as the data used in the case study are enclosed for reference.
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Zoumas, Athanassios. "Remote sensing and GIS based assessment of El-Niño-related fire activity on Borneo, 1982-1998." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412024.
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Li, Ying, and Wei Zhang. "Predicting Future Heat-Related Mortality in Large Urban Areas in China Using GIS (Geographic Information System) and Epidemiological Approaches." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/16.
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Global climate change is anticipated to raise the overall temperatures and is likely to increase future mortality attributable to heat. China, a rapid developing nation with the world's largest population, has experienced noticeable changes in climate over the past century, with an annual increase in air temperature by 0.5-0.8°C. While increasing evidence is suggesting that climate change has posed significant health risks to Chinese population, including heat-related mortality, the extent to which climate change will affect future mortality and the sources of uncertainty in projecting prospective changes in mortality remain unexplored. Using GIS (Geographic Information System) and epidemiological approaches, this study estimates excess future premature deaths in large urban areas in China resulting from potential increases in temperature under climate change. Our projection includes 51 large Chinese cities in this study, which cover approximately one third of the total population in China. We use ArcGIS to combine temperature predictions from climate models, local temperature-mortality relationship and population forecasting and project the future excess mortality attributed to higher temperature during warm season. The study focuses on future temperature change during 2040-2050 relative to the baseline period 1950-2000 in the 51 cities selected. For future temperature projection, we ensemble outputs from 19 climate models used in the IPCC 5th Report, including outputs related to all four AR5 emission scenarios (RCPs 2.6, 4.5, 6.0 and 8.5). The results of this study inform decision makers of the direct health benefits of climate mitigation.
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Kubbara, Fawzi Saeed. "Geographic Data in City Planning Departments: The Volume and Use Related to Advancements in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Technology." PDXScholar, 1992. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1352.
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Many local planning departments have acquired and put into use advanced automated geocoding and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to store, process, map and analyze geographic data. GIS technological advancements in hardware, software, and geographic databases - specifically, in geocoding methods to reference street address data to geographic locations - enable data to be integrated, mapped, and analyzed more efficiently and effectively. Also, technological advancements depend on organizational and institutional environments. The relationships between technological advancements and technical (data mapping and analysis), organizational, and institutional environments are not clear. The purpose of this study is to explain these relationships to help planning and development directors make better decisions in acquiring and using advanced geocoding and GIS technology. The findings are based on a mail survey of planning and development departments in cities with populations of 50,000 or more in the United States. The study found that planning departments with advanced geocoding and GIS technology are capable of conducting advanced geocoding applications. Data can be tabulated, aggregated, linked, and modeled for mapping and planning. Geocoding to aggregate data to small geographic areas helps by providing required and up-to-date information to solve urban problems. However, the study did not find that advanced geocoding systems enhance data quality as measured by spatial resolution and volume. Further studies are needed to explore this issue. The adoption and implementation of advanced geocoding and GIS technology are influenced by organizational and institutional environments. Large cities have more experience with hardware, software programs, computer professionals, and training programs, but they are dependent on centralized systems from an earlier computer era. Consequently, more recent entrants to using computers for geographic data processing are emerging rapidly. As technology is becoming more advanced, hardware and software costs are declining. Some of the organizational and institutional issues are eliminated while new ones are emerging. As a result, small area cities are adopting advanced geocoding and GIS technology more rapidly than they were previously, and sometimes they surpass large cities. This study improves understanding of automated street address geocoding methods and how these methods are related to advancements in GIS technology. The study also examines how technical, organizational, and institutional environments are interrelated in adopting and using geocoding and GIS technology. The challenge in the 1990s will not be how to fund and acquire a GIS, but how to integrate all of the pieces in order to make the technology work properly.
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Pianalto, Frederick Scott. "Estimating Sources of Valley Fever Pathogen Propagation in Southern Arizona: A Remote Sensing Approach." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/311322.
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Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever) is an environmentally-mediated respiratory disease caused by the inhalation of airborne spores from the fungi Coccidioides spp. The fungi reside in arid and semi-arid soils of the Americas. The disease has increased epidemically in Arizona and other areas within the last two decades. Despite this increase, the ecology of the fungi remains obscure, and environmental antecedents of the disease are largely unstudied. Two sources of soil disturbance, hypothesized to affect soil ecology and initiate spore dissemination, are investigated. Nocturnal desert rodents interact substantially with the soil substrate. Rodents are hypothesized to act as a reservoir of coccidioidomycosis, a mediator of soil properties, and a disseminator of fungal spores. Rodent distributions are poorly mapped for the study area. We build automated multi-linear regression models and decision tree models for ten rodent species using rodent trapping data from the Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument (ORPI) in southwest Arizona with a combination of surface temperature, a vegetation index and its texture, and a suite of topographic rasters. Surface temperature, derived from Landsat TM thermal images, is the most widely selected predictive variable in both automated methods. Construction-related soil disturbance (e.g. road construction, trenching, land stripping, and earthmoving) is a significant source of fugitive dust, which decreases air quality and may carry soil pathogens. Annual differencing of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) mid-infrared images is used to create change images, and thresholded change areas are associated with coordinates of local dust inspections. The output metric identifies source areas of soil disturbance, and it estimates the annual amount of dust-producing surface area for eastern Pima County spanning 1994 through 2009. Spatially explicit construction-related soil disturbance and rodent abundance data are compared with coccidioidomycosis incidence data using rank order correlation and regression methods. Construction-related soil disturbance correlates strongly with annual county-wide incidence. It also correlates with Tucson periphery incidence aggregated to zip codes. Abundance values for the desert pocket mouse (Chaetodipus penicillatus), derived from a soil-adjusted vegetation index, aspect (northing) and thermal radiance, correlate with total study period incidence aggregated to zip code.
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Sahlin, Anders. "Modellering av Siljans strandkant omkring tidigmesolitisk tid för att identifiera arkeologiskt intressanta platser." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-314252.
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During the planning stages of new business start-ups in Leksand, it was decided that an archaeological survey of the area in question was to be performed in 2013. The reason for this was that in the 1980s findings of Stone Age character had been found in the clay field that once was there. In the 2013 survey, it was found that the area is a stone age settlement, dating back close to 9, 600 BP ( early mesolithic age). Stone age settlements are usually very close to rivers or lakes. For this reason, there arenormally no archaeological surveys of areas not adjacent to water. But this settlement was found on a clay field, 100 meters from the nearest water, Limsjön.The reason for this is that the water level at the time of the settlement's construction was higher in the ground than today. This is b ecause of the uplift of land that occurs in Sweden. The settlement, which was built close to 10,000 years ago was built when the water level was about 10 meters above todays water level at Limsjön. The purpose of this work is to produce maps showing where the whole Siljan shore line was at the time when the first people settled there. This will be done using information for the water surface position close to the settlement from 10,000 years ago to. The old shore line is several 10’s of kilometers long. To get more specific areas the maps also show suitable settlement areas based on the soil types that people have settled on during that time. These maps will then be used as a supportfor choosing areas where archaeological surveys might be of interest.Under planeringen av nya företagsetableringar i Leksand valde man att 2013 utföra en arkeologisk undersökning av det aktuella området. Anledningen var att man på 1980-talet funnit fynd av stenålderskaraktär i den leråker som låg där då. I undersökningen framkom det att området är en stenåldersboplats, daterad till som äldst omkring 9 600 BP ( tidigmesolitisk tid). Stenåldersboplatser finns i regel i mycket nära anknytning till vattendrag och sjöar. Av denna anledning görs det normalt sett inga arkeologiska undersökningar av denna typ om området inte ligger intill vatten. Men denna boplats hittades alltså på en leråker, 100 meter från det närmsta vattnet, Limsjön. Anledningen till detta är att vattennivån vid tiden för boplatsens uppförande låg högre upp i terrängen än vad den gör idag. På grund av landhöjningen har vattenytans nivå sjunkit i terrängen. Boplatsen som uppfördes för nära 10 000 år sedan uppfördes när vattenytan låg cirka 10 meter högre upp i terrängen vid Limsjön. Syftet med detta arbete är att utifrån information för vattenytans läge vid boplatsen för 10 000 år sedan ta fram kartor som visar var hela Siljans strand låg i terrängen för tiden då de första människorna bosatte sig där. Den forna strandkanten är flera mil lång. För att få fram mer specifika områden ska kartorna även visa områden som är lämpliga boplatsområden, utifrån vilka jordarter som människorna har bosatt sig på under den tiden. Dessa kartor ska sedan kunna användas som underlag för var arkeologiska undersökningar skulle kunna vara intressanta att genomföra.
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Senteles, Athanasios. "A GIS-Based Multicriteria Decision Analysis Approach on Wind Power Development: the Case Study of Nova Scotia, Canada." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-366797.
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The growing need for reducing the negative impacts of climate change and ensuring a constant and environmentally friendly energy supply, led the way to the exploitation of renewable energy sources. Canada has already acknowledged this trend by incorporating more power from renewables on its energy mix. Similarly, Nova Scotia has started an ambitious energy program in which the substitution of most of the fossil fuels by wind energy, will play a significant factor. The purpose of this research is to investigate all suitable locations for wind energy development in the province of Nova Scotia, under the scope of minimizing environmental impacts, increasing social acceptance and maximizing energy production. This spatial analysis is performed through the combination of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and a Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA). The analysis of the province was based on the preferences of wind experts and administration authorities, which formed the weights assigned on eight (8) evaluation criteria. The extract of the relative weights was succeeded by using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), while their spatial dimensions were expressed by GIS software. The above procedure was possible through the application of a methodology where exclusion areas were found on the first place and the remaining areas were assessed on their level of suitability. The implementation of the GIS-MCDA methodological framework indicates that, despite the exclusion of a significant part of the province, there is still enough space to develop wind energy. The applied methodology and relevant results could be used as a Decision-Making tool by planning authorities, wind developers, and stakeholders.
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Dynesius, Aron. "Spridningsbegränsningar för sik (Coregonus lavaretus) : En GIS-baserad studie." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-184023.
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An important question in determining species composition in a lake is what species has had the chance to reach the lake in the first place. The aim of this study was to examine natural stream connectivity limitations for whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) between lakes, and to contribute to the development and evaluation of GIS-based methods to answer this question. 497 lakes with identified downstream source lakes, were classified as naturally colonized or introduced whitefish populations, reflecting the possibilities for whitefish to reach the lake naturally. Data of maximum stream slope and stream length between each lake pair was generated by Stefan Blumentrath, NINA. Maximum stream slope was measured on two different resolutions of stream length for comparison, one on slope over 10 m and one over 150m. A subset of lakes was manually examined in geographic information systems and compared to maps and aerial photos to evaluate the data and compare the results with the full dataset. False slope maximums were corrected and streams with much human alteration around a possible natural slope maximum was removed from the small dataset. The two datasets were analyzed using logistic regression models. Akaikes information criterion (AIC) showed that the optimal model, for both datasets, was the one using only slope maximum as predictor, and slope over 150m gave better results than 10m. A k50-coefficient, the value of a predictor that results in 50% probability of colonization, was introduced as an approximate of when the predictor forms a connectivity hinder. The k50-corefficient was estimated to 2,08±0,22° (±standard error) for slope over 150m for the big dataset and 2,58±0,20 for the small. Weaknesses in the data were distinguished and improvements for future fish connectivity studies are suggested.
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Lind, John. "Investigating catchwork water-meadows as a social-ecological conservation opportunity with focus on Jämtland." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-446459.
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Wetlands are crucial for respecting the planetary boundaries and reaching the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, but wetland areas in Sweden has decreased significantly. The need for restoration, stronger protection, and land-sharing opportunities requires exploration of the subsistence practices involving wetlands in the past. This thesis investigates the sustainability potential of catchwork water-meadows. An integrated landscape analysis method (ILA) using spatial targeting was designed and tested in QGIS with a range of supporting data aiming to locate previously unknown and unprotected catchwork water-meadows in Jämtland County, that could be potential restoration targets. A literature search was conducted to gather general information on catchwork water-meadows impact on climate change, biogeochemical flows, threatened species, to re-imagine social aspects, and to find morphological characteristics that could be compared to remote sensing data. The literature search revealed varieties in construction, development of theories on nutrient sources over time, a species composition with 19 species and genera present on the Red List of threatened species. It is found that novel construction of catchwork water-meadows likely increase GHG release, but restoration projects on already modified land could possibly decrease GHG output depending on the no-action scenario and use of the produced biomass. There are indications that nutrient removal is possible but experimentation and more scientific measurements are needed. Social benefits include: resilience from economic diversification and being organised as a common, production of plant biomass for various uses, community building, and knowledge production. The ILA consisted of three stages, 1. spatial targeting, 2. site interpretation, and 3. evaluation. Three potential sites were located. Indications for and against identifying these as catchwork water-meadow are presented, and refinement of the ILA to reach definite verdicts are suggested.
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Blumenthal, Barbara. "Nederbördsintensitet och andra faktorer som påverkar skyfallsskador." Licentiate thesis, Karlstads universitet, Centrum för klimat och säkerhet (from 2013), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-70173.
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I Sverige inträffar många skyfall och intensiva regn under sommarmånaderna. Det finns inga uppenbara geografiska mönster, vilket är en skillnad gentemot älv- eller sjööversvämningar där det vanligtvis är känt vilka områden som kan komma att översvämmas vid en viss vattennivå eller ett visst vattenflöde. För individer och samhällsaktörer innebär en skyfallshändelse i många fall en stor överraskning då skyfall utvecklas snabbt och dagens meteorologiska prognossystem i stort inte lyckas att prognosticera extrema regn korrekt med avseende på mängd, tid och plats. Vädervarningar kommer med kort varsel eller uteblir helt. Konsekvenserna av intensiv nederbörd och skyfall är främst översvämningar och erosionsskador på byggnader och infrastruktur, men även störningar och avbrott i olika samhällsfunktioner som kan påverka samhället och individer utanför det drabbade området. I denna avhandling har 15 år av försäkringsskadedata använts för att undersöka samband mellan nederbördsintensitet och skyfallsskador. Även påverkan av andra faktorer som topografi, bebyggelse och socioekonomiska aspekter har undersökts. Resultaten visar att regnintensitet under ett 60 minuters intervall i kombination med korta perioder av extrem intensitet, tillsammans med topografiska faktorer spelar en betydande roll vid uppkomsten av skador.
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Marcon, Yann [Verfasser], Gerhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Bohrmann, and Achim [Akademischer Betreuer] Kopf. "Seabed fluid flow-related processes: evidence and quantification based on high-resolution imaging techniques and GIS analyses / Yann Marcon. Gutachter: Gerhard Bohrmann ; Achim Kopf. Betreuer: Gerhard Bohrmann." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1072047314/34.
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Rostang, Olivier. "Identifying Optimal Locations for Urban Green Infrastructure to Reduce Health Inequalities: A GIS-Based Approach to combine Health, Land-use, Socioeconomics and Ecosystem Services in Stockholm." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-416619.
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Cities are growing at unprecedented rates and are expected to be home to 70% of the world’s population in 2050. In this process, they face challenges such as densification, rapid population growth and loss of land and ecosystem services. Cities also have to remain livable and accessible to all. In 2014, the Swedish Public Health Agency declared that it would aim to close all avoidable health inequalities within one generation. In order to reach these objectives while also complying with the Sustainable Development Goals, urban green infrastructure (UGI) has been increasingly viewed as a powerful instrument that cities can utilize to help them meet their sustainability and human health targets. As nature-based solutions, UGI can greatly contribute to building resilience in urban areas by providing a number of ecosystem services. Simultaneously, UGI have also been shown to possess equigenic functions – the capacity to support the health of the least advantaged population groups equally or more so than the most privileged. This study has therefore aimed to operationalize a methodology to help identify optimal locations for developing and managing UGI in Stockholm with the aim of prioritizing health and minimizing impacts on existing ecosystems. This was done by drawing on 3 spatial datasets (land-cover, health and healthcare consumption, socioeconomics) and combining them using a GIS. The resulting maps are made for individual as well as aggregated health indicators. They display multiple optimal location clusters that were often located in the outer parts of the city, notably in the north-western and south-eastern boroughs. The inner-city however, showed little need for equigenic UGI improvements. The results and the implications of this methodology are discussed in relation to several aspects of UGI, including quality, quantity and accessibility, gentrification and UGI’s role in the smart city. Suggestions for future research building on this methodology are also provided.
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Matson, Jöran. "Towards Agenda 2030: Use of GIS in visualizing emissions from personal automobiles for evidence-based policy and planning." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-398218.
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Many countries have committed to goals of emission reductions outlined by the Paris Agreement. The actions and results seen thus far from national governments have been lackluster notwithstanding their good faith pledges. City governments have taken it upon themselves to pick up where their national governments have failed. A large portion of emissions are due to transportation. Individuals’ daily travel patterns are typically limited to within a relatively local area. As mobility patterns differ between cities, municipalities have a unique role in transitioning to a sustainable society that blanket policies by national governments cannot achieve. This results in a bottom-up approach in achieving national commitments to the Paris Agreement. In order to make effective policies and plans, municipalities should make decisions based on known information. Before reducing emissions, it must be known where and by whom the emissions are being produced. This report uses Uppsala as a case study to explore how GIS can be used to communicate and create an understanding between data scientists and politicians so that mitigation efforts can be evidencebased. The report results in several methods for visualizing personal automobile emissions based on registration data. The report continues in discussing some potential actions that can be taken to addressing the emissions from neighborhoods indicated as large contributors by the visualizations.
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Halldén, Tom Halldén. "Measuring coastal erosion along the coast of Ystad municipality using PSInSAR and SBAS." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-141076.
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In this study the use of two radar interferometry methods, PSInSAR and SBAS, were tested as tools for measuring coastal erosion. If successful it would have allowed for measuring coastal erosion as a function of material lost. The study area used was Ystad municipality, in southern Sweden. Radar data for the study was provided by the ESA, the European space agency, from their ERS-2 and ENVISAT satellites, spanning the period 1998-2005. Unfortunately, even after many different configurations of settings were tested, the results indicated that both methods are very unsuited for use in rural areas such as Ystad, whether for measuring coastal erosion or otherwise. Both methods had severe problems achieving significant coverage after low coherence areas were masked out, and PSInSAR suffered from several anomalies. This is likely due to the highly vegetated nature of the landscape, which results in low coherence through temporal decorrelation. Of the two methods SBAS showed the most promise, but not nearly enough to be considereduseful. It is, based on the scientific literature, possible that simpler interferometry methods might have been more useful. This, and other possible ways to improve the results is something that this study discusses at length.
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Palmgren, Annie. "GIS-analys av potentiella habitat för mindre hackspett (Dendrocopos minor) : En analys i Karlstads kommun." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-45463.
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The purpose of the study is to develop a method that generates areas in the municipality of Karlstad that satisfies the habitat area requirement for the bird species lesser spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos minor). The purpose is also to compare two different databases (kNN-Sweden and the Vegetation Map). Habitat area requirement for lesser spotted woodpecker is 40 ha of forest dominated by deciduous trees, which may be fragmented over a maximum of 200 ha. The software ArcMap was used to developed method to generate habitat areas, based on input from the kNN-Sweden and the Vegetation Map databases. The habitat areas were reviewed and compared by overlay analysis and compared to reported observations. Generated habitat areas from the kNN-Sweden database and generated habitat areas from the Vegetation Map database differed significantly. The format of the input data and the threshold values are probably contributing reasons of the difference. An important shortage of the kNN-Sweden database is that a buffer zone around the water surfaces at generalization has been masked off and hence the volume of mature deciduous forest generally underestimated. The number of observations of lesser spotted woodpecker within the habitat areas differed between the kNN-Sweden and the Vegetation Map that fulfilled the requirement. The Vegetation Map had 138 observations of lesser spotted woodpecker while the KNN-Sweden only had 38 observations.Karlstads kommun behöver finna potentiella habitat för fågelarten mindre hackspett, som är en förslagen ansvarsart i kommunen. Mindre hackspett behöver minst 40 ha äldre lövdominerad skog inom ett område på upp till 200 ha för häckning. Behovet kan ses som artens habitatvillkor vid utsökning av potentiella områden för dess habitat. Syftet med studien är att utveckla en metod för att finna områden i Karlstads kommun som uppfyller habitatvillkoret för mindre hackspett. Syftet är även att jämföra två olika databaser, kNN-Sverige och Vegetationskartan, vid dess användning som indata. kNN-Sverige är en rikstäckande databas med information om Sveriges skogar och dess grundformat är digitala kartor i rasterformat med en upplösning på 25 meter. Informationen i kNN-Sverige bygger på en kombination av fältdata från Riksskogstaxeringens stickprovsinventering och heltäckande data från satellitbilder. Vegetationskartan består av polygonskikt innehållande klassning av olika vegetationstyper. Underlaget för vegetationsdata är flygbilder av närainfrarödkänslig färgfilm som har tolkats och karterats utifrån dominansförhållanden hos olika vegetationstyper, med stöd från aktivt fältarbete. Med hjälp av programvaran ArcMap 10.3 utvecklades en metod som genererade habitatområden, baserade på indata från kNN-Sverige respektive Vegetationskartan. Därefter granskades och jämfördes resultaten genom överlagringsanalys och kontroll mot inrapporterade observationer av mindre hackspett. Genererade habitatområden för kNN-Sverige respektive Vegetationskartan skiljde sig åt och det genererades betydligt fler områden med kNN-Sverige. Grundformatet på indata och valet av gränsvärden är troligen en bidragande faktor till skillnaderna. Resultaten från analysen av Vegetationskartan bedöms rimligare än kNN-Sveriges resultat. För kNN-Sverige saknades även en del områden där det finns mycket lövskog, till exempel vid Klarälvsdeltat. Vegetationskartans resultat påvisade däremot att det fanns områden med mycket lövskog kring Klarälvsdeltat. En stor brist hos kNN-Sverige är att en zon kring vattenytor har maskats bort vid generaliseringen och volymen av äldre lövskog generellt har underskattats, vilket bland annat kan förklara varför inte viktiga områden kring vatten kommit med. Antal observationer som låg inom habitatområden skilde sig betydligt mellan kNN-Sverige och Vegetationskartan, inom habitatområden som uppfyllde villkoret hade Vegetationskartan 138 observationer av mindre hackspett medan kNN-Sverige endast hade 38 observationer.
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Eriksson, Marcus. "A Risk Assessment Analysis : The risk of saltwater intrusion into freshwater wells and the effects of a futuresea level rise on the Baltic Sea island of Öland." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-145319.
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Freshwater is essential for a functional society and the human well-being. However, it should not be taken for granted. Freshwater aquifers in coastal are subject to current and future risk of becoming saltwater contaminated – reaching a tipping point. Freshwater security on islands is vulnerable. The aim of this empirical study is to identify the effects of a 2-meter sea level rise and the current risk of well salinization at the Baltic Sea island of Öland, Sweden. A Geographical Information System (GIS) was used to conduct a quantitative risk assessment analysis. Natural and physical parameters affect the risk of intrusion into wells including hydrology, geomorphology, and climatology. Anthropogenic causes and climate change also add to the risk of salinization. However, they are not included in the quantitative study. The spatial distribution of the current risk is mapped in this study and can be used as a tool to identify wells at risk. Moreover, a future sea level rise has been visualized and show that 3% of all wells on the island will get directly inundated along with 5% of the total land area. Important land such as urban areas, nature reserves, and animal protection areas will get inundated including the loss of environmental and socio-economic values. A precautionary approach needs to be implemented in future planning since many wells are already at risk of salinization. The complexity of the problem is vast, and this study aims to fill the gaps in literature and previous research in a more multi-criterion way. Nevertheless, the political discussion urgently needs to address the topic and a mitigation and adaptation strategy must be on the agenda.
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McLean, Chris. "Potential release site sediment concentrations related to storm water station runoff through GIS modeling a thesis presented to the Department of Geology and Geography in candidacy for the degree of Master of Science /." Diss., Maryville, Mo. : Northwest Missouri State University, 2005. http://www.nwmissouri.edu/library/theses/McLeanChris/index.htm.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Northwest Missouri State University, 2005.The full text of the thesis is included in the pdf file. Title from title screen of full text.pdf file (viewed on January 25, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.
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Walczak, Katarzyna I. "Prototype decision support framework using geospatial technologies for analysing human health risk." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/103630/1/Katarzyna%20Izabella_Walczak_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis concentrates on the development of a prototype Decision Support Framework based on the landscape epidemiology concept and using GIS to determine human health risk in Semarang (Indonesia). This site was selected as representative of a rapidly urbanizing area in a developing country. The decision support framework examines climatic, landscape and socio-economic factors identified as having significant impacts on water quality and subsequent causation of waterborne and water-related diseases. The research outcomes potentially may be applied worldwide to identify and isolate areas most vulnerable to the effects of the mentioned diseases thus improving quality of life in developing countries.
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Michalaki, Maria. "Air Pollution in Gothenburg : Children's exposure to NO2 on a neighborhood level." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för geografi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-172742.
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Air pollution is a global problem and concern that affects every nation around the world.One of the chemical elements that is part of bad air quality is Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2).Children are a vulnerable group to air pollution due to their immature health system, thusplanning for safe and healthy neighborhoods is essential for their future development.Sweden is a one of the international leaders of sustainable development, with Gothenburgone of the main cities in the country that has an impressive ecological concern. The purposeof this study is to measure the exposure of children, ages 0 – 15 years old, to NO2 on aneighborhood level in Gothenburg.With the use of the software ArcGIS 10.6.1 and the spreadsheet Microsoft Excel, it waspossible to analyze the neighborhoods where children live and are exposed to bad air qualityas well as identify family neighborhoods that might also be high pollution areas. The resultsshow different conclusions between the age groups of children while the mean levels of airpollution are mostly concentrated in the city center.
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Åberg, Elin. "Is it possible to define different process domains in stream systems based on remote data? : Comparing surficial geology, geomorphological characteristics in the landscape and channel slope between lakes, rapids and slow-flowing reaches." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-162933.
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Restoration of stream channels have become a common way of trying to restore both the channels and the ecosystems that earlier have been channelized mainly to facilitate the movement of timber. According to previous studies a lot of the restoration has been performed without a sufficiently detailed plan and with too little focus on how the landscape interplay with the restoration, which makes the potential to learn from possible mistakes minimal. In this study, a hydrological analysis of Hjuken river was done to examine if remote data through an analysis using GIS could be used for identifying three different process domains (lake, slow-flowing reaches and rapids), and if it is possible to determine which process domain it is by examining three different variables: channel slope, surficial geology and the geomorphologic characteristics in the landscape. Based on the statistical treatment and the analysis of the data, the result shows a significant difference between every process domain and variable except for the channel slope when it comes to slow-flowing reaches and rapids. This tells us that all the variables that has been analysed could be a crucial factor in most of the cases. However, the result does not seem reliable compared to previous studies. The conclusion of the study is that the error from the identification of the process domains is from the orthophotos. Remote data is too weak to use as the only source for this kind of analysis. However, the definition of process domains is probably more diffuse than today’s description. There needs to be more studies on each process domain, it is probably not enough with three different types, either there should be subclasses for each process domain or even more process domains.
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Mobasher, Katayoun. "Kinematic and Tectonic Significance of the Fold- and Fault- Related Fracture Systems in the Zagros Mountains, Southern Iran." unrestricted, 2007. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04232007-151527/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2007.Title from file title page. Hassan Babaie, committee chair; Pamela Burnley, Timothy La Tour, Zhi Young Yin, committee members. Electronic text (143 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.)) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Dec. 11, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 138-143).
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Polczynski, Christa. "THE DRIVING FORCE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GANG-MOTIVATED, FIREARM-RELATED HOMICIDES." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3645.
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The knowledge of gang homicides is constantly increasing, but one aspect of gangs rarely studied is drive-by shootings (Dedel 2007; Hutson, Anglin, and Pratts 1994; Hutson, Anglin, and Eckstein 1996; Polczynski 2007; Sanders 1994; Sugarmann and Newth 2007). In this paper are comparative analyses of gang-motivated, firearm-related homicides perpetrated through a drive-by shooting to those which are not perpetrated through a drive-by shooting, by spatial and regression analyses. The data used for the analyses are a combination of incident variables, such as victim, offender, and incident characteristics, as well as social and economic characteristics of the communities in which the homicides occurred for a 31 year time period in Chicago. The findings indicate that there are differences in the characteristics and spatial location of gang-motivated, firearm-related homicides whether perpetrated through a drive-by shooting or by some other means. Based on the findings there may be policy implementations that are available in order to reduce the likelihood of a gang-motivated drive-by shooting.Ph.D.
Department of Sociology
Sciences
Sociology PhD
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Larner, Andrew Gordon. "The legal and institutional restrictions on the handling of digital land related data in the United Kingdom." Thesis, University of East London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388135.
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Sjödell, Ingrid. "Spatial Assessment of Soil Contamination through GIS Data Management." Thesis, KTH, Hållbarhet och miljöteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-236774.
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Spatial data management within the environmental field has a large range of application possibilities and comes with great advantages. In this study methods and technologies for spatial data management of soil contamination has been assessed in Geographical Information Systems (GIS), in order to identify in which way spatial data applications and tools can contribute with valuable information for these type of projects. The spatial assessment has been applied on a case study site in Kagghamra, Stockholm, exposed to high levels of contaminants, arsenic in particular. Subjects that have been evaluated are arsenic contamination distribution pattern, estimation of volume contaminated soil and amount of samples needed for spatial analyses. Furthermore, two versions of an exploratory soil sensitivity estimation model based on site specific ground and landscape parameters as well as literature references have been developed. The data management included large quantities of primary and secondary data of the commination levels as well as geological and ground properties. First hand collected geophysical field data obtained from Electromagnetic (EM) and Induced Polarisation (IP) measurements was also interpreted. The benefits of using geophysical measurements in soil contamination projects has been investigated. In this case the benefits were few due to difficult measuring conditions with disturbance noise. Spatial interpolations with the Natural Neighbour (NN) technique are proven to be useful in transforming point contamination data into continuous layers. From the interpolation surfaces (arsenic distribution map) a variety of information can be extracted, such as a first hand volume estimation of contaminated soil, possibilities of reduction in amount of field sampling or to investigate statistical information and relations to different site specific ground conditions. The soil sensitivity estimation models are combined maps consisting of data layers that are relevant for the arsenic behaviour and interaction in the subsurface. Site specific Model (1) is based the data layers Soil type, Iron level, Soil depth, Slope and illustrates mainly areas exposed to high concentrations of arsenic as high sensitivity areas. The more general, literature supported Model (2) also includes Vegetation cover and Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) and is not related highly to the arsenic distribution in the site area, but could contribute with general implications of sensitive areas if applied on a another, larger site area. Efficient management of large data quantities, economic and time saving benefits from less physical sampling and good representation and visualisation possibilities of the site conditions, as a tool for stakeholder communication and decision-making are the main contributions from the spatial data management.
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Li, Tao. "Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) in China : Some potentials and shortcomings." Thesis, Gävle : University of Gävle. Department of Business Administration and Economics, 2008. http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:139475/FULLTEXT01.
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Manolan, Kandy Deepa. "Spatial planning for windenergy development using GIS : A study of Västernorrland County." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-240330.
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Countries across the globe have started taking measures to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions andto power the future with more sustainable forms of energy. One such initiative towards sustainableenergy generation is through wind energy. The wind energy contribution has shown a drastic increasein Sweden during the last few years. However there are several issues due to improper siting of windmills. This thesis aims to conduct a multi-criteria evaluation to determine suitable wind farm sites inVästernorrland County. The spatial planning through multi-criteria evaluation is done jointly usinganalytical hierarchy processing and weighted linear combination in ArcMap. There are 29 criteriataken into account and the buffer zones from each criterion are decided based on Swedish legislation,discussions with stakeholders and from similar previous studies. Three scenarios namely green,economy and tourism are created giving emphasize on the aspects as the title implies. The scenarioeconomy has the least area with very high suitability scores when compared to the other two scenarios.The results obtained for the three scenarios are grouped into classes with suitability scores. About 60%of the total area is unsuitable for wind farm installations and most of the area has less to moderaterange of suitability. The major constraints that restrict the wind mill installations are spaces with landcover like water, roads and national protected areas. Based on the suitability scores, the best three sitesare finally selected which covers the three scenario aspects. Other sites are excluded due to reasons likelow suitability, closeness to the county boundary and too small in size. Among the best three sites, twosites already have permission to build wind farms. The proposed third site is about 2.5 squarekilometres located to the south-east of the county. In conclusion, the project result not only shows thatthere are more potentialLänder över hela världen har börjat vidta åtgärder för att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser och att iframtiden övergå till mer hållbara energikällor. Ett sådant initiativ mot en hållbar energiproduktion äratt satsa på vindkraft. Vindenergi har visat en drastisk ökning i Sverige under de senaste åren. Detfinns dock flera problem på grund av olämplig placering av vindkraftverk. Avhandlingen syftar till attgenomföra en utvärdering av flera kriterier för att bestämma lämpliga lägen för vindkraftparker iVästernorrlands län. Den fysiska planeringen genom utvärdering av flera kriterier görs gemensamtmed hjälp av en analytisk hierarki-bearbetning och vägd linjär kombination i ArcMap. Det tas hänsyntill cirka 29 kriterier och buffertzoner för varje kriterium bestäms utifrån svensk lagstiftning,diskussioner med intressenter och liknande tidigare studier. Tre scenarier, med respektive tonvikt påekologi, ekonomi och turism skapas och analyseras. Scenario ekonomi har det minsta området medmycket höga lämplighetspoäng jämfört med de andra två scenarierna. Resultaten som erhållits för detre scenarierna grupperas i klasser med olika lämplighetsresultat. Cirka 60% av den totala arealen ärolämplig för vindkraftsanläggningar och majoriteten av området har mindre till måttligt lämpligtutbud. De stora begränsningarna som sätter gränser för vindkraftsanläggningar är de områden somupptas av exempelvis vatten, vägar och nationella skyddsområden. Baserat på lämplighetspoängen ärde bästa tre platserna utvalda som representerar de tre scenarierna. Andra platser utesluts på grund avskäl som låg lämplighet, närhet till länets gräns och alltför små områden. Bland de utvalda områdenahar två redan tillstånd att bygga vindkraftparker. Den föreslagna tredje platsen är cirka 2,5kvadratkilometer belägen i sydöstra delen av länet. Sammanfattningsvis visarprojektet resultatet intebara att det finns fler potentiella platser men identifierar också de mest lämpliga platserna förinstallation av vindkraftverk i Västernorrlands län.
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Dolney, Timothy J. "VERTUS vehicle emissions related to urban sprawl /." [Kent, Ohio] : Kent State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=kent1182869915.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Kent State University, 2007.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Mar. 19, 2009). Advisor: Jay Lee. Keywords: urban sprawl, vehicle emissions, air pollution, geographic information systems (GIS), home-work journey, simulation. Includes bibliographical references (p. 213-223).
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Austin, Brittany Grace. "Investigating the Influence of Esri Story Map Design on Partcipation in Sustainability-Related Activities." TopSCHOLAR®, 2018. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2571.
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Decades of scientific inquiry have conveyed evidence in support of sustainability efforts to mitigate some of the greatest challenges and dilemmas facing modern and future societies. The solutions to these dilemmas may not be achievable in the short-term, yet, through increased public participation in sustainable community development, smallscale, localized solutions can be obtained. This preliminary research explored the influence of Environmental Systems Research Institute (Esri) story map designs on participation in sustainability-related activities among individuals who expressed interest in sustainable lifestyles. Specifically, this exploratory study was designed to demonstrate the applicability of interactive web geographic information systems (GIS) applications as platforms for promoting experiential learning and improved public participation in targeted sustainability-related activities. Web GIS applications were produced using multiple Esri story map design templates to visualize the sustainability-related features (e.g., Farms & Food, Shops & Services, Groups) of Skagit County, Washington; Barron County, Wisconsin; and Warren County, Kentucky. Story map applications were distributed electronically in the study site locations using social media, email disbursement, and website placement. After viewing the story map, research participants completed a survey regarding their preferences among the story map designs and their current participation in sustainability initiatives or activities. Completed surveys from 104 respondents were analyzed to begin to better understand participant opinions of the story map designs and the influences of these designs on participation in sustainability related activities. While more survey data are needed to understand fully the influence of story maps on participation in sustainability-related activities, participants in this study indicated that story map applications can increase accessibility to sustainability-related information and enhance the likelihood of participation in future sustainability-related activities. Of the four story map designs evaluated as part of this exploratory study, the data suggest the shortlist design may be the best suited to inform and encourage participation in sustainability-related activities.
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CHIU, SHENG-HUNG, and 邱盛鴻. "Study on The GIS Application of Local Auditors and Related Factors." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/hep8w8.
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Hinely, Adam J. "GIS-based habitat modeling related to bearded Capuchin monkey tool use." 2006. http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga%5Fetd/hinely%5Fadam%5Fj%5F200608%5Fms.
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Rolland, Gabriel A. "Geographic and Demographic Patterns of Alcohol-Related Fatal Traffic Crashes: A Spatial-Temporal Analysis in Texas, 1996-2005." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2008-12-206.
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This thesis analyzes aggregated county-level data of fatal alcohol related traffic
crashes where a driver was killed in the state of Texas during 1996 to 2005. Alcohol has
constantly threatened drivers and passengers alike and continues to be a major cause of
fatal crashes in Texas. Specifically, this paper targets those drivers that were killed
while driving under the influence (0.01 BAC). With an increase in manageable data
and the ease of availability of aggregated crash records, accident analysis can provide a
closer look into trends such as spatial-temporal patterns, clustering and correlations to
various factors. Furthermore, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have enabled
researchers to more efficiently interpret and study a large amount of datasets using
techniques that were previously difficult or inaccessible in applications related to traffic
safety and transportation. Loose-coupling of GIS with other spatial analysis programs
and/or statistical software packages can now provide important results that in turn relate
vital information which can be used towards understanding and potentially alleviating
problems in the transportation domain. The following sections concluded that
aggregated datasets at the county level are currently incomplete and do not provide the level of detail necessary to formulate a solid conclusion regarding relationships between
the chosen factors and the crash dataset. Though this research was successful in
mapping spatial variations and clusters, linking variables such as age, gender, location
and population to the aggregated crash dataset requires more detailed information about
the crash than was available. However, the objectives were successful in representing
spatial-temporal patterns across the study period for all designated variables. This was
an important step and solid contribution towards the representation of large datasets and
their impact on policy, traffic safety, and transportation geography.
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Lin, Meng-Hung, and 林孟宏. "Exposure Assessment of Air Pollution in Household and School Environments Using GIS Related to Adolescent Lung Function and Asthma Prevalence." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/41143309016733109645.
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碩士中國醫藥大學
環境醫學研究所碩士班
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Asthma is one of most concerned chronic diseases and important in public health. It is estimated that around 3 billion of population suffer from the disease worldwide. A number of studies have reported the air pollution may affect children’s lung function development and asthmatic condition. This study used data established from two mass asthma screening surveys conducted in Taiwan. The first one was a nationwide for asthma among all junior high school students and 20% students received further lung function tests in October 1995 - June 1996. The other one was a mass screening survey from July 1996 - June 1997 in Taipei area among ninth-grade students who had participated in both asthma screening and pulmonary function measurement in the previous year. In this study, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) was used to estimate the association between air pollution exposure and lung function and asthma. The spatial analysis procedure was used Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) estimate method in 500m × 500m grid squares. The results showed PM10, SO2, NO2 and O3 were related to adolescent lung function in both FVC and FEV1, and the CO exposure increased significantly the lowered FEV1 to FVC ratio, causing lung hazards. Children with high NO2 concentrations exposure have the increased asthma prevalence with an odds ratio of 3.07 (95% CI: 1.06-8.87). However, parental asthma still association their children with asthma. This study found parental asthmatic condition and indoor pollution are highly association with asthma and lung function in children. Outdoor air pollutants are also risk factors deserve further exploration.
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"Vulnerability to Heat Stress in Urban Areas: A Sustainability Perspective." Doctoral diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.20929.
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abstract: Extreme hot-weather events have become life-threatening natural phenomena in many cities around the world, and the health impacts of excessive heat are expected to increase with climate change (Huang et al. 2011; Knowlton et al. 2007; Meehl and Tebaldi 2004; Patz 2005). Heat waves will likely have the worst health impacts in urban areas, where large numbers of vulnerable people reside and where local-scale urban heat island effects (UHI) retard and reduce nighttime cooling. This dissertation presents three empirical case studies that were conducted to advance our understanding of human vulnerability to heat in coupled human-natural systems. Using vulnerability theory as a framework, I analyzed how various social and environmental components of a system interact to exacerbate or mitigate heat impacts on human health, with the goal of contributing to the conceptualization of human vulnerability to heat. The studies: 1) compared the relationship between temperature and health outcomes in Chicago and Phoenix; 2) compared a map derived from a theoretical generic index of vulnerability to heat with a map derived from actual heat-related hospitalizations in Phoenix; and 3) used geospatial information on health data at two areal units to identify the hot spots for two heat health outcomes in Phoenix. The results show a 10-degree Celsius difference in the threshold temperatures at which heat-stress calls in Phoenix and Chicago are likely to increase drastically, and that Chicago is likely to be more sensitive to climate change than Phoenix. I also found that heat-vulnerability indices are sensitive to scale, measurement, and context, and that cities will need to incorporate place-based factors to increase the usefulness of vulnerability indices and mapping to decision making. Finally, I found that identification of geographical hot-spot of heat-related illness depends on the type of data used, scale of measurement, and normalization procedures. I recommend using multiple datasets and different approaches to spatial analysis to overcome this limitation and help decision makers develop effective intervention strategies.Dissertation/Thesis
Ph.D. Sustainability 2013
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Feinberg, Marc. "Exploring an emerging land use conflict: GIS based site selection for expanding forests in Denmark." Thesis, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-387799.
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The predominant land use in Denmark is agriculture, which has had negative effects on the aquatic environment, bothmarine and freshwater, due to excess nutrient runoff and resulting eutrophication. The current condition does not fullfillthe European Water Framework Directive’s goal of ‘Good ecological condition’ in all aquatic environments. InDenmark, forests only account for a small proportion of the land use, and despite an increase over the past twocenturies, the currently small forested area has had negative consequences for biodiversity since a majority of thespecies in Denmark are dependent on forests for habitat. The current efforts do not meet Denmark’s commitment tofulfill the United Nations Convention on Biological diversity. Similar to other countries, Denmark is obligated to reduceits carbon dioxide emissions according to the Paris agreement, with reduction goals of 40 % in 2030 and 80-95% in2050. The aim of the present thesis, is to assess whether reforestation on agricultural land can ensure that Denmarkreaches the international obligations for water quality and biodiversity at the same time as reducing climate impact byincreasing carbon sequestration, without significant land use conflict between agriculture and forest.This aim is pursued through an analysis of spatial data using a Geographical Information System, where threescenarios are created to assess differences in policy priorities.Based on the result of the spatial analysis, carbon sequestration estimates are calculated to assess the extent towhich forests could contribute to reducing the Danish climate impact, by increasing carbon sequestration. Theparameters used in the spatial analysis were found through a literature review, and the data for the spatial analysis wereaccessed in official and university databases.The main findings of the spatial analysis suggest that the areas with the highest potential agricultural value andthe areas with the highest potential for forest ecosystem services are not overlapping to a significant degree. Thisimplies that the areas that would have the highest levels of trade-offs between these goals when transitioning to forest,can continue the current land use without being needed for reforestation. The areas where agricultural value is low, andwhere reforestation would provide high levels of forest ecosystem services, are best suited for land use change. Theseareas were found to cover a substantial part of the study area, varying depending on three different scenarios, and areestimated to have the potential to contribute greatly to Denmark’s international commitments for water quality andbiodiversity. The carbon sequestration estimates show that if an area of approximately 7 % of Zealand was reforested,the sequestered amounts of carbon dioxide would correspond to a large portion of the emissions reductions necessary tofulfill Denmark’s obligations in the Paris Agreement.
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Zeleke, Walelegn Mengist. "Wildfire Hazard Mapping using GIS-MCDA and Frequency Ratio Models : A Case Study in Eight Counties of Norway." Thesis, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-31369.
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Abstract A wildfire is an uncontrollable fire in an area of combustible fuel that occurs in the wild or countryside area. Wildfires are becoming a deadly and frequent event in Europe due to extreme weather conditions. In 2018, wildfires profoundly affected Sweden, Finland, and Norway, which were not big news before. In Norway, although there is well–organized fire detection, warning, and mitigation systems, mapping wildfire risk areas before the fire occurrence with georeferenced spatial information, are not yet well-practiced. At this moment, there are freely available remotely sensed spatial data and there is a good possibility that analysing wildfire hazard areas with geographical information systems together with multicriteria decision analysis (GIS–MCDA) and frequency ratio models in advance so that subsequent wildfire warning, mitigation, organizational and post resilience activities and preparations can be better planned. This project covers eight counties of Norway: Oslo, Akershus, Østfold, Vestfold, Telemark, Buskerud, Oppland, and Hedmark. These are the counties with the highest wildfire frequency for the last ten years in Norway. In this study, GIS-MCDA integrated with analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and frequency ratio models (FR) were used with selected sixteen–factor criteria based on their relative importance to wildfire ignition, fuel load, and other related characteristics. The produced factor maps were grouped under four main clusters (K): land use (K1), climate (K2), socioeconomic (K3), and topography (K4) for further analysis. The final map was classified into no hazard, low, medium, and high hazard level rates. The comparison result showed that the frequency ratio model with MODIS satellite data had a prediction rate with 72% efficiency, followed by the same model with VIIRS data and 70% efficiency. The GIS-MCDA model result showed 67% efficiency with both MODIS and VIIRS data. Those results were interpreted in accordance with Yesilnacar’s classifications such as the frequency ratio model with MODIS data was considered a good predictor, whereas the GIS-MCDA model was an average predictor. When testing the model on the dependent data set, the frequency ratio model showed 72% with MODIS & VIIRS data, and the GIS-MCDA model showed 67% and 68% performance with MODIS and VIIRS data, respectively. In the hazard maps produced, the frequency ratio models for both MODIS and VIIRS showed that Hedmark and Akershus counties had the largest areas with the highest susceptibility to wildfires, while the GIS-MCDA method resulted to Østfold and Vestfold counties. Through this study, the best independent wildfire predictor criteria were selected from the highest to the lowest of importance; wildfire constraint and criteria maps were produced; wildfire hazard maps with high-resolution georeferenced data using three models were produced and compared; and the best, reliable, robust, and applicable model alternative was selected and recommended. Therefore, the aims and specific objectives of this study should be considered and fulfilled.
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Sandström, Sara. "Modellering av volym samt max- och medeldjup i svenska sjöar : en statistisk analys med hjälp av geografiska informationssystem." Thesis, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-325822.
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Lake volume and lake depth are important variables that defines a lake and its ecosystem. Sweden has around 100 000 lakes, but only around 8000 lakes has measured data for volume, max- and mean-depth. To collect data for the rest of the lakes is presently too time consuming and expensive, therefore a predictive method is needed. Previous studies by Sobek et al. (2011) have found a model predicting lake volume from map-derived parameters with high degrees of explanation for mean volume of 15 lakes or more. However, the predictions for one individual lake, as well as max- and mean-depth, were not accurate enough. The purpose with this study was to derive better models based on new map material with higher resolution. Variables used was derived using GIS-based calculations and then analyzed with multivariate statistical analysis with PCA, PLS-regression and multiple linear regression. A model predicting lake volume for one individual lake with better accuracy than previous studies was found. The variables best explaining the variations in lake volume was lake area and the median slope of an individual zone around each lake (R2=0.87, p<0.00001). Also, the model predicting max-depth from lake area, median slope of an individual zone around each lake and height differences in the closest area surrounding each lake, had higher degrees of explanation than in previous studies (R2=0.42). The mean-depth had no significant correlation with map-derived parameters, but showed strong correlation with max-depth. Reference Sobek, S., Nisell, J. & Fölster J. (2011). Predicting the volume and depths of lakes from map-derived parameters. Inland Waters, vol. 1, ss. 177-184.
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Riekert. "The requirements for the development of a spatial information system for the Tlokwe Local Municipality water catchments area / Sydney Peter Riekert." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/13945.
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The problem facing the Tlokwe Local Municipality is that it is Constitutional and legislatively obliged to avoid and/or mitigate the impact of potential disasters within its boundaries, through the effective management of potential disaster risks and disasters. The lack of effective risk management tools is especially concerning in the context of the water catchment management of the Mooi River, which is the main water supply of the Tlokwe local Municipality. The Mooi River is exposed to many potential catchment related hazards that could affect the municipality of which the origins are both anthropogenic and natural. Although, many of the impacts on the catchment arise beyond the boundaries and the control of the municipality, this does not relieve the municipality from the responsibility to develop tools to manage the risks.
The aim of the study is to assist in addressing the above stated problem through establishing the requirements for a conceptual model for an effective spatial information system that will assist the municipality in effectively managing the potential disaster risks and disasters that may arise in the Mooi River Catchment area that could impact on the Tlokwe Local Municiaplity. The aim gives rise to three-research questions that are formulated as research objectives that are used to identify the conceptual model requirements.
The first is to identify and conceptualise the constitutional and legislative obligations in respect of disaster risk management in general and specifically those governing the disaster disk management in the water catchment area for the Mooi River. The study of this objective not only highlight the constitutional and legal obligations that the local municipality is subject to, but provides legislatives remedies that the local municipality can utilise to assist with disaster risks reduction.
The second is to identify and conceptualise the generic hazards that are related to water catchment areas (including the related groundwater compartments) and those specific in the Mooi River catchment area. In this section, potential anthropogenic and natural hazards are listed, a methodology for risk and vulnerability analyses is provided, and a concise study of quaternary catchment C23D is provided.
The third is to identify and conceptualize the requirements for an effective conceptual model of GIS for Disaster Risk Management in the Tlokwe Local Municipality. An overview of a GIS is provided. The essential components of a generic information system namely, people, software, hardware, procedures and processes, data and telecommunications or networks are discussed.
The information and system requirements cumulating from the analyses of the three research questions, serve as the drivers of the goal, outcomes and transformation process of the system as well as the requirements for the conceptual model. In this section: a comparison of the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC), Framework for Applied Systems Thinking (FAST), problem solving and the phases addressed in this study; the identification of the conceptual model requirements; and a concise systems conceptualisation of an effective GIS is provided.
As the, mini-dissertation focuses on the needs for a conceptual model, the additional activities required before the system can be implemented are identified and formulated as recommendation that provide the opportunity for future research.M Development and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014
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Martins, Margarida Quintela. "Geografia e saúde : estudar a prevenção da SIDA em Portugal através da Cartografia." Master's thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/119441.
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Normalmente associa-se a infecção VIH/SIDA a indivíduos que pertencem a grupos de risco, nomeadamente, toxicodependentes utilizadores de drogas injectáveis (UDI), homossexuais e a indivíduos que praticam prostituição. No entanto, ao longo dos anos tem-se verificado que esta é uma doença, que afecta principalmente comportamentos de risco e não grupos de risco. Assim é muito importante a tomada de consciência de que esta doença pode afectar qualquer indivíduo de qualquer idade. A Geografia e a representação cartográfica poderão dar um contributo substancial na investigação, uma vez que todos os fenómenos ocorrem num dado momento ou período, num determinado local. Assim, aliando os dados que se pretendem estudar a uma base cartográfica o que permite uma análise geográfica do território, é possível identificar padrões de concentração e / ou dispersão e analisá-los ao longo de diferentes períodos de tempo. O objectivo desta dissertação, é demonstrar que os SIG – Sistemas de Informação Geográfica podem ter um papel importante no conhecimento da expansão geográfica desta doença e proporcionar informação concreta para uma estratégia de prevenção mais eficaz da SIDA, em Portugal. Os dados cedidos, foram trabalhados neste ambiente, o que irá permitir a realização de análises, com representação espacial.The AIDS disease it’s usually associated, to people belonging to risk groups, namely drug users, homosexuals and people who practice prostitution. However, as time goes by, it is becoming clear that this disease affects people with risk behaviors and not risk groups. So it is very important to consider that this disease may affect any individual at any age. The Geography and the cartography representation should give a considerable contribution as a support of research, since all phenomena occur at a given time period moment or in a particular location. Thus, joining the data to be studying at a base map that allows a geographical analysis of the territory, it is possible to identify patterns of concentration and / or dispersal and analyze them over different periods of time. The purpose of this research is to show that GIS - Geographic Information System could play an important role in the knowledge of the geographical expansion of this disease and provide concrete information for a more effective strategy for prevention of AIDS in Portugal. The data transferred, were worked in this environment that will allow spatial representation.