Academic literature on the topic 'Girard, Rene, 1927-'

Rene Girard (1923–2015) – French philosopher, professor of Stanford University, the member of Acadamie Francaise, the author of numerous works, some of which have recently become accessible to the Russian audience. His most popular books: "Resurrection from the Underground", "Violence and the Sacred", "Things Hidden since the Foundation of the World", "Job, the Victim of His People", "I See Satan Fall Like Lightning", "The Scapegoat". However, Rene Girard's conceptual heritage has not been properly appreciated by philosophers due to the diversity of creative aspirations of the thinker. Most often, he is called a professional philologist, religious scholar, cultural scientist, and his work as an innovator in the field of social and humanitarian sciences is associated with the creation of fundamental anthropology and the theory of culture based on it. Studying the works of Rene Girard is an exciting activity, supposing the immersion in the literary texts and biblical stories analyzed by him. These texts serve the author as a basis for solving the questions of vital importance for human existence and being. The search for answers to vital questions has always concerned both philosophers and theologians. Above all those are the questions related to the grasping of spiritual truths. Not always Girard formulated their meaning directly but through the introducing concepts that reveal the deeper aspects of socially directed human actions, providing these actions with a new categorical meaning. Thus, in the book "The Scapegoat", which will be analyzed in the given paper, the philosopher shows that the human ability to perceive own misery as the punishment for the specific misbehavior or sins is just the superficial point of view and it witnesses of the introvert character of the man/woman. But any personal catastrophe is also a sacrifice – precisely such point of view according to the biblical story of Job not only reconciles the man with life circumstances but raises him over them. Girard shows that the search for external causes that explain human misfortunes or catastrophes on a larger scale runs through the entire history of mankind is reflected in literature, historical and cultural monuments from Sophocles to Jesus. This article is devoted to the interpretation of the main conceptual ideas of Girard from the position of philosophical hermeneutics in order to clarify the philosophical foundations of fundamental anthropology.

A Educação em Revista tem o prazer de publicar o número 1, volume 20 que apresenta ao leitor sete artigos na área da Educação com diferentes enfoques: Em “A Contribuição do PIBID/Ciências Sociais para a Formação do Professor de Sociologia” Luciana Aparecida de Araújo, Letícia Bernal Martins e Sueli Guadalupe de Lima Mendonça apresentam o relato de uma experiência bem sucedida que visou estreitar o diálogo da Universidade e das teorias do ensino com a Educação Básica. Os depoimentos dos Bolsistas de Iniciação à Docência e dos egressos evidenciam a importância do PIBID para a formação docente e para e melhoria do desempenho acadêmico dos alunos. O artigo “A Abrangência das Pesquisas Brasileiras sobre Práticas Pedagógicas e Práticas de Ensino: considerações e posicionamentos teóricos” Luciana Ponce Bellido Giraldi e Marcia Cristina A. Perez resulta do esforço de mapear as tendências recentes dos estudos dedicados ao processo de ensino/aprendizagem. O levantamento demonstrou que as pesquisas mais afirmam a necessidade de inovações nas práticas pedagógicas do que compreendem os contextos escolares.Emery Marques Gusmão e Tânia Suely Antonelli Marcelino Brabo complementam em “Representações Literárias da Violência contra a Criança na Obra do Escritor Brasileiro António de Alcântara Machado (1901-1935)” reflexões acerca das representações literárias da mulher e da criança. Sustentam que as obras Brás, Bexiga e Barra Funda (1927), Laranja da China (1928) e Mana Maria (edição póstuma, 1936) – escritas por António de Alcântara Machado (1901-1935) – retratam a violência física e simbólica que, embora moderada, envolvia a infância no início do século XX. Segundo as autoras, as punições e a coação aparecem nestas obras como a base da “boa educação” em todas as classes sociais.Em “Cinema e Deleuze: atravessamentos possíveis no Ensino Superior e na Educação Básica” Angélica Neuscharank e Marilda Oliveira de Oliveira buscam contribuir para consolidar um campo de pesquisa emergente, os estudos sobre cinema e educação. Falas, interpretações, apontamentos de alunos da Pós Graduação em Educação e do nono ano (Ensino Fundamental e EJA) que assistiram aos mesmos filmes amparam reflexões conceitualmente atreladas ao pensamento de Gilles Deleuze. Segundo as autoras, a escola não deveria investir em narrativas fílmicas lineares, mas em fragmentações capazes de “disparar outros modos de pensar”, “desacomodações”, “estranhamentos”, sentidos e entendimentos que produzimos com o cinema. “Programa Escola sem Partido: despolitização radical e redirecionamento ideológico na Educação Pública” de Leonardo Dorneles Gonçalves e Ricardo Gonçalves Severo documenta, registra e manifesta a posição dos autores face àquele que consideram um impasse decisivo para a educação. O texto sistematiza reflexões gradualmente desenvolvidas em palestras dos autores em escolas e universidades ao Sul do Brasil com o objetivo de explicitar os princípios ideológicos do programa.O artigo “A Concepção de Gestão na Formação Escola de Gestores da Educação Básica do MEC: uma análise do programa” de Tania da Costa Fernandes e Juliana Utrera França problematiza a concepção de gestão veiculada pelo curso de especialização instituído pelo Ministério da Educação e Cultura em modalidade EAD, medida compensatória à defasagem da formação inicial dos gestores. Segundo as autoras, a ideia de democratização atrela-se a uma visão gerencialista que subordina a prática educativa aos interesses do capitalismo. Em “O Perfil das Escolas Rurais do Município de Toledo – Paraná” Ana Carolina de Paula e Francis Mary Guimarães Nogueira apresentam minuciosa descrição das escolas e dos povoados em torno dos quais organizaram-se estas instituições de ensino; retomam dados históricos e a legislação educacional; concluem que embora façam parte do espaço rural, tais escolas “estão sob as mesmas condições materiais, físicas, financeiras e humanas que as demais escolas da rede municipal de ensino”, não dialogam com a identidade e a realidade da população rural e, na condição de instrumento ideológico do capitalismo, afirmam a necessidade de atualizações no meio rural.

Pour René Girard et Milan Kundera le roman est avant tout une voie de connaissance. Cette étude, portant sur les essais des deux auteurs sur l'art du roman, se donne pour tâche d'explorer cette conception. Nous nous sommes, d'abord, efforcé de saisir la façon dont Kundera et Girard perçoivent la fonction gnoséologique du roman, celle-ci se distinguant, complétant ou s'opposant au savoir des sciences humaines et de la philosophie. Dans un deuxième temps, nous nous sommes intéressé aux perspectives qu'une telle conception du roman ouvre pour la critique littéraire. Cette dernière, subissant une crise provoquée par la prise de conscience des impasses du structuralisme et l'émergence des études culturelles, essaie de redéfinir tant sa propre fonction que celle de la littérature. En étudiant les rapports que Girard et Kundera entretiennent avec la critique littéraire de la seconde moitié du XXe siècle, nous avons essayé de démontrer que leurs travaux peuvent contribuer activement aux débats actuels
This study is about René Girard's and Milan Kundera's essays on the art of the novel. According to these two authors the novel is pre-eminently a source of knowledge. At the first, we attempted to grasp the way in which Kundera and Girard perceive the novel's gnoseological function, as being distinguished, opposed or supplementing to the knowledge within social sciences and philosophy. Secondly, we tried to clarify the prospects that such an idea offers to literary criticism. The dead ends of structuralism and the emergence of the cultural studies force criticism to redefine its own function as well as the function of literature itself. By studying the relations that Girard and Kundera maintain with the literary criticism of the second half of the 20th century, we tried to show that their work can contribute actively to the current debates

Les hommes sont soumis à leur désir mimétique et tant qu'ils ne perçoivent pas cette dépendance, ils restent enchaînés aux autres, auxquels ils empruntent leurs désirs. L'anthropologie girardienne nous permet alors de comprendre comment s'entrelacent le désir mimétique, la rivalité et la violence, et de mettre en évidence les illusions concernant l'autonomie des individus. La religion et la vie politique sont directement concernées par l'escalade de la violence et sa résolution par la désignation d'un bouc émissaire. Or tant que la paix est ramenée par une violence unanime dirigée contre un bouc émissaire, il n'est pas possible d'entrevoir l'existence d'individus libres. Le mécanisme mimétique a pourtant été dévoilé, selon René Girard, par le christianisme. Non seulement la Révélation chrétienne fournit les clés pour comprendre l'origine de la violence mais elle propose aussi de faire disparaître cette violence par la conversion et l'imitation du Christ. La question de l'émergence de l'individu devient d'autant plus cruciale que René Girard décèle une amplification de la violence dans le monde moderne
People are subjected to their mimetic desire and as long as they don't experience this dependance, they keep being chained to others who they borrow their desire from. René Girard's anthropology helps us to understand how mimetic desire, rivalry and violence are merged and points out the illusions concerning individual's autonomy. Religion and Politics are directly concerned by the increase of violence and its resorption through a scapegoat held as responsible. But as long as peace is brought back by a unanimous violence directed against a scapegoat, people can't be free. And yet, according to René Girard, the mimetic mechanism has been revealed by Christianity. Christian revelation not only allows us to understand the origin of violence but also gives keys to get rid of it thanks to the conversion and the imitation of Christ. The issue of the rising of the individual gets all the more essential as René Girard notices a growing violence in the world we live in

O texto que agora aqui se apresenta perfila o modo exploratório com que o tema foi debatido. À medida que a investigação se foi desenrolando existiu, quase sempre, se não na sua totalidade, uma dúvida metodológica que sempre nos ocorreu: não visando encontrar qualquer solução, como se de uma pesquisa laboratorial se tratasse, ou de encontrar uma chave-mestra – uma eureka! – encontrámos sempre a necessidade de algo naquilo que íamos lendo, naquilo que íamos rasurando. Essa necessidade de algo “mais”, ou pelo menos algo diferente é o que agora se apresenta aqui neste texto e que visa não apenas apresentar um autor como ele é mas antes o modo como nós o recebemos, como este foi redescoberto no século XXI numa pequena cidade portuguesa. A tarefa é humilde e ilustra-se nestas páginas que se seguem.

Cette thèse propose un double dépassement de la théorie mimétique de René Girard. Le premier consiste à confronter la théorie mimétique à la psychologie de l’admiration et de l’envie, afin de montrer comment les comportements mimétiques procèdent essentiellement de ces deux émotions. Dès lors, le mimétisme ne doit plus être considéré comme une cause première du comportement humain mais comme une cause seconde, subordonnée à l’admiration ou à l’envie. Le second dépassement, plus radicale, consiste à proposer une théorie émotionnelle du comportement humain plus complète que la théorie mimétique, intégrant non seulement l’envie et l’admiration mais aussi la peur et la piété filiale. Il est alors possible de proposer une théorie émotionnelle du politique distinguant quatre types de rapports hiérarchiques : le pouvoir tyrannique fondé sur la peur, régnant par la menace et le châtiment et visant à la sécurité de tous, le pouvoir fascinant fondé sur l’envie, régnant par la séduction et la récompense et visant à la supériorité de tous, l’autorité vertueuse fondée sur l’admiration, régnant par l’exemplarité et la vertu et visant à l’excellence de tous ; et l’autorité pieuse fondée sur la piété filiale, régnant par la responsabilité et le don de soi et visant à la communion de tous
This thesis suggests a double « overtaking » of the mimetic theory developed by René Girard. The first one consists of confronting mimetic theory with the help of the psychology of admiration and envy in order to show how mimetic behaviours proceed mainly from these two emotions. Consequently, mimetism cannot be considered as a primary cause of human behaviour but as a secondary cause, subject to admiration or envy. The second one is more radical. It consists of suggesting a theory of human behaviour more comprehensive than the mimetic theory based not only on admiration and envy but also on fear and filial piety. Based on this anthropology, it is possible to develop an emotional theory of politics, distinguishing four types of hierarchical relationships : the tyrannic power based on fear, governing by threat and punishment and aiming to ensure security to all ; the fascinating power based on envy, governing by seduction and rewards and aiming to ensure priviledges to all ; the virtuous authority based on admiration, governing by example and virtue and aiming to ensure excellence to all ; the pious authority, governing by responsability and self-giving and aiming to ensure communion to all

Alors que l'œuvre romanesque de Julien Green fait souvent l'objet d'interprétations psychanalytiques, elle comporte une dimension indécidable qui s'impose comme une résistance permanente à ces approches extratextuelles. Freudien dans ses contours apparents, le désir greenien offre cependant une similitude féconde avec la configuration girardienne fondée sur le mimétisme. L'optique anthropologique et littéraire de René Girard s'annonce d'autant plus efficace pour interpréter les romans de Green qu'en reposant sur une démarche intra-textuelle, elle permet d'appréhender au plus près ce qui constitue le noyau essentiel de l'œuvre. Muni de cette grille de lecture, on a cherché à déceler l'illusion du désir et ses procédés chez les protagonistes greeniens et à mettre en évidence le lien tissé d'attirance et de répulsion entre le sujet désirant et ses modèles-obstacles. Finalement, en abordant la question de l'homosexualité chez Green sous l'éclairage de Girard, on s'aperçoit que le sexe s'avère être une construction illusoire et fragile, imposée par la société. La lecture girardienne permet ainsi de révéler, dans l'univers romanesque de Julien Green, le mécanisme profond qui sous-tend son déploiement actantiel, tout en s'affranchissant des mythologies idéologiques qui lui servent de principe d'élaboration. La pertinence de cette lecture tiendrait encore au fait que les deux auteurs se rencontrent dans leur perception sur le fonctionnement de l'écriture romanesque, démystificatrice pour le théoricien, transcendantale pour le romancier
While Julian Green's novels had been the object of psychoanalytical interpretation, his writing contains an undecided dimension which resists to these approaches called extra-textual. Although its apparent contour is Freudian, the greenian desire can be compared with the girardian configuration of mimetic desire. Girard's anthropological and literary conception can interpret effectively Green's novels meanwhile this approach intra-textual serves a way to penetrate the core of Green's fictional world. We have tried to investigate the illusion of desire through the Green's characters in light of the Girard's theory and to illustrate the ambiguous relationship between the desiring subject and his mediators. Finally, by implying Girard's theory to study the question of homosexuality, we can realize the sex is rather an illusory and fragile construction, imposed by the society. The girardian lecture, therefore, allows us to reveal the mechanism of the actantial development in Green's fictional world by crossing the ideological mythologies which serve as the composing principle. The relevance of the girardian lecture also resides in our two authors' similar ideal of the function of the fictional writing, demystificator for the theorist, transcendental for the novelist. Ne's terrible loneliness, generates the belief, translates this need to believe in thé other, this other desired, always unknown and in principle unknowable

Cette thèse est une reproblématisation dans la perception classique qu'on a de l'immigration. Loin d'avoir une raison exclusivement économique, le projet migratoire participe aussi des mécanismes subtils du désir mimétique dans l'acception que lui donne René Girard dans sa conception de la psychologie interdividuelle. Discours économiques, approches historiques et psychanalytiques permettent de renouveler la compréhension du phénomène à partir du modèle girardien, car la méthodologie structurellement pluridisciplinaire qui enveloppe le modèle de notre auteur, contribue à mettre l'accent sur la complexité qui caractérise notre objet d'étude, car l'immigration, si l'on risque une analogie, présente les mêmes caractéristiques que les "poupées russes": chaque étape franchie voit la prolifération des difficultés d'appréhension du phénomène qui s'échappe indéfiniment
This thesis is a study in different terms regarding the classical perception of immigration. Far from having exclusive economic origin, the migratory process is characterized by subtle mechanisms within the desire of movement in the acceptation that René Girard gives through his conception of the psychology between people. Economically speaking, psychoanalytical and historical approaches, allow for a new understanding of this phenomena based on Girard’s model, due to the multidisciplinary methodology which envelops the author's model, contributes to emphasize the complexity which characterizes this topic. Because this immigration, if you risk that analogy, presents a seeming endless search of this topic: there are often new forming difficulties in the study of this migratory phenomenon

Il s'agit, a partir des concepts girardiens de mimesis et de bouc emissaire, de construire un modele pertinent aussi bien du cote de la psychologie que de la sociologie. Parti de la litterature, comme girard, nous faisons travailler ses concepts dans les domaines psychologique et sociologique, mais aussi erotique, esthetique, religieux et politique. Concurremment avec le besoin sexuel central chez freud, et le besoin alimentaire et economique central chez marx, on peut, a partir de girard et diel (d'alfred adler aussi), montrer que le lien social est largement fonde sur le besoin d'estime. Ce besoin, sous sa forme saine (agape), et sous sa forme malsaine (mimesis), determine les modalites du lien social au plan sexuel comme au plan economique; il rend compte aussi de comportements comme la vanite, l'accusation injuste, la jalousie ou la violence, au niveau de la personne, comme l'esprit de caste, le totalitarisme, le manicheisme, l'integrisme, au niveau du groupe. A contrario, l'harmonie, l'amitie, l'amour, le socialisme, se trouvent definis comme un echange d'estime (un potlatch) libre et equilibre. Par un retour aux sources, nous trouvons chez son fondateur, pierre leroux, une definition du socialisme conforme a ces conditions d'equilibre : une forme de lien social base sur l'egalite, mais aussi sur la fraternite et la liberte.

This chapter explores religious intertextuality in works by Jamal al-Ghitani, Najib Mahfuz and ‘Abd al-Hakim Qasim. It examines how al-Ghitani reworks elements of Ibn ‘Iyas’ Badaʿiʾ al-Zuhur fi’l-Waqaʿiʾ al-Duhur to bring out themes relating to the collusion of religion and power in Al-Zayni Barakat (1971) and how messianic thought and prophetic myth are deconstructed in Mahfuz’s Malhamat al-Harafish (1977). It analyses the reimagining of Christ’s crucifixion in ‘Abd al-Hakim Qasim’s short novel Al-Mahdi (1984) as a comment on modern-day religious violence and the practice of scapegoating, and discusses religious conflict in the text as an example of René Girard’s mimetic rivalry leading to communal self-purification through sacrifice. It also explores the dialogue with Islamic eschatology and dream narrative in Qasim’s Turaf min Khabar al-Akhira (1984), examining how the scene of the interrogating angels and pattern of judgement in the afterlife are transformed to communicate social and religious themes.