Academic literature on the topic 'Giraffe'
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Journal articles on the topic "Giraffe"
1
Hamadou, O., A. Amadou Oumani, H. Yahou, B. Morou, and A. Mahamane. "Modélisation de la distribution spatiale de la girafe (Giraffa camelopardalis peralta, Linnaeus 1758) de l’Afrique de l’Ouest pour sa conservation au Niger." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 15, no. 6 (February 22, 2022): 2486–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v15i6.19.
Full textAbstract:
La conservation de la girafe (Giraffa camelopardalis peralta, Linnaeus 1758), nécessite la connaissance de son aire de répartition potentielle et des facteurs environnementaux conditionnant cette répartition. Cette étude visait à identifier les facteurs écologiques régissant la répartition géographique de la girafe et la cartographie de son aire de distribution sous les conditions climatiques actuelles pour une meilleure planification de sa gestion durable. La modélisation a été utilisée pour cartographier l’habitat de la girafe suivant les modèles climatiques (CCMA et CSIRO), à l’aide de l’outil Maxent, Diva-Gis et ArcGi 10.3. Cinq variables bioclimatiques (BIO1, BIO 12, BIO 13, BIO3 et BIO 5) ont été sélectionnées sur les 19 variables existantes, elles ont ensuite été utilisées avec les points d’occurence de la girafe dans l’outil Maxent. Les variables les plus significatives conditionnant la distribution de la girafe étaient les précipitations et les températures annuelles. Les distributions futures (2020 et 2050) ont montré des habitats très favorables, avec une augmentation de 21,22 à 59,95% par rapport à la distribution actuelle. Des mesures d’atténuer la dégradation continue de de l’habitat de la girafe s’imposent en vue de maintenir sa dynamique actuelle et permettre sa conservation. Aussi, il serait intéressant de mettre en place un protocole du suivi permanent des comportements de la girafe, y compris ses mouvements saisonniers afin d’anticiper les sorties vers des zones hostiles pour la conservation.
English title: Modelling the spatial distribution of the West African giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis peralta, Linnaeus 1758) for its conservation in Niger
The conservation of the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis peralta, Linnaeus 1758) requires knowledge of its potential range and the environmental factors conditioning this distribution. This study aimed to identify the ecological factors governing the geographic distribution of the giraffe and to map its range under current climatic conditions for better planning of its sustainable management. Modeling was used to map giraffe habitat under climate models (CCMA and CSIRO), using Maxent, Diva-Gis and ArcGi 10.3. Five bioclimatic variables (BIO1, BIO 12, BIO 13, BIO3 and BIO 5) were selected from the 19 existing variables and used with giraffe occurrence points in Maxent. The most significant variables conditioning the giraffe distribution were annual precipitation and temperature. Future distributions (2020 and 2050) showed very favorable habitats, with an increase of 21.22 to 59.95% over the current distribution. Measures to mitigate the continued degradation of the giraffe's habitat are needed to maintain its current dynamics and allow its conservation. Also, it would be interesting to set up a protocol for the permanent monitoring of the giraffe's behaviors, including its seasonal movements in order to anticipate the exits towards hostile areas for the conservation.
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Hart, Lynette A., and Benjamin L. Hart. "Flehmen, Osteophagia, and Other Behaviors of Giraffes (Giraffa giraffa angolensis): Vomeronasal Organ Adaptation." Animals 13, no. 3 (January 19, 2023): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13030354.
Full textAbstract:
The size of adult male giraffes (Giraffa giraffa angolensis) far exceeds the size of the females. At the Namutoni waterholes in Etosha National Park, bulls were seen many times each day screening adult females for their pending sexual receptivity by provoking them to urinate; this mainly involved sniffing their genitalia. If the female accedes to the male’s invitation, she widens her hindleg stance, braces her body, and then urinates, usually for at least five seconds. The male places his muzzle and tongue in the urine stream, and then performs flehmen, often raising his head high in the air. Males never investigated urine on the ground. The bilateral papillae on the giraffe’s hard palate connect with the nasopalatine ducts, which enter the bilateral vomeronasal organ (VNO). Unlike many mammals, the giraffe’s VNO lacks a prominent connection to the nasal cavity and its connections to the oral cavity are primarily via the incisive papillae. Most days, some giraffes were observed searching for bones for extended periods, chewing them, and sometimes being troubled by a bone stuck in their mouth. A giraffe killed by lions was frequented for several days by a procession of giraffes investigating the carcass. A very dark-colored bull giraffe emitted loud pulsed growls that drove off most of the surrounding giraffes.
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Coimbra, Raphael T. F., Sven Winter, Barbara Mitchell, Julian Fennessy, and Axel Janke. "Conservation Genomics of Two Threatened Subspecies of Northern Giraffe: The West African and the Kordofan Giraffe." Genes 13, no. 2 (January 25, 2022): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13020221.
Full textAbstract:
Three of the four species of giraffe are threatened, particularly the northern giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), which collectively have the smallest known wild population estimates. Among the three subspecies of the northern giraffe, the West African giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis peralta) had declined to 49 individuals by 1996 and only recovered due to conservation efforts undertaken in the past 25 years, while the Kordofan giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis antiquorum) remains at <2300 individuals distributed in small, isolated populations over a large geographical range in Central Africa. These combined factors could lead to genetically depauperated populations. We analyzed 119 mitochondrial sequences and 26 whole genomes of northern giraffe individuals to investigate their population structure and assess the recent demographic history and current genomic diversity of West African and Kordofan giraffe. Phylogenetic and population structure analyses separate the three subspecies of northern giraffe and suggest genetic differentiation between populations from eastern and western areas of the Kordofan giraffe’s range. Both West African and Kordofan giraffe show a gradual decline in effective population size over the last 10 ka and have moderate genome-wide heterozygosity compared to other giraffe species. Recent inbreeding levels are higher in the West African giraffe and in Kordofan giraffe from Garamba National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. Although numbers for both West African and some populations of Kordofan giraffe have increased in recent years, the threat of habitat loss, climate change impacts, and illegal hunting persists. Thus, future conservation actions should consider close genetic monitoring of populations to detect and, where practical, counteract negative trends that might develop.
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Malyjurkova, Lenka, Marketa Hejzlarova, Pavla Junkova Vymyslicka, and Karolina Brandlova. "Social Preferences of Translocated Giraffes (Giraffa Camelopardalis Giraffa) in Senegal: Evidence for Friendship Among Females?" Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica 47, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ats-2014-0001.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Giraffe social behaviour and relationships are currently in the period of scientific renaissance, changing the former ideas of nonexisting social bonds into understanding of complex social structures of giraffe herds. Different giraffe subspecies have been studied in the wild and only one was subject of detailed study in captivity. Our study focused on the neglected Cape giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa). We investigated the social preferences of 28 introduced giraffes in semi-captivity in Bandia reserve, Senegal. Our aim was to assess the group size of Cape giraffes outside their native range and describe their social relationships. Mean group size in Bandia was 7.22 ± 4.06 (range 2-17). The dyads were classified according to strength of relationship (weak, medium, strong) using the association index. We reported weak and medium relationships in all types of dyads except female-juvenile. The strongest bond was found in mother-calf dyads. Three of 21 possible female dyads also demonstrated strong relationships. Those three dyads included six of seven adult females, which we labelled as friends. Females associated more frequently with calves of their friends then with calves of non-friend females. The strength of the relationship between calves depended on the strength of relationship between their mothers. We concluded that Cape giraffes in new environment have shown similar group size and nonrandom preference for conspecifics as shown in wild and captive studies. The research was supported by CIGA 20135010, CIGA 2134217, IGA FTZ 20135123, ESF/MŠMT CZ.1.07/2.3.00/30.0040.
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Deacon, Francois, and Andy Tutchings. "The South African giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa: a conservation success story." Oryx 53, no. 1 (April 5, 2018): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605317001612.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractAcross Africa the majority of giraffe species and subspecies are in decline, whereas the South African giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa remains numerous and widespread throughout southern Africa. By 2013 the number of giraffes in South Africa's Kruger National Park had increased by c. 150% compared to 1979 estimates. An even greater increase occurred on many of the estimated 12,000 privately owned game ranches, indicating that private ownership can help to conserve this subspecies. The estimated total population size in South Africa is 21,053–26,919. The challenge now is to implement monitoring and surveillance of G. camelopardalis giraffa as a conservation priority and to introduce sustainable practices among private owners to increase numbers and genetic variation within in-country subspecies.
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Berry, Philip S. M., and Fred B. Bercovitch. "Population census of Thornicroft's giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis thornicrofti in Zambia, 1973−2003: conservation reassessment required." Oryx 50, no. 4 (January 20, 2016): 721–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003060531500126x.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThornicroft's giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis thornicrofti is limited in distribution to a single population resident in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia. During 1973−2003 regular counts were recorded along the Luangwa River in the core section of the subspecies’ range. In 2013 we conducted a count in the same region for comparison with the earlier survey results. During the 30-year period 1973−2003 the giraffe index (no. of individuals per km surveyed) was relatively stable, with an increase in 1994 and 1995 coinciding with an influx of giraffes to the west bank following an exceptionally reduced flow of the Luangwa River. The mean giraffe index during this period was 0.51 km−1, whereas the 2013 count yielded an index of 0.44 km−1. Given the limited range of the Thornicroft's giraffe, we estimate that the population comprises c. 500–600 individuals.
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Kooriyama, Takanori. "Fecal Cortisol Dynamics of Captive Giraffes in Zoos in Northern Japan." International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology 5, no. 3 (2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/izab-16000383.
Full textAbstract:
Animals in zoos are kept under environmental conditions differing from those of their original habitat. Recently, zoos have been attempting to reduce stress by introducing environmental enrichment. Adrenal-derived glucocorticoids are common stress indicators found in blood, saliva, urine, and feces. Fecal cortisol levels have been studied as a stress marker in captive giraffes, but the data are insufficient. In this study, we examined fecal cortisol in captive giraffes in northern Japan to increase basic data on fecal cortisol as an indicator of environmental enrichment. For one month, we collected fecal samples from 14 giraffes [Masai giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi) and reticulated giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata)] from eight zoos. The fecal samples were stored at –20 °C until fecal cortisol levels were measured using a cortisol EIA kit after drying, grinding, and ethanol extraction. Cortisol levels were compared between males and females, pregnant and nonpregnant animals, by age, and by differences in temperature of the rearing environment. The fecal cortisol levels ranged from 37~10346 pg/g. Among females, pregnant individuals had the highest values. Among nonpregnant females, a female that was harassed by a male had higher fecal cortisol levels than the others. This may be due to chronic psychological distress. In males, values varied greatly among individuals. This study increases the volume of giraffe fecal cortisol data, which will contribute to establishing basic giraffe fecal cortisol values.
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Deacon, Francois, Gert Nicolaas Smit, and Andri Grobbelaar. "Resources and Habitat Requirements for Giraffes’ (Giraffa camelopardalis) Diet Selection in the Northwestern Kalahari, South Africa." Animals 13, no. 13 (July 3, 2023): 2188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13132188.
Full textAbstract:
Diet selection concerning browse availability of giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) was studied over 15 months in an arid environment in South Africa. A global positioning system collar was fitted to a giraffe individual to assess the specific areas, consisting of different vegetation types, that the population utilised during different seasons. Results are provided on diet selection in relation to browse availability between seasons and vegetation types, including tree densities and the amount of the total evapotranspiration tree equivalents. Diet selections of the giraffe population changed in response to the availability of browse material from July to October. The availability of important resource areas had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on the spatial ecology, and an increase in home range size was noted. Information that is important for the well-being of giraffes was identified. This included nutritional stress and the limited variety of the most utilised tree species available for browsing, especially during critical dry periods. The results demonstrate the importance of assessment of giraffes’ diet selection in relation to browse availability, especially before introduction to a new area, to limit the lack of population growth and underperformance. This study provides valuable information towards understanding the resources and habitats required for successful giraffe management.
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Ishengoma, Edson, Morris Agaba, and Douglas R. Cavener. "Evolutionary analysis of vision genes identifies potential drivers of visual differences between giraffe and okapi." PeerJ 5 (April 6, 2017): e3145. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3145.
Full textAbstract:
BackgroundThe capacity of visually oriented species to perceive and respond to visual signal is integral to their evolutionary success. Giraffes are closely related to okapi, but the two species have broad range of phenotypic differences including their visual capacities. Vision studies rank giraffe’s visual acuity higher than all other artiodactyls despite sharing similar vision ecological determinants with many of them. The extent to which the giraffe’s unique visual capacity and its difference with okapi is reflected by changes in their vision genes is not understood.MethodsThe recent availability of giraffe and okapi genomes provided opportunity to identify giraffe and okapi vision genes. Multiple strategies were employed to identify thirty-six candidate mammalian vision genes in giraffe and okapi genomes. Quantification of selection pressure was performed by a combination of branch-site tests of positive selection and clade models of selection divergence through comparing giraffe and okapi vision genes and orthologous sequences from other mammals.ResultsSignatures of selection were identified in key genes that could potentially underlie giraffe and okapi visual adaptations. Importantly, some genes that contribute to optical transparency of the eye and those that are critical in light signaling pathway were found to show signatures of adaptive evolution or selection divergence. Comparison between giraffe and other ruminants identifies significant selection divergence inCRYAAandOPN1LW. Significant selection divergence was identified inSAGwhile positive selection was detected inLUMwhen okapi is compared with ruminants and other mammals. Sequence analysis ofOPN1LWshowed that at least one of the sites known to affect spectral sensitivity of the red pigment is uniquely divergent between giraffe and other ruminants.DiscussionBy taking a systemic approach to gene function in vision, the results provide the first molecular clues associated with giraffe and okapi vision adaptations. At least some of the genes that exhibit signature of selection may reflect adaptive response to differences in giraffe and okapi habitat. We hypothesize that requirement for long distance vision associated with predation and communication with conspecifics likely played an important role in the adaptive pressure on giraffe vision genes.
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Munyaka, Takunda V., and Edson Gandiwa. "An Assessment of Forage Selection by Giraffe Introduced into Umfurudzi Park, Northern Zimbabwe." Scientifica 2018 (July 24, 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9062868.
Full textAbstract:
Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) is one of the flagship herbivore species in the savanna ecosystem and is of high conservation value. Management of the species under diversified ecosystems, particularly, their introduction in new ecosystems is of great concern, given that limited information is available of how the species acclimatizes to new ecosystems and which forage species it selects. The objectives of the present study were to (i) identify woody plant species selected by the recently introduced giraffes and (ii) determine whether there were differences in woody plant diversity between the dry and wet seasons in Umfurudzi Park, northern Zimbabwe. Forage selection and woody composition data were collected from a herd of giraffe between May and December 2016, using the focal observation method in an enclosure within the study area. A total of 106 observation plots were established. Our results showed that 12 woody plant species comprising six families were selected from a total of 29 woody plant species recorded in the study area. Giraffe showed a higher preference of the selected species in the dry season than in the wet season. In contrast, no significant differences were recorded in terms of forage availability and woody vegetation diversity between seasons. In conclusion, our results suggest that plant phenology, particularly, presence of leaves on plants influences giraffe feed preferences. Establishing long-term monitoring plots to determine woody vegetation utilisation by giraffes is valuable as a way to monitoring habitat utilisation by the species.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Giraffe"
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Van, Sittert Sybrand Jacobus. "Ontogenetic allometry of the postcranial skeleton of the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) with application to giraffe life history evolution and palaeontology." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53314.
Full textAbstract:
Giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) have evolved into a unique and extreme shape. The
principle determinant of its shape is the skeleton and the overarching theme of the study
was to describe how this shape is achieved throughout ontogeny. Accordingly, the study had
three main objectives: 1) To describe the growth of the giraffe postcranial skeleton
allometrically, 2) To interpret the allometric patterns described in an evolutionary and
functional sense and 3) To reconstruct the size and shape of the extinct Giraffa sivalensis
using, if feasible, allometric equations obtained in this study. Secondary objectives were to
a) establish if sexual dimorphism was evident in G. camelopardalis and b) determine if
growth patterns in the foetus differed from those in postnatal G. camelopardalis.
Data were collected from giraffes culled as part of conservancy management in Zimbabwe.
The sample included 59 animals from which vertebral dimensions were taken in 48 animals
and long bone dimensions in 47 animals. Body masses ranged from 21 kg to 77 kg in
foetuses and 147 kg to 1412 kg postnatally, representing 29 males and 30 females. In
addition to body mass, external body dimensions were recorded from each animal. Each
vertebra and unilateral long bone was dissected from the carcasses and cleaned, after which
dimensions were measured with a vernier calliper, measuring board or measuring tape.
Vertebral dimensions measured included body (centrum) length, height and width as well as
vertebral spinous process length. Long bone dimensions included length, two midshaft
diameters and circumference. Allometric equations (y=bxk) were constructed from the data,
with special interest in the scaling exponent (k) to illustrate regions of positively allometric,
isometric or negatively allometric growth. In the first series of analyses the growth patterns of the components of the postcranial axial
skeleton were analysed. The adaptations in vertebral growth to create and maintain
extraordinary shape were identified as disproportionate elongation of the cervical vertebrae
after birth, increasing cross sectional diameters of the cervical vertebrae from cranial to
caudal and positively allometric spinal process growth. The theory of sexual selection as a
driver for neck elongation in giraffes was brought into question by showing that male and
female vertebral elongation rates are similar relative to increases in body mass.
The second series of analyses described the growth pattern of the long bones of the
appendicular skeleton. The allometric exponents seemed unremarkable compared to the
few species described previously, and it was shown that the giraffe appendicular skeleton
does not elongate in the dramatic way the neck does. Limbs at birth, after lengthening with
positive allometry in utero, are already elongated and slender in shape and a further
increase in the gracility of the bones is either not possible or not desirable. This result
implies that it is neck elongation rather than leg elongation that is the dominant factor in
the evolution of the giraffe shape. Nevertheless, the front limb bones and especially the
humerus may show responsiveness to increasing high loads and/ or bending moments,
which may be caused by the neck mass which increases with positive allometry, or with
behaviours such as splaying the forelegs during drinking.
In the third component of the study ontogenetic allometric equations in extant giraffes
were applied to the remains of an extinct giraffid, G. sivalensis. The procedure was unusual
as it employed ontogenetic regressions instead of the more commonly used interspecific
regressions. The appropriateness of each equation to estimate body mass was evaluated by
calculating the prediction error incurred in both extant giraffes and okapis (Okapia
johnstoni). It was concluded that, due to body shape, ontogenetic equations were adequate
and perhaps preferable to interspecific equations to estimate proportions in Giraffa species.
This analysis showed that G sivalensis was smaller than extant giraffes and weighed around
400 kg (range 228 kg 575 kg), with a neck length of about 147 cm and a height of 390 cm.
There may be evidence of sexual dimorphism in this species, with males being about twice
the body weight of females. However, if sexual dimorphism was not present and all the
bones were correctly attributed to this species, then G. sivalensis had a slender neck with a
relatively stocky body.
In conclusion, this study established ontogenetic regression equations for the skeleton of an
animal of which the body shape seems to be at the extreme limits of mammalian possibility.
The value of the current study lies especially in its sample size and quality, which included
an unprecedented number of giraffe body masses, vertebral and long bone dimensions. This
dataset had applications in the giraffe s evolutionary biology, palaeontology and even
ecology. Future studies still need to compare the findings from giraffe growth with similar
data from other taxa, especially those with long legs and necks. Specifically, it would
interesting to determine if positively allometric neck growth combined with isometric leg
growth is found in other mammalian species. In addition, the strength of giraffe long bones and vertebrae needs to be investigated with more accuracy using parameters like second
moment of area. Lastly, further palaeontological studies on other giraffid sizes are necessary
to validate the current and future interpretations of fossil giraffid findings.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
tm2016
Production Animal Studies
PhD
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Fennessy, Julian Thomas. "Ecology of desert-dwelling giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis angolensis in northwestern Namibia." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/910.
Full textAbstract:
The population size and range of giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis have been greatly reduced in Africa in the past century, resulting in geographical isolation of local populations and some herds surviving at the edge of the species’ preferred range. Numerous factors have contributed to these declines, but historical analysis indicates that habitat loss and fragmentation, human encroachment, disease and poaching are the main threatening processes. These processes can be expected to continue to impact on giraffe populations, particularly as human populations grow and needs for land and resources increase. This study used field data and laboratory analyses to investigate the taxonomy, behaviour and ecology of desert-dwelling giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis angolensis in the northern Namib Desert. This population resides at the extreme of the giraffe’s range. My research also complements the community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) program of the Namibian government, and provides baseline data on the current population status and structure of giraffe in the Kunene Region. The field data, genetic, habitat and forage samples used in this study were collected by myself and a number of research assistants over a period of two years (2001 to 2003), following preliminary research that I undertook between 1999 and 2001. Laboratory analysis of genetic samples was conducted by Dr R. Brenneman and his team at Henry Doorly Zoo, Omaha, NB., as well as by Mr D. Brown at UCLA, CA. Mr W. Gawa!nab and his team at the agricultural laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Rural Affairs, Namibia, conducted chemical analyses on plant samples that form part of the giraffe’s diet. The genetic architecture of Namibian giraffe was investigated, including the samples from the desert-dwelling giraffe of the northern Namib Desert and giraffe from Etosha National Park. The results were compared with genetic profiles of giraffe subspecies throughout Africa, but in particular with G. c. giraffa which is the currently-accepted nomenclature of the Namibian giraffe. Results indicated that the Namibian giraffe has five unique haplotypes and is genetically distinct from G. c. giraffa or any other extant subspecies; it is considered here, tentatively, to represent G. c. angolensis. Furthermore, the Namibian Abstract iv giraffe has been separated from other populations for an extended period. Some gene flow has occurred between the desert-dwelling and Etosha NP giraffe population, and can be attributed to recent translocations between these regions. Within the study region, a sharing of haplotypes between three studied subpopulations indicated gene flow among giraffe throughout the northern Namib Desert, and this was confirmed by field-based monitoring. Taken together, these findings suggest that Namibian giraffe should be viewed as important for the conservation of overall genetic variation within Giraffa camelopardalis, although further investigation into the taxonomy of the Namibian form is warranted. Following these findings, I then investigated the behaviour and ecology of the desert-dwelling giraffe. As no previous study has been published on the ecology of G. c. angolensis, there is an information gap in our knowledge of this subspecies. One hundred and fifty six giraffe were identified individually using field-based identification methods and digital imagery. An assessment of the population structure and dynamics indicated marked variation in numbers, sex and age structure, herd structure and densities between three study areas. These variations possibly arose from differences in study area size, aridity, availability of forage and human impacts. I also investigated levels of associations between giraffe within the population using a simple ratio technique, and observed that increased association occurred in smaller populations; there appeared to be a matrilineal social structure. In one bull-biased population, a higher degree of association between bulls was observed compared to bulls in the other two populations. To gain further insight into the distribution and range of giraffe, I collected GPS locations from a combination of field-based monitoring and GPS satellite collars. The GPS satellite collars were the first trial of this technology on giraffe in Africa. Using Range Manager, a MapInfo animal location analysis extension program, I estimated 100% and 95% minimum convex polygon for daily, monthly and annual home range sizes of giraffe in the northern Namib Desert. Giraffe were observed to have large home ranges, with the largest individual range for a bull, Africa-wide, being recorded in this study. Large home ranges correlated with low population density, reduced diversity of forage and, in bulls, increased search areas for receptive cows. Giraffe movements occurred predominantly along riparian woodlands, although seasonal use of other habitats was recorded. Observations Abstract v Abstract vi and data from four GPS satellite-collared giraffe provided high-resolution data on daily movements, and indicated a pattern of highly biphasic movement behaviour that correlated with ambient temperatures. Diurnal activity budgets varied between the sexes, with cows spending more time feeding and resting, while bulls walked and ruminated more frequently. Juveniles rested more often than other giraffe. Seasonal variation in activity budgets was evident, perhaps reflecting use of an energy maximiser strategy for cows and an energy minimiser strategy for bulls. The establishment of artificial water points in the Hoanib River during the study period appeared to alter the seeming independence of giraffe on water in the northern Namib Desert, and also resulted in small-scale shifts in use of the riparian woodland by elephant. To investigate the diet of giraffe, I observed animals feeding in the field and also carried out laboratory analyses of the chemical content of preferred plant species. Seasonal changes in the abundance, moisture and protein content of available food plants correlated with shifts in the diet of giraffe. Giraffe impacted on their preferred forage source, Faidherbia albida, causing distinct structural changes in the individual plants and the F. albida population. This impact, combined with elephant damage and seasonal flood events, has resulted in a shift in the age structure and dynamics of the F. albida population over the past two decades. Finally, I present a brief overview on the history of conservation and management in the Kunene Region. The established CBNRM program provides a baseline for future wildlife conservation and management, of which the desert-dwelling giraffe could be an integral component for non-consumptive tourism. Long-term research on the population’s status, range, behaviour, social structure, habitat requirements, and ecology would help to provide a better understanding of the giraffe’s adaptation to the arid environment, while focussed legislation would enable increased control of communal lands and continue to benefit community-based conservancies.
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Fennessy, Julian Thomas. "Ecology of desert-dwelling giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis angolensis in northwestern Namibia." University of Sydney, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/910.
Full textAbstract:
Doctor of PhilosophyThe population size and range of giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis have been greatly reduced in Africa in the past century, resulting in geographical isolation of local populations and some herds surviving at the edge of the species’ preferred range. Numerous factors have contributed to these declines, but historical analysis indicates that habitat loss and fragmentation, human encroachment, disease and poaching are the main threatening processes. These processes can be expected to continue to impact on giraffe populations, particularly as human populations grow and needs for land and resources increase. This study used field data and laboratory analyses to investigate the taxonomy, behaviour and ecology of desert-dwelling giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis angolensis in the northern Namib Desert. This population resides at the extreme of the giraffe’s range. My research also complements the community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) program of the Namibian government, and provides baseline data on the current population status and structure of giraffe in the Kunene Region. The field data, genetic, habitat and forage samples used in this study were collected by myself and a number of research assistants over a period of two years (2001 to 2003), following preliminary research that I undertook between 1999 and 2001. Laboratory analysis of genetic samples was conducted by Dr R. Brenneman and his team at Henry Doorly Zoo, Omaha, NB., as well as by Mr D. Brown at UCLA, CA. Mr W. Gawa!nab and his team at the agricultural laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Rural Affairs, Namibia, conducted chemical analyses on plant samples that form part of the giraffe’s diet. The genetic architecture of Namibian giraffe was investigated, including the samples from the desert-dwelling giraffe of the northern Namib Desert and giraffe from Etosha National Park. The results were compared with genetic profiles of giraffe subspecies throughout Africa, but in particular with G. c. giraffa which is the currently-accepted nomenclature of the Namibian giraffe. Results indicated that the Namibian giraffe has five unique haplotypes and is genetically distinct from G. c. giraffa or any other extant subspecies; it is considered here, tentatively, to represent G. c. angolensis. Furthermore, the Namibian Abstract iv giraffe has been separated from other populations for an extended period. Some gene flow has occurred between the desert-dwelling and Etosha NP giraffe population, and can be attributed to recent translocations between these regions. Within the study region, a sharing of haplotypes between three studied subpopulations indicated gene flow among giraffe throughout the northern Namib Desert, and this was confirmed by field-based monitoring. Taken together, these findings suggest that Namibian giraffe should be viewed as important for the conservation of overall genetic variation within Giraffa camelopardalis, although further investigation into the taxonomy of the Namibian form is warranted. Following these findings, I then investigated the behaviour and ecology of the desert-dwelling giraffe. As no previous study has been published on the ecology of G. c. angolensis, there is an information gap in our knowledge of this subspecies. One hundred and fifty six giraffe were identified individually using field-based identification methods and digital imagery. An assessment of the population structure and dynamics indicated marked variation in numbers, sex and age structure, herd structure and densities between three study areas. These variations possibly arose from differences in study area size, aridity, availability of forage and human impacts. I also investigated levels of associations between giraffe within the population using a simple ratio technique, and observed that increased association occurred in smaller populations; there appeared to be a matrilineal social structure. In one bull-biased population, a higher degree of association between bulls was observed compared to bulls in the other two populations. To gain further insight into the distribution and range of giraffe, I collected GPS locations from a combination of field-based monitoring and GPS satellite collars. The GPS satellite collars were the first trial of this technology on giraffe in Africa. Using Range Manager, a MapInfo animal location analysis extension program, I estimated 100% and 95% minimum convex polygon for daily, monthly and annual home range sizes of giraffe in the northern Namib Desert. Giraffe were observed to have large home ranges, with the largest individual range for a bull, Africa-wide, being recorded in this study. Large home ranges correlated with low population density, reduced diversity of forage and, in bulls, increased search areas for receptive cows. Giraffe movements occurred predominantly along riparian woodlands, although seasonal use of other habitats was recorded. Observations Abstract v Abstract vi and data from four GPS satellite-collared giraffe provided high-resolution data on daily movements, and indicated a pattern of highly biphasic movement behaviour that correlated with ambient temperatures. Diurnal activity budgets varied between the sexes, with cows spending more time feeding and resting, while bulls walked and ruminated more frequently. Juveniles rested more often than other giraffe. Seasonal variation in activity budgets was evident, perhaps reflecting use of an energy maximiser strategy for cows and an energy minimiser strategy for bulls. The establishment of artificial water points in the Hoanib River during the study period appeared to alter the seeming independence of giraffe on water in the northern Namib Desert, and also resulted in small-scale shifts in use of the riparian woodland by elephant. To investigate the diet of giraffe, I observed animals feeding in the field and also carried out laboratory analyses of the chemical content of preferred plant species. Seasonal changes in the abundance, moisture and protein content of available food plants correlated with shifts in the diet of giraffe. Giraffe impacted on their preferred forage source, Faidherbia albida, causing distinct structural changes in the individual plants and the F. albida population. This impact, combined with elephant damage and seasonal flood events, has resulted in a shift in the age structure and dynamics of the F. albida population over the past two decades. Finally, I present a brief overview on the history of conservation and management in the Kunene Region. The established CBNRM program provides a baseline for future wildlife conservation and management, of which the desert-dwelling giraffe could be an integral component for non-consumptive tourism. Long-term research on the population’s status, range, behaviour, social structure, habitat requirements, and ecology would help to provide a better understanding of the giraffe’s adaptation to the arid environment, while focussed legislation would enable increased control of communal lands and continue to benefit community-based conservancies.
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Bredin, Ian Peter. "Phosphorus and calcium extraction from bone digestion in the rumen of sheep (Ovis aries)." Diss., Electronic thesis, 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05042007-180754/.
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Parker, Daniel Matthew. "The feeding biology and potential impact of introduced giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Thesis, Connect to this title online, 2004. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/48/.
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Cornelius, Andri Judith. "The management of extralimital giraffe (Giraffa Camelopardalis) in the mosaic thicket of Southern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1345.
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The giraffe at Nyaru were found to be browsers who made little use of graze during the study period. They utilized a diversity of 20 browse species. Two species, Acacia karroo and Acacia cyclops, formed the bulk of the giraffe diet throughout the year. A definite seasonal dietary shift was evident. A. karroo was favoured in summer and autumn and formed the main food species in spring, summer and autumn. A. cyclops was favoured throughout the study, but its contribution to the diet increased during winter when less A. karroo was consumed. This seasonal shift is related to the deciduous nature of Acacia karroo. Although a seasonal shift in species contribution to giraffe diet has been observed in many other giraffe feeding studies, no studies on giraffe feeding have been done in the Mosaic Thicket of the southern Cape. The ecological browsing capacity for giraffe in thicket was estimated to be between 0.020 BU/ha and 0.095 BU/ha. The browsing capacity for giraffe at Nyaru, based on the available phytomass 2–5 m above the ground, was estimated using those species that formed the bulk of the giraffe diet, and amounted to 0.063 BU/ha. A maximum of three giraffe could thus be stocked on the 157 ha of suitable giraffe habitat on Nyaru. This stocking rate recommendation lies within the range commonly recommended by local consultants for giraffe introductions into the southern Cape. Their recommendations are, however, not based on quantitative assessments such as performed in this study. The recommendation of this study should not be applied as a fixed ecological capacity for giraffe in thicket, but should be seen as a starting point in the adaptive management cycle. Ongoing monitoring of parameters, such as herbaceous composition and phytomass; as well as the condition of key browse species, is strongly advocated. A. karroo was browsed significantly more and carried significantly fewer pods per tree at a heavily used site compared to a lightly used site. Heavy browsing thus appears to affect the reproductive success of A. karroo significantly. Fewer pods are likely to lead to lower regeneration and thus reduced density of A. karroo. Whether A. karroo will maintain its dominance within the thicket vii community in the long run will be related to how individual plants survive and reproduce and if some can escape from herbivory. Fewer G. occidentalis were clumped with other species at the heavily used site compared to the lightly used site. This could possibly be attributed to the fact that intense browsing pressure at the heavily used site caused protective clumps to be eaten away, thus exposing G. occidentalis to higher ungulate browsing. Previous studies have found that nurse shrubs protect G. occidentalis against ungulate browsing. G. occidentalis was browsed significantly more at the heavily used site compared to the lightly used site. There was a general trend of fewer fruits at the heavily used site compared to the lightly used site, while fruits were absent on G. occidentalis growing alone at the heavily used site. This suggests a negative effect of heavy browsing on plant reproductive success and emphasizes the importance of nurse plants for the successful recruitment and hence long term prevalence of G. occidentalis in Mosaic Thicket.
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Van, Schalkwyk Ockert Louis. "Bone density and calcium and phosphorus content of the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) and African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) skeletons." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28860.
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Apart from its slender appearance, four main factors lead to questions regarding the bone density, mineral content and morphology of the giraffe skeleton: X A rapid vertical growth rate ¡V especially in the neck and metapodials X Biomechanical considerations pertaining to the tall and slender shape of the skeleton X A proportionally larger skeleton in relation to body mass X A seemingly abnormal mineral balance in their diet with possible signs of mineral deficiency (i.e. osteophagia) In this study the skeleton of the giraffe was compared with that of the African buffalo with regards to bone density, skeletal calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) content and certain femoral and metacarpal morphological characteristics. The aim was to establish if, compared to buffalo, the features of the giraffe skeleton differed in any unique way. Fourteen similar bones or parts of bones were collected from carcasses of six adult giraffe bulls and nine adult buffalo bulls. These bones were cleaned, weighed and their volume determined through water displacement, from which their density could be calculated. Hereafter, Ca and P content were analysed in 10 bones from each carcass. Morphological characteristics of cross-sections from femoral and metacarpal shafts were also measured. No significant differences between the density or mineral content of bones in the two species could be found. In both species 19,5% Ca and 9,5% P were measured in defatted bone. Although similar in mineral concentration, the giraffe skeleton contains three times more absolute Ca and P, which translates into a 1,5-2-fold higher dietary requirement for these minerals compared to buffaloes. A gradation in the volume and weight of cervical vertebrae was also seen in giraffes. This could hold biomechanical advantage for the carriage and manoeuvrability of the long neck. Bone wall thickness of the giraffe femur and metacarpus is increased compared to buffaloes. This could hold biomechanical advantage for the slender legs that are subjected to increased vertical forces. Adequate Ca seems to be acquired through very specific browse selection, which seems to be of evolutionary origin, while the acquisition of adequate P seems to be critical and a possible cause for osteophagia. This study is the first of its kind in these species and therefore also provide valuable baseline data for future work in this field.Dissertation (MSc (Veterinary Science))--University of Pretoria, 2004.
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Reeves, Max. "Implementing GLib CollectionTypes in the Giraffe Library." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-324974.
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Only a few graphical user interface (GUI) toolkits for Standard ML are available to thepublic and they are in general old and do not seem to be actively maintained. Theinability to create modern GUIs can be seen as one of the greater drawbacks ofapplication development in Standard ML (SML). The Giraffe library provides a Poly/MLand MLton interface for GObject based C libraries that have GObject introspectionrepository information available, using language bindings. Development of the Giraffelibrary is far gone, but currently there is no support for GLib collection types. Thisthesis presents a simple implementation of support for the GSList collection type forthe Giraffe library, as well as performance results of a number of different approachesto the conversion between GSLists and SML lists.
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Seymour, Russell. "Patterns of subspecies diversity in the giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis (L. 1758) : comparison of systematic methods and their implications for conservation policy." Thesis, University of Kent, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275008.
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This thesis examines the subspecific taxonomic status of the giraffe and considers the role of formal taxonomy in the formulation of conservation policy. Where species show consistent. geographically structured phenotypic variation such geographic patterns may indicate selective forces (or other population-level effects) acting . upon local populations. These consistent geographic patterns may be recognised formally as subspecies and may be of interest in single or multi-species biodiversity or biogeography studies for delimiting areas of conservation priority. Subspecies may also be used in the formulation of management policies and legislation. Subspecies are, by definition, allopatric. This thesis explicitly uses methodology of systematic biology and phylogenetic reconstruction to investigate patterns of variation between geographic groups. The taxonomic status of the giraffe is apposite for review. The species provides three independent data sets that may be analysed quantitatively for geographic structure; pelage patterns, morphology and genetics. Museum specimens. grouped according to geographic origin, were favoured for study as more than one type of data was often available for an individual. Population aggregation analysis of forty pelage pattern characters maintained six separate subspecies, while agglomerating some neighbouring populations into a subspecies. A 'traditional' morphometric approach, using multivariate statistical analysis of adult skull measurements, was complemented by a geometric morphometric approach; landmarkrestricted eigenshape analysis. Four morphologically distinct groups were recognised by both morphological analyses. Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA control region sequences indicates five major cIades. Nested cIade analysis identifies population fragmentation, range expansion and genetic isolation by distance as contributing to the genetic structure of the giraffe. The results of the analyses show remarkable congruence. These results are discussed in terms of the formulation of conservation policy and the differing requirements of'blological and legal classification systems. The value of a formal taxonomic framework to the recognition, and subsequent conservation, of biodiversity is emphasised.
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Salvatore, Ludovica. "Lignocellulose-degrading enzymes from the gut of giraffe and zebra." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
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In the present thesis the gut microbiome of large herbivores was targeted to identify the presence of active lignocellulose-degrading enzymes. As there are essentially no protocols for the cultivation of these microbiomes, which may differ from animal to animal, this study aimed at developing a reliable protocol for their cultivation, using the giraffe and zebra as target animals in order to compare a foregut and hindgut fermenter.
Gut microbiome inocula were incubated with pure substrates (either cellulose, hemicellulose or lignin) or animal feed. Fermentation kinetics in terms of biogas and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production, cell count, pH analysis and production of biosurfactants and bio-emulsifiers were performed. Giraffe gut microbiomes were more active on hemicellulose than on other portions of lignocellulose. This may be due to the fact that the retention time of the ingesta is just 40 hours. This may suffice to access and break down hemicellulose, that is, the external matrix in the complex lignocellulose structure. As for the zebra, the gut microbiome was particularly active on the feed to which it was adapted rather than the pure substrates. In the second part of the experiments, the characterization of the enzymatic activity of the samples obtained at the end of the fermentation was performed to detect the presence of enzymes in the gut of the two animals through an initial calorimetric and chromatographic investigation by HPLC, followed by anion exchange column fractionation and SDS-Page analysis. The results obtained from the enzymatic characterization do not clearly identify an enzymatic activity in the gut microbiome of both animals. Changes to the original protocol are needed, such as, for example, a change in the enzyme concentration to be analyzed and the sampling times.
Books on the topic "Giraffe"
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Arnold, Caroline. Giraffe. New York: Morrow, 1987.
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1927-, Sanford William R., and Schroeder Howard, eds. The giraffe. Mankato, Minn: Baker Street Productions, 1987.
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Peter, Anderson. Giraffe. London: Dorling Kindersley, 1993.
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Carr, Aaron. Giraffe. New York, NY: AV2 by Weigl, 2014.
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Jessie, Cohen, and National Zoological Park (U.S.), eds. New baby giraffe. Norwalk, Conn: Soundprints, 2001.
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ill, Storms Robert S., ed. Gerald the giraffe. Torrance, CA: Heian International, 1994.
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Giraffe. London: A. & C. Black, 2011.
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Ledgard, J. M. Giraffe. New York: Penguin USA, Inc., 2009.
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Turnbull, Stephanie. Giraffe. Mankato, Minn: Smart Apple Media, 2013.
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Ledgard, J. M. Giraffe. New York: Penguin Press, 2006.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Giraffe"
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Lopp, Michael. "The Hotel Giraffe." In Managing Humans, 101–6. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-7116-2_17.
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Lee, Derek E., and Monica L. Bond. "Giraffe Metapopulation Demography." In Tarangire: Human-Wildlife Coexistence in a Fragmented Ecosystem, 189–207. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93604-4_9.
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Thomas, R. Roosevelt. "Die assimilierte Giraffe: George." In Management of Diversity, 199–210. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-84445-3_11.
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Thomas, R. Roosevelt. "Die kompromisslose Giraffe: Jeff." In Management of Diversity, 211–22. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-84445-3_12.
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Thomas, R. Roosevelt. "Die Pionier-Giraffe: Kirk." In Management of Diversity, 223–37. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-84445-3_13.
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"Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)." In Encyclopedia of Genetics, Genomics, Proteomics and Informatics, 799. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6754-9_6893.
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"Giraffa camelopardalis, the giraffe." In Animals in Stone, 311–16. BRILL, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789047443568_025.
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Mitchell, Graham. "Antitypes, Ancestors, and the Origin of Modern Giraffes." In How Giraffes Work, 85–120. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197571194.003.0006.
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Against the odds, over a period of 8 million years the genetic material in small gazelle-like Canthumerycids transformed by natural selection into modern long-legged, long-necked giraffes, Giraffa camelopardalis. How did that happen? The 8 million-year-long evolutionary gap between Canthumerycids and giraffes, during which the astonishing morphophysiological changes occurred, is filled by three ancestral species of Paleotragine giraffids—Giraffokeryx, Paleotragus, and Samotherium—that lived in southern central Europe, with each making small but significant evolutionary contributions. While all had elongated necks, their necks were never more than half the length of modern giraffes. All, though, had long legs. Long necks arose in Bohlinia, a unique species that evolved from the Paleotragine genetic pool. Bohlinia migrated to Asia and gave rise to Indian and Chinese giraffes, and also into North Africa. Relatively quickly the Indo-Asian giraffes became extinct. In Africa the giraffe lineage that produced modern giraffes began with the evolution of Giraffa jumae from Bohlinia about 6 million years ago. G. jumae was the origin of three ancestors of modern giraffes—G. stillei, G. gracilis, and G. pygmaea—that made their appearance in East Africa around 3 million years ago. Their appearance then was a consequence of major episodes of climate change. From their genetic pool, modern giraffes, G. camelopardalis, emerged 1 million years ago.
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"Giraffe." In Animals of Kruger National Park, 94–97. Princeton University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt19b9jmw.48.
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Mitchell, Graham. "Water Balance in Giraffes." In How Giraffes Work, 241–60. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197571194.003.0011.
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Wild giraffes live in arid environments. Having access to water and minimizing water requirements are critical. The main sources of water are the water in browse and water generated by metabolism. Giraffes rely less on surface water: intermittent use of surface water is a legendary characteristic of giraffes. The volume of water needed depends on body mass. For a giraffe weighing 750 kg, ~25 L of water is needed daily. The water content of browse is ~60%, and as a giraffe of that mass will eat ~35 kg of fresh browse daily, it simultaneously will acquire ~20 L of water. Metabolism of the fat, carbohydrates, and proteins in 35 kg of fresh browse will produce ~10 L of water. These two sources of water exceed daily requirements and reduce the need to drink surface water. Water is lost through feces, evaporation from the skin and respiratory tract, and in urine. Fecal water loss and water lost in exhaled air amount to ~4 L daily (~2 L each). It is not known if giraffes sweat, but their skin contains active sweat glands. The volume of water lost as sweat will vary according to what thermoregulatory mechanisms are activated to minimize sweating, but may be 5 L daily. Obligatory excretion of water-soluble wastes in urine can account for most water lost daily, and that amount is related to kidney anatomy and function. In a 750-kg giraffe, obligatory urine volume is ~10 L daily.
Conference papers on the topic "Giraffe"
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Snively, Eric, John R. Cotton, Lawrence Witmer, Ryan Ridgely, and Jessica Theodor. "Finite Element Comparison of Cranial Sinus Function in the Dinosaur Majungasaurus and Head-Clubbing Giraffes." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53127.
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Majungasaurus crenatissimus is a spectacularly preserved carnivorous dinosaur from latest Cretaceous Madagascar. Computed tomographic (CT) scans reveal unusual internal anatomy of the dinosaur’s cranium [1,2; Figure 1]: the nasals form a large hollow chamber traversed with bony struts, and a unicorn-like projection of the frontals is also hollow. The wall thickness and struts within these sinuses recall sinuses of giraffes, which strike each other with a median projection (ossicone) above a frontal sinus and lateral ossicones of the parietals [3]. Giraffe-like cranial sinuses, and large attachments for neck muscles [4], raise the hypothesis that Majungasaurus could engage in giraffe-like head strikes to each other’s necks and flanks.
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Von Muggenthaler, Elizabeth. "Giraffe Helmholtz resonance." In ICA 2013 Montreal. ASA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4800658.
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Zimmerman, Chris, Yuran Chen, Daniel Hardt, and Ravi Vatrapu. "Marius, the giraffe." In the 5th ACM international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2631488.2631501.
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Ruiz, Daniel, Gabriel Salomon, and Eduardo Todt. "Can Giraffes Become Birds? An Evaluation of Image-to-image Translation for Data Generation." In Computer on the Beach. Itajaí: Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14210/cotb.v11n1.p176-182.
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There is an increasing interest in image-to-image translation withapplications ranging from generating maps from satellite images tocreating entire clothes’ images from only contours. In the presentwork, we investigate image-to-image translation using GenerativeAdversarial Networks (GANs) for generating new data, taking as acase study the morphing of giraffes images into bird images. Morphinga giraffe into a bird is a challenging task, as they have differentscales, textures, and morphology. An unsupervised cross-domaintranslator entitled InstaGAN was trained on giraffes and birds,along with their respective masks, to learn translation betweenboth domains. A dataset of synthetic bird images was generatedusing translation from originally giraffe images while preservingthe original spatial arrangement and background. It is important tostress that the generated birds do not exist, being only the result of alatent representation learned by InstaGAN. Two subsets of commonliterature datasets were used for training the GAN and generatingthe translated images: COCO and Caltech-UCSD Birds 200-2011.To evaluate the realness and quality of the generated images andmasks, qualitative and quantitative analyses were made. For thequantitative analysis, a pre-trained Mask R-CNN was used for thedetection and segmentation of birds on Pascal VOC, Caltech-UCSDBirds 200-2011, and our new dataset entitled FakeSet. The generateddataset achieved detection and segmentation results close tothe real datasets, suggesting that the generated images are realisticenough to be detected and segmented by a state-of-the-art deepneural network.
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Horner, Martyn. "The Giraffe semantic web browser." In the 12th international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1457199.1457240.
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Gan, Victor, Peter Carr, and Joseph Soltis. "Monitoring Giraffe Behavior in Thermal Video." In 2015 IEEE Winter Applications and Computer Vision Workshops (WACVW). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wacvw.2015.8.
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Hanuschik, Reinhard W., Jonathan Smoker, Andreas Kaufer, Ralf M. Palsa, and Michael Kiesgen. "Quality control of VLT FLAMES/GIRAFFE data." In SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.550471.
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Melo, Claudio, Mark Downing, Paul Jorden, Luca Pasquini, Sebastian Deiries, Andrew Kelt, Dominique Naef, et al. "Detector upgrade for FLAMES: GIRAFFE gets red eyes." In SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, edited by Ian S. McLean and Mark M. Casali. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.789092.
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Xue, Yang, Yuheng Li, Krishna Kumar Singh, and Yong Jae Lee. "GIRAFFE HD: A High-Resolution 3D-aware Generative Model." In 2022 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvpr52688.2022.01789.
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Niemeyer, Michael, and Andreas Geiger. "GIRAFFE: Representing Scenes as Compositional Generative Neural Feature Fields." In 2021 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvpr46437.2021.01129.
Full textReports on the topic "Giraffe"
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Yokobori, S., K. Arai, and H. Oikawa. GIRAFFE test results summary. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/269712.
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Liza Dadone, Liza Dadone. Help us pioneer stem cell therapy for giraffe! Experiment, October 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/8077.
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Dugan, Kevin J., Shane W. D. Hart, and Bradley T. Rearden. Warthog: Coupling Nek5000 Thermal Hydraulics to BISON Fuel Performance through the Giraffe Interface. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1479731.
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Boyer, B. D., Y. Parlatan, G. C. Slovik, and U. S. Rohatgi. An assessment of RELAP5 MOD3.1.1 condensation heat transfer modeling with GIRAFFE heat transfer tests. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/117788.
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Boyer, B. D., Y. Parlatan, and G. C. Slovik. An assessment of RELAP5 MOD3.1.1 condensation heat transfer modeling with GIRAFFE heat transfer tests. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/115088.
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Mwebe, Robert, Chester Kalinda, Ekwaro A. Obuku, Eve Namisango, Alison A. Kinengyere, Moses Ocan, Ann Nanteza, Savino Biryomumaisho, and Lawrence Mugisha. Epidemiology and effectiveness of interventions for Foot and Mouth Disease in Africa: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.11.0039.
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Review question / Objective: What is the epidemiology and effectiveness of control measures for foot and mouth disease in African countries?’ PICOS: Description of elements Population/ problem/Setting: Artiodactyla (cloven ungulates), domestic (cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs), camels and wildlife (buffaloes, deer, antelope, wild pigs, elephant, giraffe, and camelids) affected by Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) or Hoof and Mouth Disease (HMD) caused by the Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) in Africa. Intervention: Prevention measures: vaccination, ‘biosafety and biosecurity’, sensitization of the public. Control measures: quarantine, movement control, closure of markets and stock routes, mouth swabbing of animals with infected materials (old technique that is no long applicable), culling, mass slaughter, stamping out and any other interventions or control measures generally accepted by the ‘community of practice’ of animal health practitioners. Comparator: areas that did not have any control activities for FMD, in head-to-head comparisons in the same study. Outcome: epidemiological outcomes: incidence, prevalence, patterns or trends, clinical symptoms, and risk factors. Effectiveness outcomes: success, and usefulness of the interventions measured as averted deaths, illness and infections, and costs associated with the interventions (cost–effectiveness). Study design: epidemiological designs include cohort design for incidence, cross sectional for prevalence and case-control for clinical symptoms and risk factors. Interventional designs include randomized controlled trials, cluster randomized trials, quasi-experimental designs – controlled before and after, interrupted time series, [regression discontinuity design, difference-in-difference, and propensity score matching]. Timelines: 1900 – 2022.
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Harris, Robert M., and Duane S. Boning. GIRAPHE V3.3: A User's Manual with Examples. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada204403.
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