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Lee, Tristan, Kyall R. Zenger, Robert L. Close, and David N. Phalen. "Genetic analysis reveals a distinct and highly diverse koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) population in South Gippsland, Victoria, Australia." Australian Mammalogy 34, no. 1 (2012): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am10035.
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Population genetics can reveal otherwise hidden information involving a species’ history in a given region. Koalas were thought to have been virtually exterminated from the Australian state of Victoria during the koala fur trade of the late 1800s. Koalas in the South Gippsland region of Victoria were examined using microsatellite markers to infer population structure and gene flow and to locate a possible remnant gene pool. The results indicate that the South Gippsland koala population had higher genetic diversity (A = 5.97, HO = 0.564) than other published Victorian populations, and was genetically distinct from other koala populations examined. South Gippsland koalas, therefore, may have survived the population reductions of the koala fur trade and now represent a remnant Victorian gene pool that has been largely lost from the remainder of Victoria. This paper illustrates that historic anthropogenic impacts have had little effect on reducing the genetic diversity of a population in the South Gippsland region. However, the South Gippsland population is now subject to threats such as logging and loss of habitat from housing and agriculture expansion. Our results suggest that the South Gippsland koalas require an alternative conservation management program.
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Benwell, G. L. "Tracking turton in Gippsland." Australian Surveyor 36, no. 3 (September 1991): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00050326.1991.10438742.
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Smith, Andrew J., Stephen J. Gallagher, Malcolm Wallace, Guy Holdgate, Jim Daniels, and Jock Keene. "The Recent temperate foraminiferal biofacies of the Gippsland Shelf: an analogue for Neogene environmental analyses in southeastern Australia." Journal of Micropalaeontology 20, no. 2 (December 1, 2001): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jm.20.2.127.
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Abstract. This study describes the foraminiferal biofacies of a temperate stenohaline shelf and associated euryhaline marine lakes of Gippsland in southeast Australia. The study incorporates facies analyses and interpretations of three types of foraminiferal distributional data: forms alive at the time of collection, recently dead forms and relict forms. Four principal biofacies types occur: (1) the euryhaline marine Gippsland Lakes silts and sands; (2) inner shelf medium to coarse quartz-rich sands and bioclastic silty sands; (3) medium shelf bryozoan-rich bioclastic silt and silty sand; (4) outer shelf bryozoan- and plankton-rich silts and fine sands.The euryhaline marine Gippsland Lakes silts and sands contain abundant Ammonia beccarii and Eggerella, with minor Quinqueloculina, Elphidium and Discorbinella. The Gippsland inner shelf biofacies (0–50 m depths) consists of medium to coarse quartz-rich sands and bioclastic silty sand. Abundant living, relict and recently dead miliolids occur in the inner shelf with rare planktonic forms. Common planktonic foraminifera, with Cibicides, Parrellina, Elphidium and Lenticulina and relict forms occur in the bryozoan-rich bioclastic silt and silty sand of the Gippsland middle shelf (50–100 m depth). Bryozoan and plankton-rich silts and fine sand occur in the outer shelf to upper slope facies (100–300 m) below swell wave base on the Gippsland Shelf. A diverse fauna with common textulariids, Uvigerina, Bulimina, Anomalinoides and Astrononion and rare relict forms, occurs in this biofacies. Planktonic foraminifera and Uvigerina are most abundant at the shelf break due to local upwelling at the head of the Bass Canyon.Estimates of faunal production rates from live/dead ratios and full assemblage data suggest that the fauna of the Gippsland Shelf has not been significantly reworked by wave and/or bioturbation processes. Most relict foraminifera occur in the inner shelf, with minor relict forms in the middle to outer shelf. This pattern is similar to other shelf regions in Australia, where shelf areas were exposed during Pleistocene lowstand times, principally reworking pre-existing inner to middle shelf faunas. Correspondence analyses of the foraminiferal data yield a clear depth-related distribution of the faunal assemblage data. Most of the modern Gippsland Shelf fauna are cosmopolitan species and nearly a third are (semi-)endemic taxa suitable for regional palaeo-environmental studies. From biostratigraphic studies it is clear that the modern Gippsland foraminiferal assemblage evolved since Early Miocene times, with most elements present by the Late Miocene. Hence, the Recent Gippsland Shelf foraminiferal biofacies distribution is a good analogue for Neogene palaeo-environmental studies in the region. The longer ranging pre-Miocene mixture of epifaunal and infaunal taxa are deeper shelf cosmopolitan forms and are inferred to be more conservative since they evolved in relatively lower stress environments, typifying mesotrophic to eutrophic conditions compared to inner shelf epifaunal forms with ecological niches markedly affected by sea-level and temperature fluctuations in zones of constant wave action, in oligotrophic environments.The foraminiferal and facies analogues of this study on the Gippsland Shelf can be used for palaeo-environmental analyses of the Gippsland and Otway Neogene sedimentary successions. Such improvements will lead ultimately to a better understanding of the evolution of the neritic realm in southeastern Australia, an area facing the evolving Southern Ocean during the Cenozoic.
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Megallaa, Maher. "TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF THE GIPPSLAND BASIN AND HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL OF ITS LOWER CONTINENTAL SHELF." APPEA Journal 33, no. 1 (1993): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj92005.
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Tectonic evolution of the Gippsland Basin, particularly for the 120 to 66 Ma period, is reviewed based on the interpretation of BMR Continental Margin Seismic data and industry seismic and well information over the continental shelf. It is revealed that the eastern limit of the Early Cretaceous (120-97 Ma) rift is the Gippsland Rise—a new tectonic element. The Rise is part of a regional deep-seated metamorphosed Palaeozoic lineament belonging to the Tasman Fold Belt upon which the Strzelecki Group onlapped from the west. Two newly-identified transfer fault zones named here, the Eastern Gippsland Margin Transform and the Cape Everard Transfer Fault, bound the rise from the east and the west respectively.In a second phase of rifting (97-80 Ma) the following tectonic events took place:A narrower rift was incised at the onset of this phase parallel to the initial rift; The Gippsland Rise became unstable;A new NW-SE tensional regime commenced;The Southern Platform collapsed (in the Cenomanian) and the Southern Ocean accessed the three Bass Strait basins; Towards the end of this episode (in the Campanian) the Southern Platform and the Gippsland Rise emerged, andThe Northern and Southern Grabens (new names) were incised in the Gippsland Rise connecting the newly formed Tasman Sea to the basin.Ingredients necessary for potential hydrocarbon exploration in the lower shelf and upper slope such as source, reservoirs, seal, trapping mechanism and recharge do exist but require additional seismic and geological evaluation.
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Volk, Herbert, Manzur Ahmed, Se Gong, Chris Boreham, Peter Tingate, Neil Sherwood, and Dianne Edwards. "Distribution of land plant markers in oils from the Gippsland Basin." APPEA Journal 51, no. 2 (2011): 740. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj10120.
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The Gippsland Basin is commonly cited as an outstanding example of a province dominated by oil from coal, and the most likely source rock for many of the oils is the Upper Cretaceous Latrobe Formation. Gippsland Basin oils contain abundant molecular fossils (biomarkers) for land plants, but to our knowledge there are no studies showing compelling evidence on whether the oils were predominantly generated from coal seams or from carbonaceous mudstones. In addition, the Latrobe Formation occurs in a range of maturity and facies expressions, and the degree to which other source rocks in the Gippsland Basin have also generated oil remains unclear. In this contribution, we will demonstrate how the distribution of land plant markers, in particular: di-, tri- and tetracyclic diterpanes; aromatic land plant markers such as retene and cadalene; pentacyclic land plant makers such as oleanane, lupane and their A-ring contracted counterparts; as well as, bicadinanes vary within a set of 23 oils from the Gippsland Basin. The variation with other aliphatic biomarkers and carbon stable isotopes is discussed, and source rocks with different floral assemblages in the Gippsland Basin are inferred.
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Wedrowicz, Faye, Jennifer Mosse, Wendy Wright, and Fiona E. Hogan. "Using non-invasive sampling methods to determine the prevalence and distribution of Chlamydia pecorum and koala retrovirus in a remnant koala population with conservation importance." Wildlife Research 45, no. 4 (2018): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr17184.
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Context Pathogenic infections are an important consideration for the conservation of native species, but obtaining such data from wild populations can be expensive and difficult. Two pathogens have been implicated in the decline of some koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) populations: urogenital infection with Chlamydia pecorum and koala retrovirus subgroup A (KoRV-A). Pathogen data for a wild koala population of conservation importance in South Gippsland, Victoria are essentially absent. Aims This study uses non-invasive sampling of koala scats to provide prevalence and genotype data for C. pecorum and KoRV-A in the South Gippsland koala population, and compares pathogen prevalence between wild koalas and koalas in rescue shelters. Methods C. pecorum and KoRV-A provirus were detected by PCR of DNA isolated from scats collected in the field. Pathogen genetic variation was investigated using DNA sequencing of the C. pecorum ompA and KoRV-A env genes. Key results C. pecorum and KoRV-A were detected in 61% and 27% of wild South Gippsland individuals tested, respectively. KoRV-A infection tended to be higher in shelter koalas compared with wild koalas. In contrast with other Victorian koala populations sampled, greater pathogen diversity was present in South Gippsland. Conclusions In the South Gippsland koala population, C. pecorum is widespread and common whereas KoRV appears less prevalent than previously thought. Further work exploring the dynamics of these pathogens in South Gippsland koalas is warranted and may help inform future conservation strategies for this important population. Implications Non-invasive genetic sampling from scats is a powerful method for obtaining data regarding pathogen prevalence and diversity in wildlife. The use of non-invasive methods for the study of pathogens may help fill research gaps in a way that would be difficult or expensive to achieve using traditional methods.
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Frankel, David, Denise Gaughwin, Caroline Bird, and Roger Hall. "Coastal Archaeology in South Gippsland." Australian Archaeology 28, no. 1 (June 1, 1989): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03122417.1989.12093187.
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Clenton, P. N. "THE SNAPPER DEVELOPMENT, GIPPSLAND BASIN." APPEA Journal 28, no. 1 (1988): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj87003.
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The Eocene N-I reservoir at the top of the Latrobe Group at Snapper is the second largest gas accumulation discovered to date in the Gippsland Basin. Oil reserves exist in a four to eight metre oil leg below this gas pool and in various small intra-Latrobe Group reservoirs.Development drilling took place in two phases, between 1981 and 1987, with exploitation of the N-I gas reserves being the long term aim. However, initial emphasis has been to maximise production from the N-I oil column. This was the first significant development of a thin oil column in the Gippsland Basin and required detailed study of the reservoir stratigraphy, accurate mapping and the drilling of a number of costly, ultra-high angle wells.The N-I oil leg required intensive development because each well provides only limited drainage, despite the generally excellent reservoir quality. Recovery is limited by gas and water coning, shale and coal units that act as barriers to drainage and, in some areas, by the presence of dolomitic cement in the reservoir.After all 27 conductors had been used for development drilling, 5 unsuccessful or depleted wells were redrilled to additional N-I oil development targets. The Federal Government granted a 'Substantial New Development' classification to these wells before they were drilled. This provided a reduction in excise on part of the oil produced from them. The targets were small and difficult to reach and would not have been viable without this reduction.
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Rahman, Ashequr, Nicholas Deacon, Barbara Panther, Janice Chesters, and Gayle Savige. "Is Gippsland environmentally iodine deficient? Water iodine concentrations in the Gippsland region of Victoria, Australia." Australian Journal of Rural Health 18, no. 6 (November 30, 2010): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1584.2010.01160.x.
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Heath, N. M. "GIPPSLAND—NEW POTENTIAL FROM A MATURE BASIN." APPEA Journal 43, no. 1 (2003): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj02011.
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It is now 39 years since the first gas was discovered in Bass Strait’s Gippsland Basin. Advances in exploration and production technology mean that today Australia’s longest producing offshore basin is also one of Australia’s most prospective. Gippsland is now producing around 160,000 barrels of crude and 570 million cubic feet of gas per day. To date it has produced more than 3.5 billion barrels of oil and 5 trillion cubic feet of gas and the value of the infrastructure in place is estimated to be around A$16 billion.Australia’s evolving energy market means that gas demand continues to grow. Following the re-structuring of energy markets in southeastern Australia and the installation of new pipeline infrastructure, Gippsland gas now flows to Victoria, NSW, Tasmania and will supply into South Australia from 2004. To meet this growing demand the Esso/BHPBilliton joint venture partners are investing heavily and utilising a vast array of 3D exploration technology to unlock new opportunities. In 2002 they conducted the largest 3D survey ever undertaken in Bass Strait and expect to conduct another in early 2003. A program of exploration drilling is expected to commence in late 2003. With expanded market opportunities and a gas resource base of more than 5 trillion cubic feet, the future looks bright for Gippsland.
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Green, K., A. T. Mitchell, and P. Tennant. "Home range and microhabitat use by the long-footed potoroo, Potorous longipes." Wildlife Research 25, no. 4 (1998): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr97095.
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Long-footed potoroos were studied at two widely-separated sites in Victoria, one in regenerating eucalypt forest in East Gippsland and the other in old-growth forest in Central Gippsland. Trap-revealed use of microhabitat at Bellbird (East Gippsland) showed a change from the 1980s to 1990s, with an increased amount of foraging in more open, drier areas. Over the same period, there was an increase in the size of home range of animals and a near-doubling of the minimum numbers of animals known to be alive on the trapping grid at Bellbird. These changes occurred over a period when few environmental changes occurred on the grid other than control of feral predators. Radio-tracking data from 12 animals at the two sites showed a similar trend in use of microhabitat by most animals, but there was individual variation. Differences between the sites were that home-range size was smaller at the Riley trapping grid (Central Gippsland), there was greater overlap in home range, and animals there foraged for significantly shorter bouts. This confirmed earlier speculation from reproductive and dietary studies that there is better quality habitat at Riley, but the sites were so dissimilar that differences in home range and foraging could not be ascribed to either the logging regime or to geographical differences between the sites.
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Strasser, Roger. "Teaching GP Consulting Skills in Gippsland." Medical Teacher 10, no. 2 (January 1988): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01421598809010544.
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tone, P. Feathers, T. Aigner, L. Brown, M. King, and W. Leu. "STRATIGRAPHIC MODELLING OF THE GIPPSLAND BASIN." APPEA Journal 31, no. 1 (1991): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj90009.
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The Gippsland Basin is an asymmetric graben which initially formed during the break-up of Australia and Antarctica in the Early Cretaceous. During continental rifting the basin was filled by volcano-clastics of the Strzelecki Group. The overlying alluvial sediments of the Golden Beach Group represent a second phase of rift fill associated with the Tasman Sea rift. Following continental break-up in the Campanian, the Latrobe Group was deposited as a transgressive sequence of marine and coastal plain sediments. Thermal subsidence from the Oligocene to Recent was accompanied by the deposition of marine marls and limestones of the Lakes Entrance Formation and Gippsland Limestone.A north-south cross-section through the basin, based on regional seismic data and nine exploration wells, has been used to study the tectonic, thermal and basin-fill history. A detailed basin subsidence history based on a crustal rifting model was constructed, constrained by stratigraphic data and palaeo-water depth estimates at well locations. The history of sedimentation was then modelled by a Shell proprietary package, using the subsidence history and published eustatic sea level variations. This numerical model is based on a forward time-stepping scheme using semi-empirical algorithms to define the facies deposited. The gross basin architecture of the Gippsland Basin is successfully reproduced by the model. In addition the model details the timing and extent of marine incursions in the Golden Beach Group and the eustatic control on facies patterns in the Latrobe Group.The method has potential for predicting the sedimentary facies in undrilled parts of the Gippsland Basin and in frontier areas in general.
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Van Praagh, Beverley D., and Simon D. Hinkley. "Further studies on the Giant Gippsland Earthworm (Megascolides australis) population at Loch Hill, South Gippsland, Victoria." Museum Victoria Science Reports 5 (2002): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24199/j.mvsr.2002.05.
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Gilbert, Michael B., and Kathy A. Hill. "GIPPSLAND, A COMPOSITE BASIN-A CASE STUDY FROM THE OFFSHORE NORTHERN STRZELECKI TERRACE, GIPPSLAND BASIN, AUSTRALIA." APPEA Journal 34, no. 1 (1994): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj93040.
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Detailed interpretation of reflection seismic and well data from the northern Strzelecki Terrace constrain the effect of Southern Margin and Tasman Sea rifting on the evolution of the Gippsland Basin. A new model is proposed which divides the basin into two structurally distinct provinces (East and West Gippsland Basin), separated by a broad zone of accommodation which is referred to in this paper as the 'Kingfish/Tuna Transition Zone'. This zone is a distinct region across which structural styles change within the basin due to the interaction of extensional forces resulting from both Southern Margin and Tasman Sea rifting. No evidence has been found, however, for the existence of transfer zones within the northern margin of Gippsland Basin as previously suggested by other authors.The Gippsland Basin is observed to have a composite history; a younger 'Tasman Rift' Basin (a Tasman Sea aulacogen) overlying a regionally more extensive 'Strzelecki Basin' (the result of rifting along Australia's Southern Margin). Both basins have formed as half graben with opposing asymmetry. Re-evaluation of the Cretaceous palynology in conjunction with reflection seismic data from selected wells have enabled division of the Cretaceous section of the northern Strzelecki Terrace into three tectonically distinct sedimentary units: the Lower Strzelecki, Upper Strzelecki and Golden Beach Megasequences. The Lower Strzelecki Megasequence exhibits considerable thickening towards a south-bounding master fault, and is inferred to have been deposited during a phase of active rifting. It is separated from the overlying Upper Strzelecki Megasequence by a pronounced late Aptian age angular unconformity. The Upper Strzelecki Megasequence is a thick sedimentary unit which shows less syn-sedimentary faulting and is inferred to be deposited during a period of tectonic quiescence, possibly during a sag phase following active rifting. The Golden Beach Megasequence shows renewal of rifting with growth towards a north bounding fault system and is differentiated from the underlying Strzelecki Megasequences by a distinct change in seismic character across a subtle early Campanian age angular unconformity.
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Mudge, W. J., and J. J. Curry. "DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN THE KINGFISH AND WEST KINGFISH FIELDS, GIPPSLAND BASIN." APPEA Journal 32, no. 1 (1992): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj91002.
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A multi-disciplinary field study of the Kingfish and West Kingfish Fields in the Gippsland Basin covering geological, geophysical, reservoir and facility engineering issues has identified potential undiscovered and undeveloped reserves in and around the fields. The study resulted in the initiation of an 11 well infill drilling program on the West Kingfish Field, and identified the need for two outpost wells which, if successful, could lead to the installation of additional platforms. Water handling and compression upgrades in the near and long term were also evaluated to optimise field production performance.The Kingfish and West Kingfish field study has formed a blueprint for similar studies in other major oil fields in the Gippsland Basin in which similar appraisal and/or development opportunities may exist.It is anticipated that outpost and infill drilling programs originating from these studies will play a major role in mitigating production decline and increasing ultimate recovery in the mature oil fields of the Gippsland Basin.
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Liu, Keyu, Peter Eadington, David Mills, Richard Kempton, Herbert Volk, Geoffrey O'Brien, Peter Tingate, Louise Goldie Divko, and Michael Harrison. "Hydrocarbon charge history of the Gippsland Basin." APPEA Journal 50, no. 2 (2010): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj09093.
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As part of a larger petroleum system analysis and resource re-evaluation research program in the Gippsland Basin, over 400 samples from 29 selected wells in the Gippsland Basin were investigated using quantitative fluorescence techniques developed by CSIRO Petroleum, including the quantitative grain fluorescence (QGF) and QGF on extracts (QGF-E) and the total scanning fluorescence (TSF) techniques. Preliminary results have provided new insight into the hydrocarbon migration and charge history of the Gippsland Basin. The investigation has revealed: widespread occurrence of palaeo oil columns in some of the major gas fields, indicating that a significant amount of oil was charged into these reservoirs prior to a subsequent gas accumulation; that some of the current oil intervals appear to have received a relatively late oil charge, either through new charge or through palaeo oil re-distribution due to adjustments within the petroleum system; palaeo oil columns appear to be restricted to a certain distance range from the major source kitchens; and, evidence of a sequential oil migration and displacement along structural highs where reservoirs distal to the source kitchens received progressively lighter and more mature palaeo oils. These findings are consistent with the oil generation and migration model proposed by O’Brien et al (2008). Fluid inclusion petrographic investigations and molecular composition of inclusions (MCI) analysis are currently underway that will provide additional information on the hydrocarbon charge history in the Gippsland Basin.
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Isaacs, Anton N., Keith Sutton, Kim Dalziel, and Darryl Maybery. "Outcomes of a care coordinated service model for persons with severe and persistent mental illness: A qualitative study." International Journal of Social Psychiatry 63, no. 1 (December 13, 2016): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764016678014.
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Background: Owing to difficulties faced by individuals with severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI) in accessing multiple services, the Australian Government trialed a care coordinated service model called the Partners in Recovery (PIR) initiative. Material: A total of 45 stakeholders in Gippsland were asked what difference the initiative had made. Discussion: The PIR initiative benefited not only clients and carers but also service providers. It addressed an unmet need in service delivery for individuals with SPMI. Conclusion: The PIR initiative has filled a gap in delivery of care for individuals with SPMI in Gippsland.
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Uruski, C., P. Baillie, and V. Stagpoole. "DEVELOPMENT OF THE TARANAKI BASIN AND COMPARISONS WITH THE GIPPSLAND BASIN: IMPLICATIONS FOR DEEPWATER EXPLORATION." APPEA Journal 43, no. 1 (2003): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj02009.
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Exploration of the Taranaki Basin entered a new phase in 2001 with Astrolabe, a 6,200 km high-quality 2D seismic survey acquired by TGS-NOPEC that has outlined a large depocentre containing up to 10 km of sedimentary fill. This new data has extended the previously-known Taranaki Basin into deeper water beyond the shelf edge. Subsequently, the New Zealand Government released an area of 42,000 km2 for competitive bidding to close in September 2003.Sequence analysis shows that a major deltaic system, comparable to the Golden Beach and Emperor subgroups of the Gippsland Basin, built into a restricted seaway during the Late Cretaceous and culminated with deposition of the Rakopi Formation coal measure succession. The Rakopi Formation covers an area of at least 15,000 km2 of the study area and was followed by a transgression that continued until the Miocene.Minor Eocene folding created broad structures with potential to trap large volumes of petroleum. Other potential trapping structures include drape across Cretaceous rift blocks and turbidite mounds of Miocene age.Modelling shows that much of the Early Cretaceous delta is thermally mature and should be expelling petroleum today. Reservoir facies are present at many horizons, but the primary target is expected to be sandstones of the Rakopi Formation coal measures.Many analogies can be drawn between the Taranaki and Gippsland basins. The deepwater Taranaki basin appears to be equivalent, however, to the offshore, oilprone part of Gippsland while the nearshore Taranaki and Great South basins together form an analogy for the more gas-prone nearshore part of Gippsland.
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King, Rosalind, Simon Holford, Richard Hillis, Adrian Tuitt, Ernest Swierczek, Guillaume Backé, David Tassone, and Mark Tingay. "Reassessing the in-situ stress regimes of Australia's petroleum basins." APPEA Journal 52, no. 1 (2012): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj11033.
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Previous in-situ stress studies across many of Australia’s petroleum basins demonstrate normal fault and strike-slip fault stress regimes, despite the sedimentary successions demonstrating evidence for widespread Miocene-to-Recent reverse faulting. Seismic and outcrop data demonstrate late Miocene-to-Recent reverse or reverse-oblique faulting in the Otway and Gippsland basins. In the Otway Basin, a series of approximately northeast to southwest trending anticlines related to reverse-reactivation of deep syn-rift normal faults, resulting in the deformation of Cenozoic post-rift sediments are observed. Numerous examples of late Miocene-to-Recent reverse faulting in the offshore Gippsland Basin have also been observed, with contractional reactivation of previously normal faults during these times partially responsible for the formation of anticlinal hydrocarbon traps that host the Barracouta, Seahorse and Flying Fish hydrocarbon fields, adjacent to the Rosedale Fault System. A new method for interpreting leak-off test data demonstrates that the in-situ stress data from parts of the Otway and Gippsland basins can be reinterpreted to yield reverse fault stress regimes, consistent with the present-day tectonic setting of the basins. This reinterpretation has significant implications for petroleum exploration and development in the basins. In the Otway and Gippsland basins, wells drilled parallel to the orientation of the maximum horizontal stress (ÏH) represent the safest drilling directions for both borehole stability and fluid losses. Faults and fractures, striking northeast to southwest, previously believed to be at low risk of reactivation in a normal fault or strike-slip fault stress regime are now considered to be at high risk in the reinterpreted reverse fault stress regime.
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Boon, Paul I., Doug Frood, Alison Oates, Jim Reside, and Neville Rosengren. "Why has Phragmites australis persisted in the increasingly saline Gippsland Lakes? A test of three competing hypotheses." Marine and Freshwater Research 70, no. 4 (2019): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf18145.
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Common reed Phragmites australis is the dominant vascular plant species of the shorelines of the Gippsland Lakes, south-eastern Australia. Although substantial declines have been reported for over 50 years, with increasing salinity posited as the cause, P. australis still occurs around the Gippsland Lakes, including in environments with near-oceanic salinities. The occurrence of P. australis in highly saline environments cannot be explained in terms of either seasonal variations in surface water salinity or a freshwater subsidy provided by intrusions of non-saline groundwater into the root zone. An experimental growth trial with plants of different provenance showed that P. australis grew vigorously even at 8–16PSU (with maximum aboveground biomass at 2–4PSU). There was some evidence that specimens from saltier sites were more salt tolerant than those from fresher sites. The selection of salt-tolerant strains is the most likely explanation for the occurrence of P. australis in saline sites. However, anthropogenic salinisation is unlikely to be the only factor involved in the historical loss of reed beds, and lower and more stable water levels following the permanent opening of the Gippsland Lakes to the ocean in 1889 are probably also contributing factors.
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BRAMLEY, E., IJ LEAN, WJ FULKERSON, and ND COSTA. "Clinical acidosis in a Gippsland dairy herd." Australian Veterinary Journal 83, no. 6 (June 2005): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2005.tb15629.x.
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Birmingham, P. J., K. R. A. Grieves, and D. E. Spring. "Depth conversion techniques in the Gippsland Basin." Exploration Geophysics 16, no. 2-3 (June 1985): 172–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg985172.
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Lowry, David C. "Alternative Cretaceous history of the Gippsland Basin." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 35, no. 2 (June 1988): 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14400958808527939.
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Lowry, David C. "A NEW PLAY IN THE GIPPSLAND BASIN." APPEA Journal 27, no. 1 (1987): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj86015.
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Explorers of the Cippsland Basin have generally assumed that the prospective Latrobe Group (Late Cretaceous to Eocene) is separated from the Strzelecki Group (Early Cretaceous) by an angular unconformity dated at about 100 million years before present (Ma). Thus all sub-unconformity traps seen on seismic sections have been assumed to be developed in the unprospective Strzelecki Group. Evidence from seismic sections and wells indicates that this unconformity should be dated at about 80 Ma. The beds deposited between 80 and 100 Ma are part of the Late Cretaceous Latrobe Group and have the potential for both reservoirs and intraformational seals.This new sub-unconformity play can be pursued in areas transitional between the Central Deep and the flanking platforms. On the platforms the prospective beds are absent because of truncation while in the Central Deep they are beyond the reach of the drill.
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Yang, Xuemei, and Greg Smith. "Gippsland Basin 3D forward modelling in Badlands." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2019, no. 1 (November 11, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/22020586.2019.12073104.
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Nelson, E., R. Hillis, M. Sandiford, S. Reynolds, and S. Mildren. "PRESENT-DAY STATE-OF-STRESS OF SOUTHEAST AUSTRALIA." APPEA Journal 46, no. 1 (2006): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj05016.
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There have been several studies, both published and unpublished, of the present-day state-of-stress of southeast Australia that address a variety of geomechanical issues related to the petroleum industry. This paper combines present-day stress data from those studies with new data to provide an overview of the present-day state-of-stress from the Otway Basin to the Gippsland Basin. This overview provides valuable baseline data for further geomechanical studies in southeast Australia and helps explain the regional controls on the state-of-stress in the area.Analysis of existing and new data from petroleum wells reveals broadly northwest–southeast oriented, maximum horizontal stress with an anticlockwise rotation of about 15° from the Otway Basin to the Gippsland Basin. A general increase in minimum horizontal stress magnitude from the Otway Basin towards the Gippsland Basin is also observed. The present-day state-of-stress has been interpreted as strike-slip in the South Australian (SA) Otway Basin, strike-slip trending towards reverse in the Victorian Otway Basin and borderline strike-slip/reverse in the Gippsland Basin. The present-day stress states and the orientation of the maximum horizontal stress are consistent with previously published earthquake focal mechanism solutions and the neotectonic record for the region. The consistency between measured present-day stress in the basement (from focal mechanism solutions) and the sedimentary basin cover (from petroleum well data) suggests a dominantly tectonic far-field control on the present-day stress distribution of southeast Australia. The rotation of the maximum horizontal stress and the increase in magnitude of the minimum horizontal stress from west to east across southeast Australia may be due to the relative proximity of the New Zealand segment of the plate boundary.
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Radford, James Q., and Andrew F. Bennett. "Terrestrial avifauna of the Gippsland Plain and Strzelecki Ranges, Victoria, Australia: insights from Atlas data." Wildlife Research 32, no. 6 (2005): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr04012.
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The rate and spatial scale at which natural environments are being modified by human land-uses mean that a regional or national perspective is necessary to understand the status of the native biota. Here, we outline a landscape-based approach for using data from the ‘New Atlas of Australian Birds’ to examine the distribution and status of avifauna at a regional scale. We use data from two bioregions in south-east Australia – the Gippsland Plain and the Strzelecki Ranges (collectively termed the greater Gippsland Plains) – to demonstrate this approach. Records were compiled for 57 landscape units, each 10′ latitude by 10′ longitude (~270 km2) across the study region. A total of 165 terrestrial bird species was recorded from 1870 ‘area searches’, with a further 24 species added from incidental observations and other surveys. Of these, 108 species were considered ‘typical’ of the greater Gippsland Plain in that they currently or historically occur regularly in the study region. An index of species ‘occurrence’, combining reporting rate and breadth of distribution, was used to identify rare, common, widespread and restricted species. Ordination of the dataset highlighted assemblages of birds that had similar spatial distributions. A complementarity analysis identified a subset of 14 landscape units that together contained records from at least three different landscape units for each of the 108 ‘typical’ species. When compared with the 40 most common ‘typical’ species, the 40 least common species were more likely to be forest specialists, nest on the ground and, owing to the prevalence of raptors in the least common group, take prey on the wing. The future status of the terrestrial avifauna of the greater Gippsland Plains will depend on the extent to which effective restoration actions can be undertaken to ensure adequate representation of habitats for all species, especially for the large number of species of conservation concern.
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Green, K., and A. T. Mitchell. "Breeding of The Long-Footed Potoroo, Potorous longipes (Marsupialia: Potoroidae), In the Wild: Behaviour, Births and Juvenile Independence." Australian Mammalogy 20, no. 1 (1998): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am97001.
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All trapping data for the long-footed potoroo, Potorous longipes, since its discovery in 1978 were examined for measurements of pouch young. From these data the birth-dates of 51 individuals were estimated. For sites in both East Gippsland and on the Great Dividing Range there was a strong peak of births in the July-September quarter. The data showed a significant bias in birth dates at both sites which was not accounted for by differences in trappability of females. For East Gippsland the ratio of sexes in pouch young was 3.5:1 in favour of males. This was a significant deviation from parity. For two sites on the Great Dividing Range nine of 13 pouch young were female.
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Spencer, Steven. "The story of Esso Australia’s push to explore the frontier Gippsland Basin with the ultra-deep water Sculpin-1 exploration well." APPEA Journal 62, no. 2 (May 13, 2022): S497—S501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj21064.
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In late 2018, Esso Australia embarked on the drilling of Sculpin-1. Drilled in 2278 m of water, this is Australia’s deepest water exploration well and the first ultra-deep water well in the Gippsland Basin. Drilling of this well was the culmination of a bold exploration campaign in the VIC/P70 permit at the southeastern margin of the prolific hydrocarbon producing Gippsland Basin, which also saw the drilling of Baldfish-1 and Hairtail-1 in 2018. An east coast gas market with a high demand for additional gas resources combined with Esso Australia’s renewed technical focus on the deep and ultra-deep water sectors of the VIC/P70 exploration permit led to the identification of the Sculpin prospect, a stratigraphic lead premised on a late Cretaceous deep water reservoir system flowing into the south east Gippsland Basin depocentre from southern hinterlands. Technical analysis including integrated seismic toolkits, spectral decomposition and colour-blend imaging, rock properties and amplitude versus offset/direct hydrocarbon indicator modelling were key to Esso’s decision to test the new play with the Sculpin-1 well. Although the well did not encounter hydrocarbons, it did provide insights into reservoir quality, source and migration in the previously untested southeastern margin of the basin.
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Van Praagh, Beverley D., and Simon D. Hinkley. "The Giant Gippsland Earthworm, Megascolides australis, population at Loch Hill, South Gippsland : distribution and preliminary biological and soil studies." Museum Victoria Science Reports 2 (2002): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24199/j.mvsr.2002.02.
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Callister, Valerie, and Julie Geilman. "Getting it Together: A Rural Health Promotion Program." Australian Journal of Primary Health 6, no. 4 (2000): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py00053.
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The Getting It Together Rural Health Promotion project was established by a group of community health providers in Gippsland, Victoria. The overall aim of Getting It Together was to extend and improve health promotion practice amongst participating organisations. This was achieved through collaboration around health promotion training and planning. Complementary strategies addressing Cardio-Vascular Disease (CVD) were developed across four Local Government Areas (LGAs). Central resourcing was provided for coordination of the project, and for marketing and network support tasks. The project was based on an integrated and coordinated health promotion model, which contained overlapping strategies combining to create a broadly based partnership of action. At the commencement of the project, health promotion workers from each LGA were provided with a three-day training course conducted by the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University (RMIT). Participants developed Action Plans based around the three driving strategies of community wide-strategies, targeted strategies and marketing. A special feature of Getting It Together was a common media strategy, to support and reinforce action at the local level. An overall slogan was adopted, 'Slicker Ticker - A Gippsland Healthy Heart Project'. Uniting themes included 'Stress Less Week' and 'Gippsland Get Up and Go'. Latrobe Community Health Service facilitated the project and senior managers from the partnering agencies formed a Steering Committee, which met at key intervals to monitor the project.
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O'Brien, G. W., and D. T. Heggie. "HYDROCARBON GASES IN SEAFLOOR SEDIMENTS, OTWAY AND GIPPSLAND BASINS: IMPLICATIONS FOR PETROLEUM EXPLORATION." APPEA Journal 29, no. 1 (1989): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj88014.
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During April- May 1988, the BMR research vessel Rig Seismic carried out a 21- day geochemical and sedimento- logical research program in the Otway (17 days) and Gippsland (4 days) Basins. The concentrations and molecular compositions of light hydrocarbon gases (C1- C4) were measured in sediments at 203 locations on the continental shelf and upper continental slope: the presence of thermogenic hydrocarbons was inferred from the molecular compositions of the gas mixtures. Thermogenic hydrocarbons were identified in near- surface sediments at 32 locations in the Otway Basin; 6 of these locations were on the Crayfish Platform, 7 were on the Mussel Platform and 17 were in the Voluta Trough. Thermogenic hydrocarbons were identified at 10 locations in the Gippsland Basin. Data from the Otway Basin indicated that total C1- C4 gas concentrations were higher in the Voluta Trough than on the basin margins, probably because intense faulting in the trough facilitates gas migration from deeply buried source rocks and/or reservoirs to the seafloor. However, anomalies were detected where the Tertiary sequence was thick and relatively unfaulted. The wet gas contents of the anomalies were highest on the basin margins, lower in the Voluta Trough and co- varied with the depth of burial of the basal Early Cretaceous sedimentary sequence. These data, when integrated with geohistory, thermal maturation modelling and well data, suggest that the areas with the best potential for liquid hydrocarbon entrapment and preservation are the Crayfish Platform and the inshore part of the Mussel Platform. In contrast, the Late Cretaceous Sherbrook Group and much of the Voluta Trough appear to be gas prone.Thermogenic anomalies in the Gippsland Basin were concentrated within and along the margins of the Central Deep where mature Latrobe Group source rocks are present. The wet gas content of these anomalies was variable, which is consistent with the spatial heterogeneity of hydrocarbon accumulations in the Gippsland Basin.
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Iansek, Robert, and Mary Danoudis. "Patients’ Perspective of Comprehensive Parkinson Care in Rural Victoria." Parkinson's Disease 2020 (March 31, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2679501.
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Introduction. There is a higher prevalence of Parkinson’s disease (PD) in rural Australia and a poorer perceived quality of life of rural Australians with PD. Coordinated multidisciplinary teams specialised and experienced in the treatment of PD are recommended as the preferred model of care best able to manage the complexities of this disorder. There remains a lack of team-based specialised PD services in rural Australia available to people living with PD. This study aims to explore how the lack of specialised PD services impacts on the person’s experiences of the health care they receive in rural Victoria. This study compared the health-care experiences of two different cohorts of people with PD living in rural Victoria; one cohort living in East Gippsland have had an established comprehensive care model implemented with local trained teams and supported by a metropolitan PD centre, and the other cohort was recruited from the remainder of Victoria who had received standard rural care. Methods. This descriptive study used a survey to explore health-care experiences. Questionnaires were mailed to participants living in rural Victoria. Eligibility criteria included having a diagnosis of PD or Parkinsonism and sufficient English to respond to the survey. The validated Patient-Centred Questionnaire for PD was used to measure health-care experiences. The questions are grouped accordingly under one of the 6 subscales or domains. Outcomes from the questionnaire included summary experience scores (SES) for 6 subscales; overall patient-centeredness score (OPS); and quality improvement scores (QIS). Secondary outcomes included health-related quality of life using the disease-specific questionnaire PDQ39; disease severity using the Hoehn and Yahr staging tool; and disability using the Movement Disorders Society-Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, part II. Results. Thirty-nine surveys were returned from the East Gippsland group and 68 from the rural group. The East Gippsland group rated significantly more positive the subscales “empathy and PD expertise,” P=0.02, and “continuity and collaboration of professionals,” P=0.01. The groups did not differ significantly for the remaining 4 subscales (P>0.05) nor for the OPS (P=0.17). The QIS showed both groups prioritised the health-care aspect “provision of tailored information” for improvement. Quality of life was greater (P<0.05) and impairment (P=0.012) and disability were less (P=0.002) in the East Gippsland group. Conclusion. Participants who received health care from the East Gippsland program had better key health-care experiences along with better QOL and less impairment and disability. Participants prioritised provision of information as needing further improvement.
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Dunne, Jarrod, Terry Folkers, and Paul Webster. "Seismic reprocessing and PreSDM in the Gippsland Basin." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2003, no. 2 (August 2003): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2003ab044.
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McLean, Mark A., and Greg Blackburn. "Regional velocity modelling methodology in the Gippsland Basin." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2013, no. 1 (December 2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2013ab210.
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Young, Anthony J., and Robert R. Coenraads. "A 3D seismic interpretation–Flounder Field, Gippsland Basin." Exploration Geophysics 18, no. 1-2 (March 1, 1987): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg987235.
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Williamson, P. E., J. B. Willcox, J. B. Colwell, and C. D. N. Collins. "The Gippsland Basin Deep Seismic Reflection/Refraction Grid." Exploration Geophysics 22, no. 3 (September 1991): 497–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg991497.
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Jones, David R., Peter G. Bushnell, Barbara K. Evans, and John Baldwin. "Circulation in the Gippsland Giant Earthworm Megascolides australis." Physiological Zoology 67, no. 6 (November 1994): 1383–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/physzool.67.6.30163903.
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Keen, Ian. "The Anthropologist as Geologist: Howitt in Colonial Gippsland." Australian Journal of Anthropology 11, no. 1 (April 2000): 78–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1835-9310.2000.tb00264.x.
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Mebberson, A. J. "THE FUTURE FOR EXPLORATION IN THE GIPPSLAND BASIN." APPEA Journal 29, no. 1 (1989): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj88035.
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The Gippsland Basin is, by Australian standards, mature from a petroleum exploration point of view but retains significant potential for success. The main recognised plays of Top Latrobe porosity, deeper fault blocks and stratigraphic truncations are in various stages of exploitation, with the latter two showing the greater undiscovered potential. Parameters for hydrocarbon accumulations, such as source, seal, structural style and trap timing, are now reasonably well documented and future success in established and untested plays will rely heavily on detailed velocity analysis, deep- penetration high- frequency seismic data and an integrated regional approach to stratigraphic controls.
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Duff, B. A., N. G. Groilman, D. J. Mason, J. M. Questiaux, D. S. Ormerod, and P. Lays. "TECTONOSTRATIGRAPHIC EVOLUTION OF THE SOUTH-EAST GIPPSLAND BASIN." APPEA Journal 31, no. 1 (1991): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj90010.
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Evolution of the south-east Gippsland Basin since ca. 96 Ma has been governed by the interaction of three distinct processes:re-organisation of regional plate boundaries at 96, 80 and 50 Ma, registered as major angular unconformities or megasequence boundaries;intra-basin response of cover to basement-controlled deformational phases, registered as the sequence boundaries within these megasequences; andthe more subtle balance between regressive sedimentation associated with these phases and the transgressive deposition associated with longer-term eustatic sea level rises.The Golden Beach Megasequence (seismic sequences UK1 and UK2) accumulated syntectonically in an extensional setting characterised by an orthogonal array of north-northeast trending transfer faults and associated normal faults. Major compressional tectonism at ca. 80 Ma terminated this regime, initiating a modified mosaic of stratotectonic domains which controlled deposition of the Latrobe Megasequence.The seismic sequences within this megasequence display two types of cyclicity distinguishing intra-Campanian to Top Maastrichtian sequences (UK3-UK5) from early Tertiary sequences (PL1, PL2 and EO1). The sequence boundaries are considered to be the expression of recurrent compressive deformational phases. They are demonstrable as angular unconformities in transpressional and pull-apart structures in domains within which deformation was focused over the older extensional grain.The ca. 50 Ma Top Latrobe megasequence boundary appears to mark the transition from a basement-coupled deformational style characteristic of the Latrobe Megasequence, to a basement-decoupled inversion style of deformation during deposition of the Seaspray Megasequence (post-50 Ma).Seismic sequence boundaries, at least within basins such as the Gippsland, are therefore the stratigraphic expression of deformational phases rather than signatures of global sea-level changes. Eustacy is not invariably a shorter-term process than basin tectonism, nor is it the sole or main determinant of depositional style.
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Chigwidden, Daniel, and Matthew Felgate. "West Barracouta – 50 years in the making." APPEA Journal 62, no. 2 (May 13, 2022): S406—S410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj21117.
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This paper presents a case study on the value of combining existing ideas with new data to evaluate and determine the most effective way to extend the producing life of one of the first offshore gas discoveries in the Gippsland Basin. The holistic work approach resulted in the development of West Barracouta Top Latrobe gas by two dual-zone, subsea intelligent wells with sand control, tied back to an operating pipeline to minimise brownfields interface. Located in the Gippsland Basin, the Barracouta gas field was Australia’s first discovery, by the first offshore well, and soon after the first operating offshore facility. After more than 50 years of oil and gas production, new data gives further insight to support continuous improvement in reservoir management to optimise the resource to end of field life. Originally discovered in 1969, West Barracouta is separated from the main field by a fault-induced saddle point that left a substantial volume without an active completion. With the Gippsland legacy gas fields declining, the West Barracouta development is well timed to supply the Australian East Coast gas market with one of the last remaining low-CO2 gas sources and ensure additional security of supply. Incorporating reprocessed seismic data into the workflow delivered improved confidence in field definition, providing a foundation for a technology-driven development plan. This paper addresses the technical workflow that was implemented to support a fast-paced subsea development, robust against the range of possible geological scenarios.
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Taylor, David, and David Moore. "Victoria's Proterozoic basement controls the distribution of its southern margin petroleum basins." APPEA Journal 49, no. 2 (2009): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj08054.
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There are three petroleum basins of differing character off the Victorian coast: the Otway, Bass and Gippsland basins. These formed during continental rifting between Australia, Antarctica and New Zealand, associated with the break up of Gondwana Marked variation in the development of these basins appears to have been largely controlled by the distribution of Proterozoic basement—the Selwyn Block—under central Victoria. Lying deep under central Victoria, this block surfaces towards the coast and continues southward as the Proterozoic crust of western Tasmania. The boundaries of this block are coincident with the boundaries separating the three basins. The Otway Basin in western Victoria represents a clean break between Australia and Antarctica. The Otway Basin has thick fill upon thinned continental crust with an outboard break to a continent-ocean boundary. The overall geometry here is a classic lower plate margin. This clean continental break-up failed to propagate eastward across the Proterozoic Selwyn Block. Instead, localised continental stretching resulted in some grabens and the overlying steers head sag of the Bass Basin. True continental separation was transferred southward to the margin of the Tasmania/Selwyn Block. The Gippsland Basin lies east of the Selwyn Block. Its development reflects initial southern margin rifting, but this was overtaken by orthogonal-oriented Tasman rifting. This left the Gippsland Basin with a complex interplay of north-south and east-west structures controlling the platforms, terraces and deeps.
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Volk, Herbert, Manzur Ahmed, Chris Boreham, Peter Tingate, Neil Sherwood, Keyu Liu, Geoffrey O'Brien, and Dianne Edwards. "Revisiting petroleum systems in the Gippsland Basin using new geochemical data." APPEA Journal 50, no. 2 (2010): 728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj09092.
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The Gippsland Basin is one of the most prolific petroleum provinces in Australia, yet the understanding of source, migration and secondary alteration of petroleum is often based on data and concepts that have been developed decades ago. For instance, the Gippsland Basin is commonly cited as an explicit example of a province dominated by oil from coal, yet there is no literature using molecular and isotope geochemistry explicitly demonstrating that generation and expulsion has been from the coal seams and not the intervening carbonaceous mudstones. In this study we will present insights from the evaluation of quantitative analyses of aromatic hydrocarbons, which will be evaluated together with low molecular weight hydrocarbon distributions from whole oil gas chromatography and aliphatic biomarker distributions of the oils. Oils are commonly incrementors of different charge events, and hence extending molecular and isotopic information from a wide molecular weight range offers a more detailed insight into the charge history of an oil field. Oil-bearing fluid inclusions are additional archives that hold keys to the fill history of petroleum reservoirs, and this contribution will also present new data on the distribution and composition of palaeo-oils trapped in fluid inclusions. Lastly, examples will be presented of how modern tools for analysis such as compound specific isotopic analysis (CSIA) of n-alkanes and isoprenoids as well as how understanding relationships between organic facies and source rock kinetics can contribute to refining our understanding of petroleum systems in the Gippsland Basin.
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Etheridge, M. A., J. C. Branson, and P. G. Stuart-Smith. "EXTENSIONAL BASIN — FORMING STRUCTURES IN BASS STRAIT AND THEIR IMPORTANCE FOR HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION." APPEA Journal 25, no. 1 (1985): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj84030.
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The Bass, Gippsland and Otway Basins of southeastern Australia were initiated by north-northeast to south- southwest lithospheric extension, largely during the Early Cretaceous. The extensional stage was followed by a Late Cretaceous to Pliocene thermal subsidence stage and a late stage of compressional tectonic overprinting.The extensional stage was dominated by two orthogonal fault sets - shallow to moderately dipping, rotational, normal faults and steeply dipping, transfer (transform) faults. Thermal subsidence involved vertical rather than horizontal movements, and consequently generated a discrete fault geometry, comprising steep, down-to-basin, normal faults with small displacements. The major extensional structures exerted a range of controls on both sedimentation and structuring during the subsidence stage. Likewise, the location and style of late Tertiary compressional structures overprinted on the Gippsland and, to a lesser extent, Bass and Otway Basins are controlled by reactivation of major early normal and transfer faults. In particular, the Kingfish, Mackerel, Halibut, Flounder and Tuna fields in the Gippsland Basin overlie a single Early Cretaceous transfer fault zone that was a basinwide structural boundary during extension. These fields occupy en echelon compressional structures generated by left-lateral wrench reactivation of the transfer zone during late Tertiary northwest-southeast compression. The major extensional structures have had an important influence on all stages of the evolution of these basins. It is contended that a thorough understanding of their extensional framework is an important factor in hydrocarbon exploration of these and other basins.
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Holdgate, G. R., C. Rodriquez, E. M. Johnstone, M. W. Wallace, and S. J. Gallagher. "THE GIPPSLAND BASIN TOP LATROBE UNCONFORMITY, AND ITS EXPRESSION IN OTHER SE AUSTRALIA BASINS." APPEA Journal 43, no. 1 (2003): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj02007.
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The Early/Middle Eocene was an important time for developing the present configuration of the Indo- Australian plate, with the onset of fast spreading beginning in the Southern Ocean, and the commencement of northwest directed compression in the Gippsland Basin. Significant unconformities developed during this time including the Top Latrobe Unconformity (Top Latrobe) within Gippsland, and similar unconformities in the Torquay and Otway Basins.On seismic over uplifted highs, (and where close spaced well data exists), a low angular unconformity exists between interbedded sand/shale/coal facies of the Latrobe Group and the Seaspray Group. The Marlin and Flounder channels eroded up to 600 m into the earliest Eocene deformed surfaces, and their infill in turn has been eroded at a top-Latrobe group unconformity where tectonic deformation and the resultant variable tilting produced an angular unconformity up to 5°. Missing biostratigraphic zones occur below the unconformity and many faults terminate at the Top Latrobe. The Top Latrobe is also characterised by resistant sandstone strike-ridges that created a varied topography. In areas of uplift where interbedded sandstone/shale units occur in the Top Latrobe subcrop, strike ridges are common. Where thick shale units occur at the Top Latrobe subcrop, topographic troughs or valleys are more common.A study of 50 key offshore wells across the Gippsland Basin suggests that the best correlation between the seismic/synthetic Top Latrobe, and the lithobiostratigraphic Top Latrobe occurs in the upper part of the Middle Eocene. This date can be constrained between 40 and 44 Ma based on the ages of Marlin and Flounder channeling and infill and the Gurnard Formation. In the onshore part of the Gippsland Basin, the Top Latrobe can be located as a disconformity within coal measure units along the top of the Middle Eocene Traralgon–2 coal seam. In the Torquay Basin the only exposed example of this Eocene event is preserved in the Anglesea coal mine as a low angle unconformity between the A group coal seam and the overlying Boonah Formation. Low angular unconformities in seismic data are evident in the offshore Torquay and Otway basins at this time indicating the widespread nature of this unconformity in the southeastern Australian coastal basins.
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Mann, Leona. "Widening The Net: New Directions For Community Health." Australian Journal of Primary Health 3, no. 1 (1997): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py97008.
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The Central Wellington Health Service, in Central Gippsland, Victoria, has been likened to an 'Area Health Board' or a 'Multi-Purpose Centre', because it has been structured into one organisation with an integrated range of services from acute to community.
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Lanigan, Kerrie-Anne. "Australia’s gas future: how Victoria can stay ahead of the pack." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 126, no. 2 (2014): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs14014.
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ExxonMobil is proud to be a major conventional gas supplier into the Victorian market. The Gippsland Basin Joint Venture, which ExxonMobil operates on behalf of ourselves and BHP Billiton, currently supplies nearly 40% of east coast Australian domestic gas demand. It has produced almost two-thirds of oil and 30% of Australia’s gas production. Since natural gas was first produced from the Gippsland Basin in the late 1960s, the positive attributes of natural gas have been well recognised in Victoria. The use of gas has spread from cooking and heating in the home, to becoming an important source of energy to fuel manufacturing, industry and power generation. To facilitate the growing use of gas, we have seen new pipelines constructed to expand the reach of natural gas to new markets and to interconnect the major demand centres. As demand has grown, new supplies have also entered the market.
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Roy, Parimal, and Ian Hamilton. "Family and Social Networks among Elderly Italians in Gippsland." Journal of Comparative Family Studies 23, no. 2 (August 1, 1992): 267–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.23.2.267.
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