Journal articles: 'Gippsland Lakes'

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Boon, Paul I., Doug Frood, Alison Oates, Jim Reside, and Neville Rosengren. "Why has Phragmites australis persisted in the increasingly saline Gippsland Lakes? A test of three competing hypotheses." Marine and Freshwater Research 70, no. 4 (2019): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf18145.

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Common reed Phragmites australis is the dominant vascular plant species of the shorelines of the Gippsland Lakes, south-eastern Australia. Although substantial declines have been reported for over 50 years, with increasing salinity posited as the cause, P. australis still occurs around the Gippsland Lakes, including in environments with near-oceanic salinities. The occurrence of P. australis in highly saline environments cannot be explained in terms of either seasonal variations in surface water salinity or a freshwater subsidy provided by intrusions of non-saline groundwater into the root zone. An experimental growth trial with plants of different provenance showed that P. australis grew vigorously even at 8–16PSU (with maximum aboveground biomass at 2–4PSU). There was some evidence that specimens from saltier sites were more salt tolerant than those from fresher sites. The selection of salt-tolerant strains is the most likely explanation for the occurrence of P. australis in saline sites. However, anthropogenic salinisation is unlikely to be the only factor involved in the historical loss of reed beds, and lower and more stable water levels following the permanent opening of the Gippsland Lakes to the ocean in 1889 are probably also contributing factors.

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Smith, Andrew J., Stephen J. Gallagher, Malcolm Wallace, Guy Holdgate, Jim Daniels, and Jock Keene. "The Recent temperate foraminiferal biofacies of the Gippsland Shelf: an analogue for Neogene environmental analyses in southeastern Australia." Journal of Micropalaeontology 20, no. 2 (December 1, 2001): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jm.20.2.127.

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Abstract. This study describes the foraminiferal biofacies of a temperate stenohaline shelf and associated euryhaline marine lakes of Gippsland in southeast Australia. The study incorporates facies analyses and interpretations of three types of foraminiferal distributional data: forms alive at the time of collection, recently dead forms and relict forms. Four principal biofacies types occur: (1) the euryhaline marine Gippsland Lakes silts and sands; (2) inner shelf medium to coarse quartz-rich sands and bioclastic silty sands; (3) medium shelf bryozoan-rich bioclastic silt and silty sand; (4) outer shelf bryozoan- and plankton-rich silts and fine sands.The euryhaline marine Gippsland Lakes silts and sands contain abundant Ammonia beccarii and Eggerella, with minor Quinqueloculina, Elphidium and Discorbinella. The Gippsland inner shelf biofacies (0–50 m depths) consists of medium to coarse quartz-rich sands and bioclastic silty sand. Abundant living, relict and recently dead miliolids occur in the inner shelf with rare planktonic forms. Common planktonic foraminifera, with Cibicides, Parrellina, Elphidium and Lenticulina and relict forms occur in the bryozoan-rich bioclastic silt and silty sand of the Gippsland middle shelf (50–100 m depth). Bryozoan and plankton-rich silts and fine sand occur in the outer shelf to upper slope facies (100–300 m) below swell wave base on the Gippsland Shelf. A diverse fauna with common textulariids, Uvigerina, Bulimina, Anomalinoides and Astrononion and rare relict forms, occurs in this biofacies. Planktonic foraminifera and Uvigerina are most abundant at the shelf break due to local upwelling at the head of the Bass Canyon.Estimates of faunal production rates from live/dead ratios and full assemblage data suggest that the fauna of the Gippsland Shelf has not been significantly reworked by wave and/or bioturbation processes. Most relict foraminifera occur in the inner shelf, with minor relict forms in the middle to outer shelf. This pattern is similar to other shelf regions in Australia, where shelf areas were exposed during Pleistocene lowstand times, principally reworking pre-existing inner to middle shelf faunas. Correspondence analyses of the foraminiferal data yield a clear depth-related distribution of the faunal assemblage data. Most of the modern Gippsland Shelf fauna are cosmopolitan species and nearly a third are (semi-)endemic taxa suitable for regional palaeo-environmental studies. From biostratigraphic studies it is clear that the modern Gippsland foraminiferal assemblage evolved since Early Miocene times, with most elements present by the Late Miocene. Hence, the Recent Gippsland Shelf foraminiferal biofacies distribution is a good analogue for Neogene palaeo-environmental studies in the region. The longer ranging pre-Miocene mixture of epifaunal and infaunal taxa are deeper shelf cosmopolitan forms and are inferred to be more conservative since they evolved in relatively lower stress environments, typifying mesotrophic to eutrophic conditions compared to inner shelf epifaunal forms with ecological niches markedly affected by sea-level and temperature fluctuations in zones of constant wave action, in oligotrophic environments.The foraminiferal and facies analogues of this study on the Gippsland Shelf can be used for palaeo-environmental analyses of the Gippsland and Otway Neogene sedimentary successions. Such improvements will lead ultimately to a better understanding of the evolution of the neritic realm in southeastern Australia, an area facing the evolving Southern Ocean during the Cenozoic.

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Aldred, J., J. Campbell, G. Davis, N. Lehmann, and J. Wolstenholme. "Barmah Forest virus in the Gippsland Lakes region, Victoria." Medical Journal of Australia 153, no. 7 (October 1990): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1990.tb125523.x.

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Cook, P. L. M., M. Jennings, D. P. Holland, J. Beardall, C. Briles, A. Zawadzki, P. Doan, K. Mills, and P. Gell. "Blooms of cyanobacteria in a temperate Australian lagoon system post and prior to European settlement." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 22 (November 25, 2015): 18829–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-18829-2015.

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Abstract. Blooms of noxious N2 fixing cyanobacteria such as Nodularia spumigena are a recurring problem in some estuaries. Here we report the results of a palaeoecological study on a temperate Australian lagoon system (The Gippsland Lakes) where we used stable isotopes and pigment biomarkers in dated cores as proxies for eutrophication and blooms of cyanobacteria. Pigment proxies show a clear signal, with an increase in cyanobacterial pigments (echinenone, canthaxanthin and zeaxanthin) in the period coinciding with recent blooms. Another excursion in these proxies was observed prior to the opening of an artificial entrance to the lakes in 1889, which markedly increased the salinity of the Gippsland Lakes. A coincident increase in the sediment organic carbon content in the period prior to the opening of the artificial entrance suggests the bottom waters of the lakes were increasingly stratified and hypoxic, which would have led to an increase in the recycling of phosphorus. After the opening of the artificial entrance there was a ~ 60 year period with low values for the cyanobacterial proxies as well as a low sediment organic carbon content suggesting a period of low bloom activity associated with the increased salinity of the lakes. During the 1940s, the current period of re-eutrophication commenced as indicated by a steadily increasing sediment organic carbon content and cyanobacterial pigments. We suggest increasing nitrogen inputs from the catchment led to the return of hypoxia and increased phosphorus release from the sediment, which drove the re-emergence of cyanobacterial blooms.

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Bryant, E. A., and D. M. Price. "LATE PLEISTOCENE MARINE CHRONOLOGY OF THE GIPPSLAND LAKES REGION, AUSTRALIA." Physical Geography 18, no. 4 (July 1997): 318–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02723646.1997.10642622.

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Cook, Perran L. M., Miles Jennings, Daryl P. Holland, John Beardall, Christy Briles, Atun Zawadzki, Phuong Doan, Keely Mills, and Peter Gell. "Blooms of cyanobacteria in a temperate Australian lagoon system post and prior to European settlement." Biogeosciences 13, no. 12 (June 22, 2016): 3677–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3677-2016.

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Abstract. Blooms of noxious N2 fixing cyanobacteria such as Nodularia spumigena are a recurring problem in some estuaries; however, the historic occurrence of such blooms in unclear in many cases. Here we report the results of a palaeoecological study on a temperate Australian lagoon system (the Gippsland Lakes) where we used stable isotopes and pigment biomarkers in dated cores as proxies for eutrophication and blooms of cyanobacteria. Pigment proxies show a clear signal, with an increase in cyanobacterial pigments (echinenone, canthaxanthin and zeaxanthin) in the period coinciding with recent blooms. Another excursion in these proxies was observed prior to the opening of an artificial entrance to the lakes in 1889, which markedly increased the salinity of the Gippsland Lakes. A coincident increase in the sediment organic-carbon content in the period prior to the opening of the artificial entrance suggests that the bottom waters of the lakes were more stratified and hypoxic, which would have led to an increase in the recycling of phosphorus. After the opening of the artificial entrance, there was a ∼ 60-year period with low values for the cyanobacterial proxies as well as a low sediment organic-carbon content suggesting a period of low bloom activity associated with the increased salinity of the lakes. During the 1940s, the current period of re-eutrophication commenced, as indicated by a steadily increasing sediment organic-carbon content and cyanobacterial pigments. We suggest that increasing nitrogen inputs from the catchment led to the return of hypoxia and increased phosphorus release from the sediment, which drove the re-emergence of cyanobacterial blooms.

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Puszka, Helena, Jeff Shimeta, and Kate Robb. "Assessment on the effectiveness of vessel-approach regulations to protect cetaceans in Australia: A review on behavioral impacts with case study on the threatened Burrunan dolphin (Tursiops australis)." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): e0243353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243353.

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Vessels cause considerable disturbance to cetaceans world-wide, with potential long-term impacts to population viability. Here we present a comprehensive review of vessel impacts to cetacean behavior in Australian waters (2003–2015), finding inadequate protections to be in place. The majority of these studies found trends of decreased animal travel and resting behavioral states as well as low compliance to regulations, and they recommended further regulatory action such as greater enforcement or monitoring, or passive management strategies. As a case study, we conducted the first field assessment of vessel compliance with the Wildlife (Marine Mammal) Regulations 2009 in Gippsland Lakes, Australia, and provide the first assessment of the endangered Gippsland Lakes Burrunan dolphin (Tursiops australis) population’s behavioral ecology. Dolphin behavior and vessel regulation compliance data were collected during boat-based surveys of Gippsland Lakes from July 2017 to January 2018, with a total of 22 dolphin group sightings resulting in 477 five-minute point samples. 77% of dolphin sightings involved vessel interactions (within 400 m), and 56 regulation breaches were observed. These breaches were most severe in summer (mean = 4.54 breaches/hour). Vessels were found to alter dolphin behavior before, during, and after interactions and regulation breaches, including increased mating (mate guarding) and milling behavioral states, and increased ‘fish catch’, ‘high leap’ and ‘tail slap’ behavioral events. These behavioral changes may indicate masking of the dolphins' acoustic communication, disturbance of prey, increased dolphin transition behaviors, and/or induced stress and changes to group structure (including increased mate guarding). While our results provide evidence of short-term altered behavior, the potential for long-term effects on population dynamics for this threatened species is high. In the context of reported inadequate cetacean protection Australia-wide, our management recommendations include greater monitoring and enforcement, and the utilisation of adaptive management.

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Monbet, Phil, Ian D. McKelvie, and Paul J. Worsfold. "Phosphorus speciation, burial and regeneration in coastal lagoon sediments of the Gippsland Lakes (Victoria, Australia)." Environmental Chemistry 4, no. 5 (2007): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en07049.

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Environmental context. Eutrophication can lead to the production of harmful algal blooms and is one of the world’s most serious water quality issues. Phosphorus is potentially the limiting macro-nutrient in fresh, estuarine and some marine waters. Consequently, it plays a crucial role in determining the ecological status of many aquatic ecosystems. Considerable effort has been invested in monitoring dissolved reactive phosphorus and total phosphorus in the water column, but less is known about the speciation of phosphorus, particularly in the sediment. This compartment is an important and dynamic reservoir of phosphorus and a potential long-term source of phosphorus release to the water column by the sediment–water interface. This paper investigates the solid-phase speciation and reorganisation of phosphorus within the sediments of a shallow lake system in south-east Australia (the Gippsland Lakes) which suffers from recurring harmful algae blooms. Various strategies are proposed to determine the minimum realistic timescale required to deplete the sediment of labile and reactive phosphorus species. Abstract. Solid-phase phosphorus pools in the sediments of two shallow lakes (Wellington and Victoria) in the Gippsland Lakes coastal lagoon system of south-east Australia are discussed. Cores (20-cm depth) were taken in summer and winter in both lakes and a sequential extraction scheme (SEDEX) was used to profile the exchangeable P (Pex), iron oxide/hydroxide bound P (PFe), authigenic P (Pauth), detrital P (Pdet) and organic P (Porg). Pore-water (Ppw) dissolved reactive phosphorus concentration profiles were also measured. The dominant forms of P were PFe (up to 53%) and Porg (35–55%), with the PFe fraction playing a key role in the short-term retention of P in the sediment. Benthic phosphorus fluxes at the sediment–water interface (μmol m–2 d–1) were determined from the sequential extraction data. The results were compared with flux measurements from the complementary approaches of benthic chamber experiments and Fickian diffusion calculations, to allow an insight into the nature and seasonal variations of the fluxes. The burial flux of phosphorus was also estimated from excess 210Pb profiles in the sediment of the lakes. All of these data were used to produce a phosphorus budget for the Gippsland Lakes which suggested that the sediment represents a substantial source of phosphorus within the lakes and thus clearly highlights the importance of the sedimentary compartment in shallow eutrophic ecosystems. Minimum realistic timescales for complete labile phosphorus depletion from the sediment (assuming no resupply from the sediment–water interface) were calculated and ranged from 8 to 22 years.

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Boon, Paul I., Perran Cook, and Ryan Woodland. "The Gippsland Lakes: management challenges posed by long-term environmental change." Marine and Freshwater Research 67, no. 6 (2016): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf14222.

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The Gippsland Lakes, listed under the Ramsar Convention in 1982, have undergone chronic salinisation since the cutting in 1889 of an artificial entrance to the ocean to improve navigational access, exacerbated in the mid–late 20th century by increasing regulation and extraction of water from inflowing rivers. Both developments have had substantial ecological impacts: a marked decline in the area of reed (Phragmites australis) beds; the loss of salt-intolerant submerged taxa such as Vallisneria australis, causing a shift to a phytoplankton-dominated system in Lake Wellington; and, nearer the entrance, an expansion in the area of seagrasses. Mangroves (Avicennia marina) first appeared in the late 1980s or early 1990s. Since 1986 recurring blooms of Nodularia spumigena have led to loss of recreational amenity and to the periodic closure of recreational and commercial fisheries. Changes to hydrological and salinity regimes have almost certainly shifted the contemporary fish community away from the pre-entrance state. Rises in eustatic sea levels and increases in storm surges will exacerbate the issue of chronic salinisation. Whether or not managers choose to intervene to prevent, or at least minimise, ongoing environmental change will inevitably prove controversial, and in some cases no socially or technologically feasible solutions may exist.

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tone, P. Feathers, T. Aigner, L. Brown, M. King, and W. Leu. "STRATIGRAPHIC MODELLING OF THE GIPPSLAND BASIN." APPEA Journal 31, no. 1 (1991): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj90009.

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The Gippsland Basin is an asymmetric graben which initially formed during the break-up of Australia and Antarctica in the Early Cretaceous. During continental rifting the basin was filled by volcano-clastics of the Strzelecki Group. The overlying alluvial sediments of the Golden Beach Group represent a second phase of rift fill associated with the Tasman Sea rift. Following continental break-up in the Campanian, the Latrobe Group was deposited as a transgressive sequence of marine and coastal plain sediments. Thermal subsidence from the Oligocene to Recent was accompanied by the deposition of marine marls and limestones of the Lakes Entrance Formation and Gippsland Limestone.A north-south cross-section through the basin, based on regional seismic data and nine exploration wells, has been used to study the tectonic, thermal and basin-fill history. A detailed basin subsidence history based on a crustal rifting model was constructed, constrained by stratigraphic data and palaeo-water depth estimates at well locations. The history of sedimentation was then modelled by a Shell proprietary package, using the subsidence history and published eustatic sea level variations. This numerical model is based on a forward time-stepping scheme using semi-empirical algorithms to define the facies deposited. The gross basin architecture of the Gippsland Basin is successfully reproduced by the model. In addition the model details the timing and extent of marine incursions in the Golden Beach Group and the eustatic control on facies patterns in the Latrobe Group.The method has potential for predicting the sedimentary facies in undrilled parts of the Gippsland Basin and in frontier areas in general.

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Ciftci, Bozkurt, Laurent Langhi, Silvio Giger, Julian Strand, Louise Goldie-Divko, John Miranda, and Geoffrey O'Brien. "Top seal bypass risk due to fracture systems, nearshore/onshore Gippsland Basin." APPEA Journal 52, no. 1 (2012): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj11032.

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The extensional architecture of the Gippsland Basin was modified by a phase of contractional deformation during the Oligocene—Pleistocene postdating the main subsidence phase of the basin. This deformation caused local inversion and folding, which modified the depocentre geometry and controlled deformation of the syn-kinematic regional top-seal—the Lakes Entrance Formation. Accordingly, there is spatial variation of deformation intensity and lithofacies distribution, the latter of which possibly affected the strain accommodation behaviour of the Lakes Entrance Formation. These factors are critical and locally detrimental to seal capacity. In this study, the volume of shale distribution of the Lakes Entrance Formation was modelled and various parameters of the seismic-scale faults were computed, including shale gouge ratio, slip tendency and dilation tendency. Sub-seismic deformation was captured by strain and curvature attributes at the Latrobe unconformity, which carries the most intense imprint of the deformation phase. These parameters were correlated to known hydrocarbon seepage and leakage indicators in the basin, which could be related either to: (i) localised deformation along fault zones; or, (ii) to distributed deformation separated from the fault zones. There is generally a good match between the anomalous values of the computed parameters and the location of leakage indicators. For fault-related localised deformation zones, the match of the parameters ranks in the following order: shale gouge ratio (95%), strain (84%), curvature (84%) and slip tendency (74%). By combining these four parameters, a fault-related leakage assessment factor (FLAF) was defined and mapped across the study area. Match ratio of the parameters used to capture distributed deformation separated from the fault zones are ranked in the following order: curvature (100%), strain (100%) and volume of shale (83%). These parameters were also combined to define an ‘other’ leakages assessment factor (OLAF) and mapped across the study area. FLAF and OLAF maps are consistent with known leakage/seepage indicators in the basin and are indicative of additional areas with potential risk for top seal bypass. These risk maps provide useful input to CO2 storage and hydrocarbon exploration efforts in the basin.

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Roberts, Anna M., David J. Pannell, Graeme Doole, and Olga Vigiak. "Agricultural land management strategies to reduce phosphorus loads in the Gippsland Lakes, Australia." Agricultural Systems 106, no. 1 (February 2012): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2011.10.009.

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Wheeler, Peter, Jim Peterson, and Lee Gordon-Brown. "Flood-tide Delta Morphological Change at the Gippsland Lakes Artificial Entrance, Australia (1889–2009)." Australian Geographer 41, no. 2 (June 2010): 183–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049181003742302.

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Çiftçi, N. Bozkurt, Laurent Langhi, Julian Strand, and Louise Goldie Divko. "Efficiency of a faulted regional top seal, Lakes Entrance Formation, Gippsland Basin, SE Australia." Petroleum Geoscience 20, no. 3 (July 25, 2014): 241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/petgeo2013-018.

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Sakov, P., and J. S. Parslow. "Optimisation technique for calculating water transport in a box model (Gippsland Lakes, Victoria, Australia)." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 59, no. 3 (March 2004): 417–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2003.10.002.

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Dow, Coral. "A 'Sportsman's Paradise': The Effects of Hunting on the Avifauna of the Gippsland Lakes." Environment and History 14, no. 2 (May 1, 2008): 145–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/096734008x303700.

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Gibson-Poole, C. M., L. Svendsen, J. Underschultz, M. N. Watson, J. Ennis-King, P. J. van Ruth, E. J. Nelson, R. F. Daniel, and Y. Cinar. "GIPPSLAND BASIN GEOSEQUESTRATION: A POTENTIAL SOLUTION FOR THE LATROBE VALLEY BROWN COAL CO2 EMISSIONS." APPEA Journal 46, no. 1 (2006): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj05024.

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Geosequestration of CO2 in the offshore Gippsland Basin is being investigated by the CO2CRC as a possible method for storing the very large volumes of CO2 emissions from the Latrobe Valley area. A storage capacity of about 50 million tonnes of CO2 per year for a 40-year injection period is required, which will necessitate several individual storage sites to be used both sequentially and simultaneously, but timed such that existing hydrocarbon assets are not compromised. Detailed characterisation focussed on the Kingfish Field area as the first site to be potentially used, in the anticipation that this oil field will be depleted within the period 2015–25. The potential injection targets are the interbedded sandstones, shales and coals of the Paleocene-Eocene upper Latrobe Group, regionally sealed by the Lakes Entrance Formation. The research identified several features to the offshore Gippsland Basin that make it particularly favourable for CO2 storage. These include: a complex stratigraphic architecture that provides baffles which slow vertical migration and increase residual gas trapping; non-reactive reservoir units that have high injectivity; a thin, suitably reactive, low permeability marginal reservoir just below the regional seal providing additional mineral trapping; several depleted oil fields that provide storage capacity coupled with a transient flow regime arising from production that enhances containment; and, long migration pathways beneath a competent regional seal. This study has shown that the Gippsland Basin has sufficient capacity to store very large volumes of CO2. It may provide a solution to the problem of substantially reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the use of new coal developments in the Latrobe Valley.

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Coulson, GM, and JA Raines. "Methods for Small-Scale Surveys of Grey Kangaroo Populations." Wildlife Research 12, no. 2 (1985): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9850119.

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Small-scale survey methods which have previously been applied to grey kangaroos were evaluated on a population of known size. The total population size of free-ranging eastern grey kangaroos, Macropus giganteus, on Rotamah Island in the Gippsland Lakes of Victoria was determined by a drive count. Two types of small-scale survey methods were evaluated against this total: line transect counts and faecal pellet counts. The line transect estimates were not significantly different from the known population size, and grey kangaroos appear to meet the critical conditions of the models. Counts of individual faecal pellets gave an acceptable estimate of population density, whereas counts based on pellet groups had significant positive bias.

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Hoffman, Nick, and Natt Arian. "The Latrobe Group and the 90-million-year beach." APPEA Journal 53, no. 2 (2013): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj12071.

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Carbon dioxide geosequestration requires a detailed understanding of the whole sedimentary section, with particular emphasis on topseals and intraformational seals. Hydrocarbon exploration is more focused on reservoirs but requires a similar basin understanding. This extended abstract reviews the knowledge gained from petroleum exploration in the Gippsland Basin to The CarbonNet Project’s exploration program for CO2 storage. The Ninety Mile Beach on the Gippsland coast is a prominent modern-day sand fairway where longshore drift transports sediments north-eastwards along a barrier-bar system, trapping lake systems behind the coastal strip. This beach is only 10,000 years old (dating to the last glacial rise of sea level) but is built on a platform of earlier beaches that can be traced back almost 90 million years to the initiation of Latrobe Group deposition in the Gippsland Basin. Using a recently compiled and open-file volume of merged 3D seismic surveys, the authors show the evolution of the Latrobe shoreline can be mapped continuously from the Upper Cretaceous to the present day. Sand fairways accumulate as a barrier-bar system at the edge of a steadily subsiding marine embayment, with distinct retrogradational geometries. Behind the barrier system, a series of trapped lakes and lagoons are mapped. In these, coal swamps, extensive shales, and tidal sediments were deposited at different stages of the sea-level curve, while fluvial systems prograded through these lowlands. Detailed 3D seismic extractions show the geometry, orientation and extent of coals, sealing shales, fluvial channels, and bayhead deltas. Detailed understanding of these reservoir and seal systems outlines multi-storey play fairways for hydrocarbon exploration and geosequestration. Use of modern basin resource needs careful coordination of activity and benefits greatly from established data-sharing practices.

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Weber, U. D., K. C. Hill, R. W. Brown, K. Gallagher, B. P. Kohn, A. J. W. Gleadow, and D. A. Foster. "SEDIMENT SUPPLY TO THE GIPPSLAND BASIN FROM THERMAL HISTORY ANALYSIS: CONSTRAINTS ON EMPEROR—GOLDEN BEACH RESERVOIR COMPOSITION." APPEA Journal 44, no. 1 (2004): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj03015.

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The Emperor and Golden Beach Subgroups are becoming the focus of Gippsland Basin exploration, yet little is known about their composition and distribution. Regional modelling of over 400 apatite fission track analyses in the hinterland constrains the timing, magnitude and distribution of uplift and denudation and hence sediment supply to the basin. The study yielded regional maps through time of palaeotemperature, overburden, denudation rate and palaeotopography, with increasing assumptions and hence uncertainty.Regionally the >60,000 km3 of Strzelecki Group comprises ~90% volcanoclastic detritus and coal with only ~10% basement-derived sediment, but the northern margin of the basin, near Lakes Entrance, is likely to have a higher basement-derived portion resulting in better reservoirs. The basement-derived sediments are probably largely granitic as the Devonian granites were exposed during the Permo-Triassic Hunter-Bowen Orogeny. Regional mid-Cretaceous uplift resulted in increased denudation of basement, but inversion of the basin margins resulted in denudation of the onshore Strzelecki Group sediments. Emperor and Golden Beach Subgroup sediments deposited in the subsiding Central Graben were at least 50% basement-derived, again with higher quality reservoirs predicted near the Lakes Entrance area and poorer reservoirs near to Wilson’s Promontory. The Latrobe Group siliciclastics were at least 80% derived from basement with a substantial portion from northern Tasmania and the Furneaux Islands around 60-50 Ma.

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Mitchell, PJ, R. Bilney, and RW Martin. "Population-Structure and Reproductive Status of Koalas on Raymond Island, Victoria." Wildlife Research 15, no. 5 (1988): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9880511.

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In December 1980, 87 adult (>1-year-old) koalas (36 males, 51 females) were captured and marked on Raymond Island, in the Gippsland Lakes of Victoria. A further 85 adults and 34 juveniles (6-12 months old) were sighted but not captured. In August 1985, 25 females and 24 males were captured and examined. The proportions of animals in the older age classes (age classes 4 and above) were 61% in 1980 and 39% in 1985, while the reproduction rates were 38 and 40%, respectively. The low reproduction rates, and the high proportions of older animals in 1980, were attributed to reproductive tract disease, although the presence of this disease did not prevent the population from increasing to a density at which trees were being overbrowsed.

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Langhi, Laurent, Bozkurt Ciftci, Dariush Nadri, Louise Goldie Divko, and Peter Tingate. "Top seal efficiency of the Lakes Entrance formation, Gippsland Basin: some constraints from seismic inversion and attributes." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2013, no. 1 (December 2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2013ab023.

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Taylor, Iain R., and Emma L. Roe. "Feeding ecology of little terns Sterna albifrons sinensis in south-eastern Australia and the effects of pilchard mass mortality on breeding success and population size." Marine and Freshwater Research 55, no. 8 (2004): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf03203.

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Little terns Sterna albifrons sinensis breeding on Rigby Island, Gippsland Lakes in south-east Australia fed their chicks entirely on juvenile fish of the families Clupeidae, Engraulidae, Pomatomidae and Carangidae, including pilchard Sardinops neopilchardus, southern anchovy Engraulis australis and blue sprat Spratelloides robustus. The entrance channel to the Lakes was an important feeding site. Numbers feeding there increased on the flood tide and decreased on the ebb tide. Their dive rates followed the same pattern, suggesting they depended on shoals of juvenile fish entering the estuary during high tide. The number feeding varied from day to day, and dive rates were positively correlated with numbers, suggesting that the abundance of juvenile fish entering the channel also varied from day to day. There was no evidence that breeding success or number of breeding pairs were adversely affected by the 1995 mass mortalities of pilchard in the area. However, breeding success was reduced significantly in 1999 and 2000 following the 1998/1999 pilchard mortality. The 1995 mortality affected mainly larger size classes of pilchard, whereas the 1998/1999 mortality also affected younger age classes. This difference may explain why little terns seemed only to be adversely affected by the second mortality event.

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Grixti, Daniel, Alexander Morison, and Justin D. Bell. "UndersizedAcanthopagrus butcheriCaught and Released from Commercial Gill Nets Show High Survival Rates in the Gippsland Lakes, Southeastern Australia." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 30, no. 3 (June 2010): 723–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/m09-037.1.

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Barton, Philip S., John G. Aberton, and Brian H. Kay. "Spatial and temporal definition of Ochlerotatus camptorhynchus (Thomson) (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Gippsland Lakes system of eastern Victoria." Australian Journal of Entomology 43, no. 1 (February 2004): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.2004.00405.x.

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Myers, Jackie H., John Beardall, Graeme Allinson, Scott Salzman, and Leanne Gunthorpe. "Environmental influences on akinete germination and development in Nodularia spumigena (Cyanobacteriaceae), isolated from the Gippsland Lakes, Victoria, Australia." Hydrobiologia 649, no. 1 (April 12, 2010): 239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-010-0252-5.

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27

Willems, Daniel J., Jessica M. Reeves, Paul D. Morrison, Charlene Trestrail, and Dayanthi Nugegoda. "Trace metal biomonitoring in the east Gippsland Lakes estuary using the barnacle Amphibalanus variegatus and mussel Mytilus edulis." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 3 (December 16, 2019): 3361–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07125-3.

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Saunders, Krystyna M., Dominic A. Hodgson, Jennifer Harrison, and Andrew McMinn. "Palaeoecological tools for improving the management of coastal ecosystems: a case study from Lake King (Gippsland Lakes) Australia." Journal of Paleolimnology 40, no. 1 (October 2, 2007): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10933-007-9132-z.

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29

Goldie Divko, Louise, Geoffrey O'Brien, Michael Harrison, and Joseph Hamilton. "Evaluation of the regional top seal in the Gippsland Basin: implications for geological carbon storage and hydrocarbon prospectivity." APPEA Journal 50, no. 1 (2010): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj09028.

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GeoScience Victoria and partners have undertaken the first detailed basin-wide study of the regional top seal in the Gippsland Basin. The Gippsland Basin is an attractive site for geological carbon storage (GCS) because of the close proximity to emission sources and the potential for large-scale storage projects. This top seal assessment involved the analysis of seal attributes (geometry, capacity and mineralogy) and empirical evidence for seal failure (soil gas geochemical anomalies, gas chimneys, hydrocarbon seepage and oil slicks). These datasets have been integrated to produce a qualitative evaluation of the containment potential for GCS, and also hydrocarbons, across the basin. Mineralogical analysis of the top seal has revealed that the Lakes Entrance Formation is principally a smectite-rich claystone. The geometry of the top seal is consistent with deposition in an early post-rift setting where marine sediments filled palaeo-topographic lows. The seal thickness and depth to seal base are greatest in the Central Deep and decrease toward the margins. There is a strong positive relationship between seal capacity column heights, seal thickness, depth to seal base and smectite content. At greater burial depths (below 700 m) and where smectite content is greater than 70%, seal capacity is increased (supportable column heights above 150 m). Natural hydrocarbon leakage and seepage onshore and offshore is correlated with fault distribution and areas of poor seal capacity. This study provides a framework for qualitatively evaluating seal potential at a basin scale. It has shown that the potential of the regional top seal over the Central Deep, Southern Terrace, central eastern Lake Wellington Depression and the southern to central near shore areas in the Seaspray Depression are most suitable for the containment of supercritical CO2. Further toward the margin of the regional seal in both onshore and offshore areas, containment of supercritical CO2 is less likely.

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MacDonald, Justin, Rosalind King, Richard Hillis, and Guillaume Backé. "Structural style of the White Pointer and Hammerhead Delta—deepwater fold-thrust belts, Bight Basin, Australia." APPEA Journal 50, no. 1 (2010): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj09029.

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GeoScience Victoria and partners have undertaken the first detailed basin-wide study of the regional top seal in the Gippsland Basin. The Gippsland Basin is an attractive site for geological carbon storage (GCS) because of the close proximity to emission sources and the potential for large-scale storage projects. This top seal assessment involved the analysis of seal attributes (geometry, capacity and mineralogy) and empirical evidence for seal failure (soil gas geochemical anomalies, gas chimneys, hydrocarbon seepage and oil slicks). These datasets have been integrated to produce a qualitative evaluation of the containment potential for GCS, and also hydrocarbons, across the basin. Mineralogical analysis of the top seal has revealed that the Lakes Entrance Formation is principally a smectite-rich claystone. The geometry of the top seal is consistent with deposition in an early post-rift setting where marine sediments filled palaeo-topographic lows. The seal thickness and depth to seal base are greatest in the Central Deep and decrease toward the margins. There is a strong positive relationship between seal capacity column heights, seal thickness, depth to seal base and smectite content. At greater burial depths (below 700 m) and where smectite content is greater than 70%, seal capacity is increased (supportable column heights above 150 m). Natural hydrocarbon leakage and seepage onshore and offshore is correlated with fault distribution and areas of poor seal capacity. This study provides a framework for qualitatively evaluating seal potential at a basin scale. It has shown that the potential of the regional top seal over the Central Deep, Southern Terrace, central eastern Lake Wellington Depression and the southern to central near shore areas in the Seaspray Depression are most suitable for the containment of supercritical CO2. Further toward the margin of the regional seal in both onshore and offshore areas, containment of supercritical CO2 is less likely.

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Nourollah, Hadi, and Javad Aliemrani. "Improved imaging of the Strzelecki Formation by the reprocessing of 3D seismic reflection data: onshore Gippsland Basin, Australia." APPEA Journal 55, no. 2 (2015): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj14100.

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The Wombat 3D seismic survey was recorded by Lakes Oil in 2008 following the drilling of the Wombat–3 well. The survey was aimed at identifying the structures better inside the Strzelecki Formation and the underlying Rintoul Creek Sandstone, and to give a better understanding of the provenance of the gas encountered in the first three Wombat wells and the oil encountered at depth in the Wombat–3 well. Seismic acquisition design and processing in this area are challenged by the presence of coal measures in the Latrobe Group, which overlies the zone of interest, absorbs most of the incident seismic energy and complicates seismic imaging through the generation of multiple reflection events. A novel approach, described as multi-line decomposition, modelling and synthesis, was developed to model critical imaging parameters and in particular the velocity model for midpoint stacking and migration. This approach is demonstrated through the reprocessing of the Wombat 3D seismic survey and is compared with a conventional 3D processing approach and original survey processing examples. The reprocessed seismic section provides a significantly improved image of the deeper structures, delineating a number of continuous reflectors in the Early Cretaceous formations. It also provides the opportunity to build a more accurate model of the basement.

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Morison, Alexander K., Patrick C. Coutin, and Simon G. Robertson. "Age determination of black bream, Acanthopagrus butcheri (Sparidae), from the Gippsland Lakes of south-eastern Australia indicates slow growth and episodic recruitment." Marine and Freshwater Research 49, no. 6 (1998): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf97237.

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The age of black bream (Acanthopagrus butcheri) in the Gippsland Lakes of south-eastern Australia was estimated with high precision from sectioned otoliths of fish sampled from 1993 to 1996. Ageing techniques were validated by following the progression of age classes over 4 years. Correct identification of the first increment was aided by reference to the position of the subcupular meshwork fibre zone, and age assignment was confirmed by linear regression analyses of otolith weight against fish age. The growth of black bream was found to be slower, and their natural life span longer, than previously estimated from length–frequency distributions and scale readings. The maximum age recorded was 29 years, with most black bream 4–9 years old and few fish more than 10 years old. There were significant differences between the growth rates of males and females. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters were: L∞ 54.5 cm FL, t0 –5.21 years, K 0.042 year-1 for females and L∞ 38.2 cm FL, t0 –3.70 years, K 0.077 year-1 for males. The current age structure suggests that recruitment has been episodic since 1981 and low for three recent years in succession.

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Fabris, G., T. Theodoropoulos, A. Sheehan, and B. Abbott. "Mercury and Organochlorines in Black Bream, Acanthopagrus butcheri, from the Gippsland Lakes, Victoria, Australia: Evidence for Temporal Increases in Mercury levels." Marine Pollution Bulletin 38, no. 11 (November 1999): 970–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-326x(99)00112-5.

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Zhu, Yafei, Andrew McCowan, and Perran L. M. Cook. "Effects of changes in nutrient loading and composition on hypoxia dynamics and internal nutrient cycling of a stratified coastal lagoon." Biogeosciences 14, no. 19 (October 6, 2017): 4423–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4423-2017.

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Abstract. The effects of changes in catchment nutrient loading and composition on the phytoplankton dynamics, development of hypoxia and internal nutrient dynamics in a stratified coastal lagoon system (the Gippsland Lakes) were investigated using a 3-D coupled hydrodynamic biogeochemical water quality model. The study showed that primary production was equally sensitive to changed dissolved inorganic and particulate organic nitrogen loads, highlighting the need for a better understanding of particulate organic matter bioavailability. Stratification and sediment carbon enrichment were the main drivers for the hypoxia and subsequent sediment phosphorus release in Lake King. High primary production stimulated by large nitrogen loading brought on by a winter flood contributed almost all the sediment carbon deposition (as opposed to catchment loads), which was ultimately responsible for summer bottom-water hypoxia. Interestingly, internal recycling of phosphorus was more sensitive to changed nitrogen loads than total phosphorus loads, highlighting the potential importance of nitrogen loads exerting a control over systems that become phosphorus limited (such as during summer nitrogen-fixing blooms of cyanobacteria). Therefore, the current study highlighted the need to reduce both total nitrogen and total phosphorus for water quality improvement in estuarine systems.

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35

Arnott, GH, and AD McKinnon. "Distribution and abundance of eggs of the anchovy, Engraulis australis antipodum Gunther, in relation to temperature and salinity in the Gippsland Lakes." Marine and Freshwater Research 36, no. 3 (1985): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9850433.

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Observations on the abundance of anchovy eggs in the Gippsland Lakes were made. From these observations, the duration and extent of spawning were inferred. Ten stations along the main salinity gradient were sampled from November 1978 to March 1980. Egg densities ranged from 1 to 38 170 eggs per 100 m3, densities of over 1000 eggs per 100 m3 being recorded on 16 occasions. Larval densities were much lower, only five records being greater than 100 larvae per 100 m3. Spawning extended from October to March. Peak egg and larval densities occurred in January for the two spawning periods examined. Eggs were found from McLennans Strait to the Entrance, with a few also collected from Bass Strait. Limited spawning did occur in the La Trobe River and in Lake Wellington during the 1967-1968 drought, when salinities were considerably higher than normal. The mean 'bottom' to 'top' density ratio for eggs was 3.8 to 1, probably as a result of vertical differences in salinity. Eggs were collected over a temperature range of 14.8-24.2�C, although the main spawning occurred above 18�C. The observed range in salinity was 2.3-35.5, but egg numbers in water below 15.8 were very low.

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Robinson, Randall W., Paul I. Boon, and Paul Bailey. "Germination characteristics of Melaleuca ericifolia Sm. (swamp paperbark) and their implications for the rehabilitation of coastal wetlands." Marine and Freshwater Research 57, no. 7 (2006): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf06006.

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Swamp paperbark, Melaleuca ericifolia Sm., is a small, clonal tree that occupies fresh- and brackish-water wetlands across south-eastern Australia. Seeds collected from Dowd Morass, a secondary-salinised Ramsar-listed wetland of the Gippsland Lakes region in eastern Victoria, showed very low viability (< 6%), with less than 50% of the seeds germinating even under ideal laboratory conditions. Greatest germination occurred with surface-sown seeds, germinated in darkness at a mean temperature of 20°C and salinity < 2 g L–1. At 20°C, maximum germination occurred at a salinity of 1 g L–1; germination fell rapidly at a near constant rate with increasing salinity. Lower temperatures, while moderating the inhibitory effects of salinity, markedly reduced germination; higher temperatures increased the inhibitory effects of salinity and light and reduced overall germination rates. Seeds subjected to brief inundation with saline water germinated rapidly if flushed by, and subsequently grown under, freshwater conditions. Specific timing of management interventions, particularly manipulations of water regime to control salinity regimes, are required if germination of M. ericifolia on the landscape scale is to be successful. Even so, the low overall viability of the seeds would present difficulties to large-scale, seed-based rehabilitation efforts.

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Robinson, Randall W., Elizabeth A. James, and Paul I. Boon. "Population structure in the clonal, woody wetland plant Melaleuca ericifolia (Myrtaceae): an analysis using historical aerial photographs and molecular techniques." Australian Journal of Botany 60, no. 1 (2012): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt11292.

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Analyses of historical aerial photographs from 1957 to 2003 were combined with two molecular techniques to examine population structure of the swamp paperbark (Melaleuca ericifolia Sm., Myrtaceae) in Dowd Morass, a large, brackish-water wetland of the Gippsland Lakes, Australia. Molecular markers (microsatellites and inter-simple sequence repeats) demonstrated that the large, dome-shaped stands of M. ericifolia evident in the field were individual genets and that adjacent genets did not intermingle. The development of 18 individual stands visible in aerial photographs from 1964 to 2003, but absent from 1957 images, allowed us to calculate that stands expanded at (individual) mean rates of 25–77 m2 year–1 over the period 1964–2003. Rates of lateral expansion, however, varied significantly between 1964 and 2003; the mean rates were highest in 1978–1982 and 1982–1991 (75 ± 7 and 73 ± 9 m2 year–1, respectively) and significantly lower in 1991–2003 (45 ± 3 m2 year–1). A slowing of lateral expansion rate may indicate stand senescence, although competition and space limitations as clones abut each other may also be relevant processes. Clonality has several important implications for the conservation and rehabilitation of Melaleuca-dominated wetlands in south-eastern Australia, including the ability of plants to maintain themselves under adverse hydrological and salinity regimes.

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Freestone, Marc, Timothy J. Wills, and Jennifer Read. "Post-fire succession during the long-term absence of fire in coastal heathland and a test of the chronosequence survey method." Australian Journal of Botany 63, no. 7 (2015): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt14345.

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Post-fire vegetation succession in long-unburnt heathland in south-east Australia is not well understood. In the present study we investigated temporal change in vegetation along a 37-year post-fire chronosequence in coastal heathland in the Gippsland Lakes Coastal Park, Victoria, Australia. Fourteen sites were surveyed for vegetation characteristics approximately 10 years after an initial chronosequence survey, enabling an extension of the chronosequence to cover a longer fire-free interval as well as testing predictions of declining species richness and diversity from the initial chronosequence study. Total species richness, mean species richness, mean diversity and mean evenness declined with time since fire across the 14 sites. However, only diversity (H) and evenness (E) decreased within sites as predicted in the original chronosequence study. No decrease in species richness within sites was observed. The chronosequence correctly predicted changes in species abundance but not the number of species present. Tree cover also increased, suggesting that the heathland was becoming a woodland in the long-term absence of fire. Fire history, which is an uncontrolled historical factor, provides the most likely explanation for why species richness did not decrease as predicted by the initial chronosequence. This study advocates caution in using the chronosequence method to predict species richness during post-fire succession.

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Takeuchi, Ichiro, Kohsei Nagano, and Stephen J. Keable. "A new species of Caprella (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Caprellidae) from Gippsland Lakes, Australia, with a redescription of Caprella acanthogaster Mayer, 1890 from northern Japan." Records of the Australian Museum 74, no. 1 (March 9, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.74.2022.1778.

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KORASIDIS, VERA A., MALCOLM W. WALLACE, ANNE-MARIE P. TOSOLINI, and ROBERT S. HILL. "THE ORIGIN OF FLORAL LAGERSTÄTTEN IN COALS." PALAIOS 35, no. 1 (January 13, 2020): 22–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/palo.2019.073.

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ABSTRACT Floral Lagerstätten deposits (i.e., fossil sites with exceptional preservation and diversity) are preserved within the Miocene brown coals of the Latrobe Group, Gippsland Basin, Australia. Three independent mechanisms are conducive to their accumulation. Throughout the coal seams the conversion of plant material into charcoal (fusain) and its accumulation in a subaqueous setting provides one means of near-perfect preservation. A second and more uncommon example occurs in the form of a 20 cm thick leaf-litter horizon that extends for over two kilometers. In this case, flooding of freshwater tributaries and lakes during the early stages of low-gradient peat development resulted in an extensive, shallow, acidic and water-filled depression that subsequently accumulated and preserved the surrounding plant material. The third and most common form results from the deposition of plant material into small, isolated pools that formed as depressions on the ombrogenous (i.e., rain-fed) and domed surface of the peatlands. In all of these settings an essential component allowing detailed floral preservation is the delivery of plant material directly to the anaerobic catotelm (i.e., below the water table), hence avoiding the physical and chemical processes of degradation that typically occur in the surficial aerobic acrotelm (i.e., above the water table). Leaf litter that falls into low-energy acidic and anoxic water-filled depressions that lie below the acrotelm will likely be well-preserved.

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Wills, Timothy J., and Jennifer Read. "Effects of heat and smoke on germination of soil-stored seed in a south-eastern Australian sand heathland." Australian Journal of Botany 50, no. 2 (2002): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt01017.

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Various fire-related agents, including heat, smoke, ash and charred wood, have been shown to break dormancy and promote germination of soil-stored seed in a broad range of species in mediterranean-type systems. However, relatively little work has been conducted in south-eastern Australian heathlands. This study examined the effects of heat and smoked water on germination of the soil seed bank in a mature sand heathland within the Gippsland Lakes Coastal Park, in south-eastern Australia. Heat was clearly the most successful treatment for promoting seed germination, followed by smoked water, then controls, with 55% of species present in the germinable soil seed bank requiring a heat or smoke stimulus to promote seed germination. Mean species richness of the germinable soil seed bank was found to be significantly higher in heat-treated soil than in smoke and control treatments. Seedling density of heat-treated soil was almost 10 times that of controls, while smoke-treated soil was almost five times that of controls. Seedling emergence was fastest in heat-treated soil, followed by smoke and control soils. Of the species found in the soil seed bank, 25% were absent from the extant vegetation, suggesting the existence of post-fire colonisers in the soil seed bank. The results have implications for the design of soil seed bank experiments and the use of fire as a tool in vegetation management.

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Norman, FI, and L. Mumford. "Studies on the Purple Swamphen, Porphyrio porphyrio, in Victoria." Wildlife Research 12, no. 2 (1985): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9850263.

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Details are presented of gonad parameters and reproductive status, body measurements, moult, and food taken by purple swamphens collected in the Gippsland Lakes area between July 1971 and July 1973. Information from other studies is also discussed. Plant material (76% estimated average volume) dominated gizzard contents, particularly when inorganic material (23%) was discounted, and animal remains (c. 1%) were found in only 51 of the 234 gizzards with food examined. Mostly semi-aquatic plants were eaten, predominantly from Gramineae (59%), Cyperaceae (17%) and Hydrocharitaceae (11%), and Phragrnites australzs was the main species identified. The proportion of roots, rhizomes and tubers in gizzards increased in autumn samples. Monthly variations in the grit content of gizzards were significant; males (which were larger than females) held more large-sized fragments than females, and there was a moderate negative correlation between hard seeds and grit. Ovarian follicles were generally largest between July and November and seminiferous tubule diameters in males increased from June and July to reach a maximum from September to November; sperm were present from July to November. There were no simple correlations between gonad parameters and local rainfall in the preceding 30 days. The presence of a bursa of Fabricius did not successfully exclude reproductively active birds, but male swamphens with cloaca1 papillae and no bursa had larger testes than those with a bursa but no papillae. Colour scores for bill and tarsus showed some seasonal variation in subsamples of males and females. Management of wetlands for this species must take account of its requirement for a relatively restricted range of food types.

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Fink, P., M. Adamson, F. Jamal, and C. Stark. "SEISMIC TO SIMULATION: INTEGRATED RESERVOIR MODEL FOR THE PATRICIA BALEEN GAS FIELD." APPEA Journal 42, no. 1 (2002): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj01006.

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The Patricia and Baleen offshore gas fields are located in the northeastern part of the Gippsland Basin in southeast Australia. Although discovered by two exploration wells almost a quarter of a century ago, the two gas fields only recently have again become the focus of appraisal and subsequent development activity through OMV’s acquisition of Cultus in 1999.After the drilling of a successful appraisal well in late 1999, a high resolution 3D seismic survey was acquired in early 2000. No further data acquisition will be undertaken. Special emphasis was therefore put on maximising the value of the 3D dataset by integrating the PreSTM (Pre. Stack Time Migration) seismic and several Elastic Impedance attributes with all other available subsurface data prior to building a sophisticated stochastic reservoir model for simulation.This paper describes how the integration of leading edge seismic technology with unconventional geological modelling was used to overcome a number of major challenges in order to build a coherent static reservoir model and constrain resource uncertainty given the limited amount of wireline and core data:A large proportion of the gas fields is strongly affected by seismic tuning which would introduce significant uncertainties on GRV and GWC estimations from seismic, if not accounted for properly. Likewise all seismic and to a somewhat lesser extent basic inversion based attributes used for reservoir property determination are strongly affected by this geophysical artefact: These challenges (and seismic pitfalls) were met by inverting the conventional 3D seismic for Pand S- wave impedances and generating a set of Elastic Impedance Cubes, difference cubes and LRM Cubes (standing for the elastic constants Lambda (λ), Rho (ρ) and Mhu (μ)), defining petroacoustic properties of the reservoir rocks. These cubes were tested for mathematical dependency and used for the conditioning of the facies and porosity models.The glauconitic Gurnard reservoir contains a high fraction of conductive minerals and is almost completely bioturbated. Conventional saturation estimations based on wireline-logs and conventional sequence stratigraphic facies description did not deliver a reliable picture: Instead a facies model based on ichnofabric analysis was built and constrained with data available at the three well locations. Saturation height functions were applied separately for each facies type. The Rho-Lambda (ρλ) cube was used to condition facies distribution away from the wells.More specifically, the results presented in the paper are:Elastic Impedance inversion provided vertical seismic resolution in the order of 4 m to 10 m, thereby allowing a more accurate seismic estimation of GRV and the GWC. Lamesf Constants were extracted from seismic in order to classify lithology.A realistic facies model was built utilizing the Rho- Lambda (ρλ) cube combined with ichnofabric analysis tied to permeability and water saturation distributions.Elastic Impedance Difference cubes were successfully calculated to eliminate tuning even further and condition the stochastic porosity model.Connected volume maps were used to optimise the production well pathsThe GIIP upside volume has been upgraded compared to that based on an earlier simplistic geological reservoir model used for simulation. A more realistic P10/P90 reserves range is now supported by a number of deterministic and stochastic reservoir models.

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Duignan, Pádraig J., Nahiid S. Stephens, and Kate Robb. "Fresh water skin disease in dolphins: a case definition based on pathology and environmental factors in Australia." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (December 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-78858-2.

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AbstractA distinct ulcerative dermatitis known as “freshwater skin disease” is an emerging clinical and pathological presentation in coastal cetaceans worldwide. In Australia, two remarkably similar mortality events enabled the creation of a case definition based on pathology and environmental factors. The first affected a community of endemic Tursiops australis in the Gippsland Lakes, Victoria, while the second occurred among T. aduncus resident in the Swan-Canning River system, Western Australia. The common features of both events were (1) an abrupt and marked decrease in salinity (from > 30ppt to < 5ppt) due to rainfall in the catchments, with hypo-salinity persisting weeks to months, and (2) dermatitis characterized grossly by patchy skin pallor that progressed to variable circular or targetoid, often raised, and centrally ulcerated lesions covering up to 70% of the body surface. The affected skin was often colonized by a variety of fungal, bacterial and algal species that imparted variable yellow, green or orange discoloration. Histologic lesions consisted of epidermal hydropic change leading to vesiculation and erosion; alternately, or in addition, the formation of intra-epithelial pustules resulting in ulceration and hypodermal necrosis. Thus, the environmental factors and characteristic pathologic lesions, are necessary components of the case definition for freshwater skin disease.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Gippsland Lakes'

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