Journal articles: 'Ginseng – Analysis'

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Zhang, Wen-Song, An Pan, Liu Yang, Yuan-Yuan Cai, Bao-Lin Liu, Ping Li, Lian-Wen Qi, Jing Li, and Qun Liu. "American Ginseng and Asian Ginseng Intervention in Diet-Induced Obese Mice: Metabolomics Reveals Distinct Metabolic Profiles." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 47, no. 04 (January 2019): 787–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x19500411.

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American ginseng and Asian ginseng, which occupy prominent positions in the list of best-selling natural products in the West and East, are suitable for different indications in the traditional pharmacological uses. Currently, the effects of American ginseng and Asian ginseng in the protection against metabolic dysfunction and the differences between them are still unknown. Herein, an untargeted metabolomics based on liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS) was determined. The serum metabolomics and dynamic feces metabolomics revealed significant metabolic distinction between American ginseng and Asian ginseng in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. The results show that American ginseng and Asian ginseng alleviate glucose and lipid metabolism disorder in DIO mice. A total of 45 differential metabolites were confirmed between the drug-naïve and American ginseng group, and 32 metabolites were confirmed between the drug-naïve and Asian ginseng group. Metabolic pathways analysis shows that these two ginsengs treatment dynamic rectifies metabolic disorder in DIO mice mainly via regulating linoleic acids metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acid. Moreover, American ginseng’s specific function in monitoring the carnitines and taurine/hypotaurine metabolism might make it more effective in meliorating lipids metabolism disorder than Asian ginseng.

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Yip, T. T., C. N. B. Lau, P. P. H. But, and Y. C. Kong. "Quantitative Analysis of Ginsenosides in Fresh Panax Ginseng." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 13, no. 01n04 (January 1985): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x85000125.

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TLC, DCC and HPLC were used to study the ginsenoside composition of the main root, lateral root, rhizomem leaves and seeds of Panax ginseng cultivated in Jilin, China. Each of these methods has advantages of its own and the ensemble reveal the special features of Jilin ginseng. Total saponin content of various plant parts in Jilin ginseng showed a mid-range value as compared to those in ginsengs reported in literature. Fresh as well as sun-dried specimens from the same batch possessed a high percentage of Rg1 in the main root and this might account for the traditional preference of this plant part despite its lowest percentage of saponin in the whole plant. Large amounts of polar saponins were also observed in roots and rhizome of fresh Jilin ginseng, the nature and significance of which remained to be investigated.

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Lin, Jia-Wei, Yih-Giun Cherng, Li-Jen Chen, Ho-Shan Niu, Chen Kuei Chang, and Chiang-Shan Niu. "Ginseng Is Useful to Enhance Cardiac Contractility in Animals." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/723084.

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Ginseng has been shown to be effective on cardiac dysfunction. Recent evidence has highlighted the mediation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in cardiac function. Thus, we are interested to investigate the role of PPARδin ginseng-induced modification of cardiac contractility. The isolated hearts in Langendorff apparatus and hemodynamic analysis in catheterized rats were applied to measure the actions of ginsengex vivoandin vivo. In normal rats, ginseng enhanced cardiac contractility and hemodynamicdP/dtmaxsignificantly. Both actions were diminished by GSK0660 at a dose enough to block PPARδ. However, ginseng failed to modify heart rate at the same dose, although it did produce a mild increase in blood pressure. Data of intracellular calcium level and Western blotting analysis showed that both the PPARδexpression and troponin I phosphorylation were raised by ginseng in neonatal rat cardiomyocyte. Thus, we suggest that ginseng could enhance cardiac contractility through increased PPARδexpression in cardiac cells.

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Kandpal, Lalit Mohan, Jayoung Lee, Hyungjin Bae, Moon S. Kim, Insuck Baek, and Byoung-Kwan Cho. "Near-Infrared Transmittance Spectral Imaging for Nondestructive Measurement of Internal Disorder in Korean Ginseng." Sensors 20, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20010273.

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The grading of ginseng (Panax ginseng) including the evaluation of internal quality attributes is essential in the ginseng industry for quality control. Assessment for inner whitening, a major internal disorder, must be conducted when identifying high quality ginseng. Conventional methods for detecting inner whitening in ginseng root samples use manual inspection, which is time-consuming and inaccurate. This study develops an internal quality measurement technique using near-infrared transmittance spectral imaging to evaluate inner whitening in ginseng samples. Principle component analysis (PCA) was used on ginseng hypercube data to evaluate the developed technique. The transmittance spectra and spectral images of ginseng samples exhibiting inner whitening showed weak intensity characteristics compared to normal ginseng in the region of 900–1050 nm and 1150–1400 nm respectively, owing to the presence of whitish internal tissues that have higher optical density. On the basis of the multivariate analysis method, even a simple waveband ratio image has the great potential to quickly detect inner whitening in ginseng samples, since these ratio images show a significant difference between whitened and non-whitened regions. Therefore, it is possible to develop an efficient and rapid spectral imaging system for the real-time detection of inner whitening in ginseng using minimal spectral wavebands. This novel strategy for the rapid, cost-effective, non-destructive detection of ginseng’s inner quality can be a key component for the automation of ginseng grading.

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Inagaki, Tetsuya, Norihisa Katayama, Rae-Kwang Cho, Xijun Chen, and Satoru Tsuchikawa. "Near infrared estimation of concentration of ginsenosides in Asian ginseng." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 27, no. 2 (December 12, 2018): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967033518814851.

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In this study, the feasibility of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy for the quality evaluation of the main bioactive compounds, ginsenosides, in Panax ginseng was examined. Second derivative NIR spectra of standard reagents of ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rc, Rb2 and Rd were used for analysis. Characteristic bands were observed at around 5250 cm−1 in the spectra of ginsenoside Rg1 group (including Rg1 and Re); however, this was not to be observed on the spectra of ginsenoside Rb1 group (including Rb1, Rc, Rb2 and Rd). PLS regression models were constructed of air-dry ginseng powder samples and ginsenoside content in ginsengs was determined by HPLC methods. The calibration models covered various types of ginseng (white ginseng, red ginseng and bleached ginseng) from various cultivated areas (Japan, China and Korea) and were well established for each kind of ginsenoside. It was shown that NIR spectroscopy can be used for the accurate prediction of ginsenoside.

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Yoo, Hye Hyun, Takako Yokozawa, Akiko Satoh, Ki Sung Kang, and Hyun Young Kim. "Effects of Ginseng on the Proliferation of Human Lung Fibroblasts." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 34, no. 01 (January 2006): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x06003709.

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In this study, we investigated the effects of methanolic extracts of white ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. MEYER) and two kinds of heat-treated ginseng made by steaming fresh ginseng at 100°C for 3 hours (HTG-100) or 120°C for 3 hours (HTG-120) on the cell growth of human fibroblasts. All of the tested ginseng extracts stimulated cell growth, although the effect of HTG-120 was weaker than that of the other extracts. However, none of the ginseng extracts exhibited any effect on the growth of old cells with a population doubling level (PDL) of 48.7. Flow cytometric analysis showed that ginseng extracts raised the population of cells in G 0/ G 1 phase after treatment for 24 hours, but did not exert any effect after treatment for 48 hours. These results suggest that ginsengs exert their cell growth-promoting action mainly on younger cells at an early stage of the cell cycle, and that this effect is closely associated with an increase in the population of cells in the G 0/ G 1 phase.

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Li, Shaokun, Li Li, Yang Jiang, Jun Wu, Honghua Sun, Mingzhu Zhao, Yue Jiang, et al. "SQUAMOSA Promoter Binding Protein-Like (SPL) Gene Family: TRANSCRIPTOME-Wide Identification, Phylogenetic Relationship, Expression Patterns and Network Interaction Analysis in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer." Plants 9, no. 3 (March 11, 2020): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9030354.

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SPL (SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein-like) gene family is specific transcription factor in the plant that have an important function for plant growth and development. Although the SPL gene family has been widely studied and reported in many various plant species from gymnosperm to angiosperm, there are no systematic studies and reports about the SPL gene family in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. In this study, we conducted transcriptome-wide identification, evolutionary analysis, structure analysis, and expression characteristics analysis of SPL gene family in Panax ginseng by bioinformatics. We annotated the PgSPL gene family and found that they might involve in multiple functions including encoding structural proteins, but the main function were still focused on the binding function. The result showed that 106 PgSPL transcripts were classified into two clades - A and B, both of which respectively consisted of three groups. Besides, we profiled PgSPL transcripts’ genotypic, temporal, and spatial expression characteristics. Furthermore, we calculated the correlation of PgSPL transcripts in the 14 tissues of a 4 years old ginseng and 42 farmers’ cultivars farmers’ cultivars of 4 years old ginsengs’ roots with both results showing that SPL transcripts formed a single network, which indicated that PgSPLs inter-coordinated when performing their functions. What’s more, we found that most PgSPL transcripts tended to express in older ginseng instead of younger ginseng, which was not only reflected in the expression of more types of SPL transcripts in older ginseng, but also in the higher expression of SPL transcripts in older ginseng. Additionally, we found that four PgSPL transcripts were only massively expressed in roots. According to PgSPL transcripts’ expression characteristics, we found that PgSPL23-35 and PgSPL24-09 were most proper two transcripts to further study as ginseng age’s molecular marker. These results provide the basis for further elucidation of the PgSPL transcripts’ biological function in ginseng and ginseng genetics improvement and gene breeding in the future.

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Chen, Wei, Prabhu Balan, and David G. Popovich. "Analysis of Ginsenoside Content (Panax ginseng) from Different Regions." Molecules 24, no. 19 (September 26, 2019): 3491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24193491.

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Recently Panax ginseng has been grown as a secondary crop under a pine tree canopy in New Zealand (NZ). The aim of the study is to compare the average content of ginsenosides from NZ-grown ginseng and its original native locations (China and Korea) grown ginseng. Ten batches of NZ-grown ginseng were extracted using 70% methanol and analyzed using LC-MS/MS. The average content of ginsenosides from China and Korea grown ginseng were obtained by collecting data from 30 and 17 publications featuring China and Korea grown ginseng, respectively. The average content of total ginsenosides in NZ-grown ginseng was 40.06 ± 3.21 mg/g (n = 14), which showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher concentration than that of China grown ginseng (16.48 ± 1.24 mg/g, n = 113) and Korea grown ginseng (21.05 ± 1.57 mg/g, n = 106). For the individual ginsenosides, except for the ginsenosides Rb2, Rc, and Rd, ginsenosides Rb1, Re, Rf, and Rg1 from NZ-grown ginseng were 2.22, 2.91, 1.65, and 1.27 times higher than that of ginseng grown in China, respectively. Ginsenosides Re and Rg1 in NZ-grown ginseng were also 2.14 and 1.63 times higher than ginseng grown in Korea. From the accumulation of ginsenosides, New Zealand volcanic pumice soil may be more suitable for ginseng growth than its place of origin.

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Kim, So-Hyun, Seok-Young Kim, and Hyung-Kyoon Choi. "Lipids in Ginseng (Panax ginseng) and Their Analysis." Natural Product Sciences 24, no. 1 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20307/nps.2018.24.1.1.

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Li, Lele, Yang Wang, Yang Xiu, and Shuying Liu. "Chemical Differentiation and Quantitative Analysis of Different Types of Panax Genus Stem-Leaf Based on a UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS Combined with Multivariate Statistical Analysis Approach." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2018 (2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9598672.

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Two quantitative methods (−ESI full scan and −ESI PRM MS) were developed to analyze ginsenosides in ginseng stem-leaf by using UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS. By means of −ESI PRM MS method, the contents of eighteen ginsenosides in Asian ginseng stem-leaf (ASGSL) and American ginseng stem-leaf (AMGSL) were analyzed. The principal component analysis (PCA) model was built to discriminate Asian ginseng stem-leaf (ASGSL) from American ginseng stem-leaf (AMGSL) based on −ESI PRM MS data, and six ginsenosides (F11, Rf, R2, F1, Rb1, and Rb3) were obtained as the markers. To further explore the differences between cultivated ginseng stem-leaf and forest ginseng stem-leaf, the partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model was built based on −ESI full scan data. And twenty-six markers were selected to discriminate cultivated ginseng stem-leaf (CGSL) from forest ginseng stem-leaf (FGSL). This study provides reliable and effective methods to quantify and discriminate among different types of ginseng stem-leaf in the commercial market.

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Dyshlyuk, Lyubov, Anastasia Dmitrieva, Svetlana Ivanova, Yuliya Golubtsova, and Lev Ostroumov. "Panax ginseng callus, suspension, and root cultures: extraction and qualitative analysis." Foods and Raw Materials 8, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 369–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2308-4057-2020-2-369-376.

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Introduction. In recent years, scientists have been actively searching for medicinal plants containing biologically active substances with geroprotective properties to treat diseases of old age, in particular cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and others. Ginseng (Panax ginseng L.) is a promising source of geroprotective compounds. We aimed to select optimal parameters for extracting organic compounds from ginseng callus, suspension, and root cultures and analyze their qualitative composition. Study objects and methods. We studied ginseng callus, suspension, and root cultures, as well as their extracts. Biologically active substances were extracted with 30 to 70% ethanol. Organic compounds were determined by thin-layer chromatography. The results for each plant were archived and analyzed for the presence of quercetin, mangiferin, luteolin, rutin, quercetin-2-D-glucoside, malvidin, as well as caffeic, cinnamic, ferulic, and sinapinic acids. Results and discussion. We developed a procedure for screening solvents and performed a fractional qualitative analysis of biologically active substances extracted from ginseng. As a result, we established the optimal parameters for extracting biologically active substances from the dried biomass of ginseng cultures. In all cases, temperature and the ratio of solvent to biomass were the same (50°C, 1:5). However, the extraction time and ethanol concentration differed, amounting to 60 min and 50% for callus cultures, 30 min and 60% for suspension cultures, and 60 min and 70% for root cultures. The qualitative analysis of organic compounds showed the presence of rutin (0.25), quercetin (0.75), and mangiferin (0.57), as well as caffeic and sinapinic acids in the extracts. Conclusion. Our set of experiments to isolate biologically active substances from ginseng callus, suspension, and root cultures resulted in selecting the optimal extraction parameters and analyzing the extracts for the presence of organic compounds.

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Nam, Myung Hee, Seung Il Kim, Jang Ryol Liu, Deok Chun Yang, Yong Pyo Lim, Kyung-Hoon Kwon, Jong Shin Yoo, and Young Mok Park. "Proteomic analysis of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer)." Journal of Chromatography B 815, no. 1-2 (February 5, 2005): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.10.063.

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Lee, Jang-Ho, Ki-Rok Kwon, and Bae-Chun Cha. "Component Analysis of Cultivated Ginseng, Red Ginseng, Cultivated Wild Ginseng, and Red Wild Ginseng Using HPLC Method." Journal of Korean Institute of Herbal Acupuncture 11, no. 2 (June 30, 2008): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3831/kpi.2008.11.2.087.

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Alsayari, Abdulrhman, Abdullatif Bin Muhsinah, Dalia Almaghaslah, Sivakumar Annadurai, and Shadma Wahab. "Pharmacological Efficacy of Ginseng against Respiratory Tract Infections." Molecules 26, no. 13 (July 5, 2021): 4095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26134095.

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Respiratory tract infections are underestimated, as they are mild and generally not incapacitating. In clinical medicine, however, these infections are considered a prevalent problem. By 2030, the third most comprehensive reason for death worldwide will be chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), according to the World Health Organization. The current arsenal of anti-inflammatory drugs shows little or no benefits against COPD. For thousands of years, herbal drugs have been used to cure numerous illnesses; they exhibit promising results and enhance physical performance. Ginseng is one such herbal medicine, known to alleviate pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8) formed by macrophages and epithelial cells. Furthermore, the mechanisms of action of ginsenoside are still not fully understood. Various clinical trials of ginseng have exhibited a reduction of repeated colds and the flu. In this review, ginseng’s structural features, the pathogenicity of microbial infections, and the immunomodulatory, antiviral, and anti-bacterial effects of ginseng were discussed. The focus was on the latest animal studies and human clinical trials that corroborate ginseng’s role as a therapy for treating respiratory tract infections. The article concluded with future directions and significant challenges. This review would be a valuable addition to the knowledge base for researchers in understanding the promising role of ginseng in treating respiratory tract infections. Further analysis needs to be re-focused on clinical trials to study ginseng’s efficacy and safety in treating pathogenic infections and in determining ginseng-drug interactions.

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Grigoryev, Roman O., Nadezhda K, Chirikova, and Daniil N. Olennikov. "Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the content of phenolic compounds and their derivatives in the rhizome of Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv." Butlerov Communications 58, no. 5 (May 31, 2019): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-58-5-39.

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Since ancient times, it is known that all types of ginseng were widely used in Eastern folk medicine as a cure for many diseases. All species of the genus Panax, including Panax vietnamensis, contain saponins, but the phenolic composition has not been studied to date. Vietnamese ginseng is characterized by a unique composition of triterpene glycosides, among which the glycosylated derivatives of the rare triterpene aglycone, okothylol, are predominant. It is the only evergreen among ginsengs. As you know, a single plant can have different types of biological activity due to the content of different groups of biologically active compounds with a wide range of physicochemical properties and causing different pharmacological effects. Obviously, phenolic compounds along with other secondary metabolites in Panax vietnamensis have a phytotherapeutic effect on the human body. The purpose of this work is to expand the knowledge of the scientific community about the synthesized compounds, in particular about phenolic compounds that accumulate in the rhizomes of Panax vietnamensis. In this paper, the results of a study on the qualitative (method HPLC-DMD-MS) and quantitative content of phenolic compounds (Folin-Cicalteu method) of the roots of Panax vietnamensis were presented for the first time. These results can be very interesting for scientists involved in the synthesis of secondary metabolites, growing callus and suspension cell cultures in vitro ginseng and other ginseng species, as well as for pharmaceutical and cosmetic companies producing various consumer products for the population based on Vietnamese ginseng. This work will expand the scientific community’s knowledge of secondary metabolites synthesized by the rhizome Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv.

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Braccia, Clarissa, Bhakti Prinsi, Mara Colzani, Alessandra A. Altomare, Luca Espen, Yoon-Mi Lee, Giancarlo Aldini, and Kyung-Jin Yeum. "Protocol Optimization of Proteomic Analysis of Korean Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer)." Separations 8, no. 4 (April 19, 2021): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations8040053.

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The benefits of ginseng have been mainly attributed to its triterpenoids, called ginsenosides. Recent genome sequencing of the Panax ginseng has paved the way for in-depth proteomic studies of this medicinal plant. The current study was conducted to deepen the proteomic information on the root proteome of Korean ginseng. Proteomic workflow was optimized by testing two different strategies, characterized by the phenol extraction procedure, the presence or the absence of SDS-PAGE fractionation step, and nano-scale liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-MS/MS) analysis. The results highlighted an evident improvement of proteome extraction by the combination of phenol extraction with SDS-PAGE before the nLC-MS/MS analysis. In addition, a dramatic impact of the steaming process (the treatment to produce red ginseng from ginseng) on protein properties was observed. Overall, the analyses of Korean ginseng permitted the characterization of a total of 2412 proteins. A large number of identified proteins belonged to the functional categories of protein and carbon/energy metabolism (22.4% and 14.6%, respectively). The primary and secondary metabolisms are major metabolic pathways, which emerged from the proteomic analysis. In addition, a large number of proteins known to play an important role in response to (a)biotic stresses were also identified. The current proteomic study not only confirmed the previous transcriptomic and proteomic reports but also extended proteomic information, including the main metabolic pathways involved in Korean ginseng.

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Artyukova, E. V., M. M. Kozyrenko, G. D. Reunova, T. I. Muzarok, and Yu N. Zhuravlev. "RAPD analysis of genome variability of planted ginseng,Panax ginseng." Molecular Biology 34, no. 2 (March 2000): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02759655.

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Bai, Dapeng, J. Brandle, and R. Reeleder. "Genetic diversity in North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) grown in Ontario detected by RAPD analysis." Genome 40, no. 1 (February 1, 1997): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g97-015.

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Genetic diversity within North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) grown in Ontario was investigated at the DNA level using the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 420 random decamers were initially screened against DNA from four ginseng plants and 78.8% of them generated RAPD fragments. Thirty-six of the decamers that generated highly repeatable polymorphic RAPD markers were selected for further RAPD analysis of the ginseng population. With these primers, 352 discernible DNA fragments were produced from DNA of 48 ginseng plants, corresponding to an average of 9.8 fragments per primer, of which over 45% were polymorphic. The similarity coefficients among the DNA of ginseng plants analyzed were low, ranging from 0.149 to 0.605 with a mean of 0.412, indicating that a high degree of genetic diversity exists in the ginseng population. Lower levels of genetic diversity were detected among 3-year-old ginseng plants selected on the basis of greater plant height than among the plants randomly selected from the same subpopulation or over the whole population, suggesting that genetic factors at least partly contribute to morphological variation within the ginseng population and that visual selection can be effective in identifying the genetic differences. The significance of a high degree of genetic variation in the ginseng population on its potential for improvement by breeding is also discussed.Key words: Panax quinquefolius, ginseng, RAPD, genetic diversity.

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Tanaka, Ken, Masayuki Kubota, Shu Zhu, Ushio Sankawa, and Katsuko Komatsu. "Analysis of Ginsenosides in Ginseng Drugs Using Liquid Chromatography-Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry." Natural Product Communications 2, no. 6 (June 2007): 1934578X0700200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0700200602.

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Analysis of ginsenosides in five Ginseng drugs derived from Panax ginseng (white ginseng), P. quinquefolius, P. japonicus produced in Japan, P. notoginseng, and P. vietnamensis using Liquid Chromatography-Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (LC-FTICR-MS) was performed. Ginsenosides in the drugs were identified by the molecular formula obtained from high-resolution mass data and multiple stage MS/MS analysis. Twenty-six known ginsenosides were identified as the major constituents in the extracts of the Ginseng drugs. The five Ginseng drugs showed different reconstructed mass chromatographic profiles and were discriminated from each other.

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Baek, Seung-Hoon, Ok-Nam Bae, and Jeong-Hill Park. "Recent Methodology in Ginseng Analysis." Journal of Ginseng Research 36, no. 2 (April 15, 2012): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2012.36.2.119.

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Qiu, Fubin, Ying Huang, Lei Sun, Xiaoxia Zhang, Zhiheng Liu, and Wei Song. "Leifsonia ginsengi sp. nov., isolated from ginseng root." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 57, no. 2 (February 1, 2007): 405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.64487-0.

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A Gram-positive, rod-shaped, non-motile bacterium, designated strain wged11T, was isolated from the root of ginseng, and its taxonomic position was established using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that this organism formed a robust clade with recognized species of the genus Leifsonia. Strain wged11T was characterized by a high content of ω-cyclohexylundecanoic and anteiso- and iso-branched saturated fatty acids, MK-11 as the major menaquinone and dl-2,4-diaminobutyric acid in its cell-wall peptidoglycan. The DNA G+C content of strain wged11T was 66.4 mol%. Levels of similarity between the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain wged11T and those of the type strains of other members of the genus Leifsonia ranged from 94.7 to 97.6 %. The mean level of DNA–DNA relatedness between strain wged11T and Leifsonia poae DSM 15202T, its nearest phylogenetic neighbour, was 35.3 %. Based on these findings, strain wged11T (=CGMCC 4.3491T=JCM 13908T) is proposed as the type strain of a novel species of the genus Leifsonia, Leifsonia ginsengi sp. nov.

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Lin, Wen-Neng, Hsiu-Ying Lu, Meng-Shiou Lee, Shih-Ying Yang, Hsi-Jien Chen, Yuan-Shiun Chang, and Wen-Te Chang. "Evaluation of the Cultivation Age of Dried Ginseng Radix and Its Commercial Products by Using 1H-NMR Fingerprint Analysis." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 38, no. 01 (January 2010): 205–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x10007762.

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The perfect ginseng radix is collected when the ginseng root reaches a cultivation age of six years; this ensures the best mass quality and consistency of the plant's essential bioactive components. Since traditional means of authentication via physical appearance or smell are hardly reliable, an efficient analytical method that can determine the real cultivation age of dried ginseng radix in commercial products, especially ginseng products of various dosage forms, is urgently required. In the present study, chemical fingerprint by 1H-NMR spectroscopy was used on dried ginseng radix samples with cultivation ages ranging from 1–6 years. The resulting dataset was then analyzed by using principle component analysis and cluster analysis to build up a distributive model that allows the identification of the real cultivation age of the ginseng radix based on a plant metabolomic strategy. This quality surveillance method was able to clearly discriminate the 6 years old ginseng radix from the other ages, and could be applied on the evaluation of the real cultivation age for the various dried white ginseng radix samples and commercial products accurately.

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Wang, Nan, Kangyu Wang, Shaokun Li, Yang Jiang, Li Li, Mingzhu Zhao, Yue Jiang, et al. "Transcriptome-Wide Identification, Evolutionary Analysis, and GA Stress Response of the GRAS Gene Family in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer." Plants 9, no. 2 (February 4, 2020): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9020190.

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GRAS transcription factors are a kind of plant-specific transcription factor that have been found in a variety of plants. According to previous studies, GRAS proteins are widely involved in the physiological processes of plant signal transduction, stress, growth and development. The Jilin ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is a heterogeneous tetraploid perennial herb of the Araliaceae family, ginseng genus. Important information regarding the GRAS transcription factors has not been reported in ginseng. In this study, 59 Panax ginseng GRAS (PgGRAS) genes were obtained from the Jilin ginseng transcriptome data and divided into 13 sub-families according to the classification of Arabidopsis thaliana. Through systematic evolution, structural variation, function and gene expression analysis, we further reveal GRAS’s potential function in plant growth processes and its stress response. The expression of PgGRAS genes responding to gibberellin acids (GAs) suggests that these genes could be activated after application concentration of GA. The qPCR analysis result shows that four PgGRAS genes belonging to the DELLA sub-family potentially have important roles in the GA stress response of ginseng hairy roots. This study provides not only a preliminary exploration of the potential functions of the GRAS genes in ginseng, but also valuable data for further exploration of the candidate PgGRAS genes of GA signaling in Jilin ginseng, especially their roles in ginseng hairy root development and GA stress response.

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Osathanunkul, Maslin, and Panagiotis Madesis. "Bar-HRM: a reliable and fast method for species identification of ginseng (Panax ginseng, Panax notoginseng, Talinum paniculatum and Phytolacca Americana)." PeerJ 7 (September 25, 2019): e7660. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7660.

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Background Korean ginseng has long been famous and is one of the most well known forms of ginseng. The root of plants in the genus Panax is commonly recognized as ginseng. Different Panax species of ginseng root have been used as treatments. Although many other herbs are called ginseng, they do not contain the active compounds of ginsenosides. In Thailand, we have Thai ginseng which is of course not one of Panax species. Thai ginseng is the root from Talinum paniculatum and, due to its morphological root similarity, it is almost impossible to differentiate between them. Also, another plant species, Phytollacca americana, has significantly similar root morphology to real ginseng but its seeds and root are poisonous. Misunderstanding what true ginseng is compared to others could endanger lives and cause financial loss by buying inferior products. Methods DNA barcoding combination with High Resolution Melting (called Bar-HRM) was used for species discrimination of the Panax ginseng and others. Five regions included ITS2, matK, psbA-trnH and rbcL were evaluated in the analyses. Results The ITS2 region was found to be the most suitable primers for the analysis. The melting profile from the HRM analyses using the chosen ITS2 primers showed that Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) could be discriminated from other Penax species. Also, other ginseng species with morphological similarity could be easily distinguished from the true ginseng. The developed Bar-HRM method poses a great potential in ginseng species discrimination and thus could be also useful in ginseng authentication.

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Zhu, Lianlian, Xiaoning Luan, Deqiang Dou, and Luqi Huang. "Comparative Analysis of Ginsenosides and Oligosaccharides in White Ginseng (WG), red Ginseng (RG) and Black Ginseng (BG)." Journal of Chromatographic Science 57, no. 5 (March 6, 2019): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bmz004.

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In, Gyo, Nam-Geun Ahn, Bong-Seok Bae, Myoung-Woo Lee, Hee-Won Park, Kyoung Hwa Jang, Byung-Goo Cho, Chang Kyun Han, Chae Kyu Park, and Yi-Seong Kwak. "In situ analysis of chemical components induced by steaming between fresh ginseng, steamed ginseng, and red ginseng." Journal of Ginseng Research 41, no. 3 (July 2017): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2016.07.004.

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Yoon, Dahye, Bo-Ram Choi, Seohee Ma, Jae Won Lee, Ick-Hyun Jo, Young-Seob Lee, Geum-Soog Kim, Suhkmann Kim, and Dae Young Lee. "Metabolomics for Age Discrimination of Ginseng Using a Multiplex Approach to HR-MAS NMR Spectroscopy, UPLC–QTOF/MS, and GC × GC–TOF/MS." Molecules 24, no. 13 (June 27, 2019): 2381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24132381.

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(1) Background: The ability to determine the age of ginseng is very important because the price of ginseng depends on the cultivation period. Since morphological observation is subjective, a new scientific and systematic method for determining the age of ginseng is required. (2) Methods: Three techniques were used for a metabolomics approach. High-resolution magic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (HR-MAS NMR) spectroscopy was used to analyze powdered ginseng samples without extraction. Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) and gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-fight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF/MS) were used to analyze the extracts of 4-, 5-, and 6-year-old ginseng. (3) Results: A metabolomics approach has the potential to discriminate the age of ginseng. Among the primary metabolites detected from NMR spectroscopy, the levels of fumarate and choline showed moderate prediction with an area under the curve (AUC) value of more than 0.7. As a result of UPLC-QTOF/MS-based profiling, 61 metabolites referring to the VIP (variable importance in the projection) score contributed to discriminating the age of ginseng. The results of GC×GC-TOF/MS showed clear discrimination of 4-, 5-, and 6-year-old ginseng using orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) to 100% of the discrimination rate. The results of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, 16 metabolites between 4- and 5-year-old ginseng, and 18 metabolites between 5- and 6-year-old ginseng contributed to age discrimination in all regions. (4) Conclusions: These results showed that metabolic profiling and multivariate statistical analyses can distinguish the age of ginseng. Especially, it is meaningful that ginseng samples from different areas had the same metabolites for age discrimination. In future studies, it will be necessary to identify the unknown variables and to collaboratively study with other fields the biochemistry of aging in ginseng.

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Wang, Yingfang, Mengyuan Peng, Yanlin Chen, Wenjuan Wang, Zhihua He, Zemin Yang, Zhiyun Lin, Mengjuan Gong, Yongqin Yin, and Yu Zeng. "Analysis of Panax ginseng miRNAs and Their Target Prediction Based on High-Throughput Sequencing." Planta Medica 85, no. 14/15 (August 21, 2019): 1168–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0989-7302.

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Abstract Panax ginseng has been widely and effectively used as medicine for thousands of years. However, only limited studies have been conducted to date on ginseng miRNAs. In the present study, we collected 3 ginseng samples from the Changbai Mountain in China. Small RNA libraries were constructed and sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq platform. Sequencing analyses identified 3798 miRNAs, including 298 known miRNAs and 3500 potentially novel miRNAs. The miR166, miR159, and miR396 families were among the most highly expressed miRNAs in all libraries. The results of miRNA expression analyses were validated by qRT-PCR. Target gene prediction through computational and pathway annotation analyses revealed that the primary pathways were related to plant development, including metabolic processes and single-organism processes. It has been reported that plant miRNAs might be one of the hidden bioactive ingredients in medicinal plants. Based on the combined use of RNAhybrid, Miranda, and TargetScan software, a total of 50,992 potential human genes were predicted as the putative targets of 2868 miRNAs. Interestingly, the enriched KEGG pathways were associated with some human diseases, especially cancer, immune system diseases, and neurological disorders, and this could support the clinical use of ginseng. However, the human targets of ginseng miRNAs should be confirmed by further experimental validation. Our results provided valuable insight into ginseng miRNAs and the putative roles of these miRNAs.

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Lee, Jae, Seung-Heon Ji, Bo-Ram Choi, Doo Choi, Yeong-Geun Lee, Hyoung-Geun Kim, Geum-Soog Kim, et al. "UPLC-QTOF/MS-Based Metabolomics Applied for the Quality Evaluation of Four Processed Panax ginseng Products." Molecules 23, no. 8 (August 17, 2018): 2062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23082062.

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In the food industry and herbal markets, it is critical to control the quality of processed Panax ginseng products. In this study, ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS)-based metabolomics was applied for the quality evaluation of white ginseng (WG), tae-geuk ginseng (TG), red ginseng (RG), and black ginseng (BG). Diverse metabolites including ginsenosides were profiled by UPLC-QTOF/MS, and the datasets of WG, TG, RG, and BG were then subjected to multivariate analyses. In principal component analysis (PCA), four processed ginseng products were well-differentiated, and several ginsenosides were identified as major components of each product. S-plot also characterized the metabolic changes between two processed ginseng products, and the major ginsenosides of each product were found as follows: WG (M-Rb1, M-Rb2, M-Rc, Re, Rg1), TG (Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rg1), RG (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rg1), and BG (Rd, Rk1, Rg5, Rg3). Furthermore, the quantitative contents of ginsenosides were evaluated from the four processed ginseng products. Finally, it was indicated that the proposed metabolomics approach was useful for the quality evaluation and control of processed ginseng products.

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Silva, Jeniffer, Yu-Jin Kim, Dexin Xiao, Johan Sukweenadhi, Tingting Hu, Woo-Saeng Kwon, Jianping Hu, Deok-Chun Yang, and Dabing Zhang. "Cytological analysis of ginseng carpel development." Protoplasma 254, no. 5 (February 2, 2017): 1909–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00709-017-1081-4.

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Kajiwara, Hideyuki, and Andrew M. Hemmings. "Capillary electrophoretic analysis of ginseng polypeptide." Electrophoresis 19, no. 8-9 (June 1998): 1270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150190808.

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Jeong, H. S., C. S. Lim, B. C. Cha, S. H. Choi, and K. R. Kwon. "Component analysis of cultivated ginseng, cultivated wild ginseng, and wild ginseng and the change of ginsenoside components in the process of red ginseng." Journal of Korean Pharmacopuncture Institute 13, no. 1 (March 31, 2010): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3831/kpi.2010.13.1.063.

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Kim, Yeon-Ju, Joon Young Park, Sri Renukadevi Balusamy, Yue Huo, Linh Khanh Nong, Hoa Thi Le, Deok Chun Yang, and Donghyuk Kim. "Comprehensive Genome Analysis on the Novel Species Sphingomonas panacis DCY99T Reveals Insights into Iron Tolerance of Ginseng." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 6 (March 16, 2020): 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21062019.

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Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria play vital roles not only in plant growth, but also in reducing biotic/abiotic stress. Sphingomonas panacis DCY99T is isolated from soil and root of Panax ginseng with rusty root disease, characterized by raised reddish-brown root and this is seriously affects ginseng cultivation. To investigate the relationship between 159 sequenced Sphingomonas strains, pan-genome analysis was carried out, which suggested genomic diversity of the Sphingomonas genus. Comparative analysis of S. panacis DCY99T with Sphingomonas sp. LK11 revealed plant growth-promoting potential of S. panacis DCY99T through indole acetic acid production, phosphate solubilizing, and antifungal abilities. Detailed genomic analysis has shown that S. panacis DCY99T contain various heavy metals resistance genes in its genome and the plasmid. Functional analysis with Sphingomonas paucimobilis EPA505 predicted that S. panacis DCY99T possess genes for degradation of polyaromatic hydrocarbon and phenolic compounds in rusty-ginseng root. Interestingly, when primed ginseng with S. panacis DCY99T during high concentration of iron exposure, iron stress of ginseng was suppressed. In order to detect S. panacis DCY99T in soil, biomarker was designed using spt gene. This study brings new insights into the role of S. panacis DCY99T as a microbial inoculant to protect ginseng plants against rusty root disease.

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Yu, Lide, Feiting Wei, Jian Liang, Gang Ren, Xiaofei Liu, Chong-Zhi Wang, Jinbin Yuan, et al. "Target Molecular-Based Neuroactivity Screening and Analysis of Panax ginseng by Affinity Ultrafiltration, UPLC-QTOF-MS and Molecular Docking." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 47, no. 06 (January 2019): 1345–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x19500691.

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Panax ginseng exerts good neuroprotective activity at the cell and animal level, but the specific bioactive compounds and action mechanism are needed to be investigated, verified, and confirmed. In this work, affinity ultrafiltration (AUF), UPLC-QTOF-MS, and molecular docking were integrated into one strategy to screen, identify, and evaluate the bioactive compounds in ginseng at the molecular level. Three biological macromolecules (AChE, MAO-B, and NMDA receptor) were selected as the target protein for AUF-MS screening for the first time, and 16 potential neuroactive compounds were found with suitable binding degree. Then, the bioactivity of ginseng and its components were evaluated by AChE-inhibitory test and DPPH assay, and the data indicate that ginseng extract and the screened compounds have good neuroactivity. The interaction between the three targets and the screened compounds was further analyzed by molecular docking, and the results were consistent with a few discrepancies in comparison with the AUF results. Finally, according to the corresponding relation between component-target-pathway, the action mechanism of ginseng elucidated that ginseng exerts a therapeutic effect on AD through multiple relations of components, targets, and pathways, which is in good accordance with the TCM theory.

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Lee, Kyung Jun, Jung-Ro Lee, Raveendar Sebastin, Gyu-Taek Cho, and Do Yoon Hyun. "Molecular Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Ginseng Germplasm in RDA-Genebank: Implications for Breeding and Conservation." Agronomy 10, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10010068.

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Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), commonly known as Korean or Asian ginseng, is a perennial herb native to Korea and China. There has been limited research effort to analyze the genetic diversity and population structure of ginseng germplasm because of its growth habits. In the present study, genetic diversity and population structure of ginseng germplasm conserved in the National Agrobiodiversity Center (NAC) of South Korea were analyzed to provide basic data for future preservation and breeding of ginseng genetic resources. Seventeen simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of 1109 ginseng accessions. Among 1109 ginseng accessions, 1042 (94.0%) accessions were landraces and 66 (6.0%) accessions were breeding lines (61 accessions, 5.5%) or cultivars (5 accessions, 0.5%). SSR markers revealed 56 different alleles with an average of 3.29 alleles per locus. The average gene diversity was 0.49. Analysis of molecular variance showed that 91% of allelic diversity was attributed to individual accessions within clusters while only 9% was distributed among clusters. Using discriminant analysis of principal components, 12 clusters were detected in 1109 ginseng accessions. The results of this study provide molecular evidence for the narrow genetic base of ginseng germplasm in NAC. For the broad understanding and efficient use of ginseng germplasm, it is necessary to analyze functional factors and to evaluate morphological traits.

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Nagappan, Arulkumar, Nithya Karunanithi, Sundareswaran Sentrayaperumal, Kwang-II Park, Hyeon-Soo Park, Do Hoon Lee, Sang-Rim Kang, et al. "Comparative Root Protein Profiles of Korean Ginseng (Panax ginseng) and Indian Ginseng (Withania somnifera)." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 40, no. 01 (January 2012): 203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x12500164.

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Ginsenosides and withanolides are the secondary metabolites from Panax ginseng and Withania somnifera, respectively. These compounds have similar biological properties. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) analysis was utilized to reveal the protein profile in the roots of both plants, with the aim of clarifying similarly- and differentially-expressed proteins. Total proteins of Korea ginseng (P. ginseng) and Indian ginseng (W. somnifera) roots were separated by 2-DE using a pH 4–7 immobilized pH gradient strip in the first dimension and 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the second dimension. The protein spots were visualized by silver staining. Twenty-one P. ginseng proteins and 35 W. somnifera proteins were chosen for identification by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry; of these, functions were ascribed to 14 and 22 of the P. ginseng and W. somnifera proteins, respectively. Functions mainly included general cell metabolism, defense and secondary metabolism. ATPase and alcohol dehydrogenase proteins were expressed in both plants. The results of this study, to our knowledge, are the first to provide a reference 2-DE map for the W. somnifera root proteome, and will aid in the understanding of the expression and functions of proteins in the roots of Korean ginseng and Indian ginseng.

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Jeong, Jae Won, Sungsoo Lim, Tae-Kyun Kim, and Seung Gyu Kim. "Consumer Preference Analysis of Korean Red Ginseng Tonic for Revitalizing Korean Ginseng Industry." Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 52, no. 6 (December 31, 2018): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14397/jals.2018.52.6.155.

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Park, Hae Eun, Seok-Young Lee, Sun-Hee Hyun, Da Yeon Kim, Philip J. Marriott, and Hyung-Kyoon Choi. "Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolic Profiling and Differentiation of Ginseng Roots According to Cultivation Age Using Variable Selection." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 96, no. 6 (November 1, 2013): 1266–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.12-195.

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Abstract Ginseng roots are an important herbal resource worldwide, and the adulteration of ginseng with age is recognized as a serious problem. It is therefore crucial to develop objective criteria or standard protocols for differentiating ginseng root samples according to their cultivation age. The reported study used GC/MS combined with multivariate statistical analysis with variable selection to obtain metabolic profiling and an optimal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model for the differentiation of ginseng according to cultivation age. Relative levels of various metabolites, such as amino acids, alcohols, fatty acids, organic acids, and sugars, were measured for various ginseng cultivation ages. Increasing cultivation age resulted in the production of higher levels of panaxynol and panaxydol, which are active polyacetylene compounds in ginseng. In addition, optimized PLS-DA models for the prediction of ginseng age were obtained by selecting variables based on a variable importance in the projection cut-off value of 1.3. Proline, glucaric acid, mannose, gluconic acid, glucuronic acid, myoinositol, panaxydol, and panaxynol are suggested as key and relevant compounds with which to differentiate the age of ginseng samples. The findings of this study suggest that GC/MS-based metabolic profiling can be used to differentiate ginseng samples according to cultivation age.

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Sloley, Brian Duff, Yi-Chan James Lin, Douglas Ridgway, Hugh Alexander Semple, Yun Kau Tam, Ronald Thomson Coutts, Raimar Löbenberg, and Nuzhat Tam-Zaman. "A Method for the Analysis of Ginsenosides, Malonyl Ginsenosides, and Hydrolyzed Ginsenosides Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet and PositiveMode Electrospray IonizationMass Spectrometric Detection." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 89, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/89.1.16.

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Abstract A high-performance liquid chromatographic separation coupled to diode array absorbance and positive mode electrospraymass spectrometric detection has been developed for the analysis of ginsenosides, malonyl ginsenosides, and hydrolyzed ginsenosides in extracts of Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (P. quinquefolius). The method is capable of separating, identifying, and quantifying the predominant ginsenosides found in heated alcoholic extracts of Asian and American ginseng roots routinely sold as nutraceuticals. It also separates and identifies the malonyl ginsenosides often found in cold alcoholic extracts of ginseng root and has the potential to quantify these compounds if pure standards are available. Furthermore, it can separate and identify ginsenoside hydrolysis products such as those readily produced in situations mimicking gastric situations, including those used for dissolution studies (i.e., 0.1 N HCl, 37C).

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Ghorbani, Zahra, and Mojgan Mirghafourvand. "A Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Panax Ginseng on Menopausal Women’s Sexual Function." International Journal of Women's Health and Reproduction Sciences 7, no. 1 (May 7, 2018): 124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15296/ijwhr.2019.20.

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Objectives: An increase in life expectancy results in the aging population growth. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and adverse events of ginseng that could be used as a herbal medicine in women with sexual dysfunction. Materials and Methods: The authors of this study searched Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, ProQuest, Google Scholar, and Persian databases without a time limitation until May 2018 and examined all the randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that compared the effect of different types of ginseng on sexual function of menopausal women as compared to the placebo controls. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. The heterogeneity was determined using the I2 index. In addition, standardized mean difference (SMD) was used instead of mean differences (MD) and a random effect was reported instead of fixed effect in meta-analysis. Results: The eligibility criteria were found in five RCTs. All the included studies were placebo-controlled. Two trials had a parallel design while three studies used a crossover design. Although four trials indicated that ginseng significantly improved sexual function, they didn’t report any treatment effect compared to the placebo group. Based on the results of meta-analysis obtained from five studies including 531 women, there was no statistically significant effect of ginseng on female sexual dysfunction (FSD) compared to the placebo control group (SMD: 0.26; 95% CI: -0.26 to 0.76). Nonetheless, there was a considerable heterogeneity among the studies (I2 = 81%; P < 0.0001). Moreover, all the included studies assessed adverse events, but in three of the RCTs, there was no significant difference between the placebo and ginseng groups. Conclusions: The evidence regarding ginseng as a therapeutic agent for sexual dysfunction is unjustifiable. Rigorous studies seem warranted in this respect.

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Guan, Yi Ming, Jin Chao Deng, Ying Ying Ma, Yu Li, and Ya Yu Zhang. "Seed-Associated Fungal Diversity and the Molecular Identification of Fusarium with Potential Threat to Ginseng (Panax ginseng) in China." Plant Disease 104, no. 2 (February 2020): 330–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-19-1817-re.

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The utility of traditional methods for detecting seed-borne fungi is limited by the fact some fungi are unculturable or difficult to isolate. The seed-borne pathogens affecting Panax ginseng cultivation have not been fully characterized. Seed-borne fungi can be identified based on the high-throughput sequencing of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) amplicons. A hierarchical clustering tree diagram analysis based on operational taxonomic units revealed a relationship between the seed-borne fungi and the region from which the seeds were collected. This study analyzed the fungal diversity on 30 ginseng seed samples from the main ginseng-producing areas of China. The 50 most abundant genera were identified including those responsible for ginseng diseases, Fusarium, Alternaria, Nectria, Coniothyrium, Verticillium, Phoma, and Rhizoctonia. Fusarium species, which are the primary causes of root rot, were detected in all seed samples. The results of a phylogenetic analysis indicated that the seed-borne fungal species originating from the same region were closely related. Fungi on ginseng seeds from eight different regions were divided into eight clades, suggesting they were correlated with the local storage medium. A total of 518 Fusarium isolates were obtained and 10 species identified, all of which can be detrimental to ginseng production. Pathogenicity tests proved that seed-borne Fusarium species can infect ginseng seedlings and 2-year-old ginseng root, with potentially adverse effects on ginseng yield and quality.

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Kim, Ji Yoon, Hea Na Kim, Manoharan Saravanan, Seong Jin Heo, Haet Nim Jeong, Jang Eok Kim, Kwan Rae Kim, and Jang Hyun Hur. "Translocation of Tolclofos-methyl from Ginseng Cultivated Soil to Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) and Residue Analysis of Various Pesticides in Ginseng and Soil." Korean Journal of Pesticide Science 18, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7585/kjps.2014.18.3.130.

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Ji, Li, Zhenjing Jie, Xin Ying, Qi Yue, Yifa Zhou, and Lin Sun. "Structural characterization of alkali-soluble polysaccharides from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 3 (March 2018): 171644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171644.

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Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (ginseng) has been widely used as a herb and functional food in the world. Polysaccharides are the main active components of ginseng. In this paper, the polysaccharides were sequentially extracted by 50 mM Na 2 CO 3 , 1 M KOH and 4 M KOH from ginseng roots treated sequentially with hot water, α-amylase and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid extraction. Na 2 CO 3 -soluble ginseng polysaccharide (NGP) was fractionated into one neutral and three acidic fractions by anion exchange and gel permeation chromatography. Fourier transform infrared, NMR and methylation analysis indicated acidic fractions in NGP were highly branched rhamnogalacturonan-I domains, with → 4)-α-Gal p A-(1 → 2)-α-Rha p -(1 → disaccharide repeating units as backbone and β-1,4-galactan, α-1,5/1,3,5-arabinan and type II arabinogalactan as side chains. 1-KGP (1 M KOH-soluble ginseng polysaccharide) and 4-KGP (4 M KOH-soluble ginseng polysaccharide) were mainly composed of hemicellulose besides starch-like polysaccharides and minor pectin. Antibody detection, enzymic hydrolysis, high performance anion exchange chromatography and methylation analysis demonstrated xylan was the major component in 1-KGP, while xyloglucan was predominant in 4-KGP. Comparing the polysaccharides obtained by different solvent extractions, we have a comprehensive understanding about total ginseng polysaccharides.

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Song, Seung-Yeap, Dae-Hun Park, Seong-Wook Seo, Kyung-Mok Park, Chun-Sik Bae, Hong-Seok Son, Hyung-Gyun Kim, et al. "Effects of Harvest Time on Phytochemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Panax ginseng Berry Extracts." Molecules 24, no. 18 (September 13, 2019): 3343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24183343.

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Ginseng (Panax ginseng) has long been used as a traditional medicine for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Generally, the harvest time and age of ginseng have been regarded as important factors determining the efficacy of ginseng. However, most studies have mainly focused on the root of ginseng, while studies on other parts of ginseng such as its berry have been relatively limited. Thus, the aim of this study iss to determine effects of harvest time on yields, phenolics/ginsenosides contents, and the antioxidant/anti-elastase activities of ethanol extracts of three- and four-year-old ginseng berry. In both three- and fourfour-year-old ginseng berry extracts, antioxidant and anti-elastase activities tended to increase as berries ripen from the first week to the last week of July. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis has revealed that contents of ginsenosides except Rg1 tend to be the highest in fourfour-year-old ginseng berries harvested in early July. These results indicate that biological activities and ginsenoside profiles of ginseng berry extracts depend on their age and harvest time in July, suggesting the importance of harvest time in the development of functional foods and medicinal products containing ginseng berry extracts. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the influence of harvest time on the biological activity and ginsenoside contents of ginseng berry extracts.

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Chen, Wei, Prabhu Balan, and David Glen Popovich. "Ginsenosides Analysis for New Zealand Wild Grown Panax Ginseng." Proceedings 8, no. 1 (March 5, 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019008013.

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Hayward, Douglas G., Jon W. Wong, Kai Zhang, James Chang, Feng Shi, Kaushik Banerjee, and Paul Yang. "Multiresidue Pesticide Analysis in Ginseng and Spinach by Nontargeted and Targeted Screening Procedures." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 94, no. 6 (November 1, 2011): 1741–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.sgehayward.

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Abstract Five different mass spectrometers interfaced to GC or LC were evaluated for their application to targeted and nontargeted screening of pesticides in two foods, spinach and ginseng. The five MS systems were capillary GC/MS/MS, GC-high resolution time-of-flight (GC/HR-TOF)-MS, TOF-MS interfaced with a comprehensive multidimensional GC (GCxGC/TOF-MS), an MS/MS ion trap hybrid mass (qTrap) system interfaced with an ultra-performance liquid chromatograph (UPLC-qTrap), and UPLC interfaced to an orbital trap high resolution mass spectrometer (UPLC/Orbitrap HR-MS). Each MS system was tested with spinach and ginseng extracts prepared through a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) procedure. Each matrix was fortified at 10 and 50 ng/g for spinach or 25 and 100 ng/g for ginseng with subsets of 486 pesticides, isomers, and metabolites representing most pesticide classes. HR-TOF-MS was effective in a targeted search for characteristic accurate mass ions and identified 97% of 170 pesticides in ginseng at 25 ng/g. A targeted screen of either ginseng or spinach found 94–95% of pesticides fortified for analysis at 10 ng/g with GC/MS/MS or LC/MS/MS using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) procedures. Orbitrap-MS successfully found 89% of 177 fortified pesticides in spinach at 25 ng/g using a targeted search of accurate mass pseudomolecular ions in the positive electrospray ionization mode. A comprehensive GCxGC/TOF-MS system provided separation and identification of 342 pesticides and metabolites in a single 32 min acquisition with standards. Only 67 or 81% of the pesticides were identified in ginseng and spinach matrixes at 25 ng/g or 10 ng/g, respectively. MS/MS or qTrap-MS operated in the MRM mode produced the lowest false-negative rates, at 10 ng/g. Improvements to instrumentation, methods, and software are needed for efficient use of nontargeted screens in parallel with triple quadrupole MS.

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Chen, Jing, Ying Yuan, Xiaoku Ran, Na Guo, and Deqiang Dou. "Metabolomics analysis based on a UPLC-Q-TOF-MS metabolomics approach to compare Lin-Xia-Shan-Shen and garden ginseng." RSC Advances 8, no. 53 (2018): 30616–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra04823a.

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Panax ginseng Meyer which has been cultivated and grown naturally in mountainous forests is formally called “Lin-Xia-Shan-Shen” (LXSS), but when cultivated it is called garden ginseng (GG), according to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 edition).

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Li, Chang Cheng, Lai Wu Yin, Dong Chen, and Shu Jie Xu. "Lossless Compression of Weak Electrical Signal of Ginseng Molecule Based on Discrete Wavelet Transform and Siesta Program." Advanced Materials Research 986-987 (July 2014): 1950–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.986-987.1950.

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This paper proposed the electron density of time series by using the Siesta software to calculate the weak electrical signals of ginseng molecule, combining with the lifting scheme DWT to remove ginseng molecular spatial redundancy. For the acquisition and identification of weak electrical signals of ginseng molecule in physical environment , based on the analysis of collection and identification’s principles, the noise coefficient is removed to reconstruct the signal and retain the useful signal components through applying the multi-decomposition of DWT transform to divide weak electrical signals of ginseng molecule into wavelet coefficients of different scales. The experimental results show that the multi-resolution analysis of DWT transform is performed for the weak electrical signal of ginseng molecule with different rhythms and different frequency ranges, and the weak electrical signal size of ginseng molecule before and after compression, the percentage of high frequency coefficients set to zero, and the average energy percentage after compression are, respectively, increased to 77.73%, 46.88%, and 99.99%. This algorithm operates fast enough to ease hardware implementation, providing an effective method for lossless compression of the weak electrical signals of ginseng molecule.

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Park, Hye-Sung, Jae-Heung Cho, Koh-Woon Kim, Won-Seok Chung, and Mi-Yeon Song. "Effects of Panax ginseng on Obesity in Animal Models: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018 (2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2719794.

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Objective. To determine the antiobesity effects of Panax ginseng in animals. Methods. We conducted a systematic search for all controlled trials (up to March 2017) that assessed the antiobesity effects of P. ginseng in animal obesity models in the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane library, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. The primary outcome was final body weight measured at the longest follow-up time after administration of the intervention. The secondary outcome was the lipid profile. We assessed methodological quality using the SYRCLE risk of bias tool, and RevMan 5.3 was used to perform a meta-analysis. Finally, a subgroup analysis of parameters including intervention duration, animal models, and type of ginseng was performed. Result. We identified 16 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Data from the meta-analysis indicated that the intervention group had a significantly lower body weight than the control group (SMD: −1.50, 95% CI: −1.90 to −1.11, χ2: 78.14, P<0.0001, I2 = 58%). Final body weight was lower in an animal obesity model induced by high-fat diet than in genetic models. Also the intervention group had a significantly higher serum HDL level and lower serum LDL, TG, and TC level than the control group. Conclusion. Our meta-analysis indicated that oral administration of P. ginseng significantly inhibits weight gain and improves serum lipid profiles in animal obesity models. However, causes of obesity and type of ginseng may affect treatment effects.

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Kim, Mi-Ra, In-Hae Kim, and Jae-Han Shim. "The Analysis of Volatile Components of Fresh Ginseng, Red Ginseng and White Ginseng by Solvent Free Solid Injector (SFSI) Techniques." Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture 24, no. 2 (June 30, 2005): 164–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5338/kjea.2005.24.2.164.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ginseng – Analysis'

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