Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ginger (Zingiber officinale Canton)'

Gingerols are the major pungent compounds present in the rhizomes of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and are renowned for their contribution to human health and nutrition. Medicinal properties of ginger, including the alleviation of nausea, arthritis and pain, have been associated with the gingerols. Gingerol analogues are thermally labile and easily undergo dehydration reactions to form the corresponding shogaols, which impart the characteristic pungent taste to dried ginger. Both gingerols and shogaols exhibit a host of biological activities, ranging from anticancer, anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic to various central nervous system activities. Shogaols are important biomarkers used for the quality control of many ginger-containing products, due to their diverse biological activities. In this review, a large body of available knowledge on the biosynthesis, chemical synthesis and pharmacological activities, as well as on the structure–activity relationships of various gingerols and shogaols, have been collated, coherently summarised and discussed. The manuscript highlights convincing evidence indicating that these phenolic compounds could serve as important lead molecules for the development of therapeutic agents to treat various life-threatening human diseases, particularly cancer. Inclusion of ginger or ginger extracts in nutraceutical formulations could provide valuable protection against diabetes, cardiac and hepatic disorders.

Introduction. Giner, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, is used to treat digestive disordrs in particular to alleviate symptoms of nausea and/or vomiting. Aims. Major aims were to measure the concentration of [6]-gingerol (6G), and elements in fresh ginger rhizome juice (GJ) by HPLC and ICP-AES and investigate their effects on gastrointestinal functions. Methods. Short circuit current (I[sub]sc) effects of 6G and the dietary phytochemicals quercetin and kaempferol (100 [mu]M) were measured in a Caco-2 cell monolayer. In vitro isometric recording was used to investigate GJ (50 [mu]L, 200 [mu]L), 6G [1.59x10[sup]-5M-1x10[sup]-4M), a selected combination of elements (K [4.6x10[sup]-2M], Mg [7.4x10[sup]-3M], Mn [8.3x10[sup]-4M], Na [1.1x10[sup]-3M, Ca [5.1x10[sup]-4M]), and a "faux" ginger juice on contractile activity of proximal and distal stomach and duodenum segments from 'Suncus murinus'. The effect of 6G (1x10[sup]-2Mx1x10[sup]-4M, po.) and a ginger capsule suspension on motion-induced emesis was investigated in vivo in 'Suncus'. Results. The concentration of 6G in GJ was 239.43 [plus or minus] 7.92 mg/L. 6G had no effect on I[sub]sc], however quercetin and kaempferol caused a significant increase on I[sub]sc and the ATP - induced chloride ion secretion. GJ (50 [mu]L and 200 [mu]L) caused a dose-realted biphasic effect resulting in an overall increase in tension on both regions of the stomach at 25 minutes and an inhibitory effect on duodenal contractions. "Faux" GJ (200 [mu]L) only partially accounted for the effects of GJ. 6G and a ginger capsule suspension had no antiemetic activity in vivo. Conclusions. Quercetin and kaempferol may be able to augment the signalling in the intestinal epithelia resulting in an increase in fluid secretion which could facilitate stool passage. "Faux" GJ did not fully account for the motility effects of GJ, indicating that there were ither bioactive constituents present in GJ (e.g. [6]-shogaol). GJ was most effective on the duodenum, suggesting this as a target for an enteric coated ginger capsule for gastrointestinal disorders.

Medicinal plants are important and valuable natural resources. South Africa is well-endowed with very diverse flora and fauna that include a considerable number of medicinal plant species. Most medicinal plants have gained popularity for the treatment or prevention of various ailments. Ginger species (Zingiber officinale and Siphonochilus aethiopicus) are essential natural resources, which provide many useful products for use in food as a spice or as medicine. The two species contain beneficial secondary metabolites useful for treating many diseases and numerous digestive imbalances such as indigestion, vomiting, heartburn, diarrhoea and pregnancy-related nausea. However, the role of different agronomic practices such as irrigation, water stress and nutrient management are crucial for enhancing the yield and quality of ginger species. Due to climate change, rainfall is often less while more erratic, putting more pressure on irrigation resources in agriculture to sustain or even increase food production for a growing population. The major plant factors negatively affected by water limitations are plant growth, quality and crop yield. The second most constraining factor in plant growth and quality is the lack of plant nutrients. Macronutrients, such as N, P and K are most important in plants to complete their life cycle and play a significant role in the growth and development of plants. This study investigated the growth, yield and phytochemical profiling of two ginger species under different maximum allowable depletion levels of soil water content and nutrient management. The soil water study was conducted under a rain-shelter at the Experimental Farm on the Hillcrest campus of the University of Pretoria, South Africa. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two factors (ginger species and water regimes) and three replicates per treatment. The two experimental factors included the two species of ginger (commercial and African ginger) and four water levels (irrigated as soon as 20-25% of available soil water (ASW) was depleted, 40-45% of ASW depleted, 60-65% of ASW depleted and 80-85% of ASW depleted). Growth and development parameters such as height, leaf number and stem number were evaluated and varied between species and irrigation treatments. Irrigation treatment effects on plant growth and development were dependent on plant species. Leaf area index and fractional interception of photosynthetically active radiation (FIpar) values were higher in African ginger than commercial ginger in both seasons. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that both ginger species had more stomatal pores and open stomata under well-watered than stressed conditions. The study demonstrated that fresh and dry yields were higher for commercial ginger, compared to African ginger. The fresh and dry matter yields for severely water stressed plants were higher for commercial ginger than for African ginger. Water use efficiency in terms of fresh commercial ginger yield was highest for the moderately water-stressed treatment. The severely water-stressed irrigation regime (i.e. 80-85 MAD) resulted in higher production of total flavonoid content, phenolic content and increased antioxidant activity in both species.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Plant Production and Soil Science
PhD
Unrestricted

O mercado cervejeiro passa por uma revolução voltada à produção em escala artesanal ao invés de escala industrial, devido às expectativas dos consumidores em busca de alta qualidade e novo sabor do produto final. Visando produzir uma cerveja leve com relação ao teor de extrato e álcool, com sabor diferenciado, foram realizados vários ensaios de adição de gengibre no processo de produção. O mais viável resultado foi obtido com adição de 2g L-1 de lascas de gengibre in natura na maturação. A cerveja artesanal adicionada de gengibre foi produzida em escala laboratorial, para permitir sua análise físico-química e análise sensorial. Paralelamente, foram analisadas outras vinte e oito amostras de cerveja Pilsen para efeitos comparativos com relação aos aspectos físico-químicos. De acordo com o resultado do teste sensorial, o índice de aceitabilidade global foi de 92%, estando também acima de 70% o índice dos atributos individuais avaliados. A cerveja artesanal adicionada de gengibre apresentou características mais próximas às amostras de “Cerveja” ao invés das amostras “Puro Malte”, segundo classificação com relação ao teor de malte, por meio de análises quimiométricas (PCA e HCA). Essa discriminação entre os grupos foi devida aos teores de álcool, grau real de fermentação, grau aparente de fermentação, potássio, calorias e magnésio. O produto final apresentou como características principais um baixo teor alcoólico (3,40o GL), baixo valor energético (115,44 KJ 100 mL-1) e extrato reduzido (7,81º Plato). Apesar do amargor mais acentuado (21,55 B. U.), o índice de aceitabilidade para o amargor permaneceu acima de 70%, com flavor picante e aromático.
The brewing market undergoes a revolution directing to production on a homemade scale rather than an industrial scale, due to the expectations of consumers searching high quality and new flavor of the final product. In order to produce a light beer with respect to the extract and alcohol content and different flavor, several ginger addition tests were carried out in the production process. The most viable result was obtained with addition of 2 g L-1 of ginger flakes in natura at maturation. The artisanal brewed beer of ginger was produced in laboratory scale, to allow its physical-chemical analysis and sensorial analysis. In parallel, others twenty-eight samples of Pilsen beer were analyzed for comparative purposes in relation to physico-chemical aspects. According to the result of the sensorial test, the overall acceptability index was 92% as also as individual attributes evaluated were also above 70%. The artisanal beer added with ginger showed characteristics closer to the "Beer" samples than the "Pure malt" samples, according to classification in relation to the malt content, by means of chemometric analyzes (PCA and HCA). This discrimination between groups was due to alcohol, real degree of fermentation (RDF), apparent degree of fermentation (ADF), potassium, calories and magnesium. The final product had a low alcohol content (3.40 oGL), low energy (115.44 KJ 100 mL-1) and reduced extract (7.81 oPlato). Despite the more pronounced bitterness (21.55 B. U.), the acceptability index forbitterness remained above 70%, with spicy and aromatic flavor.

O gengibre é uma das especiarias mais importantes e amplamente utilizadas no mundo. Atualmente, a maior produção desta cultura concentra-se nos estados do sul do Brasil, sendo grande parte destinada para exportação. A geração de renda e a manutenção da variabilidade genética do gengibre são feitas principalmente pela agricultura familiar. Portanto, com o objetivo de continuar incrementando a diversidade genética do gengibre e contribuir com uma adoção rápida de variedades com melhor rendimento, adaptadas às características dos campos dos agricultores, e com resistência à principal doença desta cultura (Fusariose), este trabalho visou selecionar genótipos de gengibre do banco de germoplasma da ESALQ/USP com características relacionadas às prioridades dos agricultores do vale de Caraguatatuba - Ubatuba e que possuam algum nível de resistência a Fusarium oxysporum. Para tal, esta pesquisa foi dividida em duas partes. Primeiramente, desenvolveu-se um processo de melhoramento genético participativo, onde os agricultores ajudaram a identificar as prioridades de seleção de gengibre, procurando características que sejam adequadas às suas necessidades e na identificação da sintomatologia de fusariose mediante escala de notas. Na segunda parte, foi feita uma seleção de genótipos promissores por meio de avaliações em campo e casa de vegetação, através de uma análise de interação genótipo x ambiente. Os resultados mostraram que as prioridades de melhoramento escolhidas pelos agricultores foram resistência a doenças e pragas, altos rendimentos, estabilidade no tempo, variedades que consigam suprir necessidades de venda in natura e industrializado e com capacidade de atender diferentes tipos de mercado. Dentre os genótipos avaliados pelos agricultores, foram selecionados os genótipos G7, G16, G20, G22, G29, G31, G33, G47, G49, G51, G53, G58, G61 e G66 como resistentes e com características agronômicas promissoras. Nas avaliaçãoes de campo e casa de vegetação observou-se que dos 49 genótipos analisados, G47 apresentou o maior nível de resistência, enquanto que G11, G23, G30, G43 e G64, foram identificados como genótipos resistentes. Desses genótipos selecionados como resistentes apenas os genótipos G23 e G64 foram promissores, apresentando estabilidade na resistência, produção, formação de perfilhos, e caracteres qualitativos de interesse agronômico. Entre os genótipos selecionados mediante melhoramento clássico e os selecionados com melhoramento participativo houve apenas uma coincidência na seleção (G47) referente à sintomatologia, mas ao ser testado para estabilidade referente à doença, este genótipo apresentou alta inestabilidade no tempo, não se mostrando adequado para recomendação como variedade resistente. Dessa forma, novos estudos deverão ser desenvolvidos visando testar estes genótipos em outros ambientes.
Ginger is the most important and widely used spice in the world. Currently, the greater production of this crop is focused in the southern states of Brazil, where most of the production is destined for export. The generation of income and the maintenance of genetic variability of ginger are provided mainly by family farming. Therefore, with the objective to continue increasing genetic diversity of ginger and contribute with a rapid adoption of varieties with better yield, adapted to farmers\' fields characteristics, and resistance to the main disease of this crop (fusariosis), this work aimed at selecting ginger genotypes from the germplasm bank of ESALQ/USP with characteristics related to the priorities of the farmers from Caraguatatuba-Ubatuba Valley, presenting some level of resistance to Fusarium oxysporum. Therefore, this research was divided in two parts. First, a participatory breeding process was developed, where farmers helped to identify the priorities of selection in ginger, searching for features that are appropriate to their needs and to identify the symptoms of Fusarium by grading scale. In the second part, a selection was made of promising genotypes through evaluations in the field and in a greenhouse, through an analysis of genotype x environment interaction. Results showed that the farmers’ breeding priorities were resistance to diseases and pests, high income, stability in time, varieties that are able to meet sales requirements both in natura and industrialized, including ability to supply different market types. Among the genotypes evaluated by the farmers, the genotypes G7, G16, G20, G22, G29, G31, G33, G47, G49, G51, G53, G58, G61 and G66 were selected as being resistant and with promising agronomic characteristics. In the field and greenhouse evaluations, it was observed that from the 49 genotypes analyzed, genotype G47 showed the highest level of resistance, while G11, G23, G30, G43 and G64, and were identified as resistant genotypes. From these genotypes selected as resistant only G23 and G64 were promising, showing stability in resistance, production, tillers production, and qualitative traits of agronomic interest. Among the genotypes selected by classical breeding and those selected through participatory breeding, there was only one coincidence in the selection (G47) related to symptoms, but when tested for disease stability, it presented high instability in time, not being suitable for recommendation as a resistant variety. Thus, further studies should be developed aiming to test these genotypes in other environments.

Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of morbidity and second leading cause for mortality by cancer in the United States. Phytochemicals within fruits and vegetables have demonstrated chemopreventive potential by regulating certain defense mechanisms within the body. This study evaluated consumer acceptability of a sweet potato ginger crisp prototype. Thirty-two male and female subjects (mean age: 22.8 years) were recruited at California State University, Long Beach. Consumer acceptability was significantly (p < 0.05) higher for the commercial product compared to prototype on several sensory attributes. Frequency of consumption was significantly (p < 0.001) higher for the commercial product. The commercial product was preferred overall (91%). Antioxidant capacity measures indicated high radical scavenging (95%) and reducing power (26%) of the prototype. Further research to assess overall quality and marketing the synergistic benefits from the chemopreventive compounds in sweet potatoes and presence of natural sugars may improve its overall acceptability.

Orientador: Maria Angela de Almeida Meirelles
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: A celulose e amido presentes em resíduos de plantas aromáticas, que já sofreram extração de seus óleos essenciais através de CO2 supercrítico, foram hidrolisados rapidamente com água subcrítica (AsC) e CO2, a fim de se obter oligossacarídeos. Celulose e amido não são solúveis em CO2 supercrítico, assim, permanecem no resíduo sólido após o processo de extração supercrítica (ESC). A etapa de ESC atua como um pré-tratamento para a hidrólise porque a pressão age sobre a matriz sólida, relaxando a estrutura do grânulo de amido, resultando num aumento da taxa de hidrólise. O gengibre (Zingiber officinalle Roscoe) contém aproximadamente 50% de amido, e a decomposição do amido de bagaço de ESC de gengibre foi efetuada num reator semi-contínuo, operando numa faixa de temperatura entre 132 - 200°C e pressões entre 80 ¿ 220 bar. A alimentação do reator constou de uma mistura de bagaço de gengibre e água (3:7). O CO2 foi utilizado para a pressurização do sistema. Para arrastar os produtos formados do reator foi utilizada uma vazão de CO2 de 7,48 × 10-5 kg s-1. O rendimento da hidrólise foi avaliado em relação ao teor de açúcares redutores formados. Os ensaios de hidrólise foram realizados num tempo de reação constante para procurar as condições de temperatura e pressão que maximizassem o grau de hidrólise e o rendimento. Os resultados foram analisados pela metodologia de superfície de respostas. Os testes de cinética de hidrólise foram realizados a 150 bar e a 176, 188 e 200 °C, mantendose constantes a razão de bagaço: água na alimentação e a vazão de CO2, e com os seguintes tempos de reação: 1, 5, 7, 9, 11 e 15 minutos. O maior grau de hidrólise (97,1% a 15 minutos de reação) e o maior rendimento em açúcares redutores (18,1% a 11 minutos de reação) foram estabelecidos para 200 °C. Diferentes misturas de oligossacarídeos com diferentes distribuições de massas moleculares foram obtidas, dependendo da temperatura e do tempo de reação. A hidrólise do bagaço de gengibre foi tratada como uma reação heterogênea com uma cinética global de primeira ordem em relação à concentração de amido, a qual resultou numa energia de ativação de 185,1 kJ mol-1 e um fator préexponencial de 5,8 × 1017s-1. Ensaios de hidrólise de gengibre e cúrcuma (Curcuma longa Linneu) frescos, gengibre seco, cúrcuma seca e bagaço de cana foram realizados nas melhores condições estabelecidas para o bagaço de gengibre (150 bar, 200 °C e 11 minutos)
Abstract: Cellulose and starch contained in aromatic-plant residues, which had been subjected to supercritical CO2 extraction, were hydrolyzed with subcritical water and CO2 to obtain oligosacharides. Cellulose and starch are not soluble in supercritical CO2; therefore, they remained in the solid matrix after the supercritical extraction. The extraction step acted as a pre-treatment step for hydrolysis because the pressure affected the solid matrix by relaxing the starch granule resulting, thus, increasing the rate of hydrolysis. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) bagasse containing about 50% of starch was hydrolyzed in a semicontinuo reactor in the temperature range of 132 - 200°C and pressure range of 80 ¿ 220 bar. The reactor was filled with a mixture of ginger bagasse and water (3:7). The CO2 was used to pressurize the system. To withdraw the products from the reactor a CO2 flow rate of 7.48 × 10-5 kg s-1 was used. The hydrolysis yield was evaluated with respect to the amount of reducing sugars formed. The hydrolysis assays were done for a constant reaction time of 15 min to search for the condition of temperature and pressure that maximized the hydrolysis degree and the yield. The results were analyzed by the surface response methodology. The hydrolysis kinetics tests were performed at 150 bar and at 176, 188, and 200 °C. The kinetics tests were done keeping constant the ratio between ginger bagasse and water, as well as the CO2 flow rate; the following reaction times were evalueted: 1, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 15 min. The highest hydrolysis degree (97.1% at 15 min) and the highest yield (18.1% at 11 min) were stablished for 200 °C. Different oligosaccharide mixtures with different molecular mass distributions were obtained, depending on the temperature and on the reaction time. The ginger bagasse hydrolysis was treated as a heterogeneous reaction with a first-order global chemical kinetic, with respect to the starch concentration; resulting in an activation energy of 185.1 kJ mol-1 and a preexponential factor of 5.8 × 1017s-1. Hydrolysis of fresh ginger and turmeric (Curcuma longa Linneu), dried ginger, dried turmeric, and sugar-cane bagasse were performed at the best conditions established for ginger bagasse (150 bar, 200 °C and 11 min)
Doutorado
Doutor em Engenharia de Alimentos

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A proposta deste trabalho foi detectar microrganismos e avaliar in vivo a ação do extrato glicólico de gengibre 20% (GENG), do hipoclorito de sódio 1% (NaOCl), da clorexidina gel 2% (CLX) como soluções irrigadoras e da medicação intracanal (MIC) de hidróxido de cálcio sobre microrganismos e endotoxinas em dentes com necrose pulpar e lesão periapical. Para isso 36 pacientes portadores de dente com necrose pulpar e lesão periapical visível radiograficamente foram submetidos ao tratamento endodôntico e divididos em 3 grupos (n=12), de acordo com a substância química auxiliar utilizada durante o preparo biomecânico: GENG; NaOCl ou CLX intercalado com solução salina fisiológica. Foram realizadas coletas do conteúdo do canal radicular com cones de papel absorvente após a abertura do dente, após a instrumentação e, após 14 dias da ação da MIC. Para todas as coletas foram realizados os seguintes testes: a) avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana pela contagem de UFC/mL e método molecular – PCR e; b) análise da quantidade de endotoxina verificada pelo lisado de amebócitos de Limulus. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise descritiva e estatística de Kruskal-Wallis e teste de Dunn. Os resultados mostraram presença de DNA bacteriano em todas as coletas, sendo que Parvimonas micra foi a espécie mais frequente. A instrumentação com as substâncias testadas reduziram significativamente microrganismos e endotoxinas dos canais radiculares. A utilização da MIC não foi capaz de potencializar os efeitos antimicrobianos nem sobre endotoxinas. Pôde-se concluir que o preparo biomecânico com GENG foi eficiente tanto em reduzir microrganismos quanto endotoxinas dos canais radiculares. A MIC de Ca(OH)2 não foi capaz de potencializar a neutralização de endotoxinas após PBM
The purpose of this study was to detect microorganisms and to evaluate in vivo the action of 20% ginger glycolic extract (GENG), 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 2% chlorhexidine gel (CLX) as irrigating solutions and intracanal medication (ICM) of calcium hydroxide on microorganisms and endotoxins in teeth with necrotic pulp and periapical lesions. Thirty six patients with tooth with pulp necrosis and radiographically visible periapical lesion were submitted to endodontic treatment and divided into 3 groups (n = 12), according to the auxiliary chemical substance used during the biomechanical preparation: GENG, NaOCl or CHX interspersed with saline solution. Samples of the root canal were taken with paper cones immediately after exposure of the canal, immediately after instrumentation and 14 days after MIC. For all samples were performed the following tests: a) evaluation of antimicrobial activity by counting the CFU / mL and molecular method - PCR and b) quantification of endotoxins verified by the Limulus amoebocyte lysate. The results showed the presence of bacterial DNA in all samples, and Parvimonas micra was the most frequent species. The instrumentation with all substances tested reduced significantly microorganisms and endotoxins from root canals. The use of ICM was not able to potentiate the antimicrobial effects either on endotoxins. It was concluded that biomechanical preparation with glycolic extract of ginger was effective in reducing microorganisms and endotoxins from root canals with no significant differences from NaOCl or chlorhexidine. The Ca(OH)2 ICM could not enhance the neutralization of endotoxins after biomechanical preparation

Orientador: Marcia Carneiro Valera
Banca: Giulio Gavini
Banca: Cláudio Antônio Talge Carvalho
Resumo: A proposta deste trabalho foi detectar microrganismos e avaliar in vivo a ação do extrato glicólico de gengibre 20% (GENG), do hipoclorito de sódio 1% (NaOCl), da clorexidina gel 2% (CLX) como soluções irrigadoras e da medicação intracanal (MIC) de hidróxido de cálcio sobre microrganismos e endotoxinas em dentes com necrose pulpar e lesão periapical. Para isso 36 pacientes portadores de dente com necrose pulpar e lesão periapical visível radiograficamente foram submetidos ao tratamento endodôntico e divididos em 3 grupos (n=12), de acordo com a substância química auxiliar utilizada durante o preparo biomecânico: GENG; NaOCl ou CLX intercalado com solução salina fisiológica. Foram realizadas coletas do conteúdo do canal radicular com cones de papel absorvente após a abertura do dente, após a instrumentação e, após 14 dias da ação da MIC. Para todas as coletas foram realizados os seguintes testes: a) avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana pela contagem de UFC/mL e método molecular - PCR e; b) análise da quantidade de endotoxina verificada pelo lisado de amebócitos de Limulus. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise descritiva e estatística de Kruskal-Wallis e teste de Dunn. Os resultados mostraram presença de DNA bacteriano em todas as coletas, sendo que Parvimonas micra foi a espécie mais frequente. A instrumentação com as substâncias testadas reduziram significativamente microrganismos e endotoxinas dos canais radiculares. A utilização da MIC não foi capaz de potencializar os efeitos antimicrobianos nem sobre endotoxinas. Pôde-se concluir que o preparo biomecânico com GENG foi eficiente tanto em reduzir microrganismos quanto endotoxinas dos canais radiculares. A MIC de Ca(OH)2 não foi capaz de potencializar a neutralização de endotoxinas após PBM
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to detect microorganisms and to evaluate in vivo the action of 20% ginger glycolic extract (GENG), 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 2% chlorhexidine gel (CLX) as irrigating solutions and intracanal medication (ICM) of calcium hydroxide on microorganisms and endotoxins in teeth with necrotic pulp and periapical lesions. Thirty six patients with tooth with pulp necrosis and radiographically visible periapical lesion were submitted to endodontic treatment and divided into 3 groups (n = 12), according to the auxiliary chemical substance used during the biomechanical preparation: GENG, NaOCl or CHX interspersed with saline solution. Samples of the root canal were taken with paper cones immediately after exposure of the canal, immediately after instrumentation and 14 days after MIC. For all samples were performed the following tests: a) evaluation of antimicrobial activity by counting the CFU / mL and molecular method - PCR and b) quantification of endotoxins verified by the Limulus amoebocyte lysate. The results showed the presence of bacterial DNA in all samples, and Parvimonas micra was the most frequent species. The instrumentation with all substances tested reduced significantly microorganisms and endotoxins from root canals. The use of ICM was not able to potentiate the antimicrobial effects either on endotoxins. It was concluded that biomechanical preparation with glycolic extract of ginger was effective in reducing microorganisms and endotoxins from root canals with no significant differences from NaOCl or chlorhexidine. The Ca(OH)2 ICM could not enhance the neutralization of endotoxins after biomechanical preparation
Mestre

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Considering the increase of the involvement of vegetables in the transmission of microorganism include the enteropathogenic Escherichia coli multiresistance to conventional drugs, the search for new antimicrobial substances from natural sources, including the essential oils, has been intensive. This study aimed evaluate the antibacterial activity of the essential oil from basil (Ocimum basilicum Linnaeus) and ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) front strains of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from grass cultivated by organic and hydroponic system, sold in street markets and supermarkets of São Luís city MA, using the Method of Diffusion in Disc (MDD). Were analyzed 100 samples of curly lettuce and 60 of watercress. In this work, carried out the extraction of the essential oils of basil (leafs) and ginger (rhizome) by steam drag along method (hydro-distillation) using a Clevenger system. Besides density, refraction rate, solubility, color and physics appearance constants, the majority compounds were identified of each essential oil by the Gas Chromatography technique docked to Masses Spectrometry (CG-MS). The results showed that, independently the cultivation system, as many the samples of lettuce as the samples of watercress presented contamination by serogroups of E. coli classical EPEC and enterohemorragic (EHEC). In the lettuces were identified the serogroups: O55, O26, O111, O114, O125, O126, O127, O142 (E. coli EPEC) e O157 (E. coli EHEC) and in the watercress, O55, O125, O126 e O127 (E. coli EPEC). About the antibacterial activity, as the essential oil of basil as the ginger one showed bactericidal action front serougrups of E. coli isolated of the lettuces and watercress.
Considerando-se a crescente participação dos vegetais na transmissão de microrganismos, incluindo as Escherichia coli enteropatogênicas multirresistentes às drogas convencionais, a busca por novas substâncias antimicrobianas a partir de fontes naturais, incluindo os óleos essenciais, tem se intensificado. Esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar a atividade antibacteriana dos óleos essenciais do manjericão (Ocimum basilicum Linnaeus) e do gengibre (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) frente a linhagens de Escherichia coli enteropatogênicas isoladas de hortaliças cultivadas pelos sistemas orgânico e hidropônico, comercializadas em feiras livres e supermercados na cidade de São Luís/MA, utilizando-se o Método de Difusão em Discos (MDD). Foram analisadas 100 amostras de alfaces da variedade crespa e 60 de agrião. A extração dos óleos essenciais do manjericão (folhas) e de gengibre (rizoma) foi realizada pelo método de arraste de vapor d água (hidrodestilação), utilizando o extrator de Clevenger. Além das constantes físico-químicas de densidade, índice de refração, solubilidade, cor e aparência, identificaram-se os componentes majoritários de cada óleo essencial pela técnica de Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas (CG-EM). Os resultados indicaram que, independente do sistema de cultivo, tanto as amostras de alfaces quanto as de agrião apresentaram contaminação por sorogrupos de E. coli EPEC clássica e enterohemorrágica (EHEC). Nas alfaces foram identificados os sorogrupos: O55, O26, O111, O114, O125, O126, O127, O142 (E. coli EPEC) e O157 (E. coli EHEC) e no agrião, O55, O125, O126 e O127 (E. coli EPEC). Com relação à atividade antibacteriana, tanto o óleo essencial do manjericão quanto o do gengibre demonstraram ação bactericida frente aos sorogrupos de E. coli isolados das alfaces e do agrião.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de obter maiores informações acerca das modificações causadas pelo tratamento com calor e baixa umidade (TCBU) sobre a estrutura granular e propriedades funcionais dos amidos extraídos de mandioquinha-salsa, gengibre e batata-doce, fontes alternativas desse carboidrato. Os amidos foram extraídos desses vegetais e caracterizados quanto à composição macromolecular, substâncias acompanhantes, tamanho e forma dos grânulos. Para avaliar o efeito do tratamento térmico e baixa umidade (100°C, 27% de umidade, 16 horas), os amidos foram submetidos a processo de digestão enzimática pela alfa-amilase de Bacillus sp e amiloglucosidase de Rhizopus mold. As amostras obtidas foram avaliadas quanto ao modo de ataque das enzimas aos grânulos em microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV), padrão de cristalinidade por difração de raios-x e propriedades da pasta em Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA). O amido de mandioquinha-salsa apresentou 17% de amilose e 0,032% de fósforo, tamanho médio de grânulo de 12,5 x 17,3µm, padrão B de cristalinidade e 38% de hidrólise enzimática. O amido de batata-doce apresentou 22% de amilose, 0,027% de fósforo, tamanho médio de grânulo de 20,4 x 26,2µm, padrão A de cristalinidade e 72% de hidrólise. O amido de gengibre apresentou 25% de amilose, 0,022% de fósforo, tamanho médio de grânulos de 17,6 x 23,2µm, padrão A de cristalinidade e 15% de hidrólise. O tratamento com calor e baixa umidade nas condições do estudo provocou aumento na suscetibilidade à ação enzimática em todos os amidos, mas principalmente no de mandioquinha-salsa. Com este tratamento ocorreram também alterações na intensidade dos picos nos difratogramas de raios-x, entretanto, os padrões de cristalinidade dos amidos não foram alterados. Os perfis e valores dos viscoamilogramas dos amidos estudados foram substancialmente alterados com o tratamento térmico em baixa umidade, havendo elevação da temperatura de pasta e do tempo para ocorrência do pico, redução nos valores de viscosidade e extinção da quebra, ou seja, estabilização da viscosidade dos amidos quando sob temperaturas elevadas e agitação mecânica. O tratamento térmico sob baixa umidade, nas condições do estudo, promoveu alterações que apontam para um rompimento seguido de rearranjo das associações internas na estrutura granular do amido fazendo com que ocorra redução da cristalinidade e aumento significativo de sua área acessível à ação enzimática.
The goal of this work is to obtain more information about the modifications caused by heat-moisture treatment (TCBU) on the granular structure and functional properties extracted of starch Peruvian carrot, sweet potato and ginger, sources alternative sources of this carbohydrato. The starches were extracted of these vegetables and how characterized macromolecular composition, non-starch components, size and form of granules. To evaluate effect of heat-moisture treatment (HMT- 100°C, 27% of humidity, 16 hours), starches had been submittedby to enzymatic digestion with alpha-amilase of Bacillus sp and amiloglucosidase of Rhizopus mold. The samples had been evaluated about the way of enzymes attack to granules in scanning electron microscope (SEM), pattern of cristallinity for rays-x diffraction and properties of the paste in Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA). The peruvian carrot starch presented amylose content of 17% and phosphorus content of 0,032%, granule average size of 12,5 x 17,3µm, standard B of cristallinity and 38% of enzymatic hydrolysis. The sweet potato starch presented of amylose content of 22%, phosphorus content of 0,027%, granule average size of 20,4 x 26,2µm, standard A of cristallinity and 72% of hydrolysis. The ginger starch presented amylose content of 25%, phosphorus content of 0,022%, granule average sizes of 17,6 x 23,2µm, standard A of cristallinity and 15% of hydrolysis. Heat-moisture treatment (HMT), in this work , caused increase in susceptibility to enzymatic action in all studied starches, but mainly in peruvian carrot starch. With this treatment had also occurred alterations in rays-x diffraction peaks intensity, however, starches patterns of cristallinity had not been modified. The heat-moisture treatment, in this conditions, changed in the profiles and values of viscosity and increase of susceptibility to enzymatic hydrolysis, what probably, it was caused by the breached crystal rearrangement, starch chain association and disruption of double helices in the amorphous regions.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
O controle do crescimento microbiano é de fundamental importância na indústria de alimentos, uma vez que assim pode-se preservar a qualidade do produto e/ou garantir a segurança do alimento. Muitos óleos essenciais foram relatados por possuírem forte atividade antimicrobiana e quando encapsulados podem ser aplicados em embalagens ativas antimicrobianas para alimentos. Embalagens ativas interagem com o alimento diretamente ou pelo espaço livre que com a finalidade de assegurar a qualidade e a segurança durante a vida útil do alimento. O estudo teve como objetivo produzir e caracterizar fibras ultrafinas de proteína isolada de soja (PIS), poli (óxido de etileno) (POE) e zeína, com diferentes concentrações de óleo essencial de gengibre (OEG) (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe), pela técnica de electrospinning, bem como aplicá-las em embalagem para controle de Listeria monocytogenes em queijo minas frescal. A atividade antimicrobiana foi avaliada contra cinco bactérias (Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli 0157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium e Pseudomonas aeruginosa). O OEG, em diferentes concentrações (0, 3, 6, 9 e 12%, v / v) foi encapsulado em fibras ultrafinas utilizando uma mistura polimérica de proteína isolada de soja, poli (óxido de etileno) e zeína em uma proporção de 1:1:1 (v/v/v) pela técnica de eletrospinning. As fibras foram avaliadas quanto à sua morfologia, propriedades térmicas, grupos funcionais, cristalinidade relativa e atividade antimicrobiana por micro-atmosfera. A partir de testes preliminares da análise antimicrobiana a fibra com 12% de OEG foi selecionada para aplicação in situ (queijo minas frescal) contra L. monocytogenes. O óleo essencial de gengibre teve um rendimento de 3,7% em base úmida, e foi um antimicrobiano efetivo contra todas as bactérias em teste. As fibras produzidas, independentemente da concentração do óleo essencial encapsulado, apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana contra L.monocytogenes, e demonstraram morfologia homogênea sem a presença de beads. A adição do OEG alterou ligeiramente as propriedades térmicas das fibras e diminuiu a cristalinidade relativa. O OEG encapsulado em fibras ultrafinas foi eficaz no controle de L. monocytogenes em queijo minas frescal por micro-atmosfera durante o armazenamento refrigerado de 12 dias, demonstrando grande potencial de aplicação embalagem ativa de alimentos.
The growth control of pathogenic and deteriorating microorganisms is important in the food industry. This control can preserve the quality of the product and / or guarantee the food safety Several essential oils have been reported for its high antimicrobial activity and,can be applied in active antimicrobial food packaging when encapsulated in fibers. Active packaging interacts with food to ensure the quality and safety during the food shelf life. The objective of this study was to produce and characterize ultrafine fibers from soy protein isolate, poly (ethylene oxide) and zein, with different concentrations of ginger essential oil (GEO (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe), by electrospinning, as well as apply the fibers in the packaging of Minas Frescal cheese for the control of Listeria monocytogenes. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated against five bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli 01571H7, Salmonella Typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The OEG, in different concentrations (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12%, v/v) was encapsulated in ultrafine fibers using a polymer blend of soy protein isolate, poly (ethylene oxide) and zein in a ratio of 1 : 1: 1 (v/v/v) by electrospinning. The ultrafine fibers were evaluated for its morphology, thermal properties, functional groups, relative crystallinity and micro-atmosphere antimicrobial activity. The fiber selected for application in situ (fresh Minas cheese) against L. monocytogenes by preliminary tests of the antimicrobial analysis was the fiber with 12% of GEO. The GEO presented yield of 3.7% on wet basis, and showed antimicrobial activity against all bacteria under test. The ultrafine fibers produced, regardless of the concentration of the encapsulated GEO, presented homogeneous morphology without beads. The addition of GEO slightly altered the thermal properties of the fibers and decreased relative crystallinity. Ultrafine fibers encapsulated OEG were effective in Listeria monocytogenes control in fresh Minas cheese by micro-atmosphere during refrigerated storage of 12 days, demonstrating great potential to be applied in active food packaging.

碩士
國立中興大學
園藝學系
89
Fresh ginger has a high annual market demand in Taiwan. However, the quantity of rhizome produced is quite low from January to May and the source of ginger seed rhizome is the limiting factor of its production. The objective of this study was to investigate the means to hasten the sprouting of ginger seed rhizomes at different maturity level by treating with 100 percent carbon dioxide. Results showed that the ginger seed rhizomes harvested in November and early December and treated with pure CO2 under sealed condition for one day inducing sprouting as well as promoting sprouting rate. Those treated for two days under the same condition had even better results than those of one-day treatment. Carbon dioxide treatment of ginger rhizomes harvested at an early date (September) had no significant promoting effect and the young rhizomes showed a tendency to be easily injured by high CO2 concentration. Sprouting of ginger rhizomes, which were harvested from low elevation, were also promoted by 100 percent CO2 treatment in a closed system. Sprouting period of ginger rhizomes was affected by acetic acid treatment and large amount of ginger eyes were induced. Days to 50 percent sprouting were significantly lowered: 4 to 5 days on average. On the other hand, ginger rhizomes could be damaged by high concentration of acetic acid and the optimum concentration was found to be 0.5 ml/4L. The growth of either'Guangdong'or'Chu'ginger expressed in terms of the sprouting number, average plant high height and yield was greater when treated with 0.5ml/4L than the untreated. Acetic acid significantly promoted sprouting and growth rate at an early stage of growth. A vigorous growth offered a better resistance against an adverse environment. Water loss was the primary factor affecting ginger quality during storage period. Polyethylene bag and fresh preservation film could help keeping high relative humidity thus reducing water loss, which could be maintained below 10 percent under such a condition. However, fresh ginger water loss increased as temperature was increased. Storage at 12℃, 15℃ or 25℃ could shorten the storage life whereas ginger stored at low temperature (1℃, 3℃) prone to chilling injuries with symptoms such as browning at the cutting surface, deterioration of leaf sheath as indicated by red color and lignification of rhizomes. These phenomena could be slightly reduced by low temperature storage, but unlikely to be improved effectively by using any other packing methods.

碩士
國立中興大學
園藝學系
87
A relatively long period is needed between planting of seed rhizome and its sprouting. Endeavor was made in this experiment to stimulate the rate of rhizomes sprouting with high temperature (35°C), ethylene and CO2. Ginger seed rhizomes after being treated with 35°C for 0,8,16, and 24hours and then were put in the plastic bag to evaluate sprouting and found that the emergence rate was enhanced after 24 hours treatment, usually 7 days earlier that of the control. No significant difference was found between rhizome, which was treated for 8 and 16 hours. Efficiency of ethylene increased with treatment concentrations and thus advanced the sprout about 6 to 7 days, but no statistic differences were found among 10, 100, and 1000ppm groups. Ethylene, in general, has similar effect as 35°C treatment for 24 hours. Results showed that exposure to 3% CO2 for 1 day was adequate to promote ginger rhizomes sprouting. Enhancement was obvious as indicated by increasing treatment time and concentration. After 100% CO2 treatment, the mean sprouting rate was about 8 to 12 days on the average. Average rate for 3,5,20,and 40% CO2 treatments and control were about 12 to 25 days indicating the high concentration treatment was more effective than the lower ones and the control. Results also showed high CO2 concentration, on average, induced more than 2 sprouts. Treatment with 100% CO2 had the highest sprout number of 4.11 while control group had less than 2, thus was ranked the lowest. A comparison of sprouting rates between the flow and closed systems has shown that the latter provide a better environment and significantly advanced sprouting by 4 days. Treatment with 35°C for a period of 24 hours effectively hastened ginger seed rhizomes sprouting. Neither high temperature nor ethylene could be able to raise the number of sprouts efficiently. Carbon dioxide treatment with either closed or flow system enhanced mean number of sprouts under the controlled environmental condition.

碩士
國立嘉義大學
農學研究所
91
The purpose of this study was to research the storage methods and diseases pathogens of fresh ginger（Zingiber officinal Rosc.）after harvest. The respiratory rate and ethylene production of two cultivars of fresh gingers were studied after harvest. The results showed that the respiratory rate was low, between 0.56-0.83 ml CO2/Kg-hr at 8℃ in the first to 5th day. The respiration peak occurred between 6.11-9.89 ml CO2/Kg-hr on the 6th day. The ethylene production was around 0.5-1.21μl C2H4/Kg-hr during storage. The storage life of fresh gingers were only 2.5 days at 2℃, and it can extend to 16.5-19.0 days when store at 8℃ and 13℃. Both the storage life were short when the fresh gingers stored at higher temperature（25℃）or low temperature（2℃and 5℃）. The most important factors affected the storage of gingers were water loss and rot decay. It maintains higher relative humidity by using shrinkage film package to reduce water loss, that control weight loss in less than 1% during storage. The results showed that it better to using film package and store at 8℃-13℃ for fresh ginger after harvest. There are many disease pathogens such as Pythium myriotylum, P. aphanidermatum, P. splendens and Pseudomonas spp., Aeromonas. salmonicida. these pathogens cause soft rot and decay during fresh ginger storage. The most serious pathogens that cause rot of seed gingers were Fusarium oxysporum. The most serious pathogens that cause rot of fresh ginger. The symptoms was occurred in the first day above 25℃, and the decay was controlled by stored at 8℃.

碩士
國立中興大學
園藝學系所
98
Experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of glacial acetic acid concentration, temperature and sample quantity on the budding of ginger. The results show that ginger treated with 0.2-0.4 ml/Kg of glacial acetic acid and optimum temperature 25℃ obtaining more budding and more number of big bud than other treated with other concentration and temperature. The quantity of 20 Kg treated each time getting more budding and more number of big bud , but not significantly different between 5 sample quantity treated. In order to inspect the effect of glacial acetic acid on the budding and development of ginger, ‘Guang Dong’ and ‘Chu’ ginger were treated with 0.5 ml/ 4l glacial acetic acid for 24 hrs then cultivated in greenhouse and field. Nutrition components of different parts of ginger harvested were analyzed. Result indicates that treatments cultivated on 30days, 14 days and 7days before the “winter arriving” got more budding than other cultivation date, and all treatments perform higher yield than the untreated CK of ‘Guang Dong’ ginger cultivated in greenhouse. As about the experiments proceeded in the field, ‘Guang Dong’ ginger cultivated on 14 days and 7days before the “winter arriving” got more budding and higher yield, as well as in ‘Chu’ ginger. The inorganic elements, total soluble sugar and starch content were not significantly different between all treatments and CK. The results shows us that ginger treated with optimum concentration of glacial acetic acid could promote budding and increase yield without negative effect on the major nutrition components. It may apply to ginger production system in Taiwan to adjust production season .

碩士
高雄醫學大學
香粧品學系碩士班
97
(I) Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a major therapeutic problem in decades. The extensively drug resistant Acinetobacter baumanii (XDRAB) causes serious nosocomial infections worldwide, particularly at intensive care units (ICUs). Several pure compounds from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale have been shown the various effects on human such as anti-tumor and anti-inflammation. However, their antimicrobial activities have not been reported on clinical bacterial isolates. The aim of this study was to find the components from ginger with novel anti-extensively drug resistant microbial effects. Furthermore, these compounds combined with tetracycline showed good synergic inhibition effects to XDRAB. This antimicrobial properties of ginger rendered active molecules used in the development of novel compounds for the treatment of extensively drug resistant bacterial infections. Moreover, four ginger compounds demonstrated antioxidant properties. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. On the other hand, the antioxidants were neutralized by MnO2, which act as an oxidizing agent. We found if the antioxidant effects were inhibited by oxidants, not only antioxidant capacity but also antimicrobial properties were decreased, either. According to the results, we considered that ginger compounds with antioxidant effects were correlated to antimicrobial bio-functions. To our knowledge, this is the first time that these bioactivity evidences of ginger were presented to date. (II) Lon is an ATP-dependent protease and carries a Ser-Lys catalytic dyad in the active site. Overexpression and increased human mitochondrial Lon protease activity are related to tumorigenesis. On the other hand, loss of Lon activity leads to a reduced cell proliferation activity and apoptosis. The up-regulation of Lon protease in tumorigenesis has raised its potential as a drug target in the development of cancer chemotherapy. Meanwhile, the specific human Lon inhibitors provide not only valuable chemical genetic tools for identifying the substrates but also lead compounds for the development of a powerful anti-cancer drug. Unfortunately, very limited specific inhibitors of human Lon have been found. So we have identified two novel specific inhibitors of human Lon protease, obtusilactone A and (-)-sesamin from the Cinnamomum kotoense. The results showed that the inhibition effects of obtusilactone A and (-)-sesamin on human Lon are significant and the constituents interact with Ser855 and Lys898 residues in the active site by using a model of molecular docking technique. Furthermore, the antioxidant activities and free radical scavenging capacity of obtusilactone A and (-)-sesamin were also investigated in this study. Obtusilactone A showed effective 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and reducing power compared with Vitamin C and BHA, respectively. (-)-Sesamin was found to be effective in reducing power and metal chelating power activities. These results suggest that the constituents from C. kotoense act as natural antioxidants and play a potential role in cancer prevention. Meanwhile, these pure compounds may used as lead compounds in the development of specific human Lon inhibitors for cancer chemotherapy in future research.