Academic literature on the topic 'Ginger Baker'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Ginger Baker.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Ginger Baker"
1
Muhammad, Nurul Azilla, Zuraida Abd Rahman, and Wan Zaliha Wan Sembok. "The Impact of Different Drying Temperatures on Black Ginger Slices in Relation to Different Applications of Growing Media." Malaysian Applied Biology 51, no. 5 (December 26, 2022): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v51i5.2376.
Full textAbstract:
Black ginger (Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex. Baker) or “halia hitam” in Malay has been traditionally used as health-promoting herbs in relieving body pains, allergies, gastrointestinal disorders, and fungal infections. Recently, black ginger has increased attention from many researchers to identify its medicinal value to treat diseases. In line with that, the objective of the study is to determine the impact of drying temperatures of black ginger rhizomes slices on the different applications of growing media. The experiment was arranged in a complete randomized design with two factors viz. i) different growing media [cocopeat, cocopeat+rice husk biochar, cocopeat+palm kernel shell biochar, cocopeat+sugarcane bagasse biochar, and cocopeat+coconut shell biochar] and ii) two different drying temperature (50 °C & 75 °C) with three replications. The postharvest parameters were total phenolic compound (TPC), total antioxidant (TA), water activity (Aw), and mineral nutrients content. In conclusion, rhizomes planted in Cocopeat+600g biochar substrates such as sugarcane bagasse, rice husk, palm kernel shell, and coconut shell could be suggested as effective growing media for black ginger cultivation under fertigation system and continued with 75 °C drying temperatures without adversely affecting the postharvest quality of black ginger.
2
Thomas, V. P., and M. Sabu. "Rediscovery of Amomum kingii Baker (Zingiberaceae): endemic and highly threatened ginger from Sikkim, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 7, no. 3 (March 26, 2015): 7034–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.o3589.7034-6.
Full text
3
Lee, Sunkyu, Changhee Kim, Dowan Kwon, Mi-Bo Kim, and Jae-Kwan Hwang. "Standardized Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker (Zingiberaceae) Extract Inhibits Fat Accumulation and Muscle Atrophy in ob/ob Mice." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018 (May 28, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8161042.
Full textAbstract:
Obesity, a metabolic disorder caused by an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure, is accompanied with fat accumulation and skeletal muscle atrophy. Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker, also called black ginger, is known to increase physical fitness performance and improve energy metabolism. In this study, we investigated whether Kaempferia parviflora extract (KPE) alleviates both obesity and muscle atrophy using ob/ob mice. Wild-type C57BL/6J and ob/ob mice were provided with a normal diet ad libitum, and ob/ob mice were orally given KPE at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day or 200 mg/kg/day for eight weeks. KPE significantly decreased body weight, fat volume, and fat weight without affecting appetite. It inhibited the expression of adipogenic transcription factors and lipogenic enzymes by upregulating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in epididymal fat. In contrast, it markedly increased the muscle fiber size, muscle volume, and muscle mass, resulting in the enhancement of muscle function, such as exercise endurance and grip strength. On the molecular level, it activated the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway, a key regulator in protein synthesis in skeletal muscle. KPE could be a promising material to alleviate obesity by inhibiting adipogenesis, lipogenesis, and muscle atrophy.
4
SHAHRAJABIAN, Mohamad Hesam, Wenli SUN, and Qi CHENG. "Pharmacological Uses and Health Benefits of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) in Traditional Asian and Ancient Chinese Medicine, and Modern Practice." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 11, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 309–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb11310419.
Full textAbstract:
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has been used as a spice and a medicine for over 200 years in traditional Chinese medicine. Ginger is an important plant with several medicinal and nutritional values used in Asian and Chinese tradition medicine. Ginger and its general compounds such as Fe, Mg, Ca, vitamin C, flavonoids, phenolic compounds (gingerdiol, gingerol, gingerdione and shogaols), sesquiterpenes, paradols has long been used as an herbal medicine to treat various symptoms including vomiting, pain, cold symptoms and it has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-tumor activities, anti-pyretic, anti-platelet, anti-tumourigenic, anti-hyperglycaemic, antioxidant anti-diabetic, anti-clotting and analgesic properties, cardiotonic, cytotoxic. It has been widely used for arthritis, cramps, sprains, sore throats, rheumatism, muscular aches, pains, vomiting, constipation, indigestion, hypertension, dementia, fever and infectious diseases. Ginger leaves have also been used for food flavouring and Asian traditional medicine especially in China. Ginger oil also used as food flavouring agent in soft drink, as spices in bakery products, in confectionary items, pickles, sauces and as a preservatives. Ginger is available in three forms, namely fresh root ginger, preserved ginger and dried ginger. The pharmacological activities of ginger were mainly attributed to its active phytocompounds 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol, zingerone beside other phenolics and flavonoids. Gingerol and shogaol in particular, is known to have anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In both traditional Chinese medicine, and modern China, Ginger is used in about half of all herbal prescriptions. Traditional medicinal plants are often cheaper, locally available and easily consumable raw and as simple medicinal preparations. The obtained findings suggest potential of ginger extract as an additive in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
5
Song, Kihwan, Ramesh Kumar Saini, Young-Soo Keum, and Iyyakkannu Sivanesan. "Analysis of Lipophilic Antioxidants in the Leaves of Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex Baker Using LC–MRM–MS and GC–FID/MS." Antioxidants 10, no. 10 (October 5, 2021): 1573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10101573.
Full textAbstract:
Lipophilic metabolites such as carotenoids, fatty acids, vitamin K1, phytosterols, and tocopherols are important antioxidants that are used in the cosmetics, foods, and nutraceutical industries. Recently, there has been a growing demand for the use of byproducts (wastes) as a potential source of industrially important compounds. The leaves of Kaempferia parviflora (black ginger) (KP-BG) are major byproducts of KP-BG cultivation and have been reported to contain several bioactive metabolites; however, the composition of lipophilic metabolites in KP-BG leaves has not been examined. In this study, the lipophilic antioxidant profile was analyzed in the leaves of KP-BG plants grown in vitro and ex vitro. Lipophilic compounds, namely carotenoids (80.40–93.84 µg/g fresh weight (FW)), tocopherols (42.23–46.22 µg/g FW), phytosterols (37.69–44.40 µg/g FW), and vitamin K1 (7.25–7.31 µg/g FW), were quantified using LC–MRM–MS. The fatty acid profile of the KP-BG leaves was identified using GC–FID/MS. The content of individual lipophilic compounds varied among the KP-BG leaves. Ex vitro KP-BG leaves had high levels of lutein (44.38 µg/g FW), α-carotene (14.79 µg/g FW), neoxanthin (12.30 µg/g FW), β-carotene (11.33 µg/g FW), violaxanthin (11.03 µg/g FW), α-tocopherol (39.70 µg/g FW), α-linolenic acid (43.12%), palmitic acid (23.78%), oleic acid (12.28%), palmitoleic acid (3.64%), total carotenoids (93.84 µg/g FW), and tocopherols (46.22 µg/g FW) compared with in vitro KP-BG leaves. These results indicate that ex-vitro-grown KP-BG leaves could be used as a valuable natural source for extracting important lipophilic antioxidants.
6
Park, Han-Yong, Kyung-Su Kim, Gunes Ak, Gokhan Zengin, Zoltán Cziáky, József Jekő, Kathalingam Adaikalam, Kihwan Song, Doo-Hwan Kim, and Iyyakkannu Sivanesan. "Establishment of a Rapid Micropropagation System for Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex Baker: Phytochemical Analysis of Leaf Extracts and Evaluation of Biological Activities." Plants 10, no. 4 (April 5, 2021): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10040698.
Full textAbstract:
This study aimed to establish a rapid in vitro plant regeneration method from rhizome buds of Kaempferia parviflora to obtain the valuable secondary metabolites with antioxidant and enzyme inhibition properties. The disinfection effect of silver oxide nanoparticles (AgO NPs) on rhizome and effects of plant growth regulators on shoot multiplication and subsequent rooting were investigated. Surface sterilization of rhizome buds with sodium hypochlorite was insufficient to control contamination. However, immersing rhizome buds in 100 mg L−1 AgO NPs for 60 min eliminated contamination without affecting the survival of explants. The number of shoots (12.2) produced per rhizome bud was higher in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 8 µM of 6-Benzyladenine (6-BA) and 0.5 µM of Thidiazuron (TDZ) than other treatments. The highest number of roots (24), with a mean root length of 7.8 cm and the maximum shoot length (9.8 cm), were obtained on medium MS with 2 µM of Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). A survival rate of 98% was attained when plantlets of K. parviflora were acclimatized in a growth room. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine the chemical profile of K. parviflora leaf extracts. Results showed that several biologically active flavonoids reported in rhizomes were also present in leaf tissues of both in vitro cultured and ex vitro (greenhouse-grown) plantlets of K. parviflora. We found 40 and 36 compounds in in vitro cultured and ex vitro grown leaf samples, respectively. Greenhouse leaves exhibited more potent antioxidant activities than leaves from in vitro cultures. A higher acetylcholinesterase inhibitory ability was obtained for greenhouse leaves (1.07 mg/mL). However, leaves from in vitro cultures exhibited stronger butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory abilities. These results suggest that leaves of K. parviflora, as major byproducts of black ginger cultivation, could be used as valuable alternative sources for extracting bioactive compounds.
7
Ghazi Soluman Almasodi, Abeer. "Production and Evaluation of Some Bakery Products Containing Ginger Powder." Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 6, no. 4 (April 14, 2018): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12691/jfnr-6-4-2.
Full text
8
Teryokhina, A. V., E. E. Kurchaeva, Ya A. Popova, E. Yu Uhina, I. V. Maksimov, and N. V. Bailova. "The use of ginger rhizome in the production of meat products based on poultry and rabbit meat." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1052, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1052/1/012079.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The efficiency of the use of protein-carbohydrate compositions in the production of baked meat product is substantiated. The prospects of using vegetable composites of a protein-carbohydrate composition based on flour from sprouted chickpea seeds, jerusalem artichoke and sodium caseinate dietary fibers, a puree–like semi-finished product from ginger rhizome to improve the functional and technological properties of the stuffing system and obtain a meat product with high technological yield and improved quality characteristics are considered. The optimal dosage of the introduction of additives has been established: protein-carbohydrate complex (15%) to the mass of minced meat and mashed ginger rhizome at a dosage of 5.0% to the mass of minced meat. The use of a complex of additives contributed to the expansion of the range of products produced by the meat industry on the basis of the integrated use of raw materials of animal and vegetable origin.
9
Fadairo, O., G. Diósi, I. Mironescu, and E. Máthé. "Development of fortified bakery products based on kokoro, a traditional Nigerian snack." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Alimentaria 11, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ausal-2018-0009.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Variants of kokoro snack samples were produced by fortification of maize flour-Fibersol 2-whey protein blends at 1% each with functional ingredients (ginger, fenugreek, turmeric, spirulina, red paprika) and a final blend containing all the functional ingredients at 1% level each. The resultant kokoro snack samples produced were evaluated for proximate composition and sensory qualities. The results of proximate analysis showed a significant (P < 0.05) difference in moisture, protein, ash content, crude fat, crude fibre, carbohydrate content, and energy values in all the blends of the kokoro snack sample and ranged from 51.20% to 36.80%, from 4.46% to 3.85%, from 1.15% to 0.98%, from 0.13% to 0.00%, from 4.93% to 3.94%, from 53.57% to 39.2, and from 232.30 kcal/100 g to 172.99 kcal/100 g respectively. There was also a significant (P < 0.05) difference in the sensory attributes of all kokoro samples in terms of appearance, aroma, taste, texture, and overall acceptability. The kokoro snack blend R 97:1:1:1 (Maize: Fibersol 2: Whey protein: Red paprika) was most preferred by the panellists, having the highest mean sensory score of 8.97. The results of the evaluation of the kokoro snack samples showed that an acceptable fortified bakery product based on kokoro can be produced by the addition of maize flour-Fibersol 2-whey protein blends to red paprika and ginger at 1% level of fortification. This will further encourage the cultivation and utilization of these spices in food formulation and hence provide health-promoting benefits to target consumers.
10
ALmasoudi, abeer. "Utilization of ginger as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial to produce bakery product." Egyptian-Arab Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology 1, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajast.2021.91488.1003.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Ginger Baker"
1
Morena, Enrico. "A Creative Exploration of Techniques Employed in Pop/Rock Drum Patterns (1965–1992): A dissertation with supporting audio and video recordings." Thesis, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2440/135485.
Full textAbstract:
The exploration of creative rhythmic drum patterns – many of which borrow from divergent musical styles – continues to be a focus for those at the vanguard of contemporary drumming. This performance-based study, submitted for the degree of PhD at the Elder Conservatorium of Music, University of Adelaide, looks at six representative pop/rock drummers who remain revered for their signature drum patterns. The drummers in question are Ginger Baker, Stewart Copeland, Sly Dunbar, Steve Gadd, Zigaboo Modeliste and Bernard Purdie, who reached arguably the high point of their creativity between 1965- 1992, each of them being celebrated for their absorption of cross-stylistic influences and imaginative use of techniques in the creation of new rhythmic patterns. Ginger Baker’s early recordings in the mid-1960s saw him combining African and jazz influences with rock/blues rhythms, establishing him as a pioneer in this field and creating a platform for other drummers to follow. This investigation highlights the prolific output of the above-mentioned drummers during this period, subsiding noticeably by the early 1990s due to the advancement of the drum machine and programming in the recording studio. Each of these drummers has in their own way profoundly shaped the direction of pop/rock music, and each of them constitutes a rich resource for the contemporary pop/rock drummer. The intention here is to expand the creative potential of these resources and recontextualise each drummer’s signature drum patterns so that we can speculate what Bernard Purdie’s patterns might be like if performed by Ginger Baker, Stewart Copeland, and so on. This kind of self-referentialism is pursued in the belief that not only does it give greater insight into each drummer’s technical and rhythmic syntax, but it leads to outcomes greater than the sum of their parts. The original source recordings have been analysed aurally and this process of aural analysis has led to the written explanations of techniques for each of the sixteen songs in tabular form. The analytical process has informed the synthesis of techniques in the author’s own recorded performances. The submission consists of a portfolio of the author’s own audio and video recordings supported by a dissertation.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Elder Conservatorium of Music, 2022
Books on the topic "Ginger Baker"
1
Welch, Chris. Cream: The legendary sixties supergroup : Ginger Baker, Jack Bruce, Eric Clapton. London, England: Balafon, 2000.
Find full text
2
Ginger Baker Hellraiser. John Blake, 2010.
Find full text
3
Ginger Baker Hellraiser The Autobiography Of The Worlds Greatest Drummer. John Blake, 2010.
Find full text
4
Rauschenberger, Katharina, and Sybille Steinbacher, eds. Fritz Bauer und »Achtundsechzig«. Wallstein Verlag, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783835345744.
Full textAbstract:
Fritz Bauers Wirken in seiner Zeit und die Grenzen des Diskurses innerhalb der Neuen Linken. Die Aufarbeitung der Vergangenheit stellte für Fritz Bauer eine der Kernaufgaben der jungen Bundesrepublik dar. Die »68er« nahmen für sich in Anspruch, als erste auf diese Notwendigkeit aufmerksam gemacht zu haben. Es gibt zahlreiche Themen, die Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen Bauer und der theoriefreudigen linken Jugend vermuten lassen. Dazu zählen die rechtliche Ahndung der NS-Verbrechen, der Aufbau eines neuen Strafrechts, der Zusammenhang von Gesellschaft, Verbrechen und Strafe sowie verschiedene in linken Theoriediskursen neu etablierte Begriffe und Standpunkte. Wo werden Parallelen sichtbar, und wo gingen die Debatten eher auseinander? Aus dem Inhalt: Boris Burghardt: Ein Teil des Kampfes um Humanität. Fritz Bauers Vorstellungen zur Funktion der NS-Prozesse Alexandra Kemmerer: Praktiker des Wortes. Fritz Bauer und die Kritische Justiz Kristina Meyer: Fritz Bauer, die SPD und die »Ungesühnte Nazijustiz«. An der Schwelle zur offenen gesellschaftlichen Debatte
5
Mccorkle, Orval. Ginger Cookbook: 100 Recipe Delicious and Easy the Ultimate Practical Guide Easy Bakes Recipes from Around the World Ginger Cookbook. Independently Published, 2021.
Find full text
6
Mannur, Anita. Intimate Eating. Duke University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9781478022442.
Full textAbstract:
In Intimate Eating Anita Mannur examines how notions of the culinary can create new forms of kinship, intimacy, and social and political belonging. Drawing on critical ethnic studies and queer studies, Mannur traces the ways in which people of color, queer people, and other marginalized subjects create and sustain this belonging through the formation of “intimate eating publics.” These spaces—whether established in online communities or through eating along in a restaurant—blur the line between public and private. In analyses of Julie Powell’s Julie and Julia, Nani Power’s Ginger and Ganesh, Ritesh Batra’s film The Lunchbox, Michael Rakowitz’s performance art installation Enemy Kitchen, and The Great British Bake Off, Mannur focuses on how racialized South Asian and Arab brown bodies become visible in various intimate eating publics. In this way, the culinary becomes central to discourses of race and other social categories of difference. By illuminating how cooking, eating, and distributing food shapes and sustains social worlds, Mannur reconfigures how we think about networks of intimacy beyond the family, heteronormativity, and nation.
7
Banker, Gary, and Kimberly Goslin, eds. Culturing Nerve Cells. 2nd ed. The MIT Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/4913.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
A do-it-yourself manual for culturing nerve cells, complete with recipes and protocols. Because neurons and glia in culture are remarkably similar to those in situ, culture systems make it possible to identify significant cell interactions and to elucidate their mechanisms. This book is in many ways a do-it-yourself manual for culturing nerve cells, complete with recipes and protocols. But it also provides an understanding of the principles behind the protocols. In effect the contributors invite you into their labs and provide much of the information you would obtain from such a visit.The authors of the introductory chapters present the nuts-and-bolts principles of growing nerve cells. The authors of the following chapters discuss the culturing of specific cell types. They explain how their experimental goals have shaped their particular cell culture approach and the advantages and disadvantages of the cell culture systems they have developed. They provide detailed protocols and describe their cultures in practical terms, from when the cells are first plated through the various phases of their development. ContributorsJanet Alder, Hannelore Asmussen, Gerard Bain, Gary Banker, Robert W. Baughman, Richard P. Bunge, Ann Marie Craig, Matthew E. Cunningham, Dominique Debanne, Stephen E. Farinelli, Michael F.A. Finley, Gerald D. Fishbach, Beat H. Gähwiler, W.-Q. Gao, Daniel J. Goldberg, Kimberly Goslin, David I. Gottlieb, Lloyd A. Greene, Mary Beth Hatten, Dennis Higgins, James E. Huettner, Kenneth A. Jones, Naomi Kleitman, Raul Krauss, Ronald M. Lindsay, Nagesh K. Mahanthappa, Carol A. Mason, Margot Mayer-Pröschel, R. Anne McKinney, Mary E. Morrison, Mark Noble, David S. Park, Paul H. Patterson, Mu-ming Poo, Richard T. Robertson, Samuel Schacher, Michael M. Segal, Carolyn L. Smith, Nacira Tabti, Scott M. Thompson, Roseann Ventimiglia, Ginger S. Withers, Patrick M. Wood, Min Yao Bradford Books imprint
8
Schwartz, Emily Stanley. Crab Cakes with Avocado-Wasabi Sauce Recipe - CookBook : Healthy Baked Crab Cakes Made with Asian Flavors: Lime, Ginger, and Coconut. This 30-Minute Meal Is Served with a Creamy Vegan Wasabi Sauce. Dairy Tasty. Independently Published, 2021.
Find full textConference papers on the topic "Ginger Baker"
1
Baker, J. B., M. P. McGrogan, C. Simonsen, R. L. Gronke, and B. W. Festoff. "STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF PROTEASE NEXIN I." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644765.
Full textAbstract:
Human foreskin fibroblasts secrete several different serine protease inhibitors which differ in size and protease specificities. These proteins, called protease nexins (PNs) all form SDS-resistant complexes with their protease targets. Fibroblast surface receptors recognize the protease-PN complexes and mediate their delivery to lysosomes. PNI is a 45 kilodalton glycoprotein that rapidly inhibits several arg or lys-specific proteases including trypsin, thrombin, and urokinase (k assoc.∼ 4×l06,∼ 6×105 and ∼ 2×105, m−1s−1 respectively). Like antithrombin III, PNI binds heparin and inhibits thrombin at a vastly accelerated rate in the presence of this glycoaminoglycan. Immunofluorescence studies show that in addition to secreting PNI foreskin fibroblasts carry this inhibitor on their surfaces. PNI cDNA has been cloned and sequenced. A mixed oligonucleotide probe derived from PNI N-terminal sequence was used to probe a foreskin fibroblast cDNA library constructed with λGT10. Identification of PNI cDNAs has been verified by sequencing and by expressing active PNI protein in mammalian cells. The full amino acid sequence of PNI, deduced from cDNA sequencing, is 392 residues long and has 30% homology to antithrombin III. An arg-ser pair 32 residues from the C-terminus of the inhibitor is proposed as the reactive center P1-P1 residues. In the hinge region a lys residue is present in a position occupied by a ginor glu residue in other serpins. PNI mRNA exists in 2 slightly different forms:One (αPNI) yields a thr-arg-ser sequence wherethe other βPNI) yields a thr-thr-gly-ser sequence. The presence of the appropriate splice acceptor sites in the genome indicates that these forms are generated from a single gene by alternative splicing. Expressed aPNI and 0PNI proteins both bind thrombin and urokinase. In foreskin fibroblaststhe α form of PNI mRNA predominates over the β form by about 2:1. In foreskin fibroblast cultures secreted PNI inhibits the mitogenic response to thrombin and regulate secreted urokinase. Purified PNI added to human fibrosarcoma (HT1080) cells inhibitsthe tumor cell-mediated destruction of extracellular matrix and transiently, but dramatically, inhibits tumor cell growth. PNI or PNI-like inhibitors may function at multiple physiological sites. The β form of PNI is virtually identical to a glia-derived neurite promoting factor, the cDNA for which has been recently cloned and sequenced by Gloor et al (1). The neurite outgrowth activity of PNI may result from inhibition of a thrombin-like protease that is associated with neurons, since a number of thrombin inhibitors stimulate neurite extension. Recent immunofluoresence experiments, carried out with D. Hantai (Inserm; Paris) demonstrate that anti-PNI antibody intensely stains neuromuscular synapses. In addition, a PNI-like inhibitor is associated with platelets. At low (0.5 nM <) 125I-thrombin concentrations formation of 125I-thrombin-platelet PNI complexes accounts for most of the specific binding of 125I-thrombin to platelets (2). Although the platelet-associated form of PNI is electrophoretically and immunologically indistinguishable from fibroblast PNI, it does not bind urokinase, suggesting that it may be distinct.(1) Gloor, S., K. Odink, J. Guenther, H. Nick, and D. Monard. (1986) Cell 47:687-693.(2) Gronke, R.S., B.L. Bergman, and J.B. Baker. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. (in press)