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Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Celli, Carlo. "Gillo Pontecorvo's Return to Algiers." Film Quarterly 58, no. 2 (2004): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fq.2004.58.2.49.

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Abstract Gillo Pontecorvo made The Battle of Algiers (1965), a documentary about Algeria on the brink of civil war. In Gillo Pontecorvo's Return to Algiers, the elderly Pontecorvo conducts interviews and comments on the changes to Algeria in a manner that provides an epilogue to his sporadic career.
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2

Behan, Tom. "Gillo Pontecorvo: Partisan Film-maker." Film International 6, no. 1 (February 20, 2008): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/fiin.6.1.23.

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3

Ceresa, Carla. "Gillo Pontecorvo Collection (1937–2009)." Journal of Italian Cinema & Media Studies 8, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jicms_00031_7.

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4

Casarino. "Let It Burn (Gillo Pontecorvo's 1968)." Cultural Critique 103 (2019): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5749/culturalcritique.103.2019.0028.

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5

Casarino, Cesare. "Let It Burn (Gillo Pontecorvo’s 1968)." Cultural Critique 103, no. 1 (2019): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cul.2019.0015.

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6

Van Alst, Theo. "Gillo Pontecorvo: From Resistance to Terrorism (review)." Italian Culture 24, no. 1 (2007): 254–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/itc.2007.0019.

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7

Parker, Mark. "The Battle of Algiers (La battaglia di Algeri)." Film Quarterly 60, no. 4 (2007): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fq.2007.60.4.62.

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ABSTRACT A consideration of the Criterion Collection DVD release of Gillo Pontecorvo's The Battle of Algiers (1966), discussing how the edition's accompanying documentaries help in the interpretation and contextualization of the film.
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8

Tabanelli, Roberta. "Book Review: Gillo Pontecorvo. From Resistance to Terrorism." Forum Italicum: A Journal of Italian Studies 41, no. 2 (September 2007): 561–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001458580704100234.

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9

Riegler, Thomas. "Gillo Pontecorvo's ‘dictatorship of the truth’ – a legacy." Studies in European Cinema 6, no. 1 (October 2009): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/seci.6.1.47/1.

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10

O'Leary, Alan, and Neelam Srivastava. "Violence and the wretched: The cinema of Gillo Pontecorvo." Italianist 29, no. 2 (June 2009): 249–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/026143409x12488561926469.

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11

Orlando, Valérie. "Historiographic metafiction in Gillo Pontecorvo'sLa bataille d'Alger:Remembering the “forgotten war”;." Quarterly Review of Film and Video 17, no. 3 (October 2000): 261–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10509200009361496.

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12

Turney, Jo. "Kitsch: The World of Bad Taste by Gillo Dorfles (Studio Vista, 1968)." Home Cultures 3, no. 3 (November 2006): 307–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/174063106779090703.

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13

Celli, Carlo. "Aldo Vergano's IL SOLE SORGE ANCORA/OUTCRY (1946) as Influence on Gillo Pontecorvo." Forum Italicum: A Journal of Italian Studies 38, no. 1 (March 2004): 217–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001458580403800112.

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14

Virtue, N. "Poaching within the system: Gillo Pontecorvo's tactical aesthetics in The Battle of Algiers." Screen 55, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 317–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/screen/hju022.

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15

Srivastava, Neelam. "Anti-colonial violence and the ‘dictatorship of truth’ in the films of gillo pontecorvo." Interventions 7, no. 1 (March 2005): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369801052000330379.

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16

Santos, Joana Ribeiro dos, Rebeca Silva Brandão Rosa, and Nilda Alves. "Movimentos Sociais: clichês e redes educativas no filme Queimada!" Educação & Realidade 42, no. 2 (June 2017): 533–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2175-623664359.

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Resumo: Através das imagens e sons, tecendo diálogo com as lutas por independência política na América do século XIX, Queimada! (dirigido por Gillo Pontecorvo, Itália, 1969), nos ajuda a compreender a importância das redes educativas na tessitura dos movimentos sociais ao longo da história. A ideia de uma repetição criadora, entre os movimentos do século XIX e entre os atuais, nos auxilia a discutir como os clichês aparecem no filme e estão presentes nas nossas redes, e em formas de perceber esses movimentos. Superar esses clichês parece ser uma boa tática para recriar, no presente, tantas formas de compreender a história e tecer os movimentos sociais atualmente. Buscamos teóricos como Certeau (1994), Deleuze (2005), Castells (2013), etc.
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17

Bogalecki, Piotr. "Możliwości partytury – możliwości poezji. Schäffer i Wirpsza." Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica 52, no. 1 (March 28, 2019): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1505-9057.52.07.

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Artykuł stanowi próbę porównania eksperymentalnych działań artystycznych kompozytora Bogusława Schäffera i poety Witolda Wirpszy podejmowanych niezależnie od siebie w latach 60. XX wieku. W dorobku tego pierwszego zwrócono uwagę na rolę i sposoby wykorzystania słowa w jego graficznych partyturach; postanowiono tezę, że partyturę S·alto na saksofon altowy i solistyczną orkiestrę kameralną z 1963 roku postrzegać można jako pierwszy w Polsce przykład poezji konkretnej. W dorobku Wirpszy omówiono przede wszystkim nawiązujący do nowych form notacji muzycznej poemat Południe odnaleziony w archiwum poety w Książnicy Pomorskiej w Szczecinie oraz poświęcone notacji muzycznej fragmenty ważnego dla polskiej neoawangardy literackiej eseju Gra znaczeń. Idąc za intuicjami Gillo Dorflesa, działania obu twórców omówiono jako intermedialne z ducha próby odpowiedzi na powojenny „kryzys semiotyczny”, na różne sposoby eksplorowany przez artystów europejskiej neoawangardy.
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18

O'Leary, Alan. "The Battle of Algiers at Fifty: End of Empire Cinema and the First Banlieue Film." Film Quarterly 70, no. 2 (2016): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fq.2016.70.2.17.

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The fiftieth anniversary of the release of The Battle of Algiers (Gillo Pontecorvo, 1966) offers an occasion to challenge commonplaces about the film and to show that there remains much to be clarified about its character. Typically discussed in terms of its debt to Italian neorealism, The Battle of Algiers can also be related to Italian colonial cinema made during the fascist period. The film recounts the genesis of the Algerian nation, but it is at the same time a film about the end of the French empire. Meanwhile, an analysis of location in the film's little-discussed coda shows The Battle of Algiers to be the first in a long line of banlieue cinema—that is, it is a film that presciently anticipates postcolonial conditions on the territory of France itself.
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19

Roberts, Katherine A. "Constrained Militants: Algerian Women ‘in-between’ in Gillo Pontecorvo'sThe Battle of Algiersand Bourlem Guerdjou'sLiving in Paradise." Journal of North African Studies 12, no. 4 (December 2007): 381–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13629380701307043.

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20

Gundersen, Deke T., and Lawrence R. Curtis. "Acclimation to hard or soft water at weakly alkaline pH influences gill permeability and gill surface calcium binding in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52, no. 12 (December 1, 1995): 2583–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f95-848.

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Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were acclimated for 10 d to soft (0.1 mM as CaCO3) or hard (1.0 mM as CaCO3) water at weakly alkaline pH (8.06–8.34). Following acclimation, individual gill arches were removed for examining the effects of low hardness or high hardness acclimation on gill water permeability, gill Ca2+ interactions, and gill aluminum interactions. Isolated gill arches were exposed to water of varying Ca2+ (0.0–1.0 mM) and aluminum (3.7–37 μM) concentration for osmotic permeability experiments. High hardness acclimated gills had significantly greater percent weight gain over time caused by osmotic water entry than low hardness acclimated gills, when exposed to distilled water (32.34 ± 1.15 and 24.86 ± 0.62%, respectively, after 60-min incubations); these differences were absent when Ca2+ (0.1–1.0 mM) was added to the incubation medium. Gill arch Ca2+ binding experiments resolved two gill surface binding site populations, which differed in their Ca2+ binding affinity. The higher affinity sites were probably associated with gill membrane permeability, because low hardness acclimated gills had more such sites (binding capacity, 0.322 ± 0.027 μmol Ca2+∙g−1) and less permeable gills than high hardness acclimated gills (binding capacity, 0.198 ± 0.004 μmol Ca2+∙g−1). Aluminum had little influence on gill permeability and gill Ca2+ binding.
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21

Leal Ugalde, Juan. "El terror del plano especular: el nudo entre cine y materialismo salvaje." Res Publica. Revista de Historia de las Ideas Políticas 25, no. 1 (January 9, 2022): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/rpub.79720.

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En el siguiente artículo abordaré el trabajo del pensador Jacques Lezra, observando las potencialidades del cine para interrogar el “terror” a través del plano especular. Para ello, sigo la lectura que Lezra hace en Materialismo salvaje de tal plano considerando la secuencia “tres mujeres, tres bombas” de La batalla de Argel (Gillo Pontecorvo, 1966). A través de ésta, abordaré cómo la imagen reflejada ante el espejo aparece como un enigma que pone en juego una imaginación del “terror”, que en tanto concepto débil, ofrece una singular oportunidad para perseguir el nudo entre cine y materialismo salvaje. Para ello, busco problematizar el plano especular como puesta en tensión de las concepciones que operan junto a un principio representacional de la mirada del sujeto y del aparato cinematográfico. Por último, complementaré este recorrido observando los planos especulares de los filmes de Chantal Akerman, Jeanne Dielman, 23 quai du commerce, 1080 Bruxelles (1975) y From the Other Side (2002), considerando que éstos motivan una singular manera de exponer el horror de la historia.
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22

Supriyati, Hikmah, Nurul Safitri Apriliani, and Muhammad Ja’far Luthfi. "Histological Study of Mudskipper (Periophthalmus gracilis) Gills." Proceeding International Conference on Science and Engineering 2 (March 1, 2019): 177–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/icse.v2.80.

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Mudskipper belongs to the Gobiidae family which has respiratory adaptation to fits their habitat. Mudskipper has a different gill structure or modification of gills, this different structure allows the mudskipper to survive for a long time outside water. This study aimed to determine the histology of gills and find out whether there is a modification of gills in the mudskipper respiratory organs (Periophthalmus gracilis). Histological preparations were done using paraffin method, stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin. Data analysis was carried out in a qualitative descriptive. The results showed that there is no additional respiratory organ in the mudskipper respiration, whereas the gills have some modifications. The histological structure of mudskipper gills consists of gill arches, arteries, gill filament, primary lamellae, and secondary lamellae. The gills of mudskipper have a different structure from the general fish, which has a thick secondary lamellae with a low amount of density, the shape of the filament are short and bent. This gill structure is a form of adaptation to habitat and behavior to live outside the water in a relatively long time.
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23

Playle, Richard C., D. George Dixon, and Kent Burnison. "Copper and Cadmium Binding to Fish Gills: Estimates of Metal–Gill Stability Constants and Modelling of Metal Accumulation." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50, no. 12 (December 1, 1993): 2678–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f93-291.

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Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to 17 μg Cu∙L−1 or 6 μg Cd∙L−1 in synthetic soft water in the presence of competing ligands. Measured gill metal concentrations correlated with free metal ion concentrations, not with total metal. Langmuir isotherms were used to calculate conditional metal–gill equilibrium constants and the number of binding sites for each metal. Log KCu-gill was estimated to be 7.4 and the number of Cu binding sites on a set of gills (70 mg, wet weight) was ~2 × 10−10 mol (~30 nmol∙g wet weight−1). Log KCd-gill was ~8.6, and the number of Cd binding sites on minnow gills was ~2 × 10−10 mol (~2 nmol∙g wet weight−1). Stability constants for H+ and Ca interactions at metal–gill binding sites and for metal interactions with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were estimated using these metal–gill constants. All stability constants were entered into the MSNEQL+ aquatic chemistry program, to predict metal accumulation on fish gills using metal, DOC, and Ca concentrations, and water pH. Calculated metal accumulation on gills correlated well with measured gill metal concentrations and with LC50 values. Our approach of inserting biological data into an aquatic chemistry program is useful for modelling and predicting metal accumulation on gills and therefore toxicity to fish.
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24

Morgan, John D., and George K. Iwama. "Energy cost of NaCl transport in isolated gills of cutthroat trout." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 277, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): R631—R639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1999.277.3.r631.

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Few studies have made direct estimates of the energy required for ion transport in gills of freshwater (FW) and seawater (SW) fish. Oxygen consumption was measured in excised gill tissue of FW-adapted cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarki clarki) to estimate the energy cost of NaCl transport in that osmoregulatory organ. Ouabain (0.5 mM) and bafilomycin A1 (1 μM) were used to inhibit the Na+-K+and H+ pumps, respectively. Both inhibitors significantly decreased gill tissue oxygen consumption, accounting for 37% of total tissue respiration. On a whole mass basis, the cost of NaCl uptake in the FW trout gill was estimated to be 1.8% of whole animal oxygen uptake. An isolated, saline-perfused gill arch preparation was also used to compare gill energetics in FW- and SW-adapted trout. The oxygen consumption of FW gills was significantly (33%) higher than SW gills. On a whole animal basis, total gill oxygen consumption in FW and SW trout accounted for 3.9 and 2.4% of resting metabolic rate, respectively. The results of both experiments suggest that the energy cost of NaCl transport in FW and SW trout gills represents a relatively small (<4%) portion of the animal’s total energy budget.
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25

ABDEL-MOHSEN, H. A. "Assessment of respiratory and ion transport potential of Penaeus japonicus gills in response to environmental pollution." Mediterranean Marine Science 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2009): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.118.

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The present study aims to pinpoint the respiratory and ion transport potential of gills of Penaeus japonicus living in Abu-Qir Bay, East of Alexandria, Egypt. Our results revealed clear histological impairments in gill structure. These alterations were mainly represented by the presence of large vacuoles in gill axis and gill lamellae. In addition, narrow, disrupted gill lamellae with wavy cuticle and shrunk pillar cells were detected. Moreover, some cells clearly showed pyknosis. Gill ultrastructure also showed abnormal chromatin condensation inside the nucleus. Obvious alterations in the typical shape and structure of mitochondria were observed. Noticeably, the main characteristics of ion regulating gill epithelium were absent thus suggesting a low ion transport activity of P. japonicus gills. Statistically, this was further proved by the significantly higher activity levels of respiratory enzymes, namely, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) compared to those of the ion transport enzymes, namely, adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and carbonic anhydrase (CA) in gills and haemolymph. SDH activity levels were higher than the corresponding levels of LDH in gills and its own level in haemolymph, indicating a contradictory effect of pollution on respiratory enzyme activity levels.
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26

RICE, MICHAEL A., and GROVER C. STEPHENS. "Influx and Transepithelial Flux of Amino Acids in the Mussel, Mytilus Edulis." Journal of Experimental Biology 135, no. 1 (March 1, 1988): 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.135.1.275.

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The uptake of amino acids by the non-gill epithelia of the mantle cavity of Mytilus edulis L. was studied and compared with uptake by the gills. Amino acid entry rates and the subsequent distribution of amino acids to the other tissues of the animals were studied using high-performance liquid chromatography and radiochemical techniques. Uptake via the non-gill epithelia lining the mantle cavity was separated from uptake via the gill by employing a preparation in which the gills were surgically removed. Amino acid uptake by such animals was compared with that of suitably sham-operated controls. In short-term experiments (up to 2h), transfer of substrate from the gills to other tissues of the animal is extremely limited. Amino acids taken up by the non-gill epithelia of the mantle cavity are rapidly transferred to deeper tissues. Roughly 25% of alpha-amino acids enter the animal via the non-gill epithelia. Estimates of total epithelial surface area for the gills and non-gill mantle epithelium are compared with entry rates of amino acid substrates via the two routes. The apparent densities of carriers for alanine and cycloleucine per unit area of surface are approximately equal for these two substrates. The density of taurine carriers per unit area of non-gill epithelium is apparently significantly higher than their density per unit area of gill epithelium. Finally, evidence is presented for differential sensitivity of taurine transporters in the non-gill epithelium to inhibition by alpha-amino acids.
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27

Kadlec, D., A. Šimková, and M. Gelnar. "The microhabitat distribution of two Dactylogyrus species parasitizing the gills of the barbel, Barbus barbus." Journal of Helminthology 77, no. 4 (December 2003): 317–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/joh2003183.

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AbstractThe microhabitat distribution of two congeneric species Dactylogyrus carpathicus and D. malleus (Monogenea) parasitizing the gills of the barbel (Barbus barbus L.) was investigated. We tested whether congeneric species exhibited microhabitat preference and whether interspecific interactions could be attributed to the microhabitat segregation of congeners. The outlying mean index method was used to evaluate species microhabitats. Gill variables (different microhabitats within gills) were used as environmental factors characterizing the gills. When abundances of both species were highest, and no significant difference was found between the abundance of the two species, the gill segments and gill areas were the most important factors segregating the Dactylogyrus species on the gills. Niche overlap was low within each of the four gill arches, and parasites were segregated in the same microhabitats within each gill arch. When abundances of both species were low, each monogenean species was segregated at the level of the gill arches. When abundances of both species increased, the niche and overlap between species increased. The distribution of both congeneric species confirmed microhabitat preference within the gills. The results suggest that microhabitat preference is dependent on species abundances, species being segregated in the case of low abundance, possibly to increasing mating opportunities. Both niche and overlap between species increased with species abundance. In the case of the high abundance of both species, microhabitat preference seems to be related to interspecific interactions between monogenean species, as previously found for endoparasitic species.
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28

Luquet, C. M., U. Postel, J. Halperin, M. R. Urcola, R. Marques, and D. Siebers. "Transepithelial potential differences and Na+ flux in isolated perfused gills of the crabChasmagnathus granulatus(Grapsidae) acclimated to hyper- and hypo-salinity." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.1.71.

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SUMMARYWe studied the transepithelial potential difference (TEPD) and 22Na flux across isolated perfused gills (anterior pair 5 and posterior pairs 6–8) of the crab Chasmagnathus granulatus acclimated to either hypo- or hyper-osmotic conditions.The gills of crabs acclimated to low salinity, perfused and bathed with 10 ‰ saline solutions, produced the following TEPDs (hemolymph side with respect to bath side): 0.4±0.7, –10.2±1.6, –10.8±1.3 and –6.7±1.3 mV for gills 5, 6, 7 and 8, respectively. Gills 6, 7 and 8 did not differ significantly. Reducing the saline concentration of bath and perfusate from 30 ‰ to 20 ‰ or 10 ‰ increased significantly the TEPDs of these gills. TEPDs of gill 6 (representative of posterior gills) were reduced by 69±5 % and 60±5 % after perfusion with ouabain or BaCl2 (5 mmol l–1 each), respectively. The same gill showed a net ouabain-sensitive Na+ influx of 1150±290 μequiv g–1 h–1.Gill 6 of crabs acclimated to high salinity produced TEPDs of –1.5±0.1 and –1.3±0.09 mV after perfusion with 30 ‰ or 40 ‰ salines, respectively. Perfusion with ouabain or BaCl2 reduced TEPDs by 76±7 % and 86±4 %, respectively. A net ouabain-sensitive Na+ efflux of 2282±337 μequiv g–1 h–1 was recorded in gill 6 perfused with 38 ‰ saline.
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29

Stepanova, N. A., and D. I. Safronov. "Comparative morphology of gill apparatus of common carp (<em>Cyprinus carpio</em>) and African catfish (<em>Clarias gariepinus</em>)." Issues of Legal Regulation in Veterinary Medicine, no. 2 (July 11, 2022): 130–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.52419/issn2782-6252.2022.2.130.

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Common carp and African catfish belong to the Cyprinidae (Cypriniformes) and Catfish (Siluriformes) orders, respectively. They are characterized by a different habitat, as a result of which the structure of the gill apparatus has a number of features [3]. The article describes the macroscopic and microscopic morphology of the gills of the represented fish species. Each of them had four complete pairs of gills, and the fifth was rudimentary without gill filaments. The gill rakers of carp tended to be short and widely spaced compared to the long and thin rakers of catfish. The gill filaments of the carp were longer than those of the African catfish, indicating a larger area of the gill surface in the former species. All gill regions, as seen from light microscopy, are covered with mucous epithelium.
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30

Spicer, John I., and Brian R. McMahon. "Gill function in the amphipod Megalorchestia (Orchestoidea) californiana (Brandt, 1851) (Crustacea)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, no. 6 (June 1, 1994): 1155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-154.

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In the amphipod Megalorchestia (Orchestoidea) californiana immersed in full-strength seawater at 15 °C, gill excision resulted in a decrease in CO2 and NH4+ excretion but not in O2 uptake. When the temperature was increased to 25 °C, however, there was a significant decrease in all gas exchange as a result of gill excision. Gill excision also resulted in a decrease in haemolymph pH and [Formula: see text] at both experimental temperatures. Furthermore, pretreatment of large individuals with the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide resulted in a significant increase in haemolymph pH, [Formula: see text], and total CO2 regardless of whether or not gills were present. There was, however, a significant increase in haemolymph [Formula: see text] in treated individuals as a result of gill excision. This study has shown that the coxal gills of this talitrid amphipod were involved in gas and ion exchange (particularly CO2 and NH4+). It is unlikely, however, that the gills were the only sites of exchange.
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31

Campos, Cristiane Meldau de, Julieta Rondini Engrácia de Moraes, and Flávio Ruas de Moraes. "Histopathology of gills of Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) and Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1836) infested by monogenean and myxosporea, caugth in Aquidauana River, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 20, no. 1 (March 2011): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612011000100014.

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A histological analysis was conducted on the gills of 15 Piaractus mesopotamicus and 19 Prochilodus lineatus specimens collected between April and November 2004 from the Aquidauana River, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Central-West Brazil, to describe the anatomopathological characteristics of the gills of these freshwater fish. Gill samples were fixated in 10% buffered formalin and processed following histological routine procedures. The histological examination of the gills of P. mesopotamicus revealed intralamellar monogenean and mixosporean cysts of Henneguya piaractus at several developmental stages over the entire (basal, median and distal) lamella. Intraepithelial cysts caused lamella dilation and deformity of adjacent lamellae. In P. lineatus gills, monogenean cysts were detected. In both host species, hyperplasia of the gill epithelium and structural disorganization of secondary lamellae was seen diffusely in the gills, leading to fused lamellae in the gills. In few cases, there was found mononuclear inflammatory cells and hemorrhagic focal points distally in the lamellae.
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32

Nylund, A., M. Røed, S. Blindheim, C. Trösse, and L. Andersen. "Experimental challenge of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar using clones of Paramoeba perurans, P. pemaquidensis and Tetramitus sp." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 145 (June 3, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao03597.

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Salmon gill disease in Norway is in most cases associated with a range of different pathogens, stress and environmental factors. Paramoeba perurans and other amoebae have been isolated during such disease outbreaks. Other amoebae isolated from salmon with gill disease in Norway include P. pemaquidensis, Tetramitus sp. and Vannella sp. Here we tested the pathogenicity of the first 2 species in challenge experiments. We found that even when clonal cultures of P. pemaquidensis established an infection on the gills of salmon, it failed to cause gill disease, while Tetramitus sp. appeared to be unable to establish a lasting infection on the gills of healthy salmon. The result of the challenge with P. pemaquidensis confirms the results of similar studies performed in the USA and in Australia. Tetramitus sp. is probably a common amoeba in the marine environment, and its presence on the gills of farmed salmon may just be accidental. Based on this study, we conclude that P. perurans is the only known amoeba in marine salmon farming associated with amoebic gill disease in Norway.
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Jabbar, Intisar M. A., Salah M. Najim, and Entesar N. Sultan. "The Gills Area of Two Species of Marine Water Crabs: The Blue Swimming Crab, Portunus pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1758), and the Chinese Mitten Crab, Eriocheir sinensis H. Milne Edwards, 1853 from the North- West Arabian Gulf and Shatt Al-Arab River , Iraq." Basrah J. Agric. Sci. 32 (November 22, 2019): 292–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2019.277.

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The present study was conducted on the gills structure and the gill surface area of 40 individuals of the Blue swimming crabs, Portunus pelagicus, and 40 Chinese mitten crabs, Eriocheir sinensis, specimens of the species were collected from the different regions of Shatt Al- Arab and North-west Arabian gulf. Both species were having eight phyllobranchiatesas of the same structure but different in length and surface area. The second gill in P. pelagicus shows major difference in shape from the other gills with missing platelets from one side of the filament. The results showed there were positive relationships between dry body weight with gill surface area, total number of platelets and number of platelets surface area in each gill. The gill surface area had no significant difference (p>0.05) with dry weight in the two species.
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McKENZIE, DAVID J., MARK L. BURLESON, and DAVID J. RANDALL. "The Effects of Branchial Denervation and Pseudobranch Ablation on Cardioventilatory Control in an Air-Breathing Fish." Journal of Experimental Biology 161, no. 1 (November 1, 1991): 347–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.161.1.347.

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Present address and address for reprint requests: Istituto di Scienze Farmacologiche, via Balzaretti 9, Università di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy. The role of sensory afferent information from the gills of Amia calva in cardiovascular and ventilatory control was investigated by bilateral branchial denervation and pseudobranch ablation. Aquatic hypoxia or 1 mg of sodium cyanide (NaCN) in the water flowing over the gills stimulated bradycardia, and gill and air ventilation in sham-operated fish. Sodium cyanide, noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (A) infusion into the dorsal aorta increased gill ventilation, and NA and A infusion also stimulated tachycardia and an increase in blood pressure. Following denervation and pseudobranch ablation, O2 consumption (V·OO2), airbreathing frequency (fAB) and arterial O2 tension (PaOO2) declined, and circulating NA levels increased, as compared with sham-operated fish. Cardiovascular and air-breathing responses to hypoxia were abolished and gill ventilatory responses attenuated. All ventilatory and cardiovascular responses to NaCN were abolished and gill ventilatory responses to NA and A were attenuated in animals following denervation and pseudobranch ablation. These results demonstrate that O2-sensitive chemoreceptors in the gills and pseudobranch control reflex bradycardia and air-breathing responses in Amia, but that gill ventilatory responses to hypoxia, NA and A are partially mediated by extrabranchial mechanisms. Plasma NA levels increased during hypoxia in shamoperated and denervated animals, indicating that circulating NA may have mediated gill ventilatory responses in denervated animals.
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Silva, A. L., and S. H. Wright. "Integumental taurine transport in Mytilus gill: short-term adaptation to reduced salinity." Journal of Experimental Biology 162, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 265–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.162.1.265.

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Taurine, a principal osmolyte in molluscan integument, is actively transported from sea water by Mytilus gill by means of a Na(+)-dependent process. In this study we examined the response of this transport to reductions in external salinity, i.e. the response to reductions in osmotic concentration as well as Na+ concentration. Acute exposure of isolated gill tissue to 60% artificial sea water (ASW) resulted in a greater than 85% inhibition of taurine uptake, substantially more than the 45% inhibition predicted on the basis of the acute reduction in external [Na+]. Within 60 min, however, taurine transport recovered to the level predicted by the Na+ concentration in dilute sea water. Isolated gills acutely exposed to 60% ASW made isosmotic to normal (100%) ASW with mannitol had rates of taurine uptake comparable to gills acclimated for 60 min. Taurine uptake by gill tissue exposed to 60% ASW for 60 min and then returned to 100% ASW for 90 min was not significantly different from that of control gills held in 100% ASW. Glucose uptake by the gill during acute exposure to reduced salinity responded in a pattern similar to that of taurine. Gill tissue increased by 20% in wet mass within 2 min of exposure to 60% ASW, but returned to control mass within 30–60 min, presumably reflecting cell volume regulation. Long-term (12 days) exposure to reduced salinities was not accompanied by increases in taurine transport over that of gills observed following the 60 min ‘short-term’ acclimation. These results suggest that Mytilus gill undergoes a rapid (albeit incomplete) recovery from the extreme inhibition of transport associated with abrupt changes in salinity, and the extent of recovery is defined by the availability of Na+ in the external medium. The extreme sensitivity of taurine uptake observed after acute exposure of gills to reduced salinity is related to the osmotic concentration of the medium, and is possibly linked to a change in cell volume.
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Kilyakova, Julia Vladimirovna, Elena Petrovna Miroshnikova, and Azamat Ersainovich Arinzhanov. "Fauna of monogenetic flukes Dactylogyrus in carp juveniles in ponds of Orenburg region." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Fishing industry 2022, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-5529-2022-1-104-110.

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Monogenetic flukes, as a kind of the parasites with a direct development cycle, pose a particular danger to the fish farms. They adapt easier to new conditions due to the absence of intermediate hosts in their life cycle. Among the representatives of the class Monogenea flukes Dactylogyrus parasitize on carp’s gills. Dactylogyrosis are conditionally pathogenic ectoparasites that are dangerous for the young fish. The work presents the results of the parasitological studies of gill arches of carp juveniles grown in ponds of the Orenburg region. There are four species of dactylogyride found: Dactylogyrus vastator, Dactylogyrus extensus, Dactylogyrus achmerowi, Dactylogyrus anchoratus. Only two species of monogenetic flukes were found in fish most often at the early age: Dactylogyrus vastator and Dactylogyrus extensus. The comparison of the infestation of individual gill arches of carp juveniles with dactylogyrids showed that the helminths distribution is not the same in different areas of the gill apparatus. The dactylogyrids proportion on the gill petals of the second gill arc is greater than on the first and third arcs. The helminths proportion found on the petals of the first gill arc does not differ from the worm proportion on the third gill arc. When analyzing the distribution of dactylogyrids by gill sectors, it was found that from 58.9 to 66.0% of monogenetic flukes localize in the middle sector of the gill apparatus of fish, the most strongly washed area of gills. The worm proportions in the abdominal and dorsal sectors differ slightly, except for Dactylogyrus achmerowi, where the helminths proportion in the abdominal section of the gills is almost half less than in the dorsal sector, 14.0 and 27.0%, respectively.
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Jeannette, TOMBI, TCHIEGNO Joëlle Miriane, and AKOUMBA John Francis. "Microecology of Monogenean Gill Parasites of Tilapia Rendalli Boulenger, 1897 From Bamendjing Lake, Cameroon." Journal of Environment and Ecology 8, no. 1 (June 4, 2017): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jee.v8i1.11133.

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The present work aimed to study preferences for microhabitat by the monogenean gill parasites of Tilapia rendalli Boulenger, 1897. Fifty-four specimens were sampled using gill net in February 2014 at Bamendjing Lake. Each gill arch was removed and examined to both quantify the number of parasites and their distribution on the gills. This examination enabled us to find 6583 specimens of monogeneans belonging to 5 different species, Cichlidogyrus arthracanthus, C. dossoui, C. quaestio, C. tiberianus and C. tilapiae with 3708, 1708, 858, 210 and 99 individuals respectively. All species were aggregated within the host population. The spatial distribution of each parasite species was studied on different partitions of the gill arches. This study supports the hypothesis that gill site preference is a result of water flow over gills during respiration and mate finding habitat. There was no evidence of competition among the various species.
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Zade, S. B., D. M. Agase, A. M. Nagwnshi, H. N. Nenwani, S. N. Qureshi, and H. Jagyasi. "Studies on the toxicity of 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran on the histopathology of gills of African catfish Clarias gariepinus." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 765–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i2.1775.

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In the present study, investigation were carried out on gills of African cat fish Clarias gariepinus exposed to sub lethal concentrations (80mg/ml,400mg/ml and 800mg/ml) of 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran for 10 days. Lesions were observed in gills tissue of treated fish for long term exposure to Methyltetrahydrofuran (2MTHF). The occurrence and degree of alteration were positively related with the concentration of 2MTHF. Histological examination of the gills of fish treated with 80 mg/ml of 2MTHF for 10 days showed architectural loss, necrosis and desquamation of epithelial layer. Histological examination of the gills of fish treated with 400 mg/ml of 2MTHF for 10 days showed architectural loss, necrosis and mild vaccuolation. The gill filament exhibited telangiectesis, disorganisation of secondary gill lamellae and complete vaccuolation of gills treated with 800 mg/ml of 2MTHF for 10 days. The study indicated that 2MTHF had marked effects on the cyto-architecture of the gills of C. gariepinus. The degree of vaccuolation and necrosis were positively related with the concentration of 2MTHF.
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39

Kropf, Christian, Karl Fent, Stephan Fischer, Ayako Casanova, and Helmut Segner. "ABC transporters in gills of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)." Journal of Experimental Biology 223, no. 15 (June 12, 2020): jeb221069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.221069.

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ABSTRACTFish gills are a structurally and functionally complex organ at the interface between the organism and the aquatic environment. Gill functions include the transfer of organic molecules, both natural ones and xenobiotic compounds. Whether the branchial exchange of organic molecules involves active transporters is currently not known. Here, we investigated the presence, diversity and functional activity of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in gills of juvenile rainbow trout. By means of RT-qPCR, gene transcripts of members from the abcb, abcc and abcg subfamilies were identified. Comparisons with mRNA profiles from trout liver and kidney revealed that ABC transporters known to have an apical localization in polarized epithelia, especially abcc2 and abcb1, were under-represented in the gills. In contrast, ABC transporters with mainly basolateral localization showed comparable gene transcript levels in the three organs. The most prominent ABC transporter in gills was an abcb subfamily member, which was annotated as abcb5 based on the synteny and phylogeny. Functional in vivo assays pointed to a role of branchial ABC transporters in branchial solute exchange. We further assessed the utility of primary gill cell cultures to characterize transporter-mediated branchial exchange of organic molecules, by examining ABC transporter gene transcript patterns and functional activity in primary cultures. The gill cultures displayed functional transport activity, but the ABC mRNA expression patterns were different to those of the intact gills. Overall, the findings of this study provide evidence for the presence of functional ABC transporter activity in gills of fish.
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Berrill, Michael, Graeme Taylor, and Helene Savard. "Are Chloride Cells Involved in Low pH Tolerance and Sensitivity? The Mayfly Possibility." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, no. 7 (July 1, 1991): 1220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-147.

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Sensitivity to low pH in freshwater fish appears to be correlated with density and replacement rates of gill chloride cells, but these cells are difficult to examine. Mayfly nymphs possess cells of similar appearance and probable function and are easily observed in dense accumulations on gill surfaces. We examined chloride cell density on the gills of nymphs of seven species of mayflies (two Heptageniidae, two Leptophlebidae, one Siphlonuridae, and two Baetidae). Although tolerance of low pH exposure varied considerably among the seven species, it was not correlated with gill area or chloride cell density. Gills of nymphs from soft water also had no greater chloride cell density than gills of nymphs of the same species from hard water. Finally, nymphs of the two species able to withstand 2 wk exposure to low pH did not show an increase in chloride cell density. It remains possible that the prolonged ionoregulatory stress of low pH results in cell damage rather than cell proliferation in sensitive species.
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41

Garofalo, Damiano. "Deicides, sacrifices and other crucifixions: for a critical reinterpretation of Italian Holocaust cinema." Modern Italy 22, no. 2 (April 6, 2017): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mit.2017.15.

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This essay analyses the evolution of the Holocaust film genre in Italy through the paradigm of sacrifice, understood both as a process of martyrisation and Christianisation of the Holocaust, and from the point of view of the instrumental use of the figure of the national hero. Using the examples of the opening sequence of the deicide and the metaphorical crucifixion of Matteo Blumenthal at the end ofL’ebreo errante(The Wandering Jew, Goffredo Alessandrini, 1948); the sacrifice of Giulia inL’oro di Roma(The Gold of Rome, Carlo Lizzani, 1961), who follows her Jewish nature faced with the round-up of 16 October 1943 – the same fate suffered by Edith, the Parisian Jew inKapò(Gillo Pontecorvo, 1959); and the self-inflicted death of Guido, the narrative device used to justify the survival of the son inLa vita è bella(Life Is Beautiful, Roberto Benigni, 1997), this contribution will focus on the definition of the Christianised topos of sacrifice, connected to the conception and general use of the term ‘Holocaust’. The overall thesis, running through the analysis of these four films, is that the paradigm has contributed significantly to the creation of a context of conflicting memories, influencing therefore the formation of the religious, cultural, political or national identities that have been involved historically in the public and private memory of the Holocaust.
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42

Playle, Richard C., D. George Dixon, and Kent Burnison. "Copper and Cadmium Binding to Fish Gills: Modification by Dissolved Organic Carbon and Synthetic Ligands." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50, no. 12 (December 1, 1993): 2667–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f93-290.

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Adult fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to 17 g Cu∙L−1 or 6 g Cd∙L−1 for 2 to 3 h in synthetic softwater solutions at pH 6.2 containing either naturally-occurring, freeze-dried dissolved organic carbon (DOC) or synthetic ligands such as EDTA. After exposures, gills were assayed for bound Cu or Cd. As a first approximation, lake of origin or molecular size fraction of DOC did not influence Cu binding to gills, while DOC concentration did. DOC concentrations ≥4.8 mg∙L−1 prevented Cu from accumulating on fathead gills. At the relatively low concentrations used, neither Cu nor Cd interfered with binding of the other metal on gills, suggesting different gill binding sites. Cadmium accumulation on gills was more sensitive to increased concentrations of Ca and H+ than was Cu. Surprisingly, Cd bound to gills to the same or greater extent than did Cu: for synthetic ligands, Cd binds less well than Cu. This result corroborates previously published observations that Cd, unlike Cu, is taken up at gills through high affinity Ca channels. Accumulation of Cd on fish gills was never associated with 14C-labelled EDTA or 14C-citrate, indicating that free metal interacts with the gill while metal–ligand complexes usually do not.
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43

المغربي, محمد عبدالشافي محمد محمود. "شيطان الإناث غيللو من منظور المعتقدات الشعبية في الإمبراطورية البيزنطية Female Demon Gillo From the perspective of popular beliefs in the Byzantine Empire." حولية سمنار التاريخ الاسلامى والوسيط 9, no. 9 (April 1, 2021): 251–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/hsew.2021.230822.

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44

Speare, D. J., R. J. F. Markham, B. Despres, K. Whitman, and N. MacNair. "Examination of Gills from Salmonids with Bacterial Gill Disease using Monoclonal Antibody Probes for Flavobacterium Branchiophilum and Cytophaga Columnaris." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 7, no. 4 (October 1995): 500–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879500700413.

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Bacterial diseases of the gills of commercially reared salmonids in freshwater are common problems. They accounted for 18% of all diagnostic submissions to the Atlantic Veterinary College from commercial fish hatcheries. Definitive diagnosis is difficult because of the growth characteristics of the putative bacteria in culture. Research into the pathogenesis of these diseases has also been similarly limited. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were developed to 2 globally significant gill bacterial pathogens, Flavobacterium branchiophilum, the causative agent of bacterial gill disease, and Cytophaga columnaris, the causative agent of columnar-is disease of salmonids. These MAbs were then used as the basis for an indirect fluorescent antibody test to assess archived cases of gill disease in our region. Flavobacterium branchiophilum was the dominant bacterium detected in the biofilm of diseased gills in our study region. Of the cases tentatively diagnosed based on histopathology as bacterial gill disease, 76.2% tested positively with the MAbs to F. branchiophilum. Also present within 18.7% of these cases were bacteria which reacted positively to the MAbs for C. columnaris. We conclude that the MAbs produced are valuable diagnostic and research probes for common bacterial diseases of the gills of salmon and trout in Atlantic Canada. This study also adds further proof that F. branchiophilum acting alone can be sufficient cause for bacterial gill disease.
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45

Martens, Dennis W., and James A. Servizi. "Suspended Sediment Particles Inside Gills and Spleens of Juvenile Pacific Salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 586–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f93-067.

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Intracellular sediment particles were observed in the gills of underyearling coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) following laboratory exposure to Fraser River sediment. Gills of underyearling sockeye salmon (O. nerka), chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha), and coho exposed to a natural suspended sediment in Cultus Lake hatchery water also contained intracellular mineral particles. Mineral particles were seen in both epithelial and underlying gill filamental cells, and it is believed that these particles were phagocytosed by the former. Intracellular sediment particles were also observed in spleens of some sediment-exposed fish. Electron microscopy was used to measure gill particle sizes and X-ray diffraction analysis to identify eight minerals and one metal in the gills of sockeye previously exposed to suspended sediment.
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46

Mansouri, Borhan, and Seyed Ali Johari. "Effects of Short-Term Exposure to Sublethal Concentrations of Silver Nanoparticles on Histopathology and Electron Microscope Ultrastructure of Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) Gills." Iranian Journal of Toxicology 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijt.10.1.60.4.

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Background: The increasing use of nanomaterials and nanoproducts has increased the possibility of contamination of the environment, which may have adverse effects on different organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of silver nanoparticles on histopathology and gill ultrastructure of zebrafish (Danio rerio) under laboratory conditions. Methods: Zebrafish were exposed to four concentrations of silver nanoparticles (0.0015, 0.00375, 0.0075, and 0.015 mg/l) for a period of 4 days. Gill ultrastructure and histopathological changes were studied using scanning electron microscope and haematoxylin - eosin staining. Results: Exposure to silver nanoparticles significantly (P < 0.001) increased the diameter of gill filaments and secondary lamellae, while silver nanoparticles significantly reduced the length of the secondary gills in zebrafish. Moreover, other changes such as vacuolization, dilated and clubbed tips, hyperplasia, edema, fusion, swelling of mucocytes, hypertrophy, and necrosis were observed. The effects of silver nanoparticles in zebrafish gills were dose dependent. Conclusion: Based on the adverse effects of AgNPs on zebrafish gills, silver nanoparticle solutions can be hazardous pollutants for the environment.
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47

Georgieva, Еlenka, Vesela Yancheva, Iliana Velcheva, Maria Becheva, and Stela Stoyanova. "Histological alterations under metal exposure in gills of European perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) from Topolnitsa Reservoir (Bulgaria)." Archives of Biological Sciences 67, no. 2 (2015): 729–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs141020034g.

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Topolnitsa Reservoir is located in a region of Bulgaria rich in copper mines where intensive mining has been ongoing for several decades. General data on the ecological status of the reservoir and the effects of metal on fish is relatively scarce. The first aim of the study was to measure the concentrations of six metals (As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) in water samples and in the gills of European perch (Perca fluviatilis L.). The second objective was to examine gill structure and determine the severity of histological alteration as a result of metal exposure. Surface water and fish gill samples were collected in spring, summer and autumn in 2012 and metal and histological analyses were performed. Metal concentrations in the water samples varied, but only Cu concentrations were determined in all three seasons and they were higher than the maximum permissible levels. The gill metal concentrations were significantly higher (P<0.05) than in the water. Examination of gill structure revealed the presence of proliferative and degenerative changes, as well as changes in the blood vessels. Histological lesions were similar in their severity in all three seasons. This study provides the first information about metal effects on the morphology of European perch gills from Topolnitsa Reservoir. It can be concluded that the metal contamination of the Topolnitsa Reservoir and fish is chronic and that it can negatively affect the structure and function of fish gills. As metals display a tendency to accumulate in fish gills, their effects are expected to become more severe with time, as they affect gill functions. <br><br><font color="red"><b> This article has been corrected. Link to the correction <u><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ABS1801215E">10.2298/ABS1801215E</a><u></b></font>
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48

Reid, Scott D., and D. G. McDonald. "Metal Binding Activity of the Gills of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, no. 6 (June 1, 1991): 1061–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-125.

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The objective of this study was to characterize the metal binding of the external gill surface in an attempt to interrelate metal chemistry, gill surface binding activity, and possibly metal toxicity. Individual gill arches from adult rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to various concentrations of either 140La, 45Ca, 109Cd, or 64Cu. The apparent dissociation constant (KD) and capacity (Bmax) of the external gill surface for the metals was calculated using Scatchard plot analysis. Half-saturation time (t1/2) and binding cooperativity (Hn) were also determined. The KD for gill metal binding ranged from 0.31 ± 0.02 mM for La3+ (high affinity) to 4.3 ± 0.04 mM for Cu2+ (low affinity). The gill binding affinity for Ca2+ was threefold lower than for La3+, but was similar to that for Cd2+. The gills had the lowest affinity for Cu2+, almost 14 times lower than that for La3+. Bmax for La3+ was found to be significantly lower than for any other metal (0.14 ± 0.001 μmol∙g−1), while nearly seven times as much Cu2+ was accumulated by the gills compared with La3+, The Ca2+ and Cd2+Bmax estimates were intermediate.
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Maftuch, Maftuch, Bramantiyo Satriyo Wicaksosno, Febi Nadhila Nurin, and Andhang Sebastian. "Molecular Expressions : Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) in Gills of Cyprinus carpio Infected Myxobolus sp." Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan 13, no. 2 (September 28, 2021): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jipk.v13i2.25484.

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Highlight Research:It has been found that many fish died with wounds from farmers in Blitar, Indonesia.The mucosal smear test from mucosal gills of C. carpio infected with Myxobolus.In the blood smear test of C. carpio, there was no myxobolus found in the blood.In gill organ testing using SEM that Myxobolus is found in gills (C. carpio).The shape of Myxobolus resembles an imperfect ball with a hollow in the middle. AbstractThe biggest problem that is often considered to be an obstacle to Common carp culture is the emergence of disease attacks. One type of disease that often attacks the seeds of Cyprinus carpio is Myxobolus (a systemic parasite that can cause harm to fish farming). The aim of this study was to determine the molecular expression through the smear test on C. carpio gills, to determine the image of the gill organs of C. carpio using the SEM test, and to determine the description of the spores of Myxobolus sp. Data were analyzed using descriptive methods. Descriptive method used was comparative descriptive comparing molecular expression in the test of gill mucosal smear of fish using a light microscope and gill organ testing using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) on C. carpio infected by Myxobolus sp. In this study, the results showed that in C. carpio infected with true Myxobolus found the presence of Myxobolus in the mucosal smear test and SEM test on gill tissue, but not found in the blood smear test.
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Jarial, Mohinder S. "The structure of the gills of the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 45 (August 1987): 824–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100128407.

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The axolotl is a strictly aquatic salamander in which the larval external gills are retained throughout life. The external gills of the adult axolotl have been studied by light and electron microscopy for ultrastructural evidence of ionic transport. The thin epidermis of the gill filaments and gill stems is composed of 3 cell types: granular cells, the basal cells and a sparce population of intervening Leydig cells. The gill epidermis is devoid of muscles, and no mitotic figures were observed in any of its cells.The granular cells cover the gill surface as a continuous layer (Fig. 1, G) and contain secretory granules of different forms, located apically (Figs.1, 2, SG). Some granules are found intimately associated with the apical membrane while others fuse with it and release their contents onto the external surface (Fig. 3). The apical membranes of the granular cells exhibit microvilli which are covered by a PAS+ fuzzy coat, termed “glycocalyx” (Fig. 2, MV).
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