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1
Love, Cheyenne H., and Brian G. Laub. "Precipitation-Driven Anthropogenic Pollutant Fluctuations Within Standing Water Sources of the Edwards Aquifer Region, Texas." Air, Soil and Water Research 15 (January 2022): 117862212211082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786221221108213.
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The objective of this study was to assess the contribution of urban runoff in pollutant delivery to standing water pools within the Edwards Aquifer region of Texas. Grab samples of water were collected weekly over 5 months at one urban pool, one undeveloped pool, and one control pond that received minimal runoff. Samples were tested for nitrates, total dissolved phosphorus, Escherichia coli, and other coliform bacteria. The urban site had higher nitrate, E. coli, and other coliform bacteria concentrations than the undeveloped site. Significant positive linear relationships between weekly antecedent rainfall and both nitrate and E. coli were found at the urban site but not the undeveloped site. Water quality parameters at the control site remained stable, suggesting increases in nitrate and E. coli at the urban site were caused by runoff. Using publicly available data, relationships between water quality and weekly antecedent discharge were tested at 24 additional sites varying in land use. Positive relationships for E. coli were found at several urban sites, supporting runoff as a contributor to bacterial loading. Relationships for nitrate were variable, but all additional sites had flowing water, suggesting a unique response of water quality to urban runoff at the sampled urban pool.
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Fang, Zihang, Shixiong Song, Chunyang He, Zhifeng Liu, Tao Qi, Jinxi Zhang, and Jian Li. "Evaluating the Impacts of Future Urban Expansion on Surface Runoff in an Alpine Basin by Coupling the LUSD-Urban and SCS-CN Models." Water 12, no. 12 (December 3, 2020): 3405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123405.
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Effective evaluations of the future urban expansion impacts (UEI) on surface runoff in alpine basins are full of challenges due to the lack of reliable methods. Our objective was to provide a new approach by coupling the Land Use Scenario Dynamics-urban (LUSD-urban) and Soil Conservation Service-Curve Number (SCS-CN) models to estimate the future UEI on surface runoff. Taking the Qinghaihu-Huangshui basin (QHB) in the Tibetan Plateau, China, as an example, we first applied the SCS-CN model to quantify the surface runoff in 2000 and 2018 and analyzed the changes in surface runoff. Next, we applied the LUSD-urban model to simulate urban expansion under five localized shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) from 2018 to 2050. Finally, we assessed the UEI on surface runoff in the QHB from 2018 to 2050. We found that coupling the LUSD-urban and SCS-CN models could effectually evaluate the future UEI on surface runoff. Compared with the combination of the Future Land Use Simulation (FLUS) and SCS-CN models, our method reduced the absolute evaluation errors from 3.40% and 11.78% to 0.18% and 4.23%, respectively. In addition, the results showed that future urban expansion will have severe impacts on surface runoff in the valley region. For example, as a result of urban expansion, the surface runoff in the Huangzhong, Xining, and Datong catchments will increase by 4.90–9.01%, 4.25–7.36%, and 2.33–3.95%, respectively. Therefore, we believe that the coupled model can be utilized to evaluate the future UEI on surface runoff in alpine basins. In addition, the local government should pay attention to flood risk prevention, especially in the valley region, and adopt reasonable urban planning with soft and hard adaptation measures to promote the sustainable development of alpine basins under rapid urban expansion.
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Liu, Zijing, Ke Li, Haifeng Jia, and Zheng Wang. "Refining Assignment of Runoff Control Targets with a Landscape Statistical Model: A Case Study in the Beijing Urban Sub-Center, China." Water 14, no. 9 (May 4, 2022): 1466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14091466.
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Rapid urbanization has triggered large changes to both the urban landscape and the yield and degree of confluence of runoff. The annual runoff volume control rate (ARVCR) is the key target identified in sponge city overall planning and is based on local natural and social conditions. However, the large impact that landscape patterns have on the runoff process causes the capacity to implement the targets to differ between those patterns. Refinement of ARVCR targets based on landscape pattern indices is therefore needed. This study identified statistical relationships between landscape indices and runoff control targets in the delta pilot region of the Beijing urban sub-center and extended the statistical model to the Beijing urban sub-center, an area almost 20 times larger than the pilot region. Landscape factors were quantified based on their area, shape, and distribution. In the delta pilot region, the runoff control volume for each block was obtained from a simulation using the SWMM model, and the correlation between landscape indices and runoff control volume capacity in different functional land-use blocks was identified by multiple linear stepwise regression. Because the distributions of landscape indices were similar in the pilot delta area and the Beijing urban sub-center, the model could be extended to the much larger study area. The statistical model provided a runoff control scheme that produced a refined assignment of the total annual runoff control target and provided guidance that could be implemented in land-use planning.
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Ichiki, A., K. J. Hall, Y. Maruta, and K. Yamada. "Comparison of pollutant runoff in Lake Biwa tributaries, Japan and the brunette river watershed, Canada." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 7 (October 1, 2001): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0392.
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This study is aimed at verifying runoff pollutant loadings from urban areas. Urban runoff has been considered an important source of diffuse pollution especially during storm events. This paper describes the pollutant runoff during storm events, mainly in terms of effects of watershed characteristics. Data collected from Lake Biwa tributaries, Japan, have shown fundamental information to control pollutant runoff into receiving water. Also, data from the Brunette River watershed, Canada, which is a highly urbanized watershed in the Vancouver region, have been used for a comparative analysis. In the results, available information for the environmental management of urban storm water runoff was obtained by comparing the data on pollutant runoff in both watersheds.
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Wang, Shu Min, and Hui Yu. "Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Heavy Metals Concentration in Urban Stormwater Runoff." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 1801–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.1801.
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In order to know the characteristic of spatial and temporal distribution of heavy metal concentrations in urban stormwater runoff, rainfall runoff from impervious underlying surfaces in urban region was observed during rain events. Results showed that during the precipitation process, heavy metal concentrations decreased gradually temporally (except Cd); concentrations of Fe, Cu and Zn meet Class III standard of Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water in terminal runoff, but concentrations of Cd and Pb go beyond this standard far. Heavy metal concentrations in runoff from different types of landuses were significantly different. The arithmetic average concentrations of Fe, Cd, Cu and Zn in stormwater runoff from roof (e.g.,34.4mg/L, 0.15mg/L, 1.25mg/L and 1.23mg/L, respectively) were obviously higher than that in stormwater runoff from road (e.g., 11.8mg/L, 0.05mg/L, 0.13mg/L and 0.69mg/L, respectively).
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Polkowska, Ż., M. Tobiszewski, T. Górecki, and J. Namieśnik. "Pesticides in rain and roof runoff waters from an urban region." Urban Water Journal 6, no. 6 (December 2009): 441–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15730620902972405.
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Polkowska, Ż., T. Górecki, and J. Namieśnik. "Quality of roof runoff waters from an urban region (Gdańsk, Poland)." Chemosphere 49, no. 10 (December 2002): 1275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00611-2.
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Grodek, T., J. Lange, J. Lekach, and S. Husary. "Urban hydrology in mountainous middle eastern cities." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 3 (March 17, 2011): 953–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-953-2011.
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Abstract. The Mediterranean climate together with the type of urban setting found in mountainous Middle Eastern cities generate much lower runoff yields than previously reported and than usually estimated for urban design. In fact, a close analysis shows that most of the rainwater remains within the cities as a possible source for urban groundwater recharge. The present study examined two locales – Ramallah, an old traditional Palestinian Arab town, and Modiin, a new township in Israel – both situated on the karstic Yarkon Taninim aquifer. This aquifer supplies the only high-quality drinking water in the region (one quarter of the Israeli-Palestinian water demand), which is characterized by dense populations and limited water resources. This paper provides the first measured information on the hydrological effects of urbanization in the area. It was found that the shift of the mountainous natural steep slopes into a series of closed-terraces with homes and gardens create areas that are disconnected from the urban runoff response. Roofs drained into the attached gardens create favorable recharge units. Mainly low-gradient roads became the principal source for urban runoff already following 1–4 mm of rainfall. Parallel roads converted single peak hydrographs towards multi-peak runoff responses, increasing flow duration and reducing peak discharges. The remaining urban area (public parks, natural areas, etc.) generated runoff only as a result of high-magnitude rainstorms. All of the above conditions limited urban runoff coefficients to an upper boundary of only 35% and 30% (Ramallah and Modiin, respectively). During extreme rainstorms (above 100 mm) similar runoff coefficients were measured in urban and natural catchments as a result of the limited areas contributing to runoff in the urban areas, while natural terrain does not have these artificial limits. Hence, the effects of urbanization decrease with event magnitude and there is significant potential for urban groundwater recharge. However, frequent low-magnitude rainstorms often generate highly polluted stormwater in urban sewer systems and this water should only be used with great caution.
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Grodek, T., J. Lange, J. Lekach, and S. Husary. "Urban hydrology in mountainous middle eastern cities." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, no. 5 (September 27, 2010): 7305–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-7305-2010.
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Abstract. The Mediterranean climate together with the type of urban setting found in mountainous Middle Eastern cities generate much lower runoff yields than previously reported and than usually estimated for urban design. In fact, a close analysis shows that most of the rainwater remains within the cities as a possible source for urban groundwater recharge. The present study examined two locales – Ramallah, an old traditional Palestinian Arab town, and Modiin, a new township in Israel – both situated on the karstic Yarkon Taninim aquifer. This aquifer supplies the only high-quality drinking water in the region (one quarter of the Israeli-Palestinian water demand), which is characterized by dense populations and limited water resources. This paper provides the first measured information on the hydrological effects of urbanization in the area. It was found that the shift of the mountainous natural steep slopes into a series of closed-terraced homes and gardens created areas that are disconnected from the urban runoff response. Roofs drained into the attached gardens and created favorable recharge units. Mainly low-gradient roads became the principal source for urban runoff already following 1–4 mm of rainfall. Parallel roads converted single peak hydrographs towards multi-peak runoff responses, increasing flow duration and reducing peak discharges. The remaining urban area (public parks, natural areas, etc.) generated runoff only as a result of high-magnitude rainstorms. All of the above conditions limited urban runoff coefficients to an upper boundary of only 22% and 30% (Ramallah and Modiin, respectively). During extreme rainstorms (above 100 mm) similar runoff coefficients were measured in urban and natural catchments as a result of the limited areas contributing to runoff in the urban areas, while natural terrain does not have these artificial limits. Hence, it was found, the effects of urbanization decrease with event magnitude and there is significant potential for urban groundwater recharge. However, frequent low-magnitude rainstorms often generate highly polluted stormwater in urban sewer systems and this water should only be used with great caution.
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Gharib, Kani Namiq, Nawbahar Faraj Mustafa, and Haveen Muhammed Rashid. "Urban Rainwater Harvesting Assessment in Sulaimani Heights District, Sulaimani City, KRG, Iraq." UHD Journal of Science and Technology 5, no. 1 (April 27, 2021): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdjst.v5n1y2021.pp48-55.
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Rainwater harvesting is the collection of rainwater and runoff from catchment areas such as roofs or other urban surfaces. Collected water has productive end-uses such as irrigation, industry, domestic, and can recharge groundwater. Sulaimani heights have been selected as a study area, which is located in Sulaimani Governorate in Kurdistan Region, North Iraq. The main objective of this study was to estimate the amount of harvested rainwater form Sulaimani heights urban area in Sulaimani City. Three methods for runoff calculation have been compared, the storm water management model (SWMM), the soil conservation service (SCS) method, and the runoff coefficient (RC) using daily rainfall data from 1991 to 2019. The annual harvested runoff results with the three different methods SWMM, SCS, and RC were estimated as 836,470 m3, 508,454 m3, and 737,381 m3, respectively. The results showed that SWMM method has the highest runoff result and could meet 31% of the total demand of the study area and 28% and 19% for RC and SCS methods, respectively.
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Hassan, Bassma Taher, Mohamad Yassine, and Doaa Amin. "Comparison of Urbanization, Climate Change, and Drainage Design Impacts on Urban Flashfloods in an Arid Region: Case Study, New Cairo, Egypt." Water 14, no. 15 (August 5, 2022): 2430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14152430.
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Urban flooding is considered one of the hazardous disasters in metropolitan areas, especially for those located in arid regions. Due to the associated risks of climate change in increasing the frequency of extreme rainfall events, climate-induced migration to urban areas leads to the intensification of urban settlements in arid regions as well as an increase in urban expansion towards arid land outskirts. This not only stresses the available infrastructure but also produces substantial social instability due to unplanned urban growth. Therefore, this study sheds light on the main factors that are increasing the flood risk, through examining the consequences of rapid urban growth and the performance of drainage networks on urban flood volumes and comparing it with the effects induced by climate change on the surface runoff. The effect of urbanization is assessed through land use maps showing the historical urbanization conditions for the past 30 years, while considering the role of urban planning and its effect on exacerbating surface runoff. Six climate projection scenarios adopted from three Global Climate Models under two Representative Concentration Pathways (4.5 and 8.5) during the period (2006–2020) were compared to ground observed rainfall data to identify which climate scenario we are likely following and then evaluate its effects on the current rainfall trends up to the year 2050. The significance of the drainage design in the mitigation or increase of surface runoff is evaluated through capacity-load balance during regular and extreme storms. It is found that using impervious surfaces coupled with poor planning causing the blockage of natural flood plains led to an increase in the total runoff of about 180%, which is three times more than the effect induced by climate change for the same analysis period. Climate change decreased the intensities of 2- and 5-year rainfall events by 6% while increasing the intensities of extreme events corresponds to 100-year by 17%. Finally, the urban drainage had a distinguished role in increasing surface runoff, as 70% of the network performed poorly during the smallest rainfall event of 2-year return period. The study emphasizes the urgency to re-evaluate the existing and future urban drainage design approach: although urban development and climate change have inevitable effects on the increase in urban flood volumes, it could be alleviated through improved infrastructures.
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Sunwoo, Woo Yeon, Gyumin Lee, and Kyung Soo Jun. "Rainfall-runoff Modeling by Hydro-meteorological Factors in the Coastal Urban Region." Journal of Coastal Research 95, sp1 (May 26, 2020): 1303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/si95-251.1.
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Husband, Danielle M., and Nancy E. McIntyre. "Urban Areas Create Refugia for Odonates in a Semi-Arid Region." Insects 12, no. 5 (May 11, 2021): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12050431.
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In western Texas, most wetlands are fed from precipitation runoff, making them sensitive to drought regimes, anthropogenic land-use activities in their surrounding watersheds, and the interactive effect between these two factors. We surveyed adult odonates in 133 wetlands (49 in grassland settings, 56 in cropland, and 28 in urban areas) in western Texas from 2003–2020; 33 species were recorded. Most species were widespread generalists, but urban wetlands had the highest species richness, as well as the most unique species of any of the three wetland types. Non-metric, multidimensional scaling ordination revealed that the odonate community in urban wetlands was distinctly different in composition than the odonates in non-urban wetlands. Urban wetlands were smaller in surface area than the other wetland types, but because they were fed from more consistently available urban runoff rather than seasonal precipitation, they had longer hydroperiods, particularly during a multi-year drought when wetlands in other land-cover contexts were dry. This anthropogenically enhanced water supply was associated with higher odonate richness despite presumably impaired water quality, indicating that consistent and prolonged presence of water in this semi-arid region was more important than the presence of native land cover within which the wetland existed. Compared to wetlands in the regional grassland landscape matrix, wetlands in agricultural and urban areas differed in hydroperiod, and presumably also in water quality; these effects translated to differences in the regional odonate assemblage by surrounding land-use type, with the highest richness at urban playas. Odonates in human environments may thus benefit through the creation of a more reliably available wetland habitat in an otherwise dry region.
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Chowdhury, Rezaul K. "Greywater reuse through a bioretention system prototype in the arid region." Water Science and Technology 72, no. 12 (August 26, 2015): 2201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.442.
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The concept of a greywater-fed bioretention system in arid regions was investigated in this study. Bioretention systems are conventionally used as a source control mechanism for urban runoff. Nevertheless, in arid regions, where rain and urban runoff are not an abundant water resource, their application is limited. Greywater (residential wastewater without toilet and kitchen sources) is comparatively less polluted and has the potential for reuse in irrigation and non-potable water uses. However, selection of an appropriate treatment is a challenge. A prototype bioretention system was made and its ability to improve greywater quality was monitored for more than 10 consecutive days. A vegetative and non-vegetative system were monitored separately. After 24 hours of retention in both systems, greywater quality was improved significantly. Both systems performed almost equally well; however, the vegetative system (with canary reed grass, Phalaris arundinacea) was found to be more effective in reducing the sodium and chemical oxygen demand contents. The study revealed that the concept of the greywater-fed bioretention system has the potential to add multi-functional benefits (greywater treatment, water conservation, landscape aesthetic and biodiversity) to the arid regions’ urban environment.
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Al-Ghobari, Hussein, Ahmed Dewidar, and Abed Alataway. "Estimation of Surface Water Runoff for a Semi-Arid Area Using RS and GIS-Based SCS-CN Method." Water 12, no. 7 (July 6, 2020): 1924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12071924.
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The proper planning of storage structures, waterways, irrigation schemes, water harvesting, erosion control structures, and groundwater development strategies requires accurate estimation of surface runoff. However, hydrologists in Saudi Arabia face serious challenges, specifically due to the rare availability of surface runoff data. In this study, the soil conservation service-curve number (SCS-CN) method integrated with geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) was utilized to estimate the surface runoff in Wadi-Uranah basin, in the western region of Saudi Arabia. Different thematic maps such as slope, hydrologic soil group (HSG), land use/land cover (LULC), and daily rainfall have been created in GIS environment and processed to generate the curve number (CN) and surface runoff maps. Based on the soil classification results, the study area was categorized into two HSGs (B and C). The dominant HSG was group C, representing about 98.8% of the total area. The LULC analysis showed four main land use types in the study region: urban, rocks, barren soil, and agricultural areas. Furthermore, the finding results showed that CN values for the normal conditions (CNII) ranged between 74 and 93 in agricultural and both urban and rock areas, respectively. The CNII values were further corrected using slope data to derive slope-adjusted CNII. Moreover, the rainfall-runoff results showed an increase in the daily runoff of the study region with a minimum of 15 mm to a maximum of 74 mm. Another interesting result was rainfall-runoff linear regression analysis that showed a good correlation of 0.98. Additionally, the peak runoff hydrograph flows for 10-, 50-, and 100-year return periods obtained from the SCS-based dimensionless unit hydrograph were 828, 1353, and 1603 m3/s, respectively. Therefore, this study highlights that the SCS-CN method integrated with RS and GIS deserves further attention for estimating runoff of ungauged basins for better basins management and conservation purposes.
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Smullen, James T., Amy L. Shallcross, and Kelly A. Cave. "Updating the U.S. Nationwide Urban runoff quality data base." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 12 (June 1, 1999): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0523.
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Urban stormwater quality data collected over the past 20 years for several large government-sponsored sampling programs in the United States were assembled and analyzed to develop new nationwide estimators and statistics for urban storm water quality. We believe that this is the first attempt to assemble and analyze these major storm water quality data sets for this purpose. In this paper, the first public report of our work to-date, we present the results of the data acquisition, data base assembly, quality assurance, computation of new stormwater event mean concentrations and associated statistics, and comparisons with the original U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (NURP) results. The differences between the pooled means and those estimated from our analysis of the NURP data range from a 79% lower estimate for Copper to a 36% higher estimate for Biochemical Oxygen Demand. It is concluded that the variations between the NURP results and those developed here from the pooling of the three national data bases are important and that future work may provide a basis for differentiating Event Mean Concentrations among urban land uses, geographic region and seasons.
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Chocat, B., P. Krebs, J. Marsalek, W. Rauch, and W. Schilling. "Urban drainage redefined: from stormwater removal to integrated management." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 5 (March 1, 2001): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0251.
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Even though urban drainage has been practised for more than 5000 years, many challenges arising from growing demands on drainage still remain with respect to runoff quantity and quality; landscape aesthetics, ecology and beneficial uses; and operation of existing urban wastewater systems. Further advances can be achieved by adopting an integrated approach, optimal operation of the existing infrastructure, advanced pollution and runoff source controls, improved resilience of receiving waters, and adaptive water management. The specific research needs include new technologies and strategies for stormwater management, advanced treatment of urban wet-weather effluents, and tools for analysis and operation of drainage systems. High diversity of demands on, and region/site specific conditions of, urban drainage shapes the role of urban drainage experts – as mediators among the many stakeholders and fields involved.
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Wise, Julia L., David J. Van Horn, Aaron F. Diefendorf, Peter J. Regier, Thomas V. Lowell, and Clifford N. Dahm. "Dissolved organic matter dynamics in storm water runoff in a dryland urban region." Journal of Arid Environments 165 (June 2019): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2019.03.003.
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POLETO, Cristiano, and GUSTAVO HENRIQUE MERTEN. "Urban Street Pollutants." Pesquisas em Geociências 35, no. 2 (December 31, 2008): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1807-9806.17932.
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The sediments carried by runoff water are an important part of this process because their presence in the bodies of water not only cause sedimentation problems but, mainly, they contaminate the water due to the presence of the pollutants found associated with sediments. The urban subwatershed under study is located in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre city, Brazil. This paper aims to present the relation between pollutants on the street sediments and in suspended sediment sampled in the river. The collections of suspended sediment samples begun in the end of 2003 and finished in the end of 2006. Collections of urban dust samples (47 samples per km²) were taken in the main diffuse sources of the urban environment, represented by paved and non-paved streets, beyond the area with remaining vegetation, in some points of the bed river and in its margins. During these analyses, it was studied 29 samples of fluvial suspended sediments. The elements selected for this study are some of the most frequently found in high concentrations in urban areas (Zn, Pb and Cu). The results suggest it is occurring a high enrichment of the local sediment with these metals. The concentrations of these elements vary temporally during storms due the input of road runoff containing elevated concentrations of elements associated with vehicular traffic and other anthropogenic activities. In general, they have their most concentrations on the streets but they are carried to the channel during the storms.
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Zhang, Limin, Xianyong Meng, Hao Wang, and Mingxiang Yang. "Simulated Runoff and Sediment Yield Responses to Land-Use Change Using the SWAT Model in Northeast China." Water 11, no. 5 (May 1, 2019): 915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11050915.
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Land-use change is one key factor influencing the hydrological process. In this study, the Hun River Basin (HRB) (7919 km2), a typical alpine region with only four gauge meteorological stations, was selected as the study area. The China Meteorological Assimilation Driving Datasets for the SWAT model (CMADS), widely adopted in East Asia, was used with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to simulate runoff and sediment yield responses to land-use change and to examine the accuracy of CMADS in the HRB. The criteria values for daily/monthly runoff and monthly sediment yield simulations were satisfactory; however, the validation of daily sediment yield was poor. Forestland decreased sediment yield throughout the year, increased water percolation, and reduced runoff during the wet season, while it decreased water percolation and increased runoff during the dry season. The responses of grassland and forestland to runoff and sediment yield were similar, but the former was weaker than the latter in terms of soil and water conservation. Cropland (urban land) generally increased (increased) runoff and increased (decreased) sediment yield; however, a higher sediment yield could occur in urban land than that in cropland when precipitation was light.
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Oraei Zare, S., B. Saghafian, A. Shamsai, and S. Nazif. "Multi-objective optimization using evolutionary algorithms for qualitative and quantitative control of urban runoff." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 1 (January 16, 2012): 777–817. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-777-2012.
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Abstract. Urban development and affects the quantity and quality of urban floods. Generally, flood management include planning and management activities to reduce the harmful effects of floods on people, environment and economy is in a region. In recent years, a concept called Best Management Practices (BMPs) has been widely used for urban flood control from both quality and quantity aspects. In this paper, three objective functions relating to the quality of runoff (including BOD5 and TSS parameters), the quantity of runoff (including runoff volume produced at each sub-basin) and expenses (including construction and maintenance costs of BMPs) were employed in the optimization algorithm aimed at finding optimal solution MOPSO and NSGAII optimization methods were coupled with the SWMM urban runoff simulation model. In the proposed structure for NSGAII algorithm, a continuous structure and intermediate crossover was used because they perform better for improving the optimization model efficiency. To compare the performance of the two optimization algorithms, a number of statistical indicators were computed for the last generation of solutions. Comparing the pareto solution resulted from each of the optimization algorithms indicated that the NSGAII solutions was more optimal. Moreover, the standard deviation of solutions in the last generation had no significant differences in comparison with MOPSO.
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V, Ganesh, Ajey Kumar V G, Aravindan S, Sudha Ravindranath, and Vidya A. "Estimation and Analysis of Rainfall Runoff for Urban Hydrology using TR 55 SCS CN and GIS Approach in Hebbal Valley of Bengaluru, South India." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) 10, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.c6484.0910321.
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Urban floods are increasing frequently and severely. Climate change is usually attributed to urban floods with insufficient evidence. While in certain cases this appears to be true, the influence of landscape change in urban growth is more important. This study analyses development of an urban landscape with the complexity of established cities and combines physiographic data for the assessment of peak surface runoff in the study area, Hebbal valley. A portion of the Cauvery river basin draining into the Pinakini river in the district of Bangalore. It encompasses a 305.21 sq.km region in East Bengaluru and North Bengaluru. The land use and land cover classification was classified as 14 different categories: dark, light, roads and vegetation. The region of study has undergone unpredictable expansion and changes in the Land Use Land Cover in the last two decades. Several flood occurrences have occurred in different regions of Hebbal Valley throughout recent years. Rainfall analysis conducted between 1970 and 2018 with 1596mm of greatest precipitation. For the study, several space and non-space data were collected and thematic maps were produced. Runoff estimates for 2018 were made for 24 micro water sheds in the Hebbal Valley using SCS-CN TR55 technique for urban hydrology. The objective of this study is to determine the quantity of peak runoff produced, to develop better urban management techniques. The finding shows that rush volume has increased in recent years as land use patterns have changed and precipitation intensity has increased substantially over shorter periods. The study suggests spatial intervention efforts to provide suitable buildings and measures for flood flow.
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Harremoës, P., L. Napstjert, C. Rye, H. O. Larsen, and A. Dahl. "Impact of rain runoff on oxygen in an urban river." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 12 (December 1, 1996): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0299.
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The river Harrestrup is an urban river in the western region of Greater Copenhagen, Denmark. It has been subject to intensive on-line investigation of the oxygen regime in the river, both during dry weather and during rain runoff from the neighbouring urban areas. The oxygen fluctuations have been modelled both deterministicly and statisticly. The statistical features turned out to be as important as the deterministic. The final evaluation of the performance was done by comparison of extreme statistics as measured over one year with results generated by the calibrated deterministic model, superimposed with calibrated statistical properties. The result was a clear demonstration of non-compliance with oxygen standards both during dry weather and during wet weather. The technical measures are river restoration to decrease daily oxygen fluctuations and construction of detention basins in the urban catchments to decrease the impact of rain runoff.
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Nguyen, V. T. V., N. Desramaut, and T. D. Nguyen. "Optimal rainfall temporal patterns for urban drainage design in the context of climate change." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 5 (September 1, 2010): 1170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.295.
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The main objective of the present study is to propose a method for estimating an optimal temporal storm pattern for urban drainage design in southern Quebec (Canada) in the context of climate change. Following a systematic evaluation of the performance of eight popular design storm models for different typical urban basins, it was found that the Canadian Atmospheric Environment Service (AES) storm pattern and the Desbordes model (with a peak intensity duration of 30 min) were the most accurate for estimating runoff peak flows while the Watt model gave the best estimation of runoff volumes. Based on these analyses, an optimal storm pattern was derived for southern Quebec region. The proposed storm pattern was found to be the most suitable for urban drainage design in southern Quebec since it could provide accurate estimation of both runoff peak flow and volume. Finally, a spatial-temporal downscaling method, based on a combination of the spatial statistical downscaling SDSM technique and the temporal scaling General Extreme Value distribution, was used to assess the climate change impacts on the proposed optimal design storm pattern and the resulting runoff properties.
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Jeleapov, Ana. "Assessment of Regional Variation of Flood Runoff in the Republic of Moldova." Present Environment and Sustainable Development 12, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pesd-2018-0003.
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Abstract Present study is dedicated to assessment and analysis of flood runoff and its spatial distribution in the limits of the Republic of Moldova. SCS-CN model and GIS were used as main methods and techniques for runoff assessment. Main components which were considered for flood runoff estimation are soils (soil texture and moisture condition), land cover and rainfall (for 1% probability). The results showed the region that is the most affected by flood runoff is northern part of the republic with flood runoff >100 mm, the lowest flood runoff values being estimated for the southern part of the country with <50 mm. Soil moisture conditions have a important impact on flood runoff amount, increasing its averages with 30 to 60% in case of wet condition and decreasing it with 35-65% in case of dry soil. It was also observed that flood runoff distribution is highly influenced by land cover, the average values being twice as high in urban area than under natural vegetation.
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Li, Xiaoyong, Wenhui Kuang, and Fengyun Sun. "Identifying Urban Flood Regulation Priority Areas in Beijing Based on an Ecosystem Services Approach." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 15, 2020): 2297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062297.
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Climate change and rapid urbanization have severe impacts on urban flood regulation ecosystem services (UFRES). Quantifying the UFRES has attracted increasing attention for urban sustainable development. However, few studies have focused on how to identify urban flood regulation priority areas. In this study, we simulated urban surface runoff by using the soil conservation services-curve number model, and quantified UFRES supply and demand by using relative indicators (i.e., runoff reduction ratio and urban vulnerability) at the subdistrict scale in Beijing, China. Then, an urban flood regulation priority index was developed by integrating UFRES demand and supply, and further used to identify priority areas. The results show that the mean runoff reduction ratio in Beijing decreased from 38.70% (for a 1-year rainfall return period) to 24.74% (for a 100-year rainfall return period). Subdistricts with low UFRES supply were mainly located in the urban central area and the southeastern zone, while subdistricts with high UFRES demand were mainly located in the urban central region. Meanwhile, places with high priority for flood regulation were mainly located in the inner city, and low priority areas were mainly located in northwestern, southwestern, and northeastern Beijing. Our results also imply that the urban flood regulation priority index is an effective indicator to identify urban flood regulation priority areas. These findings could provide urban planners with a comprehensive understanding of UFRES and scientific guidance to improve them.
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闫, 磊. "Analysis of Storm Runoff Simulation in Typical Urban Region of Wuhan Based on SWMM." Journal of Water Resources Research 03, no. 03 (2014): 216–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/jwrr.2014.33028.
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Ware, George. "Constraints to Tree Growth Imposed by Urban Soil Alkalinity." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 16, no. 2 (February 1, 1990): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1990.011.
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Soil alkalinity is commonly a limitation to tree growth in urban soils of the Chicago region. Associated chlorosis may sometimes be successfully treated, but longer term modification of the root environment is desirable. Selection and use of trees tolerant of soil alkalinity (calciphytes) are urgent needs. Planning a harmonious tree/site system requires simultaneous consideration of the limitations of both elements. Alkalinization of urban soils from runoff from concrete and limestone surfaces appears to be widespread.
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Liu, Chenglin, Yuwen Zhou, Jun Sui, and Chuanhao Wu. "Multivariate frequency analysis of urban rainfall characteristics using three-dimensional copulas." Water Science and Technology 2017, no. 1 (March 7, 2018): 206–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.103.
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Abstract Urban runoff is a major cause of urban flooding and is difficult to monitor in the long term. In contrast, long term continuous rainfall data are generally available for any given region. As a result, it has become customary to use design rainfall depth as a proxy for runoff in urban hydrological analyses, with an assumption of the same frequency for runoff and rainfall. However, this approach has lack of overall coordination and cannot fully reflect the variability of rainfall characteristics. To address this issue, this study presents a three-dimensional copula-based multivariate frequency analysis of rainfall characteristics based on a long term (1961–2012) rainfall data from Guangzhou, China. Firstly, continuous rainfall data were divided into individual rainfall events using the rainfall intensity method. Then the characteristic variables of rainfall (design rainfall depth, DRD; total rainfall depth, TRD; peak rainfall depth, PRD) were sampled using the annual maximum method. Finally, a copula method was used to develop the multivariate joint probability distribution and the conditional probability distribution of rainfall characteristics. The results showed that the copula-based method is easy to implement and can better reflect urban rainstorm characteristics. It can serve a scientific reference for urban flood control and drainage planning.
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Yuan, Yangyang, Yu Gan, Yuhan Xu, Qining Xie, Yuqing Shen, and Yue Yin. "SWMM-Based Assessment of Urban Mountain Stormwater Management Effects under Different LID Scenarios." Water 14, no. 1 (January 3, 2022): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14010078.
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The types of urban mountains are diverse, and the surrounding environment is complex. The conditions of runoff generation and convergence in different regions of the same mountain vary. Using the Lijia Mountain in China’s Nanjing City as a case study, this study investigates the effects of such mountain-region-based LID (Low Impact Development) systems. Based on the hydrological analysis of this mountain region, SWMM (Storm Water Management Model) software is used to model and compare the runoff control effects of two LID systems schemes, namely segmental detention and retention and terminal detention and retention. The study’s findings demonstrate that the terminal detention and retention scheme can effectively delay the time of peak flooding and partly reduce peak discharge. In contrast, the segmental detention and retention scheme has a limited delay effect on flood peaks but significantly reduces the peak discharge. This research breaks through the limitations of the previous construction of a single LID scheme for mountainous regions in built-up urban areas. It serves as a theoretical model and technical reference for selecting LID scenarios in response to different mountain conditions.
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Campana, Néstor A., Eduardo M. Mendiondo, and Carlos E. M. Tucci. "A multi-source approach to hydrologic parameter estimation in urban basins." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 1 (July 1, 1995): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0052.
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A procedure for estimating hydrological parameters is presented which combines a) remote sensing and GIS techniques with b) data extracted from site visits to city districts; the estimate so obtained is compared with estimates from rainfall data. It is developed in urban sub-basins of Dilúvio Basin in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre, Brazil. A Fuzzy Algorithm which performs within sub-pixel level is used. Cover classes studied are: highly and slightly impervious, bare ground, grassed open space, and forest. A soil thematic map is determined based on pedological studies. A final distributed thematic map of potential runoff is obtained by superimposing previous data. It is compared with lumped runoff potential from rainfall events in sub-basins. These broad multi-source data hold basic information to develop an alternative strategy for hydrologic studies in urban basins.
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Bezerra, João Vitor de Almeida, Edyellison Almeida Ramos, Lucas de Lucena Rocha, Tamara de Lima Oliveira, Felippe Pessoa de Melo, Ricardo Brauer Vigoderis, Werônica Meira de Souza, and Cristiane Guiselini. "Multitemporal analysis of the NDVI Distribution in the city of Garanhuns-PE." Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciências Ambientais 12, no. 5 (March 28, 2021): 725–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.6008/cbpc2179-6858.2021.005.0056.
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This research aimed to analyze the effects of urbanization on the distribution of the NDVI in the urban area of the municipality of Garanhuns, in the state of Pernambuco. The referred region is going through a period of maximization of its urban perimeter, causing profound changes to the local landscape. The constant removal of vegetation cover created risk areas by intensifying surface runoff, while urban sprawl fueled by the lack of adequate urban planning allowed the occupation of improper areas such as natural slopes and the adjacencies of natural springs. Initially a topographic mapping of the study area was carried out, resulting in a digital elevation model and a watershed map. Subsequently, a multitemporal mapping of the NDVI was carried out using data from the Landsat 5 and 8 satellites. Through the results, it was possible to verify that the constant growth of the urban area created several imbalances in the natural landscape, especially in the vegetation cover. It was observed that even though the average NDVI has remained relatively constant over time, the standard deviation has changed sharply, suggesting disturbances in the NDVI distribution. This phenomenon is a product of Garanhuns’ urban drainage, which consists of creating areas of high concentration of surface runoff directed at the natural slopes. It was found that the expansion of the urban area occurs around the aforementioned slopes and that the drainage system is implemented in such a way that all of the surface runoff is aimed at the slopes, creating a scenario where there are several impermeable areas and others with dense vegetation due to the abundance of water. Moreover, it was observed that the deficiencies in the region’s urban planning created a scenario of environmental risk by increasing surface runoff in risk areas, thus intensifying erosive processes, which may cause mass movements such as landslides.
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Lykov, I. N., and V. I. Melenchuk. "Environmental problems of small rivers in the Volga and Dneprovsky basin in the territory of the Kaluga region." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 981, no. 4 (February 1, 2022): 042046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/981/4/042046.
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Abstract The article deals with the geoecological problems of small rivers of the Volga and Dnieper basins in the Kaluga region. The analysis of water resources of the Kaluga region is given. It is shown that intensive use of river runoff, transformation of natural landscapes, agromelioration and urbanization, anthropogenic and technogenic load have led to a violation of the hydrological regime of small rivers. This led to a change in the intra-annual distribution of runoff on the territory of the Kaluga Region and neighboring regions, stimulated the progressive process of shallowing and disappearance of small rivers as a result of violation of natural flow-forming complexes. Heavy damage to small rivers, which are very sensitive to pollution, is caused by storm drains, which are often comparable to urban sewage
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Ren, Hancheng, Shu Liu, Min Li, Hongping Zhang, Huiying Wang, Xiaoli Hao, and Jie Cui. "Topological Analysis and Application of Urban Drainage Network." Water 14, no. 22 (November 17, 2022): 3732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14223732.
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Due to the existence of drainage networks, urban areas have formed their own hydrological mechanism. The pretreatment of complex and elaborate drainage network data has become a challenging step in building an urban hydrological model. This study proposes a network-combing method based on the potential outfall mechanism for an urban drainage system, analyzes the topological structure of the underground network, and generates a subcatchment based on the potential outfall (SBPO). Two hydrological methods are constructed for a typical region in Kunming, Yunnan Province, China. The results show that: The network-combing method of potential outfall mechanisms can well complete the sorting work of a drainage network system and can clarify the relative independent relationship. The SBPO method basically agrees with the SWMM constructed with a high-resolution network in terms of runoff volume, the peak value and the duration of the outflow process at the outfall. However, the subcatchment by the potential outfall mechanism can help to understand the service partition, and the calculation cost is greatly reduced. The method emphasizes the importance of the influence of a drainage system on water confluence, which can help to better understand the process of runoff in urban areas.
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Willuweit, Lars, John J. O'Sullivan, and Harutyun Shahumyan. "Simulating the effects of climate change, economic and urban planning scenarios on urban runoff patterns of a metropolitan region." Urban Water Journal 13, no. 8 (May 21, 2015): 803–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1573062x.2015.1036086.
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Mah, Yau Seng, Amy Ee Ling Wong, and Fang Yenn Teo. "Modelling of Grassed Road Divider as Bio-Retention System for Urban Road Drainage." Journal of Applied Science & Process Engineering 5, no. 2 (September 30, 2018): 266–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/jaspe.909.2018.
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An evaluation on the applicability of bio-retention system in grassed road divider under high rainfall of equatorial region was conducted by developing computer-aided stormwater models using USEPA SWMM 5.1. The models simulated road runoffs with and without bio-retention systems. A single unit of bio-retention system tested here was 3 m in width, 6 m in length with 150 mm of ponding depth and 600 mm of soil/storage depth. Results indicated that soil types of loamy sand, sandy loam and loam showed similar performance in reducing runoff. With installation of bio-retention system, road runoff could be reduced 40-50% when subjected to 60 minutes of 2-, 5- and 10-year ARI rain events. The results obtained from the simulation were encouraging that bio-retention system in grassed road divider could function to augment the existing urban road drainage.
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Neo, Teck Heng, Dong Xu, Harsha Fowdar, David T. McCarthy, Enid Yingru Chen, Theresa Marie Lee, Geok Suat Ong, Fang Yee Lim, Say Leong Ong, and Jiangyong Hu. "Evaluation of Active, Beautiful, Clean Waters Design Features in Tropical Urban Cities: A Case Study in Singapore." Water 14, no. 3 (February 4, 2022): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14030468.
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In Singapore, active, beautiful, clean waters design features (ABCWDFs), such as rain gardens and vegetated swales, are used as a sustainable approach for stormwater management. Field monitoring studies characterising the performance of these design features in the tropical region are currently limited, hampering the widespread implementation of these systems. This study characterised the performance of individual ABCWDFs in the tropical climate context by monitoring a rain garden (FB7) and a vegetated swale (VS1) that were implemented in a 4-ha urban residential precinct for a period of 15 months. Results showed that total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) concentrations were low in the new residential precinct runoff, leading to poor removal efficiency despite the effluent concentrations of individual ABCWDFs that were within the local stormwater treatment objectives. Average TSS, TP and TN EMCs of four sub-catchment outlets were lower (23.2 mg/L, 0.11 mg/L and 1.00 mg/L, respectively) when compared to the runoff quality of the major catchments in Singapore, potentially demonstrating that the ABCWDFs are effective in improving the catchment runoff quality. Findings from this study can help to better understand the performance of ABCWDFs receiving low influent concentrations and implications for further investigations to improve stormwater runoff management in the tropics.
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Araujo, Monique Cerqueira, Adriano Souza Leão, Thiago Barbosa de Jesus, and Eduardo Cohim. "The role of rainwater harvesting in urban stormwater runoff in the semiarid region of Brazil." Urban Water Journal 18, no. 4 (February 17, 2021): 248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1573062x.2021.1877743.
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Li, Jing, Zhan-bin Li, Meng-jing Guo, Peng Li, and Sheng-dong Cheng. "Effects of urban grass coverage on rainfall-induced runoff in Xi'an loess region in China." Water Science and Engineering 10, no. 4 (October 2017): 320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wse.2017.12.001.
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Liu, Li, Liwei Sun, Jie Niu, and William J. Riley. "Modeling Green Roof Potential to Mitigate Urban Flooding in a Chinese City." Water 12, no. 8 (July 22, 2020): 2082. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12082082.
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The Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River (MLRYR) region, which has humid subtropical climate conditions and unique plum rain season, is characterized by a simultaneous high-frequency urban flooding and reduction in groundwater levels. Retrofitting the existing buildings into green roofs is a promising approach to combat urban flooding, especially for a densely developed city. Here, the application potential of the Green Roof System (GRS) and the Improved Green Roof System (IGRS) designed to divert overflowing water from green roofs to recharge groundwater were analyzed in a densely developed city, Nanchang, China. For the first time, the influence of GRS on the hydraulic condition of Combined Sewage System/Storm Water System (CSS/SWS) is analyzed, which is a direct reflection of the effect of GRS on alleviating urban flooding. The simulation results show that GRS can retain about 41–75% of precipitation in a 2-hour timescale and the flooding volumes in the GRS/IGRS region are 82% and 28% less than those of the Traditional Roof System (TRS) in 10- and 100-yr precipitation events, respectively. In the continuous simulations, GRS also enhances Evapotranspiration (ET), which accounts for 39% of annual precipitation, so that reduces the cumulative surface runoff. Considering the IGRS can provide more hydrological benefits than the GRS under the same climate conditions, we may conclude that the widespread implementation of both the GRS and the IGRS in Nanchang and other densely developed cities in the MLRYR region could significantly reduce surface and peak runoff rates.
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Sharma, Sheetal. "Behavioral study of urban watersheds in Bhopal-city of lakes." International Journal of Hydrology 4, no. 3 (May 29, 2020): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/ijh.2020.04.00234.
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Urbanization have crossed the limits of natural carrying capacity challenging mankind and its development in terms of progress. The most notable changes in the natural system observed are related to the urban and hydrological system where built up areas in urban region have increased from 100,000km2 in 1994 to 5,000,000km2 in 2005. It is assumed that almost 0.5% of the world surface is occupied by urban areas The aim of the study is to study the behavioural changes in Urban watersheds for recharge and runoff along with increasing Built up areas contributing impervious surfaces over natural ones. Objective is to develop a better understanding of the interactions between surface water flows and water replenishment with changes in land cover characteristics resulting from urbanization at the local, neighbourhood and regional scales. Another objective is to find out relationship between built up and water (surface and sub surface) with empirical, observational and simulation processes for an area with specific climate and physical characteristics. The methodology adopted to study and observe this correlation broadly consist of observation for variations in spatial scale for sub watersheds around 500 or more hectares for urban expansion, changes in land use land cover and hydrological components such as water level in aquifers, wells, runoff and drainages from past to present at temporal scale of about 40years. Conclusion were made on final modelling results with validation and assessment of parameters concluding that runoff is directly proportional to built up and its intensity varies with given roughness land cover, built up and ground water infiltration.
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Larkin, G. A., and K. J. Hall. "Hydrocarbon Pollution in the Brunette River Watershed." Water Quality Research Journal 33, no. 1 (February 1, 1998): 73–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1998.005.
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Abstract The extent and severity of hydrocarbon pollution in lake core sediments, streambed sediments, stormwater and street surface sediments were investigated in the Brunette River watershed in Burnaby, British Columbia. Lake core sediments document a dramatic increase in hydrocarbon input to Burnaby Lake concurrent with development of the region. Hydrocarbon concentrations in streambed sediments corresponded to the land use indices of impermeable area and traffic density. Hydrocarbon concentrations measured in stream runoff during storm events also corresponded with land use, while concentrations in street runoff were highly correlated (r2 = 0.995) to the log10 of local traffic volumes. Whereas land use appears to influence hydrocarbon concentrations found in streambed sediments, street surface sediment concentrations were quite uniform throughout the watershed. Road washoff of non-particulate oil appears to be an important source of hydrocarbons to stormwater solids, and ultimately streambed and lake core sediments. The combination of both source control and runoff treatment should result in the greatest and likely enduring reduction in urban runoff hydrocarbon concentrations.
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Morihama, A. C. D., C. Amaro, E. N. S. Tominaga, L. F. O. L. Yazaki, M. C. S. Pereira, M. F. A. Porto, P. Mukai, and R. M. Lucci. "Integrated solutions for urban runoff pollution control in Brazilian metropolitan regions." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 4 (August 1, 2012): 704–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.215.
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One of the most important causes for poor water quality in urban rivers in Brazil is the low collection efficiency of the sewer system due to unforeseen interconnections with the stormwater drainage system. Since the beginning of the 20th century, Brazilian cities have adopted separate systems for sanitary sewers and stormwater runoff. Gradually these two systems became interconnected. A major challenge faced today by water managers in Brazil is to find efficient and low cost solutions to deal with this mixed system. The current situation poses an important threat to the improvement of the water quality in urban rivers and lakes. This article presents an evaluation of the water quality parameters and the diffuse pollution loads during rain events in the Pinheiros River, a tributary of the Tietê River in São Paulo. It also presents different types of integrated solutions for reducing the pollution impact of combined systems, based on the European experience in urban water management. An evaluation of their performance and a comparison with the separate system used in most Brazilian cities is also presented. The study is based on an extensive water quality monitoring program that was developed for a special investigation in the Pinheiros River and lasted 2.5 years. Samples were collected on a daily basis and water quality variables were analyzed on a daily, weekly or monthly basis. Two hundred water quality variables were monitored at 53 sampling points. During rain events, additional monitoring was carried out using an automated sampler. Pinheiros River is one of the most important rivers in the São Paulo Metropolitan Region and it is also a heavily polluted one.
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Kumar, Sumant, Absar Ahmad Kazmi, Narayan Chandra Ghosh, Vinod Kumar, and Ankur Rajpal. "Urban stormwater runoff treatment of Nainital Lake's catchment: an application of ballasted sand flocculation technology." Water Supply 19, no. 4 (August 23, 2018): 1017–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2018.148.
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Abstract Stormwater runoffs are one of the primary causes for deteriorating water quality in the Nainital Lake, India – a prominent tourist attraction and the sole drinking water source for the habitants of Nainital City. Treatment of fluctuating runoffs and contaminant influxes before mixing with the lake's water by conventional methods would require a large land footprint, which is a big constraint in the Nainital because of the hilly region. Ballasted sand flocculation (BSF) technology requires much less land footprint; a full-scale 1 MLD capacity pilot plant was applied for treatment of stormwater runoffs of the Nainital Lake. Twenty-eight storm events were monitored for runoff characterization and for evaluating the performance of BSF technology. The runoff water showed marked variation especially for total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total coliform (TC) and fecal coliform (FC) with maximum concentrations of 964 mg/l, 2.35 mg/l, 520 mg/l, 299 mg/l, 21 × 105 MPN/100 ml and 14 × 104 MPN/100 ml. The performance analyses results of the pilot plant revealed that the contaminants including trace metals in the stormwater runoff were reduced appreciably and the pollutant removal efficiencies were found to be largely unaffected by fluctuation of the influent contaminants' concentration.
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Gao, Ruizhong, Fengling Li, Xixi Wang, Tingxi Liu, and Dandan Du. "Temporal variations of runoff in a rapidly urbanizing semi-arid Chinese watershed." Journal of Water and Climate Change 7, no. 3 (February 9, 2016): 578–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2016.017.
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Rapid urbanization on streamflows may directly affect or be restricted by the sustainability of local water resources. This is particularly true for arid/semiarid areas such as the Wulanmulun River watershed in the rapidly-developing Ordos region of north central China. From 1997 to 2012, the gross domestic product (GDP) of the region increased fifty-fold, while the urban area grew by a factor of ten. This study fused multiple-source data on land use, hydrometeorology, and socioeconomics to examine temporal variations in the runoff due to climate change and urbanization. The results revealed that for the Wulanmulun River watershed, the runoff decreased consistently over the study period, with an inflection point around 2005. The average runoff from 2006 to 2012 was much smaller than that from 1997 to 2005, regardless of time scale; although the precipitation also fluctuated from 1997 to 2012, it exhibited no significant trend. From 1997–2005 to 2006–2012, both the urbanized area and GDP increased eight-fold while the population increased by 20%. Thus, urbanization rather than climate change is likely the major reason for the decrease in runoff after 2005. For the study watershed, low impact development practices (e.g. rain barrels) may need to be implemented during urbanization to achieve sustainable management of water resources.
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Liu, Wen, Qi Feng, Weiping Chen, and Wei Wei. "Assessing the runoff retention of extensive green roofs using runoff coefficients and curve numbers and the impacts of substrate moisture." Hydrology Research 51, no. 4 (July 13, 2020): 635–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2020.167.
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Abstract In this study, rainfall-runoff data of four green roofs with varying structural configurations under dry and wet substrates were analyzed to acquire the effective estimation for Runoff Coefficient (Cv) and Curve Number (CN) parameters. Results showed that for the dry and wet substrates, averaged runoff retention of vegetated green roofs varied from 34.7 to 48.5% and from 14.7 to 30.6%, that for bare green roofs was 64.9 and 35.1%, respectively. For dry and wet substrates, mean Cv of vegetated green roofs was 0.58 and 0.75, respectively. For vegetated green roofs under the wet substrate, average CN values ranged from 96 to 98, meanwhile for dry substrate, average CN varied from 93 to 97. For bare green roof, average CN was 93 for dry substrate and 97 for wet substrate. Predicted runoff using the SCS-CN method exhibited a good linear fit with the observed runoff of green roofs. A significantly positive relationship was found between initial substrate moisture and runoff coefficient as well as CNs. The drier initial substrate moisture conditions corresponded to the lower runoff coefficient and curve numbers. These results would facilitate the proper use of estimated Cv and CN values of green roofs for urban stormwater management in a semi-arid region.
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Akther, Musa, Jianxun He, Angus Chu, Jian Huang, and Bert van Duin. "A Review of Green Roof Applications for Managing Urban Stormwater in Different Climatic Zones." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (August 13, 2018): 2864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082864.
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Many regions have turned to low impact development technologies (LIDs), which are implemented to restore the changes in stormwater runoff that have resulted from urbanization. Green roofs are one typical type of LID. Until now, many studies have validated their roles in managing urban stormwater runoff. However, they have also revealed that the performance of green roofs largely varies with their design configuration, as well as their hydro-climatic exposure. The objectives of this review paper are to statistically synthesize the effects of the influential factors, including design and hydrologic variables, on green roof performance and to explore their effects in different climatic zones. The review’s results confirm the differences in the influential variables and, thus, the performance of green roofs in different climatic zones. These are the barriers to knowledge translation among engineering designers, stormwater managers, and policymakers in different climatic zones when implementing green roofs. Consequently, region- or site-specific studies are necessary to implement green roofs with confidence.
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Mohamed, E. S., M. A. Abdellatif, Sameh Kotb Abd-Elmabod, and M. M. N. Khalil. "Estimation of surface runoff using NRCS curve number in some areas in northwest coast, Egypt." E3S Web of Conferences 167 (2020): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016702002.
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The sustainable agricultural development in the northwest coast of Egypt suffers constantly from the effects of surface runoff. Moreover, there is an urgent need by decision makers to know the effects of runoff. So the aim of this work is to integrate remote sensing and field data and the natural resource conservation service curve number model (NRCS-CN).using geographic information systems (GIS) for spatial evaluation of surface runoff .CN approach to assessment the effect of patio-temporal variations of different soil types as well as potential climate change impact on surface runoff. DEM was used to describe the effects of slope variables on water retention and surface runoff volumes. In addition the results reflects that the magnitude of surface runoff is associated with CN values using NRCS-CN model . The average of water retention ranging between 2.5 to 3.9m the results illustrated that the highest value of runoff is distinguished around the urban area and its surrounding where it ranged between 138 - 199 mm. The results show an increase in the amount of surface runoff to 199 mm when rainfall increases 200 mm / year. The north of the area may be exposed to erosion hazards more than the south and a change in the soil quality may occur in addition to the environmental imbalance in the region.
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Liu, Qiming, Jingni Zeng, Hongyan Wu, Qiangqiang Rong, Wencong Yue, and Meirong Su. "Characteristics of runoff pollution in a highly urbanized region: A case study in the Dongguan City." E3S Web of Conferences 236 (2021): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123603004.
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Urban runoff pollution has become one of the major sources of water pollution. Rapid urbanization process in China has led to a significant increase in the pollution loads, which has posed great threats on the regional water environmental safety. Thus, it is of great importance to systematically analyse the characteristics of runoff pollution in some typical highly urbanized regions. Taking the Dongguan City in South China as the study area, output and spatial characteristics of the pollution emissions were investigated through a GIS-based empirical model. The results showed that the annual pollution loads of chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids (SS), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) exported from the city were approximately 338489, 613175, 28292 and 2824 t/a, respectively. In particular, the Songshan Lake Area in the city had the largest pollution loads, while the Water Town New Area had the least. In terms of pollution export fluxes unit area, they were highest in the Central Downtown Area (i.e. 2124, 3450, 145 and 16 kg/hm2 a for COD, SS, TN and TP, respectively) and relatively lower in the Southeastern Bordering Shenzhen Area. Enhancing the environmental management and improving the public environmental protection awareness are necessary for mitigating runoff pollution.
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Grynkiewicz, M., Ż. Polkowska, and J. Namieśnik. "Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in bulk precipitation and runoff waters in an urban region (Poland)." Atmospheric Environment 36, no. 2 (January 2002): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(01)00266-7.
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