Journal articles on the topic 'Gifts'
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Rim, SoYon, Kate E. Min, Peggy J. Liu, Tanya L. Chartrand, and Yaacov Trope. "The Gift of Psychological Closeness: How Feasible Versus Desirable Gifts Reduce Psychological Distance to the Giver." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 45, no. 3 (July 20, 2018): 360–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167218784899.
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Gift-giving is a common form of social exchange but little research has examined how different gift types affect the psychological distance between giver and recipient. We examined how two types of gifts influence recipients’ perceived psychological distance to the giver. Specifically, we compared desirable gifts focused on the quality of the gift with feasible gifts focused on the gift’s practicality or ease of use. We found that feasible (vs. desirable) gifts led recipients to feel psychologically closer to givers (Studies 1-4). Further clarifying the process by which receiving a desirable versus feasible gift affects perceived distance, when recipients were told that the giver focused on the gift’s practicality or ease of use (vs. the gift’s overall quality), while holding the specific features of the gifts constant, they felt closer to the gift-giver (Study 5). These results shed light on how different gifts can influence interpersonal relationships.
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Patel, Richard M., and Raquel Miller. "When a Patient Presents With a Present: Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment of Gifts Given to Psychiatrists." Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry 13, no. 3 (2012): 209–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1559-4343.13.3.209.
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Objective: This article reviews the issue of patients giving gifts to psychiatrists and mental health providers. Method: Anonymous survey of 100 academic psychiatrists measured prevalence of receiving gifts, type and estimated dollar value of gifts given, and psychiatrists’ reactions to gifts. Case vignettes illustrate clinical situations associated with gift giving and how failure to recognize motivation of gift giving may lead to situations requiring immediate intervention. Results: 71% of psychiatrists surveyed received (were offered & accepted) at least one gift in prior year (average 0.36 per month and 3.6 per year; $11.40 average [estimated] amount per gift). Group comparisons achieving at least a p < 0.05 significance: outpatient psychiatrists received gifts twice as often as inpatient, female and outpatient groups’ gifts were estimated as more expensive, a positive correlation was found between psychiatrists receiving gifts and psychiatrists giving a positive response to gifts, there was significantly more negative responses to high cost gifts (>$100) than to low cost (<$20), and outpatient psychiatrists reported interpreting gift’s meaning more often than inpatient. Conclusions: Psychiatrists are commonly offered and accept gifts from patients. Gifts communicate patient information and response to treatment. Although the act of gift giving sends important data to the receiving psychiatrist, including boundary violation issues, there are no agreed upon guidelines regarding how to respond. Future study should explore the meanings and appropriateness of a gift regarding type, cost, timing, frequency, intent, as well as how providers can respond to the gesture.
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Ding, Yu, and Yan Zhang. "Hiding Gifts Behind the Veil of Vouchers: On the Effect of Gift Vouchers Versus Direct Gifts in Conditional Promotions." Journal of Marketing Research 57, no. 4 (April 27, 2020): 739–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022243720916753.
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To boost sales, marketers often conduct promotions that offer gifts conditional on the purchase of a focal product. Such promotions can present gifts in different formats: customers could be informed that they will receive a gift directly or that they will receive a voucher entitling them to a gift. Normatively speaking, the two formats are equivalent, as a voucher’s value is identical to that of the gift it represents. Yet this article suggests that promotion format (voucher vs. direct gift) influences consumers’ intention to purchase the focal product. Five lab experiments and one field experiment reveal that, compared with presenting a gift directly, introducing a voucher attenuates the influence of gift value on purchase decisions, decreasing purchase intentions for promotions offering high-value gifts but increasing purchase intentions for promotions offering low-value gifts. This effect occurs because vouchers break the direct association between the focal product and the gift, reducing people’s tendency to compare the gift’s value with the focal product’s value. The effect observed can be attenuated by increasing the salience of gift value.
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Kube, Sebastian, Michel André Maréchal, and Clemens Puppe. "The Currency of Reciprocity: Gift Exchange in the Workplace." American Economic Review 102, no. 4 (June 1, 2012): 1644–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.4.1644.
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What determines reciprocity in employment relations? We conducted a controlled field experiment to measure the extent to which monetary and nonmonetary gifts affect workers' performance. We find that nonmonetary gifts have a much stronger impact than monetary gifts of equivalent value. We also observe that when workers are offered the choice, they prefer receiving money, but reciprocate as if they received a nonmonetary gift. This result is consistent with the common saying, “it's the thought that counts.” We underline this point by showing that monetary gifts can effectively trigger reciprocity if the employer invests more time and effort into the gift's presentation.
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Gerharz, Elmar W. "Gifts und Gifte." Uro-News 25, no. 11 (November 2021): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00092-021-4731-y.
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Xia, Huatian. "Historical Evolution of Gift Diplomacy from Ancient to Modern Times." Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management 4, no. 2 (July 7, 2022): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/fbem.v4i2.791.
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Giving gifts is indispensable in diplomatic etiquette. The exchange of gifts can enhance friendship between the two countries or convey deep-seated intentions. With the development of society, diplomatic gifts are no longer antiques but more symbolic goods. Diplomatic gifts are defined from sociology, and the historical evolution of gift diplomacy is explored from the tributary system, the transformation of participants, and gift ontology. Through analysis, it is found that ancient gift diplomacy focuses on reflecting national strength and has hierarchical differences. The gift is given in the name of Nagong by the conquered. With the development of society and the weakening of hierarchy, modern diplomacy pursues equality. The country maintains friendly relations between countries through gift exchange. Diplomatic gifts usually have symbolic meaning, artistic value, and emotional value, and gift selection is increasingly flexible. Animals also become the common diplomatic gifts, such as China’s pandas, Japan’s dogs, and Russia’s cats.
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Hudik, Marek, and Eddy S. Fang. "Money or in-kind gift? Evidence from red packets in China." Journal of Institutional Economics 16, no. 5 (November 6, 2019): 731–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137419000717.
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AbstractIn Western societies, in-kind gifts are generally more common than money gifts. However, exchange of in-kind gifts potentially involves inefficiency. Several models have been suggested to explain the in-kind gift-giving practice as a rational behaviour under certain assumptions about givers’ preferences and information and/or technological constraints. Unlike many Western societies, China has a long tradition of money gift-giving. So-called red packets are commonly exchanged. We argue that models developed to rationalise Western norms of gift-giving cannot fully account for Chinese gift-giving practices, and some Chinese practices even contradict existing theories. We collect Chinese household data through two surveys to establish stylised facts about gift-giving. We find that money gifts are commonly appropriate, depending on the occasion and relationship between givers and receivers. Moreover, for every occasion and relationship, money is more appropriate than gift vouchers. Finally, unlike studies focusing on Western gift-giving, our study finds no evidence that givers need to compensate receivers with higher value when giving money gifts rather than in-kind gifts. Our results are consistent with the view that the acceptability of money vis-à-vis in-kind gifts is governed primarily by social convention rather than information and technological constraints or the specific preferences of givers.
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Marchand, André, Michael Paul, Thorsten Hennig-Thurau, and Georg Puchner. "How Gifts Influence Relationships With Service Customers and Financial Outcomes for Firms." Journal of Service Research 20, no. 2 (December 14, 2016): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1094670516682091.
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Service companies invest billions of dollars to develop and maintain long-term customer relationships by offering corporate gifts. Yet several questions remain regarding such relationship marketing instruments: What impact do different kinds of gifts have on customers? Which perceptions allow gifts to affect customer behavior? What financial outcomes do these gifts imply for firms? To answer these questions, the authors use data from 1,950 airline customers—combining a longitudinal field experiment with internal customer database information—and explore the effects of different gift designs on customer perceptions and actual spending behavior. The experiment manipulates four gift designs (economic related/unrelated; social related/unrelated) and measures customer perceptions and behavior at different points in time. Multivariate analyses of covariance (MANCOVAs) and spotlight analyses reveal that the congruent combinations of economic related and social unrelated gift dimensions have the strongest effects on customer perceptions of relationship investment. Serial mediation analyses further reveal that the impact of gifts on customer spending is fully mediated by customer perceptions of perceived relationship investment and repurchase intention. Economic related gifts produce the highest contribution margins. Service managers may use these findings to design effective gifts and management processes (e.g., gift success tracking).
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Barker, William. "The Gifts of Erasmus." Erasmus Studies 43, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 28–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18749275-04301007.
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Abstract The article is a short introduction to the life-long gift-practice of Erasmus—the gifts he received, the gifts he gave, and the symbolic and moral meaning of the gift cycle of reception, gratitude, and reciprocation that pertained to a wide range of exchanges—from small objects to casks of wine to large gifts of money. His book dedications also belonged to that same gift cycle. His management of gifts was driven in part by necessity, as he needed funds and sometimes protection in order to pursue his studies and writing outside the normal framework of institutional structures. Gifts were a sign of his capacity to flourish within the community of friends (and donors) that he was able to draw around himself.
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Limanto, Susana, Vincentius Riandaru Prasetyo, and Ni Wayan Gitaputri. "Gift Recommendations Based on Personality Using Fuzzy and Big Five Personality Test." Jurnal RESTI (Rekayasa Sistem dan Teknologi Informasi) 6, no. 6 (December 29, 2022): 987–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.29207/resti.v6i6.4507.
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Gifts are usually given to someone to strengthen a relationship or to motivate someone. However, givers often need help determining the appropriate gift for the potential recipient. On the other hand, many recipients are disappointed with the gifts received. This event can result in the relationship between the giver and recipient being disrupted or the motivational goal not being achieved. This research aims to develop a system to recommend gifts based on the recipient's personality. Gift recommendation is determined based on the recipient's personality because the recipient highly values gifts that match the recipient's personality. The system is built using the Fuzzy method, and the personality measurement tool used is the Big Five Personality Test. Fifteen pairs of respondents validated the system. The validation results show that 80% of respondents as gift-givers strongly agree that the system helps determine the appropriate gift for someone. In addition, 73.33% of respondents as gift recipients strongly agree that the gifts recommended by the system do not disappoint them.
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Maréchal, Michel André, and Christian Thöni. "Hidden Persuaders: Do Small Gifts Lubricate Business Negotiations?" Management Science 65, no. 8 (August 2019): 3877–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2018.3113.
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Gift-giving customs are ubiquitous in social, political, and business life. Legal regulation and industry guidelines for gifts are often based on the assumption that large gifts potentially influence behavior and create conflicts of interest, but small gifts do not. However, scientific evidence on the impact of small gifts on business relationships is scarce. We conducted a natural field experiment in collaboration with sales agents of a multinational consumer products company to study the influence of small gifts on the outcome of business negotiations. We find that small gifts matter. On average, sales representatives generate more than twice as much revenue when they distribute a small gift at the onset of their negotiations. However, we also find that small gifts tend to be counterproductive when purchasing and sales agents meet for the first time, suggesting that the nature of the business relationship crucially affects the profitability of gifts. This paper was accepted by John List, behavioral economics.
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White, Paul, and Natalie Hamrick. "Understanding the tangible gifts language of appreciation." Strategic HR Review 18, no. 5 (October 14, 2019): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/shr-03-2019-0023.
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Purpose Businesses are spending billions of dollars on recognition rewards with the intent of boosting employee engagement, job satisfaction, and ultimately, their bottom line. However, employee engagement is at an all-time low. The purpose of this study was designed to take a step back to understand if there are demographic differences that influence personal preferences for tangible gifts as their preferred language of appreciation and of those who prefer to receive gifts, what types of gifts are most valued. Design/methodology/approach This study compared the demographics of those who selected tangible gifts as their primary (N = 8,811), secondary (N = 14,827) or least valued (N = 108,586) language of appreciation (motivating by appreciation inventory, White, 2011). From those with tangible gifts as their primary language of appreciation, 500 were randomly selected to code their open-ended suggestions for a preferred gift. Findings There are no important factors across the demographics of gender, age or work setting that influence whether individuals are more or less likely to choose tangible gifts as their primary, secondary or least valued language of appreciation. Respondents identified gift cards, additional paid time off and gifts related to desired personal experiences as their top gift choices. Originality/value When giving gifts to colleagues, discovering individuals’ personal preferences (favorite store, restaurant, ticketed event, food, drink and lunch option) is more likely to result in a gift that “hits the mark” in showing appreciation to the recipient.
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Spaid, Sue. "Enacting Gifts: Performances on Par with Art Experiences." Aesthetic Investigations 5, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 64–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.58519/aesthinv.v5i1.11775.
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Given the coterie of philosophers focused on everyday aesthetics, it's fascinating that gift reception has heretofore managed to escape their scrutiny. To enact a gift, recipients begin by imagining its use. On this level, gifts serve as a litmus test. In luring us, we're taken out of our normal ways of being to experience a different side of ourselves. Enacting a gift is thus a kind of performance, whose value depends on the donee’s interpretation, just as exhibitions, concerts, staged plays or books are performances of visual art, scores, scripts or texts, whose interpretations demonstrate their aesthetic value. To develop the relationship between enacting gifts and performing artworks, I begin by surveying junctures along the gift-event’s arc: reply, imagination, trust, recognition, transformation and memory. Transformations arising from agonistic gifts strike me as significant because they characterise the way gifts challenge our beliefs, eventually altering our values. That we grow to love gifts, which we originally rejected out of hand, casts doubt on self-knowledge. Enacted gifts handily challenge self-knowledge’s twin features: authority and transparency. As this paper indicates, gift reception helps both to understand ourselves better and to remove the obstacles to what Quassim Cassim calls Substantive Self-Knowledge.
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Burk, Katie. "Foundation News: How SEG Foundation donors make a real difference." Leading Edge 40, no. 12 (December 2021): 872–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle40120872.1.
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Billions of dollars are raised every year to support great causes and to help millions of people through small personal gifts. Many nonprofits have been sustained primarily by the growth of small gifts, and the cash volume of online gifts in the United States reached a record level in 2020. Gifts of any size are worth much more than just the monetary value. The gift itself generates more gifts. Giving is driven by momentum, and nothing can create and grow momentum like small gifts.
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Song, Reo, Risto Moisio, and Moon Young Kang. "Capitalizing on the spirit of giving: seeding virtual gift purchases in online social networks." European Journal of Marketing 55, no. 6 (February 17, 2021): 1724–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-01-2019-0046.
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Purpose Virtual gifts have emerged as a common feature of online communities, social gaming and social networks. This paper aims to examine how network-related variables and gift-seeding impact virtual gift sales. The network variables include gift-giver centrality and gift-giving dispersion, capturing, respectively, the relative importance of gift-givers in a network and their tendency to give gifts to a greater or lesser number of network peers. Gift-seeding tactics capture social network firms’ attempts to stimulate virtual gift purchases by awarding virtual gifts to network members. Design/methodology/approach This study develops and estimates a fixed-effects panel data regression model to analyze virtual gift purchase data for a large social network service. Findings Gift-giver centrality, gift-giving dispersion and gift-seeding increase virtual gift purchases. Increases in consumers’ receipt of seed gifts from social network firms (“direct seeding”) and from other consumers (“indirect seeding”) increases virtual gift purchases. However, the extent to which consumers give seed gifts to their friends in the social network (“seed mediation”) does not affect sales. Greater gift-giver centrality amplifies (attenuates) the positive effects of direct (indirect) seeding. At greater levels of gift-giving dispersion, the effects of indirect seeding and seed mediation become negative. Furthermore, gift-seeding has spillover effects on virtual good (non-gift) purchases. Research limitations/implications This study’s data, drawn from a South Korean social network service, offer unique and valuable social network information on actual virtual gift purchases and their seeding. Future research should replicate the results of the study outside the South Korean context. Practical implications Given the effects reported in this study, social network firms can facilitate the purchases of virtual gifts by improving the targeting of consumers in social networks and gift-seeding tactics. Originality/value This study uniquely examines the individual and interactive effects of network-related variables and gift-seeding on virtual gift sales. The study is seminal in its examination of how gift-seeding can be used as a marketing tactic to increase virtual gift purchases.
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Hayward, Maria. "Gift Giving at the Court of Henry VIII: the 1539 New Year's Gift Roll in Context." Antiquaries Journal 85 (September 2005): 126–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500074382.
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The exchange of gifts at the New Year was a very significant social, political and financial event at the court of Henry VIII, just as it would have been at the courts of his English predecessors and European contemporaries. The process of gift exchange, including who made, received and gave gifts, was recorded each year in the gift roll. This article presents a detailed analysis of the 1539 gift roll, now in the Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington, DC, in the context of the other extant rolls for 1528, 1532 and 1534. Areas for discussion include a consideration of the range and significance of the gifts given and received by Henry and the role of the goldsmiths who made the king's gifts, including the weight, style and shape of the pieces commissioned. The article is supported by a full transcript of the 1539 gift roll, which is accompanied by extensive references comparing this gift roll to the other surviving gift rolls.
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Stinson, Jeffrey, and Dennis Howard. "Athletic Giving and Academic Giving: Exploring the Value of SPLIT Donors." Journal of Sport Management 24, no. 6 (November 2010): 744–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.24.6.744.
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This study introduces and explores the value of SPLIT donors (donors making gifts to both academic and athletic programs at educational institutions). Detailed empirical records of donor giving to three NCAA Division I institutions establish that significant value of SPLIT donors to educational institutions. In the short term, SPLIT donors give higher total average gifts than donors making athletics-only gifts. In the long-term, SPLIT donors are retained at a higher rate than donors making academics-only gifts. The combination of gift size and retention rate maximizes the lifetime value of SPLIT donors to the institution. However, despite having higher lifetime value to the institution, there may be a disincentive for athletic programs to cultivate SPLIT donors. While the average total gifts of SPLIT donors are higher than the average gifts of their counterparts supporting only athletic programs, their average gift to athletics is lower.
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Adla, Ludivine, Virginie Gallego-Roquelaure, and Ludivine Calamel. "Human resource management and innovation in SMEs." Personnel Review 49, no. 8 (December 18, 2019): 1519–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pr-09-2018-0328.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss the relation between human resource management (HRM) and innovation in small to medium size enterprises (SMEs) through gift/counter-gift exchanges. Design/methodology/approach Using the theory of the gift/counter-gift, the authors study the case of a French SME, specifically, a technological innovation project developed from 2013 to 2016. The authors structure the data and create a model using the Gioia method. Findings The results reveal that the logic of giving evolves in three key stages: freeing up gifts, mobilizing gifts and rethinking gifts. Originality/value These stages highlight the importance of an enabling organizational environment, gift/counter-gift relationships and the role of a number of HRM practices.
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Huang, Li-Chun, and Yen-Chun Lin. "Who Decides to Give a Gift of Fresh Flowers? The Effects of Givers and Receivers on the Likelihood of Buying Fresh Flowers for Gifts." HortScience 50, no. 7 (July 2015): 1028–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.7.1028.
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As gifts are an important market sector for selling fresh flowers, this study investigated the effects of the characteristics associated with the dyads of givers and receivers on the probability of buying fresh flowers as gifts. Based on the theory of gift giving, several factors were hypothesized to influence the probability of buying fresh flowers as gifts, including givers’ financial capability and the perceived gift values of flowers, as well as knowledge of receiver’s needs, preferences, and difficulty to please. A self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted to test the hypotheses. Results of the statistical analysis based on 394 valid questionnaires revealed that the perceived gift values of flowers, i.e., the economic value, functional value, social value, and expressive value, were the most important factors for the consumer decision of whether to buy fresh flowers as gifts. However, different gift values were emphasized for fresh flowers across different relational ties. For example, economic value was the key value when the receivers were parents, whereas social value and expressive value were emphasized when the receivers were romantic partners. Different from many previous studies, this study revealed that financial capability did not influence the likelihood of givers deciding to purchase fresh flowers for gifts. The study results implied that when promoting fresh flowers for gift use, the gift values of fresh flowers need to be emphasized to consumers.
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Astuti, Luh Suti, and Marlinda Fitriani Bara. "Fungsi Karunia Roh Kudus dalam Pelayanan Gereja Digital Berdasarkan 1 Korintus 12:1-11." Jurnal Kala Nea 3, no. 1 (June 29, 2022): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.61295/kalanea.v3i1.98.
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This paper reviews the gift of the Holy Spirit in 1 Corinthians 12:1-11. The method used in writing this topic is a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. The role and function of the Holy Spirit based on 1 Corinthians 12: 1-11 is to enlighten believers in preaching the gospel. The purpose of the gift of the Holy Spirit is to help in the ministry of the Digital Church and to show that the power of God is more dominant than the powers of the universe. In preaching the gospel, the function of the gifts of the Holy Spirit has a very important role. Preaching the Gospel is the Great Commission of Jesus Christ, and the responsibility of believers. The purpose of this paper is to explain how the gifts of the spirit function in the ministry of the church in digital. In 1 Corinthians 12: 1-11 the Apostle Paul further explains how about healing in the church? In 1 Corinthians 12 there is an answer from Paul to the Corinthians' question about the gifts of the Spirit. There are various kinds of gifts: the gift of healing, the gift of prophecy, the gift of discernment of spirits, and the gift of tongues. These gifts are given for the purpose of assisting, helping and facilitating the ministry of preaching the gospel of the Kingdom of God.
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Schneider, David. "The Gift of Gadgetry [Gifts." IEEE Spectrum 47, no. 11 (November 2010): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mspec.2010.5605883.
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Heimerl, Daniel, Pavla Dudová, Karoline Wacker, Elisa Schenkel, Garance Despréaux, and Cristina Tuni. "Adult sex ratio and male body condition affect alternative reproductive tactics in a spider." Behavioral Ecology 33, no. 1 (December 3, 2021): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arab138.
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Abstract Biases in adult sex ratios can alter the intensity of sexual selection by enhancing competition for mates. Under intense competition males increase their investment in behaviors to outcompete rivals (e.g., fighting). Yet, given that in male-biased environments mating opportunities are rare males may alternatively reduce costly courtship and/or adopt alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs). Males of the spider Pisaura mirabilis adopt different mating tactics, offering females genuine nuptial gifts (prey), nutritionally worthless gifts (prey leftovers), or no gifts. To test whether behavioral shifts between gift tactics are triggered by changes in the competitive environment, we established replicate spider populations under natural conditions at varying adult sex ratios (male-biased, female-biased and equal) and sampled gift tactics repeatedly over time. We additionally explored how male individual traits, such as body size and condition, affect the expression of ARTs. In male-biased populations males produced more gifts but of low quality, suggesting competition to trigger increased mating effort to ensure mate acquisition and fertilizations, but through a worthless gift tactic. Production of gifts and of genuine gifts was favored by high body condition, pointing to energetic limitations as being central for male reproductive capacity. We hence highlight two co-existing mechanisms at play to explain ARTs in this system, the competitive social environment where expression of gift tactics is based on optimal-decision making to overcome competition, and a conditional strategy linked to the individual’s energetic state.
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Williams, Dylan P., and Patrick Tutka. "Save the Gold Watch Receipt: An Analysis of the Gift Tax on Athlete Retirement Gifts." Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport 29, no. 2 (August 21, 2019): 171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/23239.
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The retirement of professional athletes is an emotional and complex decision for competitors who dedicate their lives to a particular sport. It is common for professional teams, leagues, and other athletes to celebrate the careers of stellar professional athletes with charitable gestures and gifts. However, these gifts can create a financial burden when one is required to pay the gift tax on the item’s value. The purpose of this study is to detail the rules, history, and application of Internal Revenue Code (IRC) Section (§) 102, which could tax athletes who give and receive gifts. Athletes should be cautious when giving gifts, as amounts exceeding the annual and lifetime exclusion limits can trigger the gift tax, causing future complications for decedents with the estate tax. Teams should also explicitly state their lack of a detached and disinterested generosity when honoring an athlete, as the gifts provided are considered taxable compensation.
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Neumann, Iver B. "Diplomatic Gifts as Ordering Devices." Hague Journal of Diplomacy 16, no. 1 (February 8, 2021): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1871191x-bja10061.
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Summary This conclusion to the forum on diplomatic gifts goes on to note two historical types of such gifts. They are, first, fostering of a royal child at another royal court and, second, royal and noble marriage exchanges. Using these examples as a stepping stone, this essay goes on to formulate a co-ordination system of giver and receiver assessments of gift value, ranging from low to high. This yields four types of gifts: personalised gifts (low value to giver, high value to receiver); unique gifts (high value to both parties); culturally irrelevant gifts (high value to giver, low value to receiver) and fluff (low value to both parties). The essay hypothesises that polities that approach one another in a situation of contacts with low density will tend to aim for unique gifts, while polities whose relations are dense will aim for gifts that are of equal value to both parties.
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Alwadani, Neef, and Khaled Aljaaidi. "The impact of corruption on auditor independence: The case of gifts and discounts." International Journal of Public Policy and Administration Research 11, no. 2 (April 9, 2024): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/74.v11i2.3711.
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This study investigates the correlation between auditors' acceptance of gifts and discounts (AGD) and the potential undermining of auditor independence, akin to bribery. Bribery usually encompasses the exchange of valuable items, such as money, gifts, or favors, in return for influence or favors. Both "gifts" and "discounts" have the potential to constitute bribery, depending on the circumstances. Therefore, in specific contexts, the giving or receiving of gifts and discounts might be viewed as bribery if their intention is to unduly influence someone's actions or decisions. This study comprises a final sample of 62 audit firms in Saudi Arabia. The simple regression results highlight a significant negative correlation between auditors' perceptions of accepting gifts and discounts, and their independence. The act of receiving gifts and benefits establishes a close tie between auditors and their clients, influencing auditors’ behavior. The study suggests that the higher the value of a gift or benefit, the more pronounced the threat to auditor independence. Furthermore, even minimal gift and discount arrangements have a significant impact on auditor independence. The insights gained from this study can be of substantial value to the accounting and auditing professions, audit firms, standards setters, and auditing regulators, fostering a deeper understanding of the degree to which gifts and discounts affect auditor independence.
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Zaharov, M., I. Starovoytova, and Anastasiya Shishkova. "Social Gift as an Act of Communication: the Problem of Digitalization." Scientific Research and Development. Modern Communication Studies 9, no. 3 (May 28, 2020): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2587-9103-2020-17-22.
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Based on the study of modern domestic and foreign literature, the article reveals a variety of methodological approaches to the phenomenon of social gifting. The structure, essence, stages and functions of the gift act are analyzed. It is shown that a social gift is a non-verbal means of communication, a carrier of encoded information about the gift giver, the gift acceptor and the gift situation itself, aimed at establishing, maintaining and strengthening long-term social ties. The informational and symbolic effects of gift are disclosed, it is said about the change in the communication properties of a gift in modern society. The authors of the article showed that in a communication society, along with the positive aspects of social donation (ease of transmission, high level of emotionality, high social impact, etc.), negative aspects are also inevitable: an increase in the moment of uncertainty, non-guaranteed positivity of the consequences of the gift. The analysis of new forms of social gift: virtual gifts, digital gifts, gifts through social networks — is of particular interest. The authors investigate the new social risks of such gifts: insufficient privacy, excessive openness, the danger of losing the national-cultural component of the gift act, etc. The article is of great interest to all who study social transformations taking place in a communication society.
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Chao, Matthew. "Intentions-Based Reciprocity to Monetary and Non-Monetary Gifts." Games 9, no. 4 (September 28, 2018): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g9040074.
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Social preference models emphasize that perceived intentions motivate reciprocity. However, laboratory tests of this theory typically manipulate perceived intentions through changes in wealth resulting from a sacrifice in pay by another. There is little evidence on whether reciprocity occurs in response to perceived intentions alone, independent of concurrent changes in pay and giver sacrifice (and any associated guilt from that sacrifice). This paper addresses this gap in the literature by implementing a modified dictator game where gifts to dictators are possible, but where gift transactions are also stochastically prevented by nature. This leads to instances of observed gift-giving intentions that yield no sacrifice or change in outcomes. In addition, this study uses both monetary and non-monetary gifts; previous studies typically use only monetary incentives, even though real-world applications of this literature often involve non-monetary incentives such as business or marketing gifts. The results show that on average, dictators reciprocated strongly to just the intention to give a gift, and they also reciprocated similarly to both monetary and non-monetary gifts. These results are consistent with intentions-based models of social preferences and with much of the marketing literature on business gifts.
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Huang, Huiqing, Yuzhuo Zhang, Jieyu Lv, Tong Jiang, Xi Zhang, Xuhai Chen, and Yangmei Luo. "Laypeople’s Belief of the Influence of Thank-You Gifts on Charitable Giving." Social Psychology 52, no. 6 (November 2021): 331–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000461.
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Abstract. Although offering gifts to encourage prosocial behaviors is a popular daily strategy, its underlying mechanism remains unknown. This study investigated the effect of thank-you gifts on charitable giving in laypeople’s beliefs ( N = 1,293). Study 1 showed that laypeople believe thank-you gifts increase charitable giving. Study 2 found that laypeople believe thank-you gifts increase both charitable giving and positive emotions of donors. Study 3 further showed that laypeople’s anticipation of donors’ emotional gain might play a mediating role in the effect of thank-you gifts on charitable giving. Study S1 found that participants’ donated amounts in the benefit-to-others thank-you gifts condition exceeded other conditions on actual donation behavior. These findings emphasize the emotional value of the gift in laypeople’s beliefs.
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Kim, Yeji, and Lana Chung. "Text Mining Analysis of Holiday Food Gifts According to Periodic Changes." Foodservice Management Society of Korea 26, no. 4 (August 31, 2023): 239–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.47584/jfm.2023.26.4.239.
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This study aimed to examine the overall trends of holiday food gifts and understand the changes in holiday food gifts according to contemporary changes, as well as determine the correlation between contemporary background factors and holiday food gifts. Newspaper articles related to holiday food gifts from 1930 to 2022 were collected to classify them by historical time periods, and word frequency analysis and TF-IDF analysis were conducted. The analysis results shed light on how the cultural element of holiday food gifts has been changing in Korean society. The trend changes in holiday food gifts were found to have a deep association with contemporary changes and also impact consumers' perception and consumption patterns. These research findings serve as an opportunity to reconsider the meaning and value of holiday food gifts in Korean society and further provide guidance for consumers and businesses to develop a more meaningful gift-giving culture by considering various perspectives on holiday food gifts.
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Polman, Evan, and Sam J. Maglio. "Mere Gifting: Liking a Gift More Because It Is Shared." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 43, no. 11 (July 20, 2017): 1582–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167217718525.
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We investigated a type of mere similarity that describes owning the same item as someone else. Moreover, we examined this mere similarity in a gift-giving context, whereby givers gift something that they also buy for themselves (a behavior we call “companionizing”). Using a Heiderian account of balancing unit-sentiment relations, we tested whether gift recipients like gifts more when gifts are companionized. Akin to mere ownership, which describes people liking their possessions more merely because they own them, we tested a complementary prediction: whether people like their possessions more merely because others own them too. Thus, in a departure from previous work, we examined a type of similarity based on two people sharing the same material item. We find that this type of sharing causes gift recipients to like their gifts more, and feel closer to gift givers.
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Branco-Illodo, Ines, Teresa Heath, and Caroline Tynan. "“You really shouldn't have!” Coping with failed gift experiences." European Journal of Marketing 54, no. 4 (March 7, 2020): 857–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-05-2018-0309.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine coping approaches used by receivers to deal with failed gift experiences, thereby dealing with misperceptions between givers and receivers that could affect their relationship. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a sequential, multimethod methodology using background questionnaires, online diary method and 27 semi-structured interviews. Findings Receivers cope with failed gift experiences through concealing, disclosing or re-evaluating the gift experience. These approaches encompass several coping strategies, allowing receivers to deal with their experiences in ways that help them manage their relationships with givers. Research limitations/implications Informants described gift experiences in their own terms without being prompted to talk about coping, thus some insights of coping with failed gifts may have been missed. Multiple data collection methods were used to minimise this limitation, and the research findings suggest new avenues for future research. Practical implications The present research helps retailers and brands to minimise gift failure by promoting gifts that emphasise aspects of the giver–receiver relationship, assists givers in their learning from gift failure by making them aware of the receiver’s preferences and reduces the cost of gift failure by offering further opportunities to dispose of unwanted gifts. Originality/value This paper contributes to the emerging topic of consumer coping by providing a novel and rounded understanding of coping in the context of failed gift events, identifying new reasons for gift failure, highlighting receivers’ ethical considerations when responding to failed gifts and proposing new insights for the coping literature.
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Makarova, Anna. "Victor Kudryavtsev-Platonov on Spiritual Gifts in the Apostolic Church." Philosophy of Religion: Analytic Researches 8, no. 1 (July 2024): 140–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2587-683x-2024-8-1-140-162.
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The archival text of the Russian religious philosopher, professor of the Moscow Theological Academy Viktor Dmitrievich Kudryavtsev-Platonov (1828–1891) “On extraordinary spiritual gifts in the Apostolic Church” is published; publication is based on a manuscript from the archival collection of Victor Kudryavtsev-Platonov (RSL, F. 823, cardboard 2, storage unit 2). In this early work, Kudryavtsev-Platonov examines and characterizes the “extraordinary gifts of the Holy Spirit” described by the Apostle Paul in 1 Corinthians, notes their differences from the “ordinary gifts of the Holy Spirit”, arranging this consideration according to their significance: the gift of the word of wisdom and the word of knowledge, the gifts of prophecy, discernment of spirits (the first row of spiritual gifts), the gifts of faith, healing, miracles, tongues, interpreting tongues (the second row of spiritual gifts). Among the essential signs of the true gifts of the Holy Spirit, Kudryavtsev-Platonov considers the preservation of the clarity of human consciousness and freedom (during the action of such gifts). The archival publication is preceded by a brief introduction describing the difference between continuationism and cessationism, referring the position of Kudryavtsev-Platonov to the latter.
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Liu, Xingyue, Fumio Hayashi, Laura C. Lavine, and Ding Yang. "Is diversification in male reproductive traits driven by evolutionary trade-offs between weapons and nuptial gifts?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1807 (May 22, 2015): 20150247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0247.
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Many male animals have evolved exaggerated traits that they use in combat with rival males to gain access to females and secure their reproductive success. But some male animals invest in nuptial gifts that gains them access to females. Both these reproductive strategies are costly in that resources are needed to produce the weapon or nuptial gift. In closely related species where both weapons and nuptial gifts are present, little is known about the potential evolutionary trade-off faced by males that have these traits. In this study, we use dobsonflies (order Megaloptera, family Corydalidae, subfamily Corydalinae) to examine the presence and absence of enlarged male weapons versus nuptial gifts within and among species. Many dobsonfly species are sexually dimorphic, and males possess extremely enlarged mandibles that they use in battles, whereas in other species, males produce large nuptial gifts that increase female fecundity. In our study, we show that male accessory gland size strongly correlates with nuptial gift size and that when male weapons are large, nuptial gifts are small and vice versa. We mapped weapons and nuptial gifts onto a phylogeny we constructed of 57 species of dobsonflies. Our among-species comparison shows that large nuptial gift production evolved in many species of dobsonfly but is absent from those with exaggerated weapons. This pattern supports the potential explanation that the trade-off in resource allocation between weapons and nuptial gifts is important in driving the diversity of male mating strategies seen in the dobsonflies, whereas reduced male–male competition in the species producing large spermatophores could be an alternative explanation on their loss of male weapons. Our results shed new light on the evolutionary interplay of multiple sexually selected traits in animals.
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Thomsen, Thyra Uth, and Judith Lynne Zaichkowsky. "Gifting from the closet: thoughtful or thoughtless?" Journal of Consumer Marketing 32, no. 6 (September 14, 2015): 450–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-01-2015-1302.
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Purpose – This study aims to investigate the random collection of items for gifting which are stored in one’s home in a special place. Traditional gift-giving models suggest gift givers buy gifts for certain recipients on certain occasions. This study ' s journey into gift storage finds that some gift-giving practices are initially acquisition-less, recipient-less and/or occasion-less. Design/methodology/approach – Based on a convenience sample of 111, the main functions and motivations for gift storage are described. From a free elicitation process of gift-closet attributes, a first account of the symbolic meanings that gift storage is embedded in is provided. Findings – Seventy-seven per cent per cent of the sample had a gift closet where they stored gifts for which either the occasion or the recipient was not known at the time of acquisition. According to these gift-closet owners, the main purposes of gift closets are convenience, thrift and to have a place for surplus or shopping items. Social implications – While it makes sense to some consumers to prepare for future gift-giving occasions by stockpiling items in gift closets, the results indicate that storage may affect the symbolic value of the gift and, ultimately, the development of social ties. Consumers who gift from the closet believe that there are few negatives involved. However, people who do not have gift closets and receive gifts which they suspect are from storage may perceive a lack of caring and even feel insulted. Originality/value – Due to the unexplored nature of gift storage, the results reported in this paper represent a first exploratory account of gift storage and its possible effects on the relationship-building capacity of gifts.
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Nauryzbek, M. D. "Preventing conflicts of i nterest: the policy of giving and accepting gifts in the civil service." Bulletin of "Turan" University, no. 4 (December 29, 2020): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.46914/1562-2959-2020-1-4-279-285.
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The article raises the issue of conflict of interest and its prevention. The first threat of a conflict of interest in general is a violation of the balance between the personal interests of civil servants and the public interest. And the second risk is that a conflict of interest reduces the level of public trust and confidence in the loyalty and impartiality of public officials. This article analyzes and studies the real form of conflict of interest in Kazakhstan, namely two gift policy options. In particular, the zero gift policy and the limited gift ban policy are the subject of this research. On the one hand, the gift policy may completely prohibit accepting the gifts in order to prevent conflicts of interest. This zero gift policy implies that there is a ban for any gifts, regardless of the price. The establishment of a zero gift policy affects the level of confidence in the government, since citizens know that no factors affect the performance of a civil servant’s work. However, this will significantly restrict the freedom of action of civil servants. On the other hand, the gift policy can determine the rules for accepting the gifts both at workplace and after the work hours. If a gift is permissible, then there is a question of establishing an acceptable price. This means adopting a policy of limited prohibition on gifts and such a policy promotes the development of civil servants' consciousness. As a result, the author suggests a more favorable policy for Kazakhstan.
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Syaidiqi, Ichsan, and Latipah Nasution. "Apakah Mengembalikan Hadiah Hasil Kejahatan, Meniadakan Proses Penyidikan? (Analisis Kasus penerima hadiah Doni Salmanan)." ADALAH 6, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/adalah.v6i2.26915.
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Since the discovery of the fraudulent investment case carried out by Doni Salmanan, law enforcement officers then confiscated the financial assets involved in the case. In addition to the ownership of luxury homes, financial assets in banks, to gifts that were given to a number of public figures. There were also several public figures who then voluntarily returned the gifts to police investigators, but the question arose as to whether returning the items could abolish the ongoing legal process. This paper tries to examine these events from the perspective of criminal law theory, law enforcement, and jurisprudence. Then it was found that returning the goods/gifts resulting from a crime does not necessarily negate or abolish the ongoing legal process, but it can be considered by the judge in deciding the case. In addition, for gifts that are still in the possession of the recipient of the gift, it is possible that the gift will be confiscated by investigators for the sake of investigation.
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Rosik, Mariusz. "Zmartwychwstały Chrystus - źródło zbawczych darów (Łk 24,36-49)." Verbum Vitae 15 (January 14, 2009): 171–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/vv.1513.
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According to Luke’s relation about the chrystophany in the cenacle (Luke 24,36-49) the Risen Lord appeared to the Apostles to transmit to them the gifts which are the results of His resurrection. The reader of this story can easily listed five of these gifts: peace, common meal (which can be understood as the indication of Eucharist), understanding of the Scripture, forgiveness of sins and finally the gift of the Holy Spirit. The locum in which one can receive these salvific gifts is paradoxally one of them: the Eucharist. The participation in the Eucharist opens human hearts to receive the others gifts which are the result of the resurrection.
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Borisova, O. A., and A. A. Romanova. "RITUALIZATION OF GIFT-GIVING AS A PROCESS OF SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION." Вестник Удмуртского университета. Социология. Политология. Международные отношения 7, no. 3 (September 29, 2023): 338–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/10.35634/2587-9030-2023-7-3-338-344.
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The article considers such a type of social interaction as the exchange and giving of gifts. Giving gifts is an important socio-culturally significant aspect of interpersonal relationships. The article uses the method of comparative analysis of sources of sociological information to conceptualize the category of "gift-giving". The attention of researchers is focused on the features of ritualization as a process of social construction. Based on the materials of the empirical study, the existing practices of gift-giving among the youth are considered. The method of questioning through an online survey was used: a questionnaire survey of young people aged 18-29 (n=124). The main motive for giving gifts is any occasion, holiday, or an important event in the life of a young person. According to the data obtained, gift-giving processes show signs of ritual activities.
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Borisova, O. A., and A. A. Romanova. "RITUALIZATION OF GIFT-GIVING AS A PROCESS OF SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION." Вестник Удмуртского университета. Социология. Политология. Международные отношения 7, no. 3 (September 29, 2023): 338–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2587-9030-2023-7-3-338-344.
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The article considers such a type of social interaction as the exchange and giving of gifts. Giving gifts is an important socio-culturally significant aspect of interpersonal relationships. The article uses the method of comparative analysis of sources of sociological information to conceptualize the category of "gift-giving". The attention of researchers is focused on the features of ritualization as a process of social construction. Based on the materials of the empirical study, the existing practices of gift-giving among the youth are considered. The method of questioning through an online survey was used: a questionnaire survey of young people aged 18-29 (n=124). The main motive for giving gifts is any occasion, holiday, or an important event in the life of a young person. According to the data obtained, gift-giving processes show signs of ritual activities.
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Barclay, John M. G. "Gift and Grace in Philippians, 2 Thessalonians, and Ephesians: a Response." Horizons in Biblical Theology 41, no. 2 (September 13, 2019): 224–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18712207-12341399.
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Abstract This response to Willis, Sumney, and MacDonald highlights and develops their key points. Reinforcing Willis’ reading of gift-reciprocity in Philippians, seen even in the self-giving (non-“taking”) of Christ (Phil 2.6-11), it is argued that Paul views gifts in Christ as operative simultaneously at two levels—gifts circulate among believers, but also come from God and are offered to God. Sumney’s reading of 2 Thessalonians is nuanced by connecting the language of “worth” to 1 Thess 2.12: the congruity between believers and the Kingdom of God is based on the agency of God and the prior gift of new life. Further reflection is offered on the perfection of “efficacy” and its possible range of meanings. Finally, MacDonald’s reading of Ephesians is affirmed with emphasis on the Christ-gift as the key to the cosmos; the Psalm-interpretation in Ephesians 4.7-10 clarifies how this gift permeates (“fills”) all reality, as manifested first in gifts within Christ’s body.
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Guliyev, Ahmad. "“Giving What They Hold Dear”: Safavid Diplomatic Gifts to Venice." Diplomatica 5, no. 1 (May 8, 2023): 24–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25891774-bja10079.
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Abstract The exchange of gifts was an important aspect of the relations between the Safavid Empire and the Republic of Venice. Drawing on Venetian archival documents, the article aims to explore the nature and significance of Safavid diplomatic gift-giving to Venice in the first third of the seventeenth century. In particular, it examines the place and importance of precious objects in gift exchanges, looking at specific types of gifts given such as carpets, textiles, and weaponry. The article sheds light on the role religion played in the determination of a Shah’s choice of a gift to the Doge. Furthermore, this article examines how the diplomatic gifts from the Safavid rulers were viewed and conceived in Venice. Using a comparative perspective, the article explores the differences between the Safavid gift-giving strategies towards Venice and Ottomans. It reveals that the Safavids and Venetians had a common understanding of what was worthy of giving.
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Adla, Ludivine, and Virginie Gallego-Roquelaure. "The gift in shared HRM ethics in SMEs." Employee Relations: The International Journal 41, no. 5 (August 2, 2019): 997–1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-06-2018-0171.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand how the relationship of gifts/counter-gifts between actors enables us to build an HRM policy that we call “shared and ethical”. It is shared because it is co-constructed by both owner-manager and employees, and ethical because it is deemed desirable by the players and meets their expectations. This approach aims to make HRM more responsible in view of the commitments made by stakeholders. Design/methodology/approach Drawing upon the Maussian theory of gift/counter-gift, a longitudinal and retrospective study was conducted over a period of three years with a French SME. Findings The authors highlight two key stages in the gift process: the initial gift of the owner-manager, which is reflected in the establishment of a social pact, and the gap in perception between employees’ contribution and the counter-gift expected of the owner-manager. The authors show the complexity of the gift-chain by building a shared and ethical HRM and highlight the tensions identified between the existence of tools and mutual adjustments in HRM through gifts and counter-gifts. Originality/value Usual HRM in SMEs is centred on the owner-manager. On the contrary this research highlights how an SME can develop an alternative HRM. A longitudinal and retrospective study, carried out with a French SME, led to the construction of a process modelling of a shared HRM ethics.
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Hamilton, Erica Shane. "The Gifts of Illness: A Buddhist Perspective." Biofeedback 39, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 71–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5298/1081-5937-39.2.05.
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This article offers a perspective on illness that is based on direct experiences with illness and Buddhist practice. The thesis is that illness actually provides people with many opportunities to wake up patience, mindfulness, and wisdom. The author asserts that people with illness can choose to see the following gifts of illness: the gift of tolerance, the gift of mindfulness, the gift of moving toward embodiment, the gift of contemplation, the gift of transcendence, the gift of letting go, and the gift of developing compassion. These gifts of illness are often overlooked in efforts to rid oneself of illness as soon as possible. The author gained an important insight while she was simultaneously ill with inflammatory bowel disease and contemplated Buddhist teachings: The suffering from illness can be transformed into awareness, compassion, and love.
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Zolkefli, Yusrita. "Healthcare Dilemma Towards Gift Giving by Patients." Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences 28, no. 5 (October 26, 2021): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/mjms2021.28.5.14.
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Gift giving is generally well-intentioned and graciously accepted to healthcare professionals but it is also one of the concerns that cause an ethical dilemma in health care. Is the gift giving ethically appropriate? Tangible guidance about how healthcare professionals would respond to gift giving is possibly scarce and non-specific. In cases where there is an absence of hospital policy specifying how to treat patients’ gifts, healthcare professionals may need to reflect several factors when addressing the dilemmas. This factor includes a reflection on the implications of responding to the gifts.
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Yarmarkina, Galina M. "Сообщения о подарках в калмыцких деловых текстах XVIII в. (на материале писем хана Аюки и их русских переводов)." Монголоведение (Монгол судлал) 13, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 764–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2021-4-764-774.
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Introduction. Gift exchange is a culturally marked behavioral stereotype that often serves an essential element of traditional customs and rites among various peoples. Gift acts as an additional communication means to establish and maintain good relations: it is the regulating function which is viewed somewhat central therein by anthropology, culturology, social psychology, and ethnolinguistics. Monuments of 18th century Kalmyk official writing — and specifically letters by Khan Ayuka — contain messages about gifts to be delivered to the addressee by his envoys, and thus can provide information on gifting etiquette and introduce materials on culturally marked language units. Goals. The article attempts an analysis of messages about gifts in Khan Ayuka’s 1688 –1719 official letters and their Russian translations stored at the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. Materials and methods. The mentioned documents are examined for translation strategies of culture specific terms with the aid of both synchronous and diachronous Russian texts. The study employs the descriptive, comparative methods, and that of contextual analysis. Results. The conventionally laconic messages about gifts take final positions — and almost never a central one. Explication of the addressee as a recipient of the gift is usually avoided only to be included when it comes to explain the reason of gifting. Language materials contain culture specific units denoting such gifts. Khan Ayuka’s letters reflect the tradition of gifting horses, upper garments, cloths, some other elements. The culturally marked lexemes (including non-equivalent ones) to shape the semantic field of gift are however distinguished by the word combination arčiultai idēn with still unclear denotative meanings. So, the synchronous Russian translations with gift givers, recipients and gifts proper identified exactly enough the phrase is articulated as a ‘kerchief of berries’ which on the one side clarifies the extralinguistic basis of the item but on the other side fills far not all semantic gaps of the ethnolinguistic concept.
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Perysinakis, I. N. "Penelope's EEΔNA Again." Classical Quarterly 41, no. 2 (December 1991): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000983880000447x.
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M. Finley in a well-known and influential article, established the theory that the bridegroom (or the potential suitors) offered gifts to the bride's father, which had their recompense in a counter-gift or dowry to the groom and the bride; these gifts must be equal in value.
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D'Amora, Rosita. "Emotion, Diplomacy and Gift Exchanging Practices in the Ottoman Context." Cromohs - Cyber Review of Modern Historiography 24 (June 8, 2022): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/cromohs-13686.
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In recent years, an increasing number of studies on diplomatic gifts in the Ottoman context have emphasised, through different approaches, the central role played by gifts in the performance of diplomatic interactions. The articles by Hedda Reindl-Kiel, Michał Wasiucionek and Rosita D'Amora that make up this thematic section, Emotion, Diplomacy and Gift Exchanging Practices in the Ottoman Context, take a step in a new direction by posing challenging questions regarding the emotional implications of the processes of exchanging gifts in the framework of Ottoman diplomatic encounters.
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Silber, Ilana F. "Gifts in Rites of Passage or gifts as rites of passage? Standing at the threshold between Van Gennep and Marcel Mauss." Journal of Classical Sociology 18, no. 4 (November 2018): 348–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468795x18789017.
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This article revisits Arnold Van Gennep’s Rites de passage from the point of view of gift theory. Gifts emerge as quasi-omnipresent and in association with all sorts as well as all phases of rites of passage in Van Gennep’s text. However, he never explicitly addresses nor problematizes this pervasive connection between gifts and rites of passage. In contrast with Marcel Mauss’s later Essai sur le don, moreover, Rites de passage tends to relate to gift-exchange in either mere instrumental, economic terms, or as a rather simple and efficient, binding and “unifying” mechanism, while displaying none of Mauss’s complementary attentiveness to the agonistic as well as more complex and contradictory features of gift processes. Yet, precisely the ideas of margin and liminality for which Van Gennep’s became best known, but which did not seep at all into his own treatment of gifts, may be drawn upon to approach gift interactions as ritual processes, perhaps even rites of passage, with liminal phases and anti-structural features of their own kind. Such an angle of analysis happens to converge with current approaches to the gift that have underscored the part it may play in fraught dynamics of mutual definition and recognition in human interactions. It might also suggest new ways of interpreting the deep, recurrent association between gifts and rites of passage, which Rites de passage unwittingly contributed to highlight, but still needs to be further explored and conceptualized.
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Lai, Yen-Chun, and Li-Chun Huang. "The Effect of Relationship Characteristics on Buying Fresh Flowers as Romantic Valentine’s Day Gifts." HortTechnology 23, no. 1 (February 2013): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.23.1.28.
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A high percentage of fresh flowers sold are consumed as gifts in many countries, such as Taiwan, Japan, and the United States. As gift consumption is so important for the sales of fresh flowers, consumer behavior in floral gift giving is investigated in this research. This study explored the consumer decision to purchase fresh flowers as a romantic gift for Valentine’s Day based on 1) relationship stage, 2) affection, and 3) satisfaction with the relationship. The statistical results, based on the data of 366 valid questionnaires collected from a self-administered questionnaire survey, showed that the relationship stage of “personality need fulfillment,” the affection of “passion,” and relationship satisfaction significantly influenced the consumer decision of whether to purchase fresh flowers as romantic Valentine’s Day gifts. Consumers were more likely to buy their intimate partners fresh flowers when they perceived their personality need, such as the need of being loved, was fulfilled in the relationship. When strongly passionate about that relationship, they tended to give fresh flowers in conjunction with other gifts. However, when consumers were more satisfied with their romantic relationships, they were less likely to buy their intimate partners fresh flowers. The study results have valuable implications for florists’ business alliances and advertising campaign development for promoting floral gifts efficiently.
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Ashraf, Assef. "The Politics of Gift Exchange in Early Qajar Iran, 1785–1834." Comparative Studies in Society and History 58, no. 2 (March 29, 2016): 550–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417516000177.
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AbstractThis article uses gift-giving practices in early nineteenth-century Iran as a window onto statecraft, governance, and center-periphery relations in the early Qajar state (1785–1925). It first demonstrates that gifts have a long history in the administrative and political history of Iran, the Persianate world, and broader Eurasia, before highlighting specific features found in Iran. The article argues that the pīshkish, a tributary gift-giving ceremony, constituted a central role in the political culture and economy of Qajar Iran, and was part of the process of presenting Qajar rule as a continuation of previous Iranian royal dynasties. Nevertheless, pīshkish ceremonies also illustrated the challenges Qajar rulers faced in exerting power in the provinces and winning the loyalty of provincial elites. Qajar statesmen viewed gifts and bribes, at least at a discursive level, in different terms, with the former clearly understood as an acceptable practice. Gifts and honors, like the khil‘at, presented to society were part of Qajar rulers' strategy of presenting themselves as just and legitimate. Finally, the article considers the use of gifts to influence diplomacy and ease relations between Iranians and foreign envoys, as well as the ways in which an inadequate gift could cause offense.