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Journal articles on the topic 'Gift-exchange experiment'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 14 March 2023

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1

Becker, Sascha O., Dolores Messer, and Stefan C. Wolter. "A Gift is Not Always a Gift: Heterogeneity and Long-term Effects in a Gift Exchange Experiment." Economica 80, no. 318 (December 18, 2012): 345–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecca.12004.

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2

Franke, Jörg, Ruslan Gurtoviy, and Vanessa Mertins. "Workers’ participation in wage setting: A gift-exchange experiment." Journal of Economic Psychology 56 (October 2016): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2016.07.002.

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3

Koch, Alexander K., and Julia Nafziger. "Gift exchange, control, and cyberloafing: A real-effort experiment." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 131 (November 2016): 409–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2016.09.008.

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4

Englmaier, Florian, Sebastian Strasser, and Joachim Winter. "Worker characteristics and wage differentials: Evidence from a gift-exchange experiment." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 97 (January 2014): 185–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2013.06.013.

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5

Kube, Sebastian, Michel André Maréchal, and Clemens Puppe. "The Currency of Reciprocity: Gift Exchange in the Workplace." American Economic Review 102, no. 4 (June 1, 2012): 1644–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.4.1644.

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What determines reciprocity in employment relations? We conducted a controlled field experiment to measure the extent to which monetary and nonmonetary gifts affect workers' performance. We find that nonmonetary gifts have a much stronger impact than monetary gifts of equivalent value. We also observe that when workers are offered the choice, they prefer receiving money, but reciprocate as if they received a nonmonetary gift. This result is consistent with the common saying, “it's the thought that counts.” We underline this point by showing that monetary gifts can effectively trigger reciprocity if the employer invests more time and effort into the gift's presentation.

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6

Charness, Gary, and Ernan Haruvy. "Altruism, equity, and reciprocity in a gift-exchange experiment: an encompassing approach." Games and Economic Behavior 40, no. 2 (August 2002): 203–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0899-8256(02)00006-4.

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7

Currie, Janet, Wanchuan Lin, and Juanjuan Meng. "Social networks and externalities from gift exchange: Evidence from a field experiment." Journal of Public Economics 107 (November 2013): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2013.08.003.

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8

Owens, Mark F. "Do other-regarding preferences change with age? Evidence from a gift exchange experiment." Journal of Socio-Economics 40, no. 6 (December 2011): 868–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2011.08.022.

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9

Chao, Matthew. "Demotivating incentives and motivation crowding out in charitable giving." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 28 (June 27, 2017): 7301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1616921114.

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Research has shown that extrinsic incentives can crowd out intrinsic motivation in many contexts. Despite this, many nonprofits offer conditional thank-you gifts, such as mugs or tote bags, in exchange for donations. In collaboration with a nonprofit, this study implements a direct mail field experiment and demonstrates that thank-you gifts reduced donation rates in a fundraising campaign. Attention-based multiattribute choice models suggest that this is because prospective donors shift attention to the salient gift offer, causing them to underweight less salient intrinsic motives. Attention to the gift may also cause individuals to adopt a more cost–benefit mindset, further de-emphasizing intrinsic motives. Consistent with these hypotheses, crowding out was driven by those who donated higher amounts in the previous year (i.e., those who likely had higher intrinsic motivation). In a complementary online experiment, thank-you gifts also reduced donation rates but only when the gift was visually salient. This corroborates the mediating role of attention in crowding out. Taken together, the laboratory and field results demonstrate that this fundraising technique can be demotivating in some contexts and that this may occur through an attention-based mechanism.

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10

Choi, Jongwoon (Willie). "Can Offering a Signing Bonus Motivate Effort? Experimental Evidence of the Moderating Effects of Labor Market Competition." Accounting Review 89, no. 2 (October 1, 2013): 545–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-50641.

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ABSTRACT Employers often rely on informal controls such as trust to motivate organizationally desirable behaviors from their workers by appealing to the latter's reciprocity. Notably, trust and reciprocity can promote a “gift exchange” between employers and workers. Using an experiment, I investigate whether labor market competition moderates the emergence of a gift exchange in labor markets in which signing bonus offers serve as a potential signal of trust and the duration of the employment relationship is endogenously determined. I find that offering a signing bonus more positively affects both workers' beliefs about the employer's trust in them and their effort when there is an excess supply of workers than when there is an excess demand for workers. I also find that the initial effects of signing bonuses may not persist over time. Additional analyses suggest that both employers' and workers' expectations may affect whether and how trust and reciprocity develop over time.

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11

Bruni, Luigino, and Fabio Tufano. "The value of vulnerability: The transformative capacity of risky trust." Judgment and Decision Making 12, no. 4 (July 2017): 408–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500006276.

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AbstractIn an experimental gift-exchange game, we explore the transformative capacity of vulnerable trust, which we define as trusting untrustworthy players when their untrustworthiness is common knowledge between co-players. In our experiment, there are two treatments: the “Information” treatment and the “No-Information” treatment in which we respectively disclose or not information about trustees’ trustworthiness. Our laboratory evidence consistently supports the transformative capacity of trustors’ vulnerable trust, which generates higher transfers, more trustworthiness and increased reciprocity by untrustworthy trustees.

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12

Dulleck, Uwe, Jonas Fooken, and Yumei He. "Hukou Status and Individual-Level Labor Market Discrimination: An Experiment in China." ILR Review 73, no. 3 (October 31, 2019): 628–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793919887118.

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This article examines discrimination based on hukou status, a legal construct that segregates locals and migrants in urban China. Local and migrant household helpers were recruited as experimental participants to interact in a standard gift exchange game (GEG) as well as a new variant of the GEG, called the wage promising game (WPG). The WPG uses non-binding wage offers and final wages that employers set after observing effort. In the GEG, both statistical and preference-based discrimination may motivate employers to offer lower wages to migrants than to locals, whereas in the WPG the statistical motive is excluded. Results reveal discrimination against migrants and show that preference-based discrimination is an important employer motive.

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13

Rojas-Fallas, Jose, and J. Forrest Williams. "Wage Differences Matter: An Experiment of Social Comparison and Effort Provision when Wages Increase or Decrease." Games 11, no. 4 (December 5, 2020): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g11040059.

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Wage rates, efficiency wages, and gift exchange in a labor market are all crucial aspects in regard to designing contracts to ensure high effort from workers. We extend this literature by discussing the relationship between known differences in wages (social comparison) and workers’ effort provision. We conduct an experiment in which subjects perform effort tasks for piece-rates. All subjects are paid the same wage rate in the first half of the experiment, but in the second half are paid different wage rates; the primary variable we study is the information about others’ wage rates given to a subset of subjects. We find that subjects’ efforts respond strongly to information about others’ wages. Such findings have implications for contract structuring for workers.

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14

Helland, Leif, Jon Hovi, and Lars Monkerud. "Can exit prizes induce lame ducks to shirk less? Experimental evidence." European Journal of Government and Economics 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2012): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.17979/ejge.2012.1.2.4280.

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Elected representatives serving their final period face only weak incentives to provide costly effort. However, overlapping generations (OLG) models suggest that exit prizes sustained by trigger strategies can induce representatives in their final period to provide such effort. We evaluate this hypothesis using a simple OLG public good experiment, the central treatment being whether exit prizes are permitted. We find that a significantly higher number of subjects in their final period contribute when exit prizes are permitted. However, this result does not originate from use of trigger strategies. More likely explanations include gift-exchange and focal-point effects.

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15

Jeworrek, Sabrina, Bernd Josef Leisen, and Vanessa Mertins. "Gift-exchange in society and the social integration of refugees–Evidence from a survey, a laboratory, and a field experiment." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 192 (December 2021): 482–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2021.10.025.

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16

Liu, Che-Wei, Guodong (Gordon) Gao, and Ritu Agarwal. "Reciprocity or Self-Interest? Leveraging Digital Social Connections for Healthy Behavior." MIS Quarterly 46, no. 1 (January 20, 2022): 261–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.25300/misq/2022/16177.

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We examine the role of reciprocity enabled by digital social platforms for offline healthy behavior. Although reciprocity is a fundamental aspect of human psychology, its application in promoting healthy behavior has been limited. We conduct a randomized field experiment with over 1,700 pairs of users on a mobile social network platform. Individuals in the reciprocity treatment group receive a gift from their friends and are asked to return this favor by participating in a running challenge. Their performance is compared to the self-interest incentives widely used in practice. Building on social exchange theory, we argue that reciprocity-based incentives will outperform self-interest incentives with modest reward for motivating behavior change. We find that, on average, reciprocity is stronger than self-interest in inducing exercise behavior by a substantial amount. Furthermore, our results reveal that the magnitude of the reciprocity effect is contingent on the social closeness between senders and receivers. Interestingly, social closeness has an inverted U-shaped influence on the reciprocity effect. The effect is strongest when closeness is moderate, and wanes when closeness is either too strong or too weak. Compared to commonly used self-interest based financial incentives, our findings offer a potentially more powerful avenue for mechanism design in promoting healthy behavior.

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17

Balconi, Michela, Giulia Fronda, and Maria Elide Vanutelli. "A gift for gratitude and cooperative behavior: brain and cognitive effects." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 14, no. 12 (December 2019): 1317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsaa003.

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Abstract Recently, different psychological studies have been interested in identifying the factors that regulate the development and maintenance of long-lasting interpersonal and social relationships. Specifically, the present research explored the link between gift exchange, gratitude and cognitive effects. The behavioral performance and neural activity of 32 participants were recorded during a cooperative game to be played before and after gift exchange. Specifically, participants had to perform the task coupled with a dear friend. Half of the couples were asked to exchange a gift before the task performance; the other half was asked to exchange a gift halfway through the task performance. For hemodynamic brain responses, functional near-infrared spectroscopy was used. Results showed that an increase in cognitive performance occurred after the exchange of gifts, with improved accuracy and lower response times in task performance. Regarding hemodynamic responses, an increase in oxygenated hemoglobin was detected, especially in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex following the gift exchange. Furthermore, it was observed that gift exchange before the beginning of the task increased the performance level. The present study provides a significant contribution to the identification of those factors that enable the increased cognitive performance based on cooperative relationships.

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18

Chen, Zeyang, Wanchuan Lin, and Juanjuan Meng. "Does gift competition hurt? An experimental study of multilateral gift exchange." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 201 (September 2022): 260–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2022.07.022.

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19

Fehr, Ernst, Georg Kirchsteiger, and Arno Riedl. "Gift exchange and reciprocity in competitive experimental markets." European Economic Review 42, no. 1 (January 1998): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-2921(96)00051-7.

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20

Yu, Lingzhi, Tingting Zhao, and Xiucheng Fan. "Reason versus feeling: relational norms influence gift choices." Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 33, no. 8 (January 22, 2021): 1723–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjml-02-2020-0122.

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PurposeRelational norms, referring to shared values about behavioral rules, distinguish communal and exchange relationships based on different reciprocal expectations between actors. This research explains how reciprocal expectations behind the two relationships trigger gift givers' disparate behavioral goals and further determine their gift choices.Design/methodology/approachThe current work uses three lab experiments (N = 482) and one consumer survey (N = 422) to collect Chinese gifting data. Multiple data-analysis methods – crosstab analysis, ANOVA, linear regression and bootstrapping procedures – confirm the hypotheses.FindingsGift givers distinguish communal and exchange recipients. When selecting gifts for communal (exchange) recipients, people depended more strongly on rational analyses (intuition), preferring products superior on cognitive (affective) attributions. Further, givers primed to be rational decision-makers by anticipating that recipients would evaluate the gifts immediately in their presence, regardless of the communal or exchange context, preferred cognitively superior products.Practical implicationsFrom a managerial perspective, marketers can make targeted recommendations by highlighting the appropriate attribute dimension (cognitive or affective) after learning givers' reciprocal expectations.Originality/valueThis work contributes to the gift-giving literature by revealing the direct link between gifting goals and gift choices, extending the understanding of consumers' gift-selection strategies.

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21

Brandts, Jordi, Klarita Gërxhani, Arthur Schram, and Jolanda Ygosse-Battisti. "Size doesn’t matter! Gift exchange in experimental labor markets." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 76, no. 3 (December 2010): 544–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2010.09.007.

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22

DellaVigna, Stefano, John A. List, Ulrike Malmendier, and Gautam Rao. "Estimating Social Preferences and Gift Exchange at Work." American Economic Review 112, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 1038–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20190920.

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We design three field experiments to estimate how workers' social preferences toward their employer motivates their work effort. We vary the pay rates offered to workers, the return to the employer, and employer generosity demonstrated via unexpected gifts. Workers exert effort even without private incentives, but their effort is insensitive to the return to the employer. This is consistent with “warm glow” but not pure altruism. The gifts have no effect on productivity, but engender extra work. This difference is explained partly by the finding that extra work is much more responsive to incentives than is productivity. (JEL C93, J24, J28, J33, M52)

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23

Brandts, Jordi, and Gary Charness. "Do Labour Market Conditions Affect Gift Exchange? Some Experimental Evidence." Economic Journal 114, no. 497 (June 23, 2004): 684–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2004.00237.x.

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24

Siang, Ch’ng Kean, Till Requate, and Israel Waichman. "On the role of social wage comparisons in gift-exchange experiments." Economics Letters 112, no. 1 (July 2011): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2011.03.024.

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25

Fehr, Ernst, Erich Kirchler, Andreas Weichbold, and Simon Gächter. "When Social Norms Overpower Competition: Gift Exchange in Experimental Labor Markets." Journal of Labor Economics 16, no. 2 (April 1998): 324–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/209891.

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26

Bienenstock, Elisa Jayne, and Alison J. Bianchi. "Activating Performance Expectations and Status Differences Through Gift Exchange: Experimental Results." Social Psychology Quarterly 67, no. 3 (September 2004): 310–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019027250406700306.

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27

Schilke, Oliver, and Gabriel Rossman. "It’s Only Wrong If It’s Transactional: Moral Perceptions of Obfuscated Exchange." American Sociological Review 83, no. 6 (November 2, 2018): 1079–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122418806284.

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A wide class of economic exchanges, such as bribery and compensated adoption, are considered morally disreputable precisely because they are seen as economic exchanges. However, parties to these exchanges can structurally obfuscate them by arranging the transfers so as to obscure that a disreputable exchange is occurring at all. In this article, we propose that four obfuscation structures—bundling, brokerage, gift exchange, and pawning—will decrease the moral opprobrium of external audiences by (1) masking intentionality, (2) reducing the explicitness of the reciprocity, and (3) making the exchange appear to be a type of common practice. We report the results from four experiments assessing participants’ moral reactions to scenarios that describe either an appropriate exchange, a quid pro quo disreputable exchange, or various forms of obfuscated exchange. In support of our hypotheses, results show that structural obfuscation effectively mitigates audiences’ moral offense at disreputable exchanges and that the effects are substantially mediated by perceived attributional opacity, transactionalism, and collective validity.

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28

Kean Siang, CH’NG. "Role of Relative Information and Reciprocity in a Gift Exchange Game: An Experimental Study." Economic Analysis and Policy 41, no. 1 (March 2011): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0313-5926(11)50007-4.

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29

Gneezy, Uri, and John A. List. "Putting Behavioral Economics to Work: Testing for Gift Exchange in Labor Markets Using Field Experiments." Econometrica 74, no. 5 (September 2006): 1365–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0262.2006.00707.x.

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30

Card, David, Stefano DellaVigna, and Ulrike Malmendier. "The Role of Theory in Field Experiments." Journal of Economic Perspectives 25, no. 3 (August 1, 2011): 39–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.25.3.39.

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We classify all published field experiments in five top economics journals from 1975 to 2010 according to how closely the experimental design and analysis are linked to economic theory. We find that the vast majority of field experiments (68 percent) are Descriptive studies that lack any explicit model; 18 percent are Single Model studies that test a single model-based hypothesis; 6 percent are Competing Models studies that test competing model-based hypotheses; and 8 percent are Parameter Estimation studies that estimate structural parameters in a completely specified model. We also classify laboratory experiments published in these journals over the same period and find that economic theory has played a more central role in the laboratory than in the field. Finally, we discuss in detail three sets of field experiments—on gift exchange, on charitable giving, and on negative income tax—that illustrate both the benefits and the potential costs of a tighter link between experimental design and theoretical underpinnings.

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31

Kocher, Martin G., and Matthias Sutter. "Individual versus group behavior and the role of the decision making procedure in gift-exchange experiments." Empirica 34, no. 1 (January 12, 2007): 63–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10663-006-9026-8.

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32

Adloff, Frank. "Experimental Conviviality: Exploring Convivial and Sustainable Practices." Open Cultural Studies 4, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/culture-2020-0011.

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AbstractThe paper develops a concept of conviviality as a form of friendly togetherness that includes people, technical infrastructures and nature. Therefore, Marcel Mauss’s concept of the gift, different strands of thinking about conviviality (e.g. Ivan Illich), John Dewey’ experimentalism and the political theory and movement of convivialism are firstly depicted and discussed. The goal, secondly, is to integrate these various theoretical perspectives in order a) to better grasp already existent forms of conviviality and to b) develop an analytical and normative standpoint that on the one hand helps to evaluate unsustainable, non-convivial and on the other convivial forms of living together.Thus, such an analytical and normative model of modes of conviviality points out that associative self-organisation is decisive for the theory and practice of conviviality. Exchange without remuneration (between people and between people and nature) as well as self-organised gathering can be seen as the basis of a convivial social order which is differentiated from a solely instrumental, unsustainable and monetarily defined version of prosperity and the good life.

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33

Drouvelis, Michalis, and Nattavudh Powdthavee. "Are happier people less judgmental of other people's selfish behaviors? Experimental survey evidence from trust and gift exchange games." Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics 58 (October 2015): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2015.07.007.

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34

Hannan, R. Lynn, John H. Kagel, and Donald V. Moser. "Partial Gift Exchange in an Experimental Labor Market: Impact of Subject Population Differences, Productivity Differences, and Effort Requests on Behavior." Journal of Labor Economics 20, no. 4 (October 2002): 923–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/342894.

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35

Eira, João. "An Introduction to Other‑Regarding Preferences with an Application to Contract Design." Notas Económicas, no. 46 (July 1, 2018): 17–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2183-203x_46_2.

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Economic models of individual behavior often make the assumption that in evaluating between competing alternatives agents are only concerned with how each alternative impacts their own payoffs. This simple, yet reasonable, assumption postulates that agents are self‑regarding, that is, agents are not concerned with how their decisions affect other people. This study casts doubt on this assumption. There has been a steady accumulation of experimental evidence from games such as the ultimatum game and the gift exchange game where the observed behavior is not explained by assuming that agents have self‑regarding preferences. Agents often make decisions that lower their payoffs if by doing so other agents are better off. In contrast to self‑regarding preferences, agents are said in this case to have other‑regarding preferences. Most of the evidence discussed in this study was gathered by the use of laboratory experiments. The issue of external validity of this evidence has long been a point of contention. Lab experiments are highly artificial environments that place strong constraints on individual behavior. While this imbues them with their source of methodological strength, it is also a weakness. Evidence gathered in the lab does not necessarily generalize to the real world, and lab experiments are often compared with field studies which are assumed to provideevidence that is more externally valid. We examine the question of the external validity of lab experiments and conclude they are a valid tool for gathering scientific evidence about human behavior.

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36

Morgan-Spencer, Alex, and Daniel Greenberg. "P-REX1: A Novel RAC Activing Guanine-Nucleotide Exchange Factor in Human Platelets." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 3639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.3639.3639.

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Abstract A major signaling pathway that regulates platelet shape change and reorganization of the cytoskeleton involves the Rho family of GTPases whose members include Rac, CDC42 and RhoA. These GTPases are converted from their inactive or GDP-loaded state to the active or GTP-loaded state by a class of enzymes called Guanine-nucleotide Exchange Factors (GEFs). GEFs are a family of multi-domain proteins that contain a GDP-GTP exchange domain (DH-PH) as well as other protein interacting domains that are regulated by the activation of receptors present on the platelet surface. We used an affinity binding technique followed by mass spectrometry analysis to identify novel Rac binding GEFs from platelet lysates. Recombinant GST-Rac fusion proteins bound to agarose beads were prepared in the GTP, GDP and nucleotide-free states and incubated with human platelet lysates. Platelet lysate proteins associated with the different GST-Rac preparations (GTP-bound, GDP-bound or nucleotide-free) were eluted and run on SDS-PAGE. Gel slices were then cut out, trypsin digested and analyzed by mass spectrometry. Platelet GEFs were identified by the presence of a DH-PH domain. Using this technique we identified three novel Rac-associated platelet GEFs including P-REX1, a G-βγ protein and phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate regulated GEF previously found in neutrophils and neurons (Welch, H.C.E et al., Cell108;809–822, 2002). PREX-1 is a 196kDa peptide composed of 1659 amino that specifically activates Rac in neutrophils. In addition to the DH-PH exchange domain, PREX-1 also contains tandem PDZ and DEP domains as well as significant similarity over its C-terminal half to Inositol Polyphosphate 4-Phosphatase. Western analysis with anti-P-REX1 antibody (gift of H.C. Welch, Barbraham Institute, U.K.) showed that PREX-1 is present in purified whole platelet lysates. We have also shown that platelet PREX-1 specifically associates with GST-Rac by affinity pull-down experiments. Functional studies to characterize the exchange activity of platelet PREX-1 are ongoing. PREX-1 is the only known GEF that is directly regulated by G-βγ protein (Hill, K. et al., J Biol Chem280(6):4166–4173, 2005) and represents a novel pathway for platelet G protein coupled receptor signaling through Rac in human platelets.

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37

Zhang, Qi, Alessia Lodi, Shannon Renee Sweeney, Lina Han, Tianyu Cai, Vinitha Mary Kuruvilla, Antonio Cavazos, et al. "Inhibiting Mitochondria Function By Bcl-2 Inhibitor Venetoclax and Complex I Inhibitor Iacs-010759 Eliminate Leukemia Cells in Pre-Clinical AML Models." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): 3927. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-124494.

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Previous studies have demonstrated that AML is BCL-2 dependent malignancy, and leukemia stem cell (LSC) rely on BCL-2 for survival (Pan, Cancer Discovery 2014;Lagadinou, Cell Stem Cell, 2013). Selective Bcl-2 inhibitor venetoclax (ABT-199) combined with azacitidine was reported to inhibit complex II of the mitochondrial transport chain in AML (Pollyea, Nat Med 2018). IACS-010759, a novel complex I inhibitor, demonstrated effective inhibition of cell respiration and potent anti-leukemia effect in AML pre-clinical models (Molina, Nat Med 2018). We designed the experiments to study the combined efficacy and mechanisms of action of venetoclax and IACS-010759 in AML. In vitro, priming of MOLM-13 cells with 20nM venetoclax for 24hrs followed by 10nM IACS-010759 for 1hr triggered 60% reduction in oxygen consumption rate (OCR), while only partial inhibition (<15% OCR reduction) was seen in cells treated with these agents separately. This translated in accelerated loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential by JC-1 flow cytometry, cleavage of caspase 3 and potent (>70%) reduction of viable cell numbers (OCI-AML2, MV-4-11, and MOLM-13). We have further shown by co-immunoprecipitation studies that venetoclax disrupts interaction of BCL-2 with the mitochondrial protein VDAC known to regulate ADP/ATP exchange during electron transport across mitochondria membrane. In addition, an MS-based metabolomics analysis indicated that ATP and CTP intracellular levels dropped to undetectable levels following treatment with ABT-199 (with or without IACS). ADP, GDP and UDP levels were unchanged with ABT-199; however, GDP levels dropped to undetectable levels following the combined treatment. Moreover, ABT-199 significantly increased intracellular levels of AMP, UMP, CMP and GMP and this accumulation of mono-nucleotides was enhanced by the combination of ABT-199 and IACS-010759. In primary AML samples (n=3) and PDX cells (n=4) cultured ex vivo, combined venetoclax and IACS-010759 at low nanomolar doses reduced viable cell numbers in an additive or synergistic fashion. To better understand the role of BCL-2 in cellular respiration, we examined the oxygen consumption rates (OCR) in control or Bcl-2-overexpressing HL-60 cells (a kind gift of Dr. K. Bhalla, MDACC). The HL-60/BCL-2 cells had higher basal and maximal OCR than the control cells by Seahorse analysis, and higher mitochondrial ROS production by H2DCFDA and MitoSOX Red flow cytometry. BCL-2 inhibition with 100nM venetoclax for 2 hrs induced ROS production in control HL-60 cells but not in cells with BCL-2 overexpression. Further, cells with BCL-2 overexpression were less sensitive to IACS-010759. These data suggest that BCL-2 facilitates cellular respiration and reduces efficacy of the mitochondrial inhibitors. Given recent accelerated FDA approval of venetoclax and azacitidine combination for elderly unfit AML, we next tested the efficacy of the "triple" combination of venetoclax, azacitidine and IACS-010759 in the in vivoAML PDX model. We injected AML PDX cells 3747422 harboring IDH1, NMP1, NRAS, CEBPA, FLT3-ITD mutations into NRG mice and upon engraftment, randomized mice into 4 groups to receive vehicle, venetoclax (50mg/kg, 5 days on/2 days off, day 1-21) with azacitidine (1.25mg/kg daily , day 1-7), IACS-010759 (1mg/kg, 5 days on/2 days off, day 1-14), or the triple combination. Therapy was well tolerated, without any apparent weight loss or toxicities. All therapies reduced circulating leukemia burden with the best efficacy seen in the triple-therapy cohort, with average circulating tumor burden of 31.2%, 6.9%, 5.1% and 0.4% in vehicle, IACS-010759, venetoclax/azacitidine and triple-therapy cohorts, respectively. Survival analysis and additional PDX models are ongoing and will be reported. In summary, these findings indicate that BCL-2 modulates mitochondrial respiration in addition to its established anti-apoptotic role. Venetoclax disrupts the BCL-2/VDAC interactions and reduces mitochondrial respiration, which is facilitated by the combined therapy with mitochondrial complex I inhibitor IACS-010759. Our preliminary findings indicate potent anti-AML activity of the dual and triple (with hypomethylating agent) combinations in vitroand in vivo. Disclosures Zhang: The University of Texas M.D.Anderson Cancer Center: Employment. Kuruvilla:The University of Texas M.D.Anderson Cancer Center: Employment. Konopleva:Stemline Therapeutics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Forty-Seven: Consultancy, Honoraria; Eli Lilly: Research Funding; Calithera: Research Funding; AbbVie: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Cellectis: Research Funding; Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria; F. Hoffman La-Roche: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Genentech: Honoraria, Research Funding; Ascentage: Research Funding; Kisoji: Consultancy, Honoraria; Reata Pharmaceuticals: Equity Ownership, Patents & Royalties; Ablynx: Research Funding; Astra Zeneca: Research Funding; Agios: Research Funding.

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38

Becker, Sascha O., Dolores Messer, and Stefan C. Wolter. "A Gift is Not Always a Gift: Gift Exchange in a Voucher Experiment." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1865169.

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Koch, Alexander K., and Julia Nafziger. "A Real-Effort Experiment on Gift Exchange with Temptation." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2615248.

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40

Bellemare, Charles, and Bruce Shearer. "Gift Exchange within a Firm: Evidence from a Field Experiment." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.981172.

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Bellemare, Charles, and Bruce Shearer. "Gift Exchange within a Firm: Evidence from a Field Experiment." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.975671.

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42

Baratgin, Jean, Patrice Godin, and Frank Jamet. "How the Custom Suppresses the Endowment Effect: Exchange Paradigm in Kanak Country." Frontiers in Psychology 12 (January 25, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.785721.

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In this paper, Knetsch's exchange paradigm is analyzed from the perspective of pragmatics and social norms. In this paradigm the participant, at the beginning of the experiment, receives an object from the experimenter and at the end, the same experimenter offers to exchange the received object for an equivalent object. The observed refusal to exchange is called the endowment effect. We argue that this effect comes from an implicature made by the participant about the experimenter's own expectations. The participant perceives the received item as a gift, or as a present, from the experimenter that cannot be exchanged as stipulated by the social norms of western politeness common to both the experimenter and the participant. This implicature, however, should not be produced by participants from Kanak culture for whom the perceived gift of a good will be interpreted as a first act of exchange based on gift and counter-gift. This exchange is a natural, frequent, balanced, and indispensable act for all Kanak social bonds whether private or public. Kanak people also know the French social norms that they apply in their interactions with French people living in New Caledonia. In our experiment, we show that when the exchange paradigm takes place in a French context, with a French experimenter and in French, the Kanak participant is subject to the endowment effect in the same way as a French participant. On the other hand, when the paradigm is carried out in a Kanak context, with a Kanak experimenter and in the vernacular language, or in a Kanak context that approaches the ceremonial of the custom, the endowment effect is no longer observed. The same number of Kanak participants accept or refuse to exchange the endowed item. These results, in addition to providing a new explanation for the endowment effect, highlight the great flexibility of decisions according to social-cultural context.

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Englmaier, Florian, Sebastian Strasser, and Joachim K. Winter. "Worker Characteristics and Wage Differentials: Evidence from a Gift-Exchange Experiment." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1961036.

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Falk, Armin. "Charitable Giving as a Gift Exchange - Evidence from a Field Experiment." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.560281.

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Falk, Armin. "Charitable Giving as a Gift Exchange Evidence from a Field Experiment." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.461281.

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Englmaier, Florian, Joachim K. Winter, and Sebastian Strasser. "Worker Characteristics and Wage Differentials: Evidence from a Gift-Exchange Experiment." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1955268.

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Charness, Gary, and Ernan Haruvy. "Altruism, Equity, and Reciprocity in a Gift Exchange Experiment: An Encompassing Approach." SSRN Electronic Journal, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.163236.

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Gilchrist, Duncan S., Michael Luca, and Deepak K. Malhotra. "It's Not the Size of the Gift; It's How You Present It: New Evidence on Gift Exchange from a Field Experiment." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2331487.

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Chapkovski, Philipp, Luca Corazzini, and Valeria Maggian. "Does Whistleblowing on Tax Evaders Reduce Ingroup Cooperation?" Frontiers in Psychology 12 (October 6, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.732248.

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Whistleblowing is a powerful and rather inexpensive instrument to deter tax evasion. Despite the deterrent effects on tax evasion, whistleblowing can reduce trust and undermine agents’ attitude to cooperate with group members. Yet, no study has investigated the potential spillover effects of whistleblowing on ingroup cooperation. This paper reports results of a laboratory experiment in which subjects participate in two consecutive phases in unchanging groups: a tax evasion game, followed by a generalized gift exchange game. Two dimensions are manipulated in our experiment: the inclusion of a whistleblowing stage in which, after observing others’ declared incomes, subjects can signal other group members to the tax authority, and the provision of information about the content of the second phase before the tax evasion game is played. Our results show that whistleblowing is effective in both curbing tax evasion and improving the precision of tax auditing. Moreover, we detect no statistically significant spillover effects of whistleblowing on ingroup cooperation in the subsequent generalized gift exchange game, with this result being unaffected by the provision of information about the experimental task in the second phase. Finally, the provision of information does not significantly alter subjects’ (tax and whistleblowing) choices in the tax evasion game: thus, knowledge about perspective ingroup cooperation did not alter attitude toward whistleblowing.

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LAWRIE, ALEXANDRA. "“An Experiment in Optimism Was Coming to an End”: Gift Exchange and Giftedness in Two Novels of the Occupy Era." Journal of American Studies, September 17, 2021, 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875821000827.

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This article examines the role of “gifts” and “giftedness” in two recent novels about Occupy Wall Street, Barbara Browning's The Gift and Caleb Crain's Overthrow. Together these novels explore how projects designed to offset the effects of neoliberal individualism very often end up replicating, rather than disrupting, aspects of capitalist exchange: the authors temper their own utopian impulses by interrogating the factors which prevent systemic change, such as individual complacency and governmental intervention. The article considers the cycle of gift giving launched by Browning's narrator, a project which falters because her understanding of economization is inadequate, and because she refuses to take account of her own class position. Crain's group of young Brooklynites believe that mind reading draws people together and prevents social isolation. While the vagueness of their aims can be taken as an implied narrative criticism of their impractical plans, the reason they abandon the project is because it encroaches on the government's surveillance programme, which identifies them as security threats.

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