Relevant bibliographies by topics / Giardia

Academic literature on the topic 'Giardia'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Giardia"

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Šarić, Mirela, Anke Vahrmann, Daniela Niebur, Verena Kluempers, Adrian B. Hehl, and Henning Scholze. "Dual Acylation Accounts for the Localization of α19-Giardin in the Ventral Flagellum Pair of Giardia lamblia." Eukaryotic Cell 8, no. 10 (August 14, 2009): 1567–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00136-09.

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ABSTRACT A Giardia-specific protein family denominated as α-giardins, represents the major protein component, besides tubulin, of the cytoskeleton of the human pathogenic parasite Giardia lamblia. One of its members, α19-giardin, carries an N-terminal sequence extension of MGCXXS, which in many proteins serves as a target for dual lipid conjugation: myristoylation at the glycine residue after removal of the methionine and palmitoylation at the cysteine residue. As the first experimental evidence of a lipid modification, we found α19-giardin to be associated with the membrane fraction of disrupted trophozoites. After heterologous coexpression of α19-giardin with giardial N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) in E scherichia coli, we found the protein in a myristoylated form. Additionally, after heterologous expression together with the palmitoyl transferase Pfa3 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, α19-giardin associates with the membrane of the main vacuole. Immunocytochemical colocalization studies on wild-type Giardia trophozoites with tubulin provide evidence that α19-giardin exclusively localizes to the ventral pair of the giardial flagella. A mutant in which the putatively myristoylated N-terminal glycine residue was replaced by alanine lost this specific localization. Our findings suggest that the dual lipidation of α19-giardin is responsible for its specific flagellar localization.
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Shukla, Geeta, Tarveen Kaur, Rakesh Sehgal, Praveen Rishi, and Vijay Prabha. "Protective potential of L. acidophilus in murine giardiasis." Open Medicine 5, no. 4 (August 1, 2010): 456–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11536-009-0139-x.

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AbstractThis study describes the in vivo activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus in Giardia lamblia infected BALB/c mice. Experimentally, it was observed that daily administration of lactobacilli 7 days before or in simultaneous inoculation with Giardia trophozoites efficiently reduced G. lamblia infection in mice. More specifically, excretion of Giardia cysts were reduced significantly in probiotic-treated groups, and resolution of infection was observed by day 21 post-inoculation. It was also observed that the lactobacillus count increased tremendously and continuously in faeces of all probiotic-fed mice, and was significantly higher as compared with that in control mice. Histological analysis of microvilli membrane integrity revealed that probiotic administration also protected mice against parasite-induced mucosal damage, whereas Giardia-infected mice had severe villous atrophy, oedema, vacuolation and ileitis. Immunologically, the anti-Giardia serum IgG level was not stimulated significantly by probiotic treatment administered both prior to and simultaneous with Giardia infection, but remained high after the infection peak. Taken together, the data demonstrates the anti-giardial effect of the probiotic in vivo by modulation of the intestinal epithelial cells, inhibiting the colonization of Giardia trophozoites and thereby reducing the severity of Giardia infection.
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Han, Jian, and Lesley J. Collins. "Reconstruction of Sugar Metabolic Pathways of Giardia lamblia." International Journal of Proteomics 2012 (October 18, 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/980829.

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Giardia lamblia is an “important” pathogen of humans, but as a diplomonad excavate it is evolutionarily distant from other eukaryotes and relatively little is known about its core metabolic pathways. KEGG, the widely referenced site for providing information of metabolism, does not yet include many enzymes from Giardia species. Here we identify Giardia’s core sugar metabolism using standard bioinformatic approaches. By comparing Giardia proteomes with known enzymes from other species, we have identified enzymes in the glycolysis pathway, as well as some enzymes involved in the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. However, the majority of enzymes from the latter two pathways were not identifiable, indicating the likely absence of these functionalities. We have also found enzymes from the Giardia glycolysis pathway that appear more similar to those from bacteria. Because these enzymes are different from those found in mammals, the host organisms for Giardia, we raise the possibility that these bacteria-like enzymes could be novel drug targets for treating Giardia infections.
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Touz, María, Constanza Feliziani, and Andrea Rópolo. "Membrane-Associated Proteins in Giardia lamblia." Genes 9, no. 8 (August 10, 2018): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes9080404.

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The manner in which membrane-associated proteins interact with the membrane defines their subcellular fate and function. This interaction relies on the characteristics of the proteins, their journey after synthesis, and their interaction with other proteins or enzymes. Understanding these properties may help to define the function of a protein and also the role of an organelle. In the case of microorganisms like protozoa parasites, it may help to understand singular features that will eventually lead to the design of parasite-specific drugs. The protozoa parasite Giardia lamblia is an example of a widespread parasite that has been infecting humans and animals from ancestral times, adjusting itself to the changes of the environment inside and outside the host. Several membrane-associated proteins have been posted in the genome database GiardiaDB, although only a few of them have been characterized. This review discusses the data regarding membrane-associated proteins in relationship with lipids and specific organelles and their implication in the discovery of anti-giardial therapies.
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Crossley, R., and D. Holberton. "Assembly of 2.5 nm filaments from giardin, a protein associated with cytoskeletal microtubules in Giardia." Journal of Cell Science 78, no. 1 (October 1, 1985): 205–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.78.1.205.

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The giardins are a family of approximately 30000 Mr structural proteins found in microribbons attached to microtubules in the disc cytoskeleton of Giardia. After examining the solubility of giardins in various agents, a method has been developed to extract these polypeptides and subsequently precipitate them selectively. The giardin chains are soluble in 10 mM-HEPES/EDTA buffer at high pH and low ionic strength, but become insoluble in 10 mM-MES/EDTA buffer at pH 6.7 when the ionic strength is raised above 50 mM salt. By dialysing giardin extracts in turn against dissociating and reassembly buffers, the purification is obtained of a subset of giardin chains identified by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as the cytoskeleton bands 14a, 14b and 15. The structures forming under assembly conditions are all composed of fine filaments, 2–3 nm in diameter. Filaments after the first cycle of assembly are found in bundles, narrow ribbons of two or three filaments, and large ordered tactoids. Assembly after a second cycle of solubilization yields a more uniform population of long ribbons. Both the tactoids and the second cycle ribbons are transversely banded at the 15 nm interval characteristic of microribbons in the cytoskeleton. Filaments in the tactoids are precisely placed at a centre-to-centre separation of 2.5 nm. Other structural features of the tactoids are discussed in relation to the association behaviour and possible dimensions of the giardin molecular subunit.
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Wei, Chao Jun, Xi Feng Tian, Rodney D. Adam, and Si Qi Lu. "Giardia lamblia: Intracellular localization of alpha8-giardin." Experimental Parasitology 126, no. 4 (December 2010): 489–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2010.05.028.

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Heyworth, Martin F., Jason D. Foell, and Thomas W. Sell. "Giardia muris:Evidence for a β-Giardin Homologue." Experimental Parasitology 91, no. 3 (March 1999): 284–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/expr.1998.4367.

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de Gentile, Ludovic. "Giardia duodenalis, agent de la giardiase." EMC - Biologie Médicale 1, no. 1 (January 2006): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2211-9698(06)76277-x.

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Nixon, Julie E. J., Amy Wang, Jessica Field, Hilary G. Morrison, Andrew G. McArthur, Mitchell L. Sogin, Brendan J. Loftus, and John Samuelson. "Evidence for Lateral Transfer of Genes Encoding Ferredoxins, Nitroreductases, NADH Oxidase, and Alcohol Dehydrogenase 3 from Anaerobic Prokaryotes to Giardialamblia and Entamoebahistolytica." Eukaryotic Cell 1, no. 2 (April 2002): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.1.2.181-190.2002.

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ABSTRACT Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica are amitochondriate, microaerophilic protists which use fermentation enzymes like those of bacteria to survive anaerobic conditions within the intestinal lumen. Genes encoding fermentation enzymes and related electron transport peptides (e.g., ferredoxins) in giardia organisms and amebae are hypothesized to be derived from either an ancient anaerobic eukaryote (amitochondriate fossil hypothesis), a mitochondrial endosymbiont (hydrogen hypothesis), or anaerobic bacteria (lateral transfer hypothesis). The goals here were to complete the molecular characterization of giardial and amebic fermentation enzymes and to determine the origins of the genes encoding them, when possible. A putative giardia [2Fe-2S]ferredoxin which had a hypothetical organelle-targeting sequence at its N terminus showed similarity to mitochondrial ferredoxins and the hydrogenosomal ferredoxin of Trichomonas vaginalis (another luminal protist). However, phylogenetic trees were star shaped, with weak bootstrap support, so we were unable to confirm or rule out the endosymbiotic origin of the giardia [2Fe-2S]ferredoxin gene. Putative giardial and amebic 6-kDa ferredoxins, ferredoxin-nitroreductase fusion proteins, and oxygen-insensitive nitroreductases each tentatively supported the lateral transfer hypothesis. Although there were not enough sequences to perform meaningful phylogenetic analyses, the unique common occurrence of these peptides and enzymes in giardia organisms, amebae, and the few anaerobic prokaryotes suggests the possibility of lateral transfer. In contrast, there was more robust phylogenetic evidence for the lateral transfer of G. lamblia genes encoding an NADH oxidase from a gram-positive coccus and a microbial group 3 alcohol dehydrogenase from thermoanaerobic prokaryotes. In further support of lateral transfer, the G. lamblia NADH oxidase and adh3 genes appeared to have an evolutionary history distinct from those of E. histolytica.
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Abbasi, Elnaz, Alireza Amouzandeh-Nobaveh, and Ehsanollah Ghaznavi-Rad. "The Frequency of the Intestinal Parasites Giardia Lamblia and Entamoeba Histolytica in Pediatric Diarrhea Specimens from Central Iran." Open Microbiology Journal 14, no. 1 (March 13, 2020): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874285802014010053.

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Introduction: Intestinal parasitic infections, particularly those caused by Giardia lamblia, are among the major health problems that exist worldwide, especially in developing countries. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of the intestinal parasites Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica that were isolated from samples of infectious diarrhea in pediatric patients from Central Iran. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study included 230 samples of infectious diarrhea that were collected from May 2015 to February 2016. Direct observation, the formalin-ether sedimentation method and the technique using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) of β-giardin and EH primers were used for the identification of Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica. Results: Out of 230 samples of infectious diarrhea, five cases (2.1%) of Giardia lamblia and no cases (0%) of Entamoeba histolytica were identified using the formalin-ether sedimentation method and the same result were obtained using PCR technique. Of the five patients who had Giardia lamblia, three (60%) were male and two (40%) were female. The most common clinical symptoms in these patients were stomach ache and diarrhea (100%) and mucus in the stool (80%). Conclusion: Giardia lamblia was introduced as a parasitic agent causing diarrhea from Central Iran. The results indicate that pediatricians and, even more importantly, experts in laboratories should pay special attention to the identification of this parasite to treat the patients as effectively and as quickly as possible.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Giardia"

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Marteau, Catherine. ""Giardia intestinalis" : modéles animaux, leurs caractéristiques et leurs apports à la connaissance de la giardiose humaine." Paris 5, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA05P130.

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Jaegle, Christophe. "Giardia lamblia : risque hydrique." Strasbourg 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988STR15084.

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Crouch, Alan Arthur. "Immunodiagnosis of Giardia Lamblia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1988. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36772/1/36772_Crouch_1988.pdf.

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Giardia lamblia is the most frequently reported protozoan parasite of the human intestine, causing significan morbidity worldwide. The method currently used in diagnostic medical laboratories for the detection of Giardia lamblia is the microscopic examination of stool specimen or duodenal fluid for the presence of cysts or trophozoites. This technique has been reported as insenstive, with less than 50% of infections diagnosed by the exmaination of one stool specimen.
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Weiland, Malin. "Immunodominant proteins in Giardia lamblia /." Stockholm, 2004. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2004/91-7140-158-X/.

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Taweenan, Weerapol. "Molecular epidemiology of Giardia duodenalis." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.539914.

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Giardia duodenalis is a parasitic protozoan that affects the gastrointestinal tract, causing abdominal disorders of various animals and humans. To date, G. duodenalis has been genotypically divided into seven groups (assemblages), namely A to G, found in different host ranges. Whilst assemblages C to G are specific genotypes affecting restricted animal hosts, assemblages A and B parasitise both humans and a number of animal species, and have been considered as having zoonotic potential. The main objective of the current study was to investigate the molecular epidemiology of G. duodenalis in animals and humans in the UK. The current study also evaluated multilocus genotyping and determined the protein changes between assemblages A and B.
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Coradi, Silvana Torossian [UNESP]. "Epidemiologia das parasitoses intestinais e caracterização genotípica de isolados de Giardia duodenalis de escolares do município de Pratânia, estado de São Paulo." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101483.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:22:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 coradi_st_dr_botfm.pdf: 625344 bytes, checksum: 6449eeacb0db26adc19ebeca9818d24f (MD5)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
O presente estudo foi realizado para investigar a epidemiologia de parasitas intestinais em uma população de escolares do município de Pratânia, Estado de São Paulo, e caracterizar geneticamente os isolados de Giardia duodenalis obtidos dos indivíduos desse grupo. Amostras de fezes de 431 escolares da rede municipal com idade de três a 10 anos e formalmente autorizados a participar do estudo foram colhidas e processadas pelo método de centrífugo-flutuação e pelo kit TF-test®. Além do exame coproparasitológico, as crianças foram submetidas a avaliações clínica e antropométrica e aos pais e/ou responsáveis foi aplicado um questionário para a obtenção de dados epidemiológicos. As crianças parasitadas foram encaminhadas para tratamento de acordo com a prescrição médica e, após 15 a 21 dias do tratamento, novas amostras de fezes foram analisadas para o controle de cura. Para a caracterização genotípica, o DNA extraído de 131 (39 extraídas de amostras positivas e 92 de amostras negativas para Giardia) foi amplificado utilizando técnicas baseadas em PCR para a amplificação das seqüências correspondentes aos genes gdh (glutamato desidrogenase) e tpi (triose-fosfato-isomerase) e os fragmentos amplificados foram seqüenciados. Os seguintes enteroparasitas detectados e suas respectivas freqüências foram: Entamoeba coli (14,2%), Cryptosporidium (11,2%), Giardia duodenalis (9,3%), Endolimax nana (3,3%), Blastocystis hominis (1,62%), Enterobius vermicularis (2,3%), Trichuris trichiura (1,62%), Ascaris lumbricoides (0,7%), e Hymenolepis nana (0,2%). Nas crianças com enteroparasitas, crianças portadoras de infecções por Cryptosporidium, por helmintos e por protozoários comensais, as frequências de infecções foram significativamente mais elevadas quando nas famílias os responsáveis não eram alfabetizados ou se o tempo de escolaridade...
This study was conducted to investigate the epidemiology of intestinal parasites in a population of school children of Pratânia, Estado de Sao Paulo, and genetically characterize isolates of Giardia duodenalis obtained from individuals in this group. Stool samples from 431 schoolchildren aged three to 10 years and formally authorized to participate in the study were collected and processed by means of flotation and the TF-test kit ®. In addition to fecal examination, the children underwent clinical and anthropometric evaluation and parents or guardians received a questionnaire to get additional data. Children positive for intestinal parasites were referred for treatment in accordance with the prescriptions and, after 15 to 21 days of treatment, new samples were analyzed for the control of cure. To genetic characterization, DNA extracted from 131 (39 extracted from positive samples and 92 samples negative for Giardia) was amplified using techniques based on PCR amplification of sequences corresponding to genes gdh (glutamate dehydrogenase) and tpi (triosephosphate isomerase) and amplified fragments were sequenced. The intestinal parasites were detected following frequencies: Entamoeba coli (14.2%), Cryptosporidium (11.2%), Giardia duodenalis (9.3%), Endolimax nana (3.3%), Blastocystis hominis (1, 62%), Enterobius vermicularis (2.3%), Trichuris trichiura (1.62%), Ascaris lumbricoides (0.7%), and Hymenolepis nana (0.2%). In children with intestinal parasites, children with Cryptosporidium infection, helminth and protozoan, the frequencies of infections were significantly higher in families where those responsible were illiterate or if the level of education was no more than five years (P < 0.05). With regard to anthropometric measurements, most children presented to the height / age index, weight / age and weight / height values of z-scores within the normal range... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Coradi, Silvana Torossian. "Epidemiologia das parasitoses intestinais e caracterização genotípica de isolados de Giardia duodenalis de escolares do município de Pratânia, estado de São Paulo /." Botucatu, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101483.

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Orientador: Semíramis Guimarães Ferraz Viana
Banca: Ana Julia Urias
Banca: Regina Maura Bueno Franco
Banca: Paulo Câmara Marques Pereira
Banca: Paulo Eduardo Martins Ribolla
Resumo: O presente estudo foi realizado para investigar a epidemiologia de parasitas intestinais em uma população de escolares do município de Pratânia, Estado de São Paulo, e caracterizar geneticamente os isolados de Giardia duodenalis obtidos dos indivíduos desse grupo. Amostras de fezes de 431 escolares da rede municipal com idade de três a 10 anos e formalmente autorizados a participar do estudo foram colhidas e processadas pelo método de centrífugo-flutuação e pelo kit TF-test®. Além do exame coproparasitológico, as crianças foram submetidas a avaliações clínica e antropométrica e aos pais e/ou responsáveis foi aplicado um questionário para a obtenção de dados epidemiológicos. As crianças parasitadas foram encaminhadas para tratamento de acordo com a prescrição médica e, após 15 a 21 dias do tratamento, novas amostras de fezes foram analisadas para o controle de cura. Para a caracterização genotípica, o DNA extraído de 131 (39 extraídas de amostras positivas e 92 de amostras negativas para Giardia) foi amplificado utilizando técnicas baseadas em PCR para a amplificação das seqüências correspondentes aos genes gdh (glutamato desidrogenase) e tpi (triose-fosfato-isomerase) e os fragmentos amplificados foram seqüenciados. Os seguintes enteroparasitas detectados e suas respectivas freqüências foram: Entamoeba coli (14,2%), Cryptosporidium (11,2%), Giardia duodenalis (9,3%), Endolimax nana (3,3%), Blastocystis hominis (1,62%), Enterobius vermicularis (2,3%), Trichuris trichiura (1,62%), Ascaris lumbricoides (0,7%), e Hymenolepis nana (0,2%). Nas crianças com enteroparasitas, crianças portadoras de infecções por Cryptosporidium, por helmintos e por protozoários comensais, as frequências de infecções foram significativamente mais elevadas quando nas famílias os responsáveis não eram alfabetizados ou se o tempo de escolaridade... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This study was conducted to investigate the epidemiology of intestinal parasites in a population of school children of Pratânia, Estado de Sao Paulo, and genetically characterize isolates of Giardia duodenalis obtained from individuals in this group. Stool samples from 431 schoolchildren aged three to 10 years and formally authorized to participate in the study were collected and processed by means of flotation and the TF-test kit ®. In addition to fecal examination, the children underwent clinical and anthropometric evaluation and parents or guardians received a questionnaire to get additional data. Children positive for intestinal parasites were referred for treatment in accordance with the prescriptions and, after 15 to 21 days of treatment, new samples were analyzed for the control of cure. To genetic characterization, DNA extracted from 131 (39 extracted from positive samples and 92 samples negative for Giardia) was amplified using techniques based on PCR amplification of sequences corresponding to genes gdh (glutamate dehydrogenase) and tpi (triosephosphate isomerase) and amplified fragments were sequenced. The intestinal parasites were detected following frequencies: Entamoeba coli (14.2%), Cryptosporidium (11.2%), Giardia duodenalis (9.3%), Endolimax nana (3.3%), Blastocystis hominis (1, 62%), Enterobius vermicularis (2.3%), Trichuris trichiura (1.62%), Ascaris lumbricoides (0.7%), and Hymenolepis nana (0.2%). In children with intestinal parasites, children with Cryptosporidium infection, helminth and protozoan, the frequencies of infections were significantly higher in families where those responsible were illiterate or if the level of education was no more than five years (P < 0.05). With regard to anthropometric measurements, most children presented to the height / age index, weight / age and weight / height values of z-scores within the normal range... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Chochillon, Christian. ""Giardia intestinalis" : dékystement et culture "in vitro", implantation chez le souriceau." Paris 5, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA05P503.

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Ringqvist, Emma. "Host-Pathogen Responses during Giardia infections." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Mikrobiologi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-108980.

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Giardia lamblia is a eukaryotic parasite of the upper small intestine of humans and animals. The infecting trophozoite cells do not invade the epithelium lining of the intestine, but attach to the brush border surface in the intestinal lumen. The giardiasis disease in humans is highly variable. Prior to this study, the molecular mechanisms involved in establishment of infection or cause of disease were largely uncharacterized. In this thesis, the molecular relationship between Giardia and the human host is described. The interaction of the parasite with human epithelial cells was investigated in vitro. Changes in the transcriptome and proteome of the parasite and the host cells, and changes in the micro-environment of the infection have been identified using microarray technology, and 1- and 2-Dimensional SDS-PAGE protein mapping together with mass spectrometry identification. The first large-scale description of cellular activities within host epithelial cells during Giardia infection is included in this thesis (Paper I). We identified a unique activation of the host immune response and induction of apoptosis upon infection by Giardia. Four important virulence factors of the parasite, directly linked to the success of Giardia infection, were characterized and are presented in Papers II and III. The parasite was shown to have immune-modulating capacities, and to release proteins during host-interaction that facilitate the establishment of infection. Additional putative virulence factors were found among Giardia genes transcriptionally up-regulated during early infection (Paper IV). In summary, this thesis provides important insights into the molecular mechanisms of the host-parasite interaction.
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Winkworth, Cynthia Lee, and n/a. "Land use and Giardia in Otago." University of Otago. Department of Zoology, 2008. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20081219.162139.

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Agriculture is key to New Zealand�s economy with land-use conversions in response to market forces occurring regularly. Recently, high-intensity dairy farming has replaced low-density livestock farming, often degrading surrounding waterways. Of particular concern is that dairy cattle can be a source of the parasite Giardia, which in humans is a common cause of gastrointestinal infection. Thus, this thesis evaluated whether dairy farm conversions posed significant consequences for public health. First I examined the prevalence of Giardia in calves in a rapidly intensifying dairying region of New Zealand. A total of 1190 faecal samples were collected from calves one to seven weeks old during two spring calving seasons and screened by direct immunofluorescent microscopy. Giardia cysts were detected in 31% of samples. To evaluate the potential risk that this environmental source of Giardia posed to the human population, molecular genotyping was used to compare forty Giardia strains isolated from calves with thirty isolates from humans collected in the same region and period. Sequencing the β-giardin gene, Giardia duodenalis assemblages A and B were identified from both hosts, with genotype comparisons revealing substantial overlap of identical genotypes for both assemblages, implying zoonotic transmission. Environmental agencies routinely promote the planting of streamside edges to decrease nonpoint pollution from dairy farms entering waterways. However, current methods for tracking pathogens across farmland and into waterways via surface runoff are limited and typically have been developed using artificially created landscapes. Furthermore, no studies have investigated how Giardia moves across the landscape in farm surface runoff. I developed a field-based tracking method specific for Giardia and used this technique to compare the ability of recently planted vegetation strips with bare soil strips cleared of vegetation at decreasing pathogen concentrations; a typical scenario when planting barriers to reduce waterway contamination. A spike containing a bromide tracer and inactivated Giardia cysts was applied in drip-irrigated surface runoff, with one-minute samples collected from the bottom of the plot. A significant treatment effect was identified for Giardia, with 26% fewer detected in runoff from the planted strip, highlighting the immediate benefit of vegetation planting in removing pathogens. Next I evaluated the effects of four riparian treatments on Giardia runoff: exotic pasture grass and weeds growing in the absence of cattle grazing due to fencing, in comparison to monocultural plantings of three New Zealand native grassland species. Runoff experiments were performed after planting, both prior to and following the main summer growing season. Bromide recovery was high from all four treatments (54 - 99%), with no significant treatment effects. By comparison, Giardia recovery was low (1 - 13%). Prior to summer, two native species reduced Giardia in runoff more than the pasture grass/weed treatment which was almost vegetation-free at this time. After summer, Giardia recoveries were uniformly lower in all treatments. These results demonstrate that after one growing season, fencing waterways produces riparian buffers, via the growth of exotic pasture plants released from grazing, that decrease pathogen concentrations in surface runoff to concentrations indistinguishable from native plantings. Given infectious organisms are known to be in the environment, it is important to assess the risk these pose to human populations. Findings from this research can be used to improve currently available risk-assessment models for Giardia transmission from infected dairy animals via water to humans.
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Books on the topic "Giardia"

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Luján, Hugo D., and Staffan Svärd, eds. Giardia. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0198-8.

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A, Thompson R. C., Reynoldson J. A, and Lymbery A. J, eds. Giardia: From molecules to disease. Oxon: CAB International, 1994.

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Giardia, in the Rockies Conference (2000 Canmore Alta ). Giardia: The cosmopolitan parasite. Wallingford, England: CABI Pub., 2002.

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S, Waggie Kimberly, and National Center for Research Resources (U.S.), eds. giardia muris Manual of microbiologic monitoring of laboratory animals: Giardia muris. 2nd ed. [Bethesda, MD]: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Center for Research Resources, 1994.

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Malcolm, Wallis Peter, and Hammond Brian 1934-, eds. Advances in giardia research. Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 1988.

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Luján, Hugo D. Giardia: A Model Organism. Vienna: Springer-Verlag Vienna, 2011.

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Robertson, Lucy J. Giardia as a Foodborne Pathogen. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7756-3.

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Lindmark, Donald G. Cytochemical methods for assessing Giardia cysts viability. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Health Effects Research Laboratory, 1988.

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W, LeChevallier Mark, and AWWA Research Foundation, eds. Giardia and Cryptosporidium in water supplies. Denver, CO: The Foundation, 1991.

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Finch, Gordon R. Ozone disinfection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium. [Denver, CO]: The Foundation and American Water Works Association, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Giardia"

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Thompson, R. C. Andrew, and Paul T. Monis. "Taxonomy of Giardia Species." In Giardia, 3–15. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0198-8_1.

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Dawson, Scott C., Eva Nohýnková, and Michael Cipriano. "Cell Cycle Regulation and Cell Division in Giardia." In Giardia, 161–83. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0198-8_10.

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Tachezy, Jan, and Pavel Doležal. "The Giardia Mitosomes." In Giardia, 185–200. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0198-8_11.

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Lauwaet, Tineke, and Frances D. Gillin. "Signaling Pathways in Giardia lamblia." In Giardia, 201–9. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0198-8_12.

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Adam, Rodney D. "Transcription and Recombination in Giardia." In Giardia, 211–18. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0198-8_13.

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Hehl, Adrian B. "Intracellular Protein Trafficking." In Giardia, 219–31. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0198-8_14.

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Gargantini, Pablo R., César G. Prucca, and Hugo D. Luján. "Post-transcriptional Gene Silencing and Translation in Giardia." In Giardia, 233–44. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0198-8_15.

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Nash, Theodore E. "Antigenic Variation in Giardia." In Giardia, 245–57. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0198-8_16.

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Ortega-Pierres, Guadalupe, Maria Luisa Bazán-Tejeda, Rocio Fonseca-Liñán, Rosa María Bermúdez-Cruz, and Raúl Argüello-García. "Interaction of Giardia with Host Cells." In Giardia, 261–74. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0198-8_17.

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Dawson, Scott C. "Primary Microtubule Structures in Giardia." In Giardia, 275–99. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0198-8_18.

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Conference papers on the topic "Giardia"

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Pereira Rodrigues, Victor Hugo, Maria Fantinatti, Tiago Roux Oliveira, and LIU HSU. "Controle Populacional de Giardia lamblia." In ANAIS DO 14º SIMPóSIO BRASILEIRO DE AUTOMAçãO INTELIGENTE. Galoa, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17648/sbai-2019-111578.

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Júnior, Benílton Alves Rodrigues, Débora Pereira Gomes Prado, Hanstter Hallison Alves Rezende, and Andressa Rodrigues Lopes. "A DETERMINAÇÃO DE GIARDIA SP. E CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SP. EM ÁGUA E RELEVÂNCIA: REVISÃO DE LITERATURA." In II Congresso Brasileiro de Saúde On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/rems/1528.

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Introdução: A Giardia spp. é um protozoário que causa infecções intestinais, a giardiose. O parasita é transmitido pela água ou alimentos contaminados, com seu índice de acometimento relacionado a falta de saneamento básico. O Cryptosporidium spp. é o protozoário causador da criptosporidiose, que acomete animais e humanos, sendo que seu principal veículo de transmissão é a água contaminada. Os sintomas dessas parasitoses são diarreia e cólicas abdominais. Menos frequentes são enjoo, vômito, febre e fraqueza. Objetivo: Enunciar metodologias aplicadas na determinação de Giardia spp. e Cryptosporidium spp. em amostras de água e relatar a relevância desta determinação para a saúde humana. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo de revisão literária narrativa, no intervalo de tempo de 2011-2021, onde utilizou-se das plataformas online Google Acadêmico e Portal de periódicos CAPES/MEC, com os seguintes descritores: determinação de Giardia spp. e Cryptosporidium spp em água e qualidade da água. Resultados e discussão: A análise parasitológica de Giardia spp. e Cryptosporidium spp. na água destinada ao abastecimento é de grande importância devido aos riscos para saúde pública. A determinação desses parasitas podem ser realizadas em diversas metodologias, sendo mais utilizada mundialmente o método 1623 proposto pela Agência de Proteção Ambiental dos Estados Unidos (USEPA), que inclui fases de concentração, separação imunomagnéticas e microscopia de imunofluorescência. Entretanto, outras metodologias também são utilizadas, como a centrifugação e leitura direta em microscópio de luz, métodos de coloração convencionais, filtração em membrana, raspagem, dissolução e floculação, além de técnicas moleculares, como PCR e Nested-PCR. Sendo que destas metodologias, o método de filtração em membranas apresenta melhor custo-benefício, pois é resistente ao cloro e promove a determinação das espécies parasitarias visto que não é possível realizar tal ação através de metodologias convencionais. Conclusão: As doenças relacionadas à contaminação hídrica é um grande problema de saúde pública no mundo, logo que a má qualidade da água resulta em uma baixa qualidade de vida e a contaminação por Giardia spp. e Cryptosporidium spp. um risco a saúde humana, contudo, a determinação precisa de tais parasitas é de uma importância extrema para que haja uma total eliminação na água distribuída à população.
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Ran, Zhilin, and Shaofeng Li. "Study on the Inactivation of Giardia by Chlorine in Water." In 2010 International Conference on E-Product E-Service and E-Entertainment (ICEEE 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceee.2010.5660644.

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Shumin Xiao, Sike Hu, and Wenwei Pan. "Risk assessment of infection by giardia in effluent discharging river." In 2011 International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering (RSETE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rsete.2011.5965504.

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Belniak, Vanessa. "GIARDÍASE: UMA ZOONOSE ATUAL." In I Congresso On-line Nacional de Clínica Veterinária de Pequenos Animais. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/rems/1913.

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Introdução: A giardíase é uma importante zoonose, e que, devido o relacionamento mais próximo dos proprietários com seus animais de estimação aumentou-se a possibilidade de transmissão da giardíase aos seres humanos. Objetivo: O objetivo desta revisão bibliográfica é descrever os aspectos sanitários, zoonóticos e epidemiológicos da Giardia intestinalis. Materiais e métodos: utilizou-se o método de pesquisa exploratório partindo de uma revisão bibliográfica composta por artigos acerca do assunto. A pesquisa foi baseada em estudos de autores que elaboraram trabalhos pertinente ao assunto, entre 2006 e 2020. Resultados: A Giardia intestinalis é um protozoário da porção superior do intestino delgado. Constitui causa muito frequente de doença diarreica em grande variedade de espécies animais, incluindo o homem. A transmissão se dá de maneira direta por rota fecal-oral ou pelo consumo de água ou alimentos contaminados com formas evolutivas de Giardia spp. As recentes descobertas da capacidade zoonótica de parasitos do gênero Giardia têm despertado atenção entre pesquisadores e autoridades públicas, especialmente quanto à participação dos animais de companhia nessa cadeia epidemiológica. Foi verificado que o compartilhamento do espaço domiciliar com animais infectados duplica a chance de ocorrência de infecção humana e que a presença do cão em casa é um fator de risco para esta enfermidade em seus tutores. Estudos moleculares realizados com amostras de fezes de cães e de seres humanos sugerem a possibilidade de infecção entre as espécies devido a ambos compartilharem alguns genótipos do parasito. Do ponto de vista epidemiológico, animais errantes e aqueles domiciliados que não receberam tratamento antiparasitário, têm um papel importante na contaminação do meio ambiente, aliado à facilidade com que circulam por áreas públicas como praças e parques. Melhorias nas condições habitacionais e orientações para o cuidado com animais de companhia livres de agentes infecciosos podem servir para diminuir os riscos de infecções parasitárias nos moradores de residências coletivas multifamiliares, bem como melhorias nas condições de higiene e saneamento. Conclusão: este estudo mostrou que o compartilhamento domiciliar de animais e humanos, quando não ocorre o cuidado sanitário e tratamento antiparasitário, tende a ser um fator preocupante devido a facilidade de transmissão zoonótica.
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Sike Hu, Shumin Xiao, and Wenwei Pan. "Occurrence and genotypes of giardia cysts in wastewater in North China." In 2011 International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering (RSETE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rsete.2011.5965468.

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Guo, Yingxue, Wanyue Zhao, Xiaohong Zhou, Yun Lu, Minghua Chen, Sigang Yang, and Hongwei Chen. "Ultrafast time-encoded flow imaging for Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts detection." In Real-time Photonic Measurements, Data Management, and Processing IV, edited by Bahram Jalali, Ming Li, and Mohammad Hossein Asghari. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2536789.

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Shaofeng, Li, Ran Zhilin, Cui Chongwei, and Yuan Yixing. "Study on the Inactivation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia by Chlorine Dioxide in Water." In 2011 International Conference on Computer Distributed Control and Intelligent Environmental Monitoring (CDCIEM). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdciem.2011.469.

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Pires, Nuno M. M., and Tao Dong. "Biomedical micro-refinery system for the enrichment of Giardia cysts in source water." In 2012 5th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Informatics (BMEI). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bmei.2012.6513209.

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Neto, Claudio Vieira, and Jerusa Schneider. "Resistência de cisto de Giardia SPP a desinfecção por peroxidação assistida por radiação UV." In Congresso de Iniciação Científica UNICAMP. Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/revpibic2720191806.

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Reports on the topic "Giardia"

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Oron, Gideon, Raphi Mandelbaum, Carlos E. Enriquez, Robert Armon, Yoseph Manor, L. Gillerman, A. Alum, and Charles P. Gerba. Optimization of Secondary Wastewater Reuse to Minimize Environmental Risks. United States Department of Agriculture, December 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7573077.bard.

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The main purpose of the research was to examine approaches and to evaluate methods for minimizing the risks during applying treated domestic wastewater for agricultural irrigation. This general purpose consisted of examining under field conditions the possibilities when implementing different application technologies for minimizing health and environmental risks. It was assumed that Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI) will provide adequate conditions for safe effluent reuse. Controlled field experiments where conducted in commercial fields to evaluate the alternatives. Main efforts where conducted in Israel in the grape vineyard in Arad heights, in the field crops in Kibbutz Chafets Chaim and in Arizona in fields adjacent to the University campus. The complementary part was to examine the behavior of the various pathogens in the effluent-soil-plant system. The analysis is based on controlled experiments, primarily in greenhouse along with field experiments. Molecular biology methods were used to identify the behavior of the pathogens in the components of the system. The project included as well examining the effluent quality in various sites, primarily those in which treated wastewater is reused for agricultural irrigation. The monitoring included conventional parameters however, also parasites such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium. The results obtained indicate the prominent advantages of using Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI) method for minimizing health and environmental risks during application of secondary effluent. A theoretical model for assessing the risks while applying treated wastewater was completed as well. The management model shows the risks during various scenarios of wastewater quality, application technology and related human exposure.
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Gillor, Osnat, Stefan Wuertz, Karen Shapiro, Nirit Bernstein, Woutrina Miller, Patricia Conrad, and Moshe Herzberg. Science-Based Monitoring for Produce Safety: Comparing Indicators and Pathogens in Water, Soil, and Crops. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7613884.bard.

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Using treated wastewater (TWW) for crop irrigation represents an important opportunity for ensuring adequate food production in light of growing freshwater scarcity worldwide. However, the environmentally sustainable approach of using TWW for irrigation can lead to contamination of produce with fecal pathogens that may remain in treated water. The overall goal of this research was to evaluate the correlation between the presence of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and that of a suite of human pathogens in TWW, the irrigated soil, and crops. Field experiments were conducted to compare secondary and tertiary TWW with dechlorinated tap water for irrigation of tomatoes, a typical commercial crop, in Israel, a semi-arid country. Human pathogens including bacteria (Salmonella), protozoa (Cryptosporidiumand Giardia), and viruses (Adenovirus [AV Types A, B, C & 40/41] and Enterovirus [EV71 subtypes]) were monitored in two field trials using a combination of microscopic, cultivation-based, and molecular (qPCR) techniques. Results from the field trials indicate that microbial contamination on the surface of tomatoes did not appear to be associated with the source of irrigated waters; FIB contamination was not statistically different on tomatoes irrigated with TWW as compared to tomatoes irrigated with potable water. In fact, Indicator bacteria testing did not predict the presence of pathogens in any of the matrices tested. High concentrations of FIB were detected in water and on tomato surfaces from all irrigation treatment schemes, while pathogen contamination on tomato surfaces (Cryptosporidiumand Salmonella) was only detected on crops irrigated with TWW. These results suggest that regular monitoring for pathogens should take place to accurately detect presence of harmful microorganisms that could threaten consumer safety. A notable result from our study is that the large numbers of FIB in the water did not appear to lead to FIB accumulation in the soil. With the exception of two samples, E. coli that was present at 10³ to 10⁴ cells/100 mL in the water, was not detected in the soil. Other bacterial targets associated with the enteric environment (e. g., Proteusspp.) as well as protozoal pathogens were detected in the TWW, but not in the soil. These findings suggest that significant microbial transfer to the soil from TWW did not occur in this study. The pattern of FIB contamination on the surfaces of tomatoes was the same for all treatment types, and showed a temporal effect with more contamination detected as the duration of the field trial increased. An important observation revealed that water quality dramatically deteriorated between the time of its release from the wastewater treatment plant and the time it was utilized for irrigation, highlighting the importance of performing water quality testing throughout the growing season at the cultivation site.
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