Journal articles: 'Ghost projection'

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Okamuro, Minako. "…… AND A YEATSIAN PHANTASMAGORIA." Samuel Beckett Today / Aujourd'hui 19, no. 1 (August 1, 2008): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757405-019001020.

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The woman in … quotes from Yeats's "The Tower," a poem in which Yeats, who was familiar with séances, recalls the dead. "The Tower" is closely related to Yeats's book of occult philosophy, , in which he refers to 'phantasmagoria,' projections of images of ghosts, in discussing "dreaming back" by the Spirit. By repeatedly reproducing scenes, M's voice, called V, seems to be dreaming back a solitary séance by M, conducted by his past self to see the woman without. For Beckett, television thus produced a version of Yeats's phantasmagoria, a projection of the inner ghost outward.

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CHARLTON, DAVID, ERIK D. DEMAINE, MARTIN L. DEMAINE, VIDA DUJMOVIĆ, PAT MORIN, and RYUHEI UEHARA. "GHOST CHIMNEYS." International Journal of Computational Geometry & Applications 22, no. 03 (June 2012): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218195912500057.

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A planar point set S is an (i, t)set of ghost chimneys if there exist lines H0, H1,…,Ht-1 such that the orthogonal projection of S onto Hj consists of exactly i + j distinct points. We give upper and lower bounds on the maximum value of t in an (i, t) set of ghost chimneys, showing that it is linear in i.

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Fuentes, L. "Anomalous Scattering and Null-Domain Ghost Corrections for Fibre Textures." Textures and Microstructures 10, no. 4 (January 1, 1989): 347–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/tsm.10.347.

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The practical applicability of anomalous scattering and null-domain ghost corrections for fibre textures is theoretically evaluated. For a hypothetical asymmetric orientation distribution of quartz-like BPO4 highly absorpting crystals, slightly asymmetric anomalous scattering pole figures are predicted. On the basis of projection relations among orientation distribution functions and inverse pole figures, the special characteristics of the null-domain method for fibre textures are discussed, with the suggestion of a practical procedure to estimate (in favourable cases) an upper limit for ghosts effects.

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D. Savić, Nemanja, Dušan B. Gajić, and Radomir S. Stanković. "An Approach to Raspberry Pi Synchronization in a Multimedia Projection System for Applications in Presentation of Historical and Cultural Heritage." Digital Presentation and Preservation of Cultural and Scientific Heritage 5 (September 30, 2015): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.55630/dipp.2015.5.23.

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This paper discusses an implementation of a multimedia projection system with two synchronized video sources, based on the Raspberry Pi single board computer systems. The system is primarily intended for various projections in presentation of historical and cultural heritage, although it can be used for many other related purposes. The considered multimedia system has two projection surfaces - a horizontal projection plane and a 45° inclined special glass projection plane which creates the hologramlike Pepper’s Ghost effect. Each plane displays a separate high-definition video obtained from the corresponding Raspberry Pi. Synchronization of presentations is achieved using cu stom connection throu gh the general purpose input/output (GPIO) connector of the Raspberry Pi and the wiringPi interface library. As valuable aspects of the system, we can point out the following. From the practical point of view, the system has low cost due to the use of Rasp berry Pis. Generation of a holograp hic effect, as well as larger flexibility in creating the contents of the presentations due to the two projection surfaces, are additional attractive features.

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Hao, Zhanjun, Ruidong Wang, Xiaochao Dang, Hao Yan, and Jianxiang Peng. "mmSight: A Robust Millimeter-Wave Near-Field SAR Imaging Algorithm." Applied Sciences 12, no. 23 (November 25, 2022): 12085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122312085.

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Millimeter-wave SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) imaging is widely studied as a common means of RF (Radio Frequency) imaging, but there are problems of the ghost image in Sparsely-Sampled cases and the projection of multiple targets at different distances. Therefore, a robust imaging algorithm based on the Analytic Fourier Transform is proposed, which is named mmSight. First, the original data are windowed with Blackman window to take multiple distance planes into account; then, the Analytic Fourier Transform that can effectively suppress the ghost image under Sparsely-Sampled is used for imaging; finally, the results are filtered using a Mean Filter to remove spatial noise. The experimental results show that the proposed imaging algorithm in this paper, relative to other algorithms, can image common Fully-Sampled single target, hidden target, and multiple targets at the same distance, and solve the ghost image problem of single target in the case of Sparsely-Sampled, as well as the projection problem of multiple targets at different distances; the Image Entropy of the mmSight is 4.6157 and is on average 0.3372 lower than that of other algorithms. Compared with other algorithms, the sidelobe and noise of the Point Spread Function are suppressed, so the quality of the image obtained from imaging is better than that of other algorithms.

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Potting, Robertus, and Joris Raeymaekers. "Ghost sector of vacuum string field theory and the projection equation." Journal of High Energy Physics 2002, no. 06 (June 3, 2002): 002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2002/06/002.

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Koba, Fumihiro, Hiroshi Yamashita, and Eiichi Nomura. "Contrast Evaluation of the SCALPEL GHOST in 100 kV Electron Projection Lithography." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 39, Part 1, No. 12B (December 30, 2000): 6869–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.39.6869.

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Hu, Yaping. "The Functions of the Haunting Ghost Ben in Death of a Salesman." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 4, no. 10 (October 29, 2021): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2021.4.10.2.

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Arthur Miller's masterpiece Death of a Salesman received a large number of papers, but few specially analyze "Ben", a mysterious figure who frequently appears in Willie Loman's illusion. This article aims to study the reasons and functions of his appearances and finds that he is only the projection of his brother Willy’s consciousness and his words are used by Willy to justify his activities, including his suicide.

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MÅRTENSSON, ULF. "THE SPINNING CONFORMAL PARTICLE AND ITS BRST QUANTIZATION." International Journal of Modern Physics A 08, no. 30 (December 10, 1993): 5305–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x93002101.

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We present the classical and quantum theory of the spinning conformal particle. This is a model with manifestly O(2, 4) (conformal) invariance, and it describes both massive and massless particles of arbitrary spin depending on the projection to Minkowski space. We perform both an ordinary BRST quantization and an extended one including the anti-BRST symmetry. It is shown that anti-BRST invariance is necessary to ensure ghost decoupling and make the quantization of the model consistent.

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Chang, Paul C., Robert J. Burkholder, and John L. Volakis. "Model-Corrected Microwave Imaging through Periodic Wall Structures." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/948365.

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A model-based imaging framework is applied to correct the target distortion seen in microwave imaging through a periodic wall structure. In addition to propagation delays caused by the wall, it is shown that the structural periodicity induces high-order space harmonics leading to other ghost artifacts in the through-wall image. To overcome these distortions, the periodic layer Green’s function is incorporated into the forward model. A linear back-projection solution and a nonlinear minimization solution are applied to solve the inverse problem. The model-based back-projection image corrects the distortion and has higher resolution compared with free space due to the inclusion of multipath propagation through the periodic wall, but considerable sidelobe clutter is present. The nonlinear solution not only corrects target distortion without clutter but also reduces the solution to a sparse form.

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Yang, Peihao, Linghe Kong, Meikang Qiu, Xue Liu, and Guihai Chen. "Compressed Imaging Reconstruction with Sparse Random Projection." ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications 17, no. 1 (April 16, 2021): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3447431.

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As the Internet of Things thrives, monitors and cameras produce tons of image data every day. To efficiently process these images, many compressed imaging frameworks are proposed. A compressed imaging framework comprises two parts, image signal measurement and reconstruction. Although a plethora of measurement devices have been designed, the development of the reconstruction is relatively lagging behind. Nowadays, most of existing reconstruction algorithms in compressed imaging are optimization problem solvers based on specific priors. The computation burdens of these optimization algorithms are enormous and the solutions are usually local optimums. Meanwhile, it is inconvenient to deploy these algorithms on cloud, which hinders the popularization of compressed imaging. In this article, we dive deep into the random projection to build reconstruction algorithms for compressed imaging. We first fully utilize the information in the measurement procedure and propose a combinatorial sparse random projection (SRP) reconstruction algorithm. Then, we generalize the SRP to a novel distributed algorithm called Cloud-SRP (CSRP), which enables efficient reconstruction on cloud. Moreover, we explore the combination of SRP with conventional optimization reconstruction algorithms and propose the Iterative-SRP (ISRP), which converges to a guaranteed fixed point. With minor modifications on the naive optimization algorithms, the ISRP yields better reconstructions. Experiments on real ghost imaging reconstruction reveal that our algorithms are effective. And simulation experiments show their advantages over the classical algorithms.

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Huang, Yanyan, Vinu R.V., Ziyang Chen, Tushar Sarkar, Rakesh Kumar Singh, and Jixiong Pu. "Recovery and Characterization of Orbital Angular Momentum Modes with Ghost Diffraction Holography." Applied Sciences 11, no. 24 (December 20, 2021): 12167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112412167.

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Orbital angular momentum (OAM) of optical vortex beams has been regarded as an independent physical dimension of light with predominant information-carrying potential. However, the presence of scattering environment and turbulent atmosphere scrambles the helical wavefront and destroys the orthogonality of modes in vortex beam propagation. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a new basis for the recovery of the OAM mode using a holographic ghost diffraction scheme. The technique utilizes the speckle field generated from a rotating diffuser for optical vortex mode encoding, and the fourth-order correlation of the speckle field for the efficient recovery of the associated modes. Furthermore, we successfully demonstrate the complex-field recovery of OAM modes by the adoption of a holography scheme in combination with the ghost diffraction system. We evaluate the feasibility of the approach by simulation and followed by experimental demonstration for the recovery of various sequentially encoded OAM modes. Finally, the efficacy of the recovered modes was quantitatively analyzed by an OAM mode analysis utilizing orthogonal projection scheme.

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Lee, K. J., D. C. Barber, M. N. Paley, I. D. Wilkinson, N. G. Papadakis, and P. D. Griffiths. "Image-based EPI ghost correction using an algorithm based on projection onto convex sets (POCS)." Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 47, no. 4 (March 28, 2002): 812–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.10101.

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Park, Jai-in. "The storytelling method of folktales with the motif of “Ghost anger” and the psychological problem of “projection”." Research of the Korean Classic 56 (February 28, 2022): 257–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20516/classic.2022.56.257.

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Hualong, Ye, Zhang Leihong, and Zhang Dawei. "Non-imaging target recognition algorithm based on projection matrix and image Euclidean distance by computational ghost imaging." Optics & Laser Technology 137 (May 2021): 106779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2020.106779.

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Mújica, Ernesto B., Adam R. Herdman, Mark W. Danaher, Elaine H. González, and Lawrence W. Zettler. "Projected Status of the Ghost Orchid (Dendrophylax lindenii) in Florida during the Next Decade Based on Temporal Dynamic Studies Spanning Six Years." Plants 10, no. 8 (July 31, 2021): 1579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081579.

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The enigmatic ghost orchid, Dendrophylax lindenii (Lindley) Bentham ex Rolfe, is a showy leafless epiphyte restricted to low-lying forests in south Florida and western Cuba. Because of its appeal and reputation for being difficult to cultivate, D. lindenii remains vulnerable to poaching and environmental changes. About 2000 individuals are assumed to remain in Florida, most confined within water-filled cypress domes in the Fakahatchee Strand, but virtually no information exists on current population numbers throughout the region. This paper provides a preliminary summary of the ghost orchid’s projected status based on six continuous years of data collected within the Florida Panther National Wildlife Refuge (FPNWR) from 2015–2020. The orchids were clustered in seven different populations, each separated by ca. 5 km. Quantitative data were collected spanning three age classes (seedlings, juveniles, mature plants) for each population, and survival, flowering, and fruiting were noted. To estimate the temporal variability in the demographic rates, size-structured integral projection models (IPMs) were constructed for each annual transition (e.g., 2015–2016, 2016–2017). Results for all seven populations pooled suggest that D. lindenii numbers will decline by 20% during the next decade in the absence of external adverse factors. Seedling recruitment is not expected to keep pace with the projected decline. Only one population, which was also from the wettest location, continuously harbored spontaneous seedlings, suggesting that most populations within the FPNWR lack conditions suitable for reproduction.

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Tagami, Tatsuaki, Chisa Morimura, and Tetsuya Ozeki. "Effective and simple prediction model of drug release from “ghost tablets” fabricated using a digital light projection-type 3D printer." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 604 (July 2021): 120721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120721.

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Stella, Massimo. "Achille tra le rose (negli anni di Napoleone). Femminilizzazione del guerriero nella Penthesilea di Heinrich von Kleist." Storia delle Donne 16 (July 7, 2021): 125–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/sd-11466.

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The hypothesis I advance in this article is that the character of Achilles in Heinrich von Kleist’s Penthesilea embodies the Object of desire of the female protagonist, the queen of the Amazons. By the word “Object”, I mean the interiorised and imaginary representation Penthesilea phantasises within herself about an otherwise unknown “thing” desired which finally takes the feminine features of a tender and harmless boy wearing crowns and garlands of roses, an “Achilles among the roses”, as it were – the word “rose” being both the anagram of “eros” and the emblem of the female sex. In the course of the analysis, I argue that this “mirage” of Penthesilea, the “thing desired”, is the projection of the “Thing itself”, maternal love, which, being unredeemedly lost to her, turns into a persecutory ghost. My understanding of von Kleist’s Penthesilea is not rooted in Freudian and Lacanian psychoanalysis, but both in the historical and political context in which the tragedy of the queen of the Amazon was conceived and in the transcendental and idealistic philosophy of the Subject.

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DZHUNUSHALIEV, VLADIMIR, and DOUGLAS SINGLETON. "GINZBURG–LANDAU EQUATION FROM SU(2) GAUGE FIELD THEORY." Modern Physics Letters A 18, no. 14 (May 10, 2003): 955–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732303010776.

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The dual superconductor picture of the QCD vacuum is thought to describe the various aspects of the strong interaction including confinement. Ordinary superconductivity is described by the Ginzburg–Landau (GL) equation. In the present work we show that it is possible to arrive at a GL-like equation from pure SU(2) gauge theory. This is accomplished by using Abelian projection to split the SU(2) gauge fields into an Abelian subgroup and its coset. The two gauge field components of the coset part act as the effective, complex, scalar field of the GL equation. The Abelian part of the SU(2) gauge field is then analogous to the electromagnetic potential in the GL equation. An important feature of the dual superconducting model is for the GL Lagrangian to have a spontaneous symmetry breaking potential, and the existence of Nielsen–Olesen flux tube solutions. Both of these require a tachyonic mass for the effective scalar field. Such a tachyonic mass term is obtained from the condensation of ghost fields.

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Cięszczyk, Sławomir, Damian Harasim, Ainur Ormanbekova, Krzysztof Skorupski, and Martyna Wawrzyk. "Methods of Projecting Mode Amplitude Changes on the Wavelength Axis in Order to Determine the Bending Radius on the Basis of TFBG Grating Spectra." Sensors 21, no. 22 (November 12, 2021): 7526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21227526.

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Tilted fibre Bragg grating (TFBG) are used as sensors to determine many quantities such as refractive index, temperature, stress, rotation and bending. The TFBG spectrum contains a lot of information and various algorithms are used for its analysis. However, most of these algorithms are dedicated to the analysis of spectral changes under the influence of the refractive index. The most popular algorithm used for this purpose is to calculate the area occupied by cladding modes. Among the remaining algorithms, there are those that use the determination of the cut-off wavelength as a surrounding refractive index (SRI) indicator. Projection on the wavelength axis can also be used to calculate the bending radius of the fibre. However, this is a more difficult task than with SRI, because the mode decay in bending is not so easy to catch. In this article, we propose a multi-step algorithm that allows to determine the impact of bending on mode leakage. At the same time, the place on the wavelength from the side of the Bragg mode and the ghost mode is determined, which represents the cladding mode radiated from the cladding under the influence of bending. The developed algorithm consists of the following operations carried out on the transmission spectrum: Fourier filtering, calculation of the cumulative value of the spectral length, low-pass filtering of the cumulative curve or its corresponding polynomial approximation, determination of the first and second derivative of the approximated curve, and projection of the second derivative of the curve on the wavelength axis. The shift of the wavelength determined in this way indirectly indicates the bending radius of the optical fibre. Based on multiple measurements, we prove that the presented algorithm provides better results when determining the bending radius compared to other algorithms adopted for this purpose and proposed for SRI measurements. Additionally, we analyse the method of determining the shift of a fragment of the spectrum using the phase of the discrete Fourier transform.

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Auguste, Franck, Géraldine Réa, Roberto Paoli, Christine Lac, Valery Masson, and Daniel Cariolle. "Implementation of an immersed boundary method in the Meso-NH v5.2 model: applications to an idealized urban environment." Geoscientific Model Development 12, no. 6 (July 1, 2019): 2607–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2607-2019.

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Abstract. This study describes the numerical implementation, verification and validation of an immersed boundary method (IBM) in the atmospheric solver Meso-NH for applications to urban flow modeling. The IBM represents the fluid–solid interface by means of a level-set function and models the obstacles as part of the resolved scales. The IBM is implemented by means of a three-step procedure: first, an explicit-in-time forcing is developed based on a novel ghost-cell technique that uses multiple image points instead of the classical single mirror point. The second step consists of an implicit step projection whereby the right-hand side of the Poisson equation is modified by means of a cut-cell technique to satisfy the incompressibility constraint. The condition of non-permeability is achieved at the embedded fluid–solid interface by an iterative procedure applied on the modified Poisson equation. In the final step, the turbulent fluxes and the wall model used for large-eddy simulations (LESs) are corrected, and a wall model is proposed to ensure consistency of the subgrid scales with the IBM treatment. In the second of part of the paper, the IBM is verified and validated for several analytical and benchmark test cases of flows around single bluff bodies with an increasing level of complexity. The analysis showed that the Meso-NH model (MNH) with IBM reproduces the expected physical features of the flow, which are also found in the atmosphere at much larger scales. Finally, the IBM is validated in the LES mode against the Mock Urban Setting Test (MUST) field experiment, which is characterized by strong roughness caused by the presence of a set of obstacles placed in the atmospheric boundary layer in nearly neutral stability conditions. The Meso-NH IBM–LES reproduces with reasonable accuracy both the mean flow and turbulent fluctuations observed in this idealized urban environment.

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Bao, Jun Wei, Qiang Chen, and Fu Qiang Peng. "Nonlinear Image Mosaic of Pipe Inner Surface." Applied Mechanics and Materials 427-429 (September 2013): 1620–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.427-429.1620.

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The present study is concerned about image mosaic in single reflector panoramic imaging system (SRPIS). A nonlinear image mosaic algorithm is proposed to get the panoramic image of pipe inner surface. Because of nonlinear distortion in the images which are unwrapped from the original images, its practically impossible for traditional image mosaic method based on 2D planar projective transformation to eliminate phenomenon of ghost and blur in the seam. Nonlinear image mosaic algorithm is performed by projecting many pieces of image divided from right image onto the left image. The position-variant parameters of transformation model are got by quadratic interpolation. The results show that nonlinear image mosaic algorithm overcomes the limitations of traditional image mosaic method in images with distortion and the mosaic image is clearer than that by traditional image mosaic method.

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Allen, Robert, and Simon Wood. "Bosonic Ghostbusting: The Bosonic Ghost Vertex Algebra Admits a Logarithmic Module Category with Rigid Fusion." Communications in Mathematical Physics 390, no. 2 (February 9, 2022): 959–1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00220-021-04305-6.

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AbstractThe rank 1 bosonic ghost vertex algebra, also known as the $$\beta \gamma $$ β γ ghosts, symplectic bosons or Weyl vertex algebra, is a simple example of a conformal field theory which is neither rational, nor $$C_2$$ C 2 -cofinite. We identify a module category, denoted category $$\mathscr {F}$$ F , which satisfies three necessary conditions coming from conformal field theory considerations: closure under restricted duals, closure under fusion and closure under the action of the modular group on characters. We prove the second of these conditions, with the other two already being known. Further, we show that category $$\mathscr {F}$$ F has sufficiently many projective and injective modules, give a classification of all indecomposable modules, show that fusion is rigid and compute all fusion products. The fusion product formulae turn out to perfectly match a previously proposed Verlinde formula, which was computed using a conjectured generalisation of the usual rational Verlinde formula, called the standard module formalism. The bosonic ghosts therefore exhibit essentially all of the rich structure of rational theories despite satisfying none of the standard rationality assumptions such as $$C_2$$ C 2 -cofiniteness, the vertex algebra being isomorphic to its restricted dual or having a one-dimensional conformal weight 0 space. In particular, to the best of the authors’ knowledge this is the first example of a proof of rigidity for a logarithmic non-$$C_2$$ C 2 -cofinite vertex algebra.

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Li, Tingting, Kun-Shan Chen, and Ming Jin. "Analysis and Simulation on Imaging Performance of Backward and Forward Bistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar." Remote Sensing 10, no. 11 (October 24, 2018): 1676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10111676.

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In recent years, bistatic synthetic aperture radar (SAR) technique has attracted considerable and increasing attention. Compared to monostatic SAR for which only the backscattering is measured, bistatic SAR expands the scattering measurements in aspects of angular region and polarization, and greatly enhances the capability of remote sensing over terrain and sea. It has been pointed out in recent theoretical researches that bistatic scattering measured in the forward region is preferable to that measured in the backward region in lines of surface parameters retrieval. In the forward region, both dynamic range and signal sensitivity increase to a great extent. For these reasons, bistatic SAR imaging is desirable. However, because of the separated positions of the transmitter and receiver, the degrees of freedom in the parameter space is increased and the forward bistatic imaging is more complicated than the backward bistatic SAR in the aspects of bistatic range history, Doppler parameter estimation and motion compensation, et, al. In this study, we analyze bistatic SAR in terms of ground range resolution, azimuth resolution, bistatic range history and signal to noise ratio (SNR) in different bistatic configurations. Effects of system motion parameters on bistatic SAR imaging are investigated through analytical modeling and numerical simulations. The results indicate that the range resolution is extremely degraded in some cases in forward bistatic SAR imaging. In addition, due to the different imaging projection rules between backward and forward bistatic SAR, the ghost point is produced in the forward imaging. To avoid the above problems, the forward bistatic imaging geometry must be carefully considered. For a given application requirement with the desired imaging performances, the design of the motion parameters can be considered as a question of solving the nonlinear equation system (NES). Then the improved chaos particle swarm optimization (CPSO) is introduced to solve the NES and obtain the optimal solutions. And the simulated imaging results are used to test and verify the effectiveness of CPSO. The results help to deepen understanding of the constraints and properties of bistatic SAR imaging and provide the reference to the optimal design of the motion parameters for a specific requirement, especially in forward bistatic configurations.

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Nicholas, K. H., and R. A. Ford. "Ghost proximity correction in an electron image projector." Applied Physics Letters 47, no. 11 (December 1985): 1227–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.96336.

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MARNELIUS, ROBERT, and NICLAS SANDSTRÖM. "PHYSICAL PROJECTIONS IN BRST TREATMENTS OF REPARAMETRIZATION INVARIANT THEORIES." International Journal of Modern Physics A 16, no. 17 (July 10, 2001): 2909–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x01004177.

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Any regular quantum mechanical system may be cast into an Abelian gauge theory by simply reformulating it as a reparametrization invariant theory. We present a detailed study of the BRST quantization of such reparametrization invariant theories within a precise operator version of BRST which is related to the conventional BFV path integral formulation. Our treatments lead us to propose general rules for how physical wave functions and physical propagators are to be projected from the BRST singlets and propagators in the ghost extended BRST theory. These projections are performed by boundary conditions which are specified by the ingredients of BRST charge and precisely determined by the operator BRST. We demonstrate explicitly the validity of these rules for the considered class of models.

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Druţu, Cornelia, and Piotr W. Nowak. "Kazhdan projections, random walks and ergodic theorems." Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik (Crelles Journal) 2019, no. 754 (September 1, 2019): 49–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/crelle-2017-0002.

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Abstract In this paper we investigate generalizations of Kazhdan’s property (T) to the setting of uniformly convex Banach spaces. We explain the interplay between the existence of spectral gaps and that of Kazhdan projections. Our methods employ Markov operators associated to a random walk on the group, for which we provide new norm estimates and convergence results. This construction exhibits useful properties and flexibility, and allows to view Kazhdan projections in Banach spaces as natural objects associated to random walks on groups. We give a number of applications of these results. In particular, we address several open questions. We give a direct comparison of properties (TE) and FE with Lafforgue’s reinforced Banach property (T); we obtain shrinking target theorems for orbits of Kazhdan groups; finally, answering a question of Willett and Yu we construct non-compact ghost projections for warped cones. In this last case we conjecture that such warped cones provide counterexamples to the coarse Baum–Connes conjecture.

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Lee, K. J., N. G. Papadakis, D. C. Barber, I. D. Wilkinson, P. D. Griffiths, and M. N. J. Paley. "A Method of Generalized Projections (MGP) Ghost Correction Algorithm for Interleaved EPI." IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging 23, no. 7 (July 2004): 839–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2004.827970.

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Yu, Mali, and Hai Zhang. "High Dynamic Range Imaging Based on Bidirectional Structural Similarities and Weighted Low-Rank Matrix Completion." Advances in Multimedia 2019 (December 26, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8459896.

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High dynamic range (HDR) imaging, aiming to increase the dynamic range of an image by merging multiexposure images, has attracted much attention. Ghosts are often observed in a resultant image, due to camera motion and object motion in the scene. Low-rank matrix completion (LRMC) provides an effective tool to remove ghosts. However, user specification of the included or excluded regions is required. In this paper, we propose a novel HDR imaging method based on bidirectional structural similarities and weighted low-rank matrix completion. In our method, we first propose the bidirectional structural similarities containing forward-projection structural similarity (FPSS) and backward-projection structural similarity (BPSS) to divide each image into four groups: motion region, saturated region in the source image, saturated region in the reference image, and static and unsaturated regions. Then, the weight maps and the motion maps constructed based on FPSS and BPSS are introduced in the weighted LRMC model to reconstruct the background irradiance maps. Experiments are conducted on several challenging image sets with complex scene, and the results show that the proposed method outperforms three current state-of-the-art methods and Photoshop cs6 and is robust to the reference image.

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Szymik, Markus. "A Non-trivial Ghost Kernel for Complex Projective Spaces with Symmetries." Publications of the Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences 52, no. 3 (2016): 249–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4171/prims/180.

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Baikov, P., M. Hayashi, N. Nelipa, and S. Ostapchenko. "Ghost- and tachyon-free gauge-invariant, Poincar�, affine and projective Lagrangians." General Relativity and Gravitation 24, no. 8 (August 1992): 867–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00759092.

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Wang, Qin. "Remarks on ghost projections and ideals in the Roe algebras of expander sequences." Archiv der Mathematik 89, no. 5 (October 23, 2007): 459–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00013-007-2260-x.

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Farrell, Maxwell J., Andrew W. Park, Clayton E. Cressler, Tad Dallas, Shan Huang, Nicole Mideo, Ignacio Morales-Castilla, T. Jonathan Davies, and Patrick Stephens. "The ghost of hosts past: impacts of host extinction on parasite specificity." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1837 (September 20, 2021): 20200351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0351.

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A growing body of research is focused on the extinction of parasite species in response to host endangerment and declines. Beyond the loss of parasite species richness, host extinction can impact apparent parasite host specificity, as measured by host richness or the phylogenetic distances among hosts. Such impacts on the distribution of parasites across the host phylogeny can have knock-on effects that may reshape the adaptation of both hosts and parasites, ultimately shifting the evolutionary landscape underlying the potential for emergence and the evolution of virulence across hosts. Here, we examine how the reshaping of host phylogenies through extinction may impact the host specificity of parasites, and offer examples from historical extinctions, present-day endangerment, and future projections of biodiversity loss. We suggest that an improved understanding of the impact of host extinction on contemporary host–parasite interactions may shed light on core aspects of disease ecology, including comparative studies of host specificity, virulence evolution in multi-host parasite systems, and future trajectories for host and parasite biodiversity. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Infectious disease macroecology: parasite diversity and dynamics across the globe’.

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Hoad, Catherine. "‘He can be whatever you want him to be’: Identity and intimacy in the masked performance of Ghost." Popular Music 37, no. 2 (April 13, 2018): 175–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143018000028.

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AbstractUsing Swedish metal band Ghost as a primary case study, this article examines how anonymous bands mediate their identity through the use of masks. The isolation of the band members’ ‘real’ identities from their musical performance complicates traditional modes of ‘knowing’ the performer, but in turn enables the formation of a multitude of connectivities, as audiences utilise masked bodies as sites upon which to project their desires and fantasies. Such projections are integral to the ways in which masking allows performers to mobilise and sustain their connections to audiences, who themselves become complicit in the maintenance of anonymity. This article thus considers how masks might challenge established notions of popular music performance, celebrity and authenticity, particularly within heavy metal contexts, and investigates how masks, rather than de-identifying a performer, can invite intimate connections among musicians and audiences.

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Casetti, Francesco. "Rethinking the Phantasmagoria: an enclosure and three worlds." Journal of Visual Culture 21, no. 2 (August 2022): 349–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14704129221112975.

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The Phantasmagoria was not just a spectacle based on projections of images of ghosts and monsters. Relying upon new archival findings, this article claims that the Phantasmagoria was instead an optical–environmental dispositive that combined an enclosed space with the exploration of three worlds: the otherworld of the Dead, the physical world of Nature, and the inner world of spectators’ Interiority. While its ultimate goal was to provide an unconventional map of the three domains that were of the greatest interest at the time, its combined interest in a spatial arrangement and a visual address suggests the need for a new, rhizomatic archaeology in which to include the screen-based dispositives.

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MARKOV, ALEXANDER V. "APPLICABILITY OF HAUNTOLOGY TO THE STUDY OF THE ORIGINS OF SCREEN ARTS." ART AND SCIENCE OF TELEVISION 17, no. 2 (2021): 217–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30628/1994-9529-2021-17.2-217-237.

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The article discusses the possibility of making hauntology one of the methods of studying screen arts at the stage of their formation, which might make it possible to correctly interpret the use of early screen arts techniques in later cinema and television broadcasts. Hauntology is a method backed by a program of research into social life and the role of associations in maintaining stable communicative structures, which program is based on the assumption of “ghosts” as cultural actors inherently belonging to the cultural order. Based on the ideas of Jacques Derrida and Mark Fischer, going back to Sigmund Freud’s methods of studying the “uncanny” and “effect of reality”, hauntology claims that ghosts determine the modes of nostalgia and user orientation of a number of screen and visual arts, in particular, the visual principles of modern musical culture. Although hauntology researchers focus extensively on the world of ghosts in the culture of the 19th century, they limit themselves to private remarks and often optimistically presume the fact that the plot rationality ultimately triumphs over the power of ghosts. However, this contradicts both the actual history of the culture then, and the basic principles of hauntology, which asserts that ghosts cannot be fully rationalized. Therefore, the article proposes a visual-critical hauntology, which allows us to explain how visualization techniques contributed to the rationalization of ghostly existence, and how, to create the effect of reality, a screen was required as the basic method of this visualization. Vladimir Toporov’s work on the mystical prose of Turgenev provides the main source of visual-critical hauntology thus proving the need for screen projection to express the author’s position in the era under consideration. The article establishes a connection between the ghostly statuses and the need for a screen reflection mode, which provides a consistent description of psychological reality. It is pointed out that a number of literary experiments of the Victorian era require a screen medium as a basis for understanding the independent sequence of events, from the plot of internal psychological transformation in Dickens’s A Christmas Carol to the “unreliable storyteller” technique in Henry James’s The Turn of the Screw. Visual-critical hauntology, referring to the history of psychology, the decisions of directors, especially Hitchcock, indisputably proves that it is possible to cope with ghosts and rationalize them not with the help of everyday life staging, as it is usually considered, but with the help of its adaptation, which allows to apply emerging technology for creation long-term effect of reality.

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Alege, G. O., B. H. Ojo, G. I. Ifenji, J. B. Kachi, F. O. Tawose, E. Glen, and E. O. Oladimeji. "Cytogenetic Effects of Radiation from Projector on Meristematic Cells of Allium Cepa (Onions) Root." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 26, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 737–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v26i4.25.

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The objective of this study is to evaluate the cytogenetic consequences of exposing root tips of Allium cepa (onion) to varying distances and durations of radiation from the projector and treatment with sodium azide and distilled water using standard methods. The sodium azide and distilled water served as positive and negative controls respectively. Results obtained in this study revealed that radiations from the projector induced eleven chromosomal aberrations which included; binucleate cells, sticky chromosomes, vacuolated cells, star metaphase, bride chromosome, vagrant chromosome, faculty polarity, C-mitosis, spindle fibre disturbance, ghost cells, and fragmented chromosomes. This suggests that radiation from the projector poses danger to genetic systems. The higher mitotic index of irradiated onion root tip cells compared to negative control groups indicates that radiation from the projector exhibited a promontory effect on cell division. The findings in this study revealed that exposing cells to radiation beyond 20cm from projector reduced its potencies to induce aberrations as well as distortion of mitotic cell division cycles irrespective of the duration of exposure. This suggests that the genotoxic effects of radiations from a projector depend more on distance than the duration of exposure.

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CLINE, JAMES M. "DISC AND RP2 CORRECTIONS TO THE STRING EFFECTIVE LAGRANGIAN." International Journal of Modern Physics A 04, no. 19 (November 20, 1989): 5293–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x89002284.

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Bosonic string scattering amplitudes on the disc and the projective plane are compared with amplitudes from the effective field theory derived by demanding consistency of string propagation in background massless fields. Path integral (as opposed to BRST) quantization is used throughout, with the ghost fields integrated out. We point out a difficulty in defining a covariant dilaton vertex operator in this formalism. A nonstandard graviton vertex operator is constructed, by which we compute the vacuum energy for the two topologies and find that it has the correct ratio to the dilaton tadpole, as predicted by the effective Lagrangian. Factorization of tadpole divergences in N-point amplitudes leads to the same result, modulo a paradox discovered by Fischler, Klebanov, and Susskind, which is reviewed. We also show that the dilaton two- and three-point functions agree with the exponential form of the dilaton potential in the effective action, despite quadratic divergences that initially appear in these amplitudes.

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Yilmaz, Ayşe Nahide. "The Image of Politics in Art: Projecting the Oppression in Turkish Art Scene." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 6, no. 2 (June 10, 2017): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v6i2.p339-339.

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In the 1970s, Turkey's artistic milieu was mostly influenced by socialist realistic painters who demonstrated political criticism with a figurative understanding. The oppression that came with the coup d'état of September 12, 1980 aimed at a depoliticized society, and artists were then politically diverted to implicit and indirect ways. While direct intervention from the military or the civil government under its control rarely came, the artists and art institutions have even ended some kind of auto censorship. In a demoralized and depoliticized cultural environment, the works that embodied the 'social ghost' have both raised emotional and reactive objections and ironically created a sense of guilt in the audience. Being a spectator meant to be a victim, a judge, a witness, or maybe -in fact- all of these at once. The artist imagination reproducing the notions of authority and power in silenced societies has made conspicuous human rights violations, tortures, and executions through works of art. Artists, who counted art as a vehicle to change the world, have provided a deep dimension in art environment with a wide variety of knowledge and skills right along with new techniques and materials. In this work, there shall be many examples of artists and works of art that combine 'art politics' and 'political art' as a single thing, which goes beyond traditional approaches to art and politics in the intense and subversive political atmosphere of the 1980s in Turkey.

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Evans, Christine. "Drones, Projections, and Ghosts: Restaging Virtual War in Grounded and You Are Dead. You Are Here." Theatre Journal 67, no. 4 (2015): 663–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tj.2015.0126.

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Kašpárková, Barbora. "A Shadow of Truth: Honor Klein in Iris Murdoch’s A Severed Head." Prague Journal of English Studies 8, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjes-2019-0002.

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Abstract Iris Murdoch’s novel A Severed Head (1961) is an example of convoluted relationships that may appear hilarious upon superficial analysis. A close reading, however, reveals the suffering triggered by the behaviour of the central characters. The most mysterious female protagonist, the sexually ambivalent Honor Klein, deploys a wide range of possible interpretations. Honor’s powerful figure is like an axis around which the rest of the characters rotate and without whom the plot would fall apart. The question is, nonetheless, if she is a real figure or not. This paper argues that this pivotal character is not a real person but a dreamy and ghostly concentration of elements in relation to the protagonist Martin Lynch-Gibbon. Honor Klein is a force, is suspicion, and fear, and seems to be an external projection of Martin’s subconscious imaginary fears and trauma. She has a similar narrative function as Shakespeare‘s ghosts in, e.g., Macbeth, Hamlet and Julius Caesar.

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Song, Shaoqiu, Jie Lu, Shiqi Xing, Sinong Quan, Junpeng Wang, Yongzhen Li, and Jing Lian. "Near Field 3-D Millimeter-Wave SAR Image Enhancement and Detection with Application of Antenna Pattern Compensation." Sensors 22, no. 12 (June 14, 2022): 4509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22124509.

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In this paper, a novel near-field high-resolution image focusing technique is proposed. With the emergence of Millimeter-wave (mmWave) devices, near-field synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging is widely used in automotive-mounted SAR imaging, UAV imaging, concealed threat detection, etc. Current research is mainly confined to the laboratory environment, thus ignoring the adverse effects of the non-ideal experimental environment on imaging and subsequent detection in real scenarios. To address this problem, we propose an optimized Back-Projection Algorithm (BPA) that considers the loss path of signal propagation among space by converting the amplitude factor in the echo model into a beam-weighting. The proposed algorithm is an image focusing algorithm for arbitrary and irregular arrays, and effectively mitigates sparse array imaging ghosts. We apply the 3DRIED dataset to construct image datasets for target detection, comparing the kappa coefficients of the proposed scheme with those obtained from classic BPA and Range Migration Algorithm (RMA) with amplitude loss compensation. The results show that the proposed algorithm attains a high-fidelity image reconstruction focus.

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Closson, Marianne. "Mélancolie, illusion diabolique et création poétique." Studia Litteraria 17, no. 2 (August 2, 2022): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843933st.22.007.15595.

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The sixteenth century inherited three discourses on melancholy: the medical, philosophical, and religious ones. While the first presented it as a mental illness linked to a disorder of the humours, the second, with the rediscovery of Aristotle’s Problem XXX, saw it as a sign of creative genius, and the third reminded us that it was, according to Saint Jerome’s expression, the balneum diaboli; it allowed Satan to take possession of the patient’s mind, causing him to hallucinate. So how can we distinguish the melancholy of the genius from the pathology of the same name, especially when the latter is associated with the devil? The devil’s ability to create illusory worlds on the border between dream and reality coincides with Renaissance artists’works populated by ghosts, monsters, witches and demons. Could not these scenes, presented both as manifestations of the devil and projections of the hallucinated mind, be linked to the figure of the melancholic artist?

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McGough, Amy M., and Robert Josephs. "Electron Microscopy and image reconstruction reveal the structural basis for spectrin's elastic properties." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 1 (August 1992): 510–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100122952.

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The remarkable deformability of the erythrocyte derives in large part from the elastic properties of spectrin, the major component of the membrane skeleton. It is generally accepted that spectrin's elasticity arises from marked conformational changes which include variations in its overall length (1). In this work the structure of spectrin in partially expanded membrane skeletons was studied by electron microscopy to determine the molecular basis for spectrin's elastic properties. Spectrin molecules were analysed with respect to three features: length, conformation, and quaternary structure. The results of these studies lead to a model of how spectrin mediates the elastic deformation of the erythrocyte.Membrane skeletons were isolated from erythrocyte membrane ghosts, negatively stained, and examined by transmission electron microscopy (2). Particle lengths and end-to-end distances were measured from enlarged prints using the computer program MACMEASURE. Spectrin conformation (straightness) was assessed by calculating the particles’ correlation length by iterative approximation (3). Digitised spectrin images were correlation averaged or Fourier filtered to improve their signal-to-noise ratios. Three-dimensional reconstructions were performed using a suite of programs which were based on the filtered back-projection algorithm and executed on a cluster of Microvax 3200 workstations (4).

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Witt-Jauch, Martina. "Image versus imagination." Alphaville: Journal of Film and Screen Media, no. 4 (December 21, 2012): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/alpha.4.06.

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While the 1962 French science fiction film La Jetée presents a straightforward narrative premise, it nonetheless details the story of a man who “becomes a human projectile to be pro-jeté through time,” as Paul Sandro claims. Incriminating the audience in a theatre of cruelty, the film moves through the past and future via the mental time-travel of the protagonist in a series of stills, which appear independent from the consciousness of the agent. In the course of events, the protagonist builds a cognitive map out of this chaotic sequence of memories that allows him to then create new spaces of thought. The first mention of the “theatre of cruelty” by Antonin Artaud in 1935, considered pain and terror to be the most important elements of any kind of play or film. The protagonist's situation of constantly chasing his own ghost and restoring his memory corresponds to these conditions and thus opens up new venues of considering cruelty, and in extension trauma, as an important third element in Chris Marker's film. His film La Jetée created a filmic embodiment of this interplay in both the redemptive yet productive powers of memory and the cyclical notion of time as it manifests itself in the mind of the protagonist and viewer.

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Turvey, Samuel T., and Susanne A. Fritz. "The ghosts of mammals past: biological and geographical patterns of global mammalian extinction across the Holocene." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1577 (September 12, 2011): 2564–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0020.

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Although the recent historical period is usually treated as a temporal base-line for understanding patterns of mammal extinction, mammalian biodiversity loss has also taken place throughout the Late Quaternary. We explore the spatial, taxonomic and phylogenetic patterns of 241 mammal species extinctions known to have occurred during the Holocene up to the present day. To assess whether our understanding of mammalian threat processes has been affected by excluding these taxa, we incorporate extinct species data into analyses of the impact of body mass on extinction risk. We find that Holocene extinctions have been phylogenetically and spatially concentrated in specific taxa and geographical regions, which are often not congruent with those disproportionately at risk today. Large-bodied mammals have also been more extinction-prone in most geographical regions across the Holocene. Our data support the extinction filter hypothesis, whereby regional faunas from which susceptible species have already become extinct now appear less threatened; they may also suggest that different processes are responsible for driving past and present extinctions. We also find overall incompleteness and inter-regional biases in extinction data from the recent fossil record. Although direct use of fossil data in future projections of extinction risk is therefore not straightforward, insights into extinction processes from the Holocene record are still useful in understanding mammalian threat.

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Prosser, Ashleigh. "Resurrecting Frankenstein: Peter Ackroyd’s The Casebook of Victor Frankenstein and the metafictional monster within." Australasian Journal of Popular Culture 8, no. 2 (September 1, 2019): 179–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ajpc_00004_1.

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This article examines Peter Ackroyd’s popular Gothic novel The Casebook of Victor Frankenstein (2008), which is a reimagining of Mary Shelley’s famous Gothic novel Frankenstein, or, The Modern Prometheus ([1818] 2003). The basic premise of Ackroyd’s narrative seemingly resembles Shelley’s own, as Victor Frankenstein woefully reflects on the events that have brought about his mysterious downfall, and like the original text the voice of the Monster interrupts his creator to recount passages from his own afterlife. However, Ackroyd’s adaption is instead set within the historical context of the original story’s creation in the early nineteenth century. Ackroyd’s Frankenstein studies at Oxford, befriends radical Romantic poet Percy Bysshe Shelley, moves to London to conduct his reanimation experiments and even accompanies the Shelleys, Byron and Polidori on that fateful holiday when the original novel was conceived. This article explores how Ackroyd’s novel, as a form of the contemporary ‘popular’ Gothic, functions as an uncanny doppelgänger of Shelley’s Frankenstein. By blurring the boundaries between history and fiction, the original text and the context of its creation haunt Ackroyd’s adaptation in uncannily doubled and self-reflexive ways that speak to Frankenstein’s legacy for the Gothic in popular culture. The dénouement of Ackroyd’s narrative reveals that the Monster is Frankenstein’s psychological doppelgänger, a projection of insanity, and thus Frankenstein himself is the Monster. This article proposes that this final twist is an uncanny reflection of the narrative’s own ‘Frankenstein-ian’ monstrous metafictional construction, for it argues that Ackroyd’s story is a ‘strange case(book)’ haunted by the ghosts of its Gothic literary predecessors.

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HEERSINK, BYRON. "Equidistribution of Farey sequences on horospheres in covers of and applications." Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 41, no. 2 (October 7, 2019): 471–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/etds.2019.71.

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We establish the limiting distribution of certain subsets of Farey sequences, i.e., sequences of primitive rational points, on expanding horospheres in covers $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\backslash \text{SL}(n+1,\mathbb{R})$ of $\text{SL}(n+1,\mathbb{Z})\backslash \text{SL}(n+1,\mathbb{R})$, where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}$ is a finite-index subgroup of $\text{SL}(n+1,\mathbb{Z})$. These subsets can be obtained by projecting to the hyperplane $\{(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n+1})\in \mathbb{R}^{n+1}:x_{n+1}=1\}$ sets of the form $\mathbf{A}=\bigcup _{j=1}^{J}\mathbf{a}_{j}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}$, where for all $j$, $\mathbf{a}_{j}$ is a primitive lattice point in $\mathbb{Z}^{n+1}$. Our method involves applying the equidistribution of expanding horospheres in quotients of $\text{SL}(n+1,\mathbb{R})$ developed by Marklof and Strömbergsson, and more precisely understanding how the full Farey sequence distributes in $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\backslash \text{SL}(n+1,\mathbb{R})$ when embedded on expanding horospheres as done in previous work by Marklof. For each of the Farey sequence subsets, we extend the statistical results by Marklof regarding the full multidimensional Farey sequences, and solutions by Athreya and Ghosh to Diophantine approximation problems of Erdős–Szüsz–Turán and Kesten. We also prove that Marklof’s result on the asymptotic distribution of Frobenius numbers holds for sets of primitive lattice points of the form $\mathbf{A}$.

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Rozett, Martha Tuck. "“How now Horatio, you tremble and look pale”: Verbal Cues and the Supernatural in Shakespeare's Tragedies." Theatre Survey 29, no. 2 (November 1988): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557400000624.

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Barnardo' line “How now Horatio, you tremble and look pale,” delivered just after the ghost's exit in Act I, scene i of Hamlet, is at once a description of Horatio and a thematic statement about the effect of tragedy. By the end of the play, this phrase has come to signify the way amazing, horrifying, and profoundly tragic events affect the spectators: Hamlet addresses the “mutes or audience” to the “act” he, Laertes, Claudius and Gertrude have just performed as “you that look pale, and tremble at this chance” (V, ii, 334). When a character describes another in this way, the utterance constitutes a verbal cue: it tells the audience what is happening on the stage, or how the other characters are reacting to past or present events. A verbal cue can be thought of as a spoken stage direction, to use Raymond Williams' term, one which serves as a signal both to the actors and to the audience. Shakespeare repeatedly resorted to verbal cues in representing the ghosts, witches, and other supernatural visitations that figure prominently in Hamlet, Macbeth, and less prominently, in Richard III and Julius Caesar. Regardless of how they are represented on the stage, supernatural characters are essentially imaginative projections, who exist as much through the speeches and described reactions of others as through what they themselves say and do. Verbal cues thus serve as part of the characterization process; they help to define these creatures in terms of their effects on others. And as a theatrical strategy, the cues employ language to summon up visions in the mind of the spectator, creating images that no stagecraft, however spectacular, could equal.

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Samkaria, Ashwarya. "Postcolonial Nonhuman Blurring (B)orders in Migrant Ecologies: A Postanthropocentric Reading of Amitav Ghosh’s "Gun Island"." Ecozon@: European Journal of Literature, Culture and Environment 13, no. 2 (October 29, 2022): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37536/ecozona.2022.13.2.4671.

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Amitav Ghosh’s novel Gun Island (2019) explores the intersection of the nonhuman with 21st century issues pertaining to racial and ecological injustice, ethnic cleansing, environmental catastrophe and migrant ecologies by way of allegorising the myth of Manasa Devi (goddess of snakes and other venomous creatures). A postcolonial ecocritical lens helps analyse how the novelist presents nonhuman actors to contest Western anthropocentric conceptualisations of human subjectivity shaped by historical forces of modernity. By positing a postanthropocentric way of reading the world in order to shape new human subjectivities which do not efface human-nonhuman entanglements, my paper studies how Ghosh recognises agentic capacities and storied matter of the postcolonial nonhuman subject matter by identifying the novel’s subversive negotiations through the tropes of language, embodiment, genre, and everyday environmentalism. I analyse how the contextualisation of the postcolonial nonhuman not only critiques human exceptionalism but destabilises the constructedness of borders in terms of an immaterial myth projecting an otherworldly possibility, trans-corporeality positing inescapable interconnectedness between humans and all living and non-living matter, and everyday environmentalism broadening the definition of environment to contest nature-culture dualism. I also argue that this ecofiction’s allegorisation of Manasa Devi’s myth through the unseen boundaries that she seeks to retain problematise a simplistic understanding of borders as limiting. My paper thus analyses how this reconceptualisation through the postcolonial nonhuman blurs borders and their ordering of the world and posits, instead, a relational living that dismantles constructedness of hierarchies while paying heed to (b)orders for ecological sustainable living.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ghost projection'

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