Journal articles on the topic 'GFRP tank'
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Kutz, Philipp Werner, Jan Werner, and Frank Otremba. "Testing of Composite Material for Transport Tanks for LNG." Key Engineering Materials 809 (June 2019): 625–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.809.625.
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To reduce the emission of carbondyoxide (CO2) of combustion engines, liquefied naturalgas (LNG) is used as an alternative fuel. LNG is transported via truck, ship or railway for longdistances. Double walled stainless steel tanks are used for transportation, which are heavy and expensive.The vacuum insulation between the two walled structure ensures that the LNG stays liquid overthe transportation time (boiling point of LNG: −162 °C). This causes a high temperature differencebetween the transported good and the ambient air. A simplified tank construction is used to reduce the weight and price of the tank. Instead of stainlesssteel, glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) is used. The designed is changed to a single walledconstruction with a solid insulation material outside on the GFRP structure. Goal of this work is the characterization of a suitable insulation material and configuration as wellas the analysis of the mechanical properties of GFRP under cryogenic conditions. Several experimentsare carried out. Numerical models of these experiments can then be used for parameter studies.
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Xu, Qing Xian, Xue Fang Guan, and Bin Lin. "Comprehensive Sewage-Treating Technology Using Bio-Tank of Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics on Intensive Scaled Swine Farm." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 1075–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.1075.
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The scaled swine farms have been developed rapidly in China since 21stcentury, which bring serious problem in environmental pollution, especially in winter. In order to s reduce the pollution from intensive scaled swine farms, as well as produce biogas in winter, a technological route was put forward to control the sewage pollution in swine farm by using bio-tank of glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP). The experiments in swine farm of FuJian Hua Feng Co. Ltd in Nanping city showed that the developed technology had achieved zero-draining, which was able to solve the pollution problem and produce biogas in winter. The sewage temperature of bio-tank of GFRP increased average 1.18°C more than that of bio-tank of reinforced concrete. And the average biogas-generating rate of bio-tank of GFRP of year 2009 was 0.45 m3·m-3·d-1, which increased 28% more than that of reinforced concrete. The indexes of COD, BOD, SS, NH3-N, and TP for the out-let wastewater of the treatment were 579.1 mg·L-1, 237.7 mg·L-1, 289.8 mg·L-1, 319.4 mg·L-1and 31.7 mg·L-1, respectively.
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Kim, Sung Bo, and Kwang Je Cho. "Parametric Analysis on Ultimate Behavior of Cylindrical GFRP Septic Tank." Journal of The Korean Society of Civil Engineers 33, no. 4 (July 30, 2013): 1337–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.12652/ksce.2013.33.4.1337.
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FUJII, Yoshimichi. "How to Remind Engineers Safety and Reliability in a GFRP Tank." Journal of the Society of Mechanical Engineers 110, no. 1067 (2007): 784–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemag.110.1067_784.
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MORITA, Tatsuro, Ryota TAKENAKA, Shinta MABUCHI, Yoshimichi FUJII, and Masanori OKANO. "Damage Condition of GFRP Tank Used for Long Period in Alkaline Environment." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 60, no. 3 (2011): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.60.245.
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TAKENAKA, Ryota, Shinta MABUCHI, Tatsuro MORITA, and Yoshimichi FUJII. "PS44 Damage Condition of GFRP Tank Used for Long Term in Alkaline." Proceedings of the Materials and Mechanics Conference 2008 (2008): _PS44–1_—_PS44–2_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemm.2008._ps44-1_.
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IKEGAMI, Masumi, Yoshimichi FUJII, and Hiroyuki NISHIMURA. "614 Degradation inspection with electric resistance for long time used hydrochloric acid GFRP tank." Proceedings of the Materials and processing conference 2015.23 (2015): _614–1_—_614–4_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemp.2015.23._614-1_.
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Mohamed, Hamdy M., and Brahim Benmokrane. "Design and Performance of Reinforced Concrete Water Chlorination Tank Totally Reinforced with GFRP Bars: Case Study." Journal of Composites for Construction 18, no. 1 (February 2014): 05013001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cc.1943-5614.0000429.
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Kar, Soumya, and Rajiv Gupta. "EFFICIENCY OF A GLASS FIBER-REINFORCED POLYMER (GFRP) TANK IN PURSUIT OF RELIABLE WATER RESOURCES THROUGH RAINWATER HARVESTING." Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 22, no. 1 (2023): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2023.008.
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MABUCHI, Shinta, Tatsuro MORITA, Yoshimichi FUJII, and Miki HIRANO. "Damage Condition of GFRP Tank Used for Long Term in Acid Environment and Damage Inspection Based on Ultrasonic Echo Measurement." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 57, no. 11 (2008): 1160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.57.1160.
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Reynaldo, Alvin, Hari Sidik Pramono, Sigit Puji Santosa, and Muhammad Aziz. "Finite Element Analysis of Liquefied Ammonia Tank for Mobility Vehicles Employing Polymers and Composites." Energies 13, no. 20 (October 13, 2020): 5312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205312.
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Hydrogen has attracted global attention as a clean secondary energy source and has numerous possible applications, including fuel for vehicles. To store the hydrogen effectively, ammonia is considered promising due to high hydrogen density, stability, and total energy efficiency. Adopting ammonia as a fuel in vehicles requires a proper fuel tank design to fulfill the required volumetric content and safety standards, without neglecting the economic objectives. In general, a type-IV pressure vessel is utilized as a fuel tank because it is the lightest one, compared to other types of pressure vessel. This paper focuses on the effort to develop a lightweight type-IV ammonia pressure vessel designed for mobility vehicles. The material combination (liner and composite) and composite stacking sequence are analyzed for both burst and impact tests by using a finite element method. Two polymer materials of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polypropylene (PP) are evaluated as the liner considering their ultimate tensile strength, density, cost, and compatibility with ammonia, while carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass-fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) are adopted as composite skins. In addition, five composite stacking sequences are analyzed in this study. Von Mises stress and Hashin’s damage initiation criteria are used to evaluate the performance of liner and composite, respectively. As the results, PP-based pressure vessels generate lower stress in the liner compared to PET-based vessels. In addition, CFRP-based pressure vessels have a higher safety margin and are able to generate lower stress in the liner and lower damage initiation criteria in the composite skin. The material combination of PP-CFRP with a stacking sequence of [90/±30/90]3s gives the lowest maximum stress in the liner during the burst test, while, for the impact test, the stacking sequence of [90/±θ/90]3s is considered the most appropriate option to realize a lower stress at the liner, although this tendency is relatively small for vessels with PP liner.
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Patel, Tejash, Sanjay Salla, Sandip Vasanwala, and Chetankumar Modhera. "Strengthened of a Square RC Columns using BFRP and GFRP: The Experimental Investigations." Trends in Sciences 19, no. 15 (August 1, 2022): 5602. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2022.5602.
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Reinforced concrete (RC) columns, jacketing of FRPs has become a standard strengthened technique in the present times. The current research scenario focuses on the fact that strengthened and rehabilitation of RC columns by CFRP and GFRP are more effective. Additionally, the present research also highlights a new class of natural composites of BFRP (Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymer) bonded with adhesive to column specimens as an alternate confinement material. Generally, it is advisable to use RC columns instead of CFRP and GFRP confinement material. The experimental study was strengthened by partially and fully wrapped square RC columns using GFRP and BFRP uni - directional and bi-directional. The behavior of stress-strain curves and failure modes were observed. The experimental results show that the substantial increment in ultimate load-displacement capacity, ultimate stress-ultimate axial and lateral strains lead to BFRP and GFRP failure. The fully warped square reinforced concrete (RC) column performs better in getting stress-strain behavior and displacement limit as compared to the partially covered system. It is a fact that the strengthened obtained by partial wrapping with BFRP and GFRP is a preferable and cost-effective alternative as compared to the fully wrapped. The test results show that the CNR-DT-R1 model is more reliable than Lam & Tang and provides reasonable and precise calculations for the ultimate axial stress of partially and fully wrapped RC columns.
HIGHLIGHTS
Now days strengthening and rehabilitation of RC columns by CFRP and GFRP is more effective, but the natural composite BFRP is also an alternative confinement material
The experimental study was strengthened by partially and fully wrapped square RC columns using GFRP and BFRP Uni - directional and bi-directional
The behaviour of stress-strain curves and failure modes were observed. The experimental results show that the substantial increment in ultimate load-displacement capacity, stress, axial and lateral strains lead to BFRP and GFRP failure
The study has been performed to verify the experimental data's reliability and accuracy with the theoretical models such as CNR-DT R1 and Lam & Teng model
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Gomathi, R., M. Ashok, M. Menaka, and B. Venkatraman. "Characterization of Wall-Loss Defects in Curved GFRP Composites Using Pulsed Thermography." Materials Evaluation 80, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32548/2022.me-04160.
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Curved glass fiber–reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites are superior to alloy-steel pipes due to their excellent corrosive resistance properties, finding wide applications in the transportation of petrochemicals, chemical storage tanks, and power and water-treatment plants. Among the defects found in GFRP pipes, internal pitting or wall loss is one of the most severe, caused by material deterioration and the friction of small particles in the transfer fluid. This study investigates these in-service discontinuities using a pulsed thermal nondestructive evaluation technique. The paper focuses on the quantification of defect depth using the temperature peak contrast derivative and defect sizing using the full width at half maximum method. Further, the paper investigates the ability of pulsed thermography to estimate pitting or wall-loss defects at various depths and sizes through simulation and experimentation. Thermographic signal reconstruction images are used for quantification of defects at a deeper depth. The results of the present study are then compared with well-established ultrasonic C-scan results.
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Teshnizi, S. H. Sharifi, S. S. R. Koloor, G. Sharifishourabi, Amran Bin Ayob, and Yahya Mohd Yazid. "Effect of Ply Thickness on Displacements and Stresses in Laminated GFRP Cylinder Subjected to Radial Load." Advanced Materials Research 488-489 (March 2012): 367–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.488-489.367.
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The superior feature of composites such as high stiffness against low density have impelled engineers to use this material in automotive, aerospace and building industries. In the past few decades, composites shell has found applications in storage tanks and transmission pipelines. Designing laminated composite shells is challenging because of the complex mechanical behavior when combining laminate and shell theories. In this paper, the study is focused on the effect of lamina thickness on performance of the GFRP cylinder. For this purpose two 12-ply GFRP cylinders are considered with ply sequences of [0/90/45]s. The lamina thicknesses of the composite shell are assumed to be 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mm, to evaluation of the mechanical behaviors of the cylinders and identifying one with the highest strength. The 250 mm diameter cylinders are subjected to a uniform radial patch load. A code is written for the solution based on the shell theory and classical mechanics of laminated composite using MATLAB software. The results are validated by comparing the present results with those found in literature. A good correlation justifies the study being extended to include the study on the effect of ply and shell thickness. The procedure is recommended for design and optimization for strength of various sizes of composite pipes
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Marro Bellot, Cristian, Giulia de Leo, Han Zhang, Arnaud Kernin, Claudio Scarponi, Marco Sangermano, Massimo Olivero, Emiliano Bilotti, and Milena Salvo. "Dual In-Situ Water Diffusion Monitoring of GFRPs based on Optical Fibres and CNTs." Journal of Composites Science 4, no. 3 (July 23, 2020): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs4030097.
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Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GRFP) composites are increasingly being used as new materials for civil and petrochemical engineering infrastructures, owing to the combination of relatively high specific strength and stiffness and cost-competitiveness over traditional materials. However, practical concerns remain on the environmental stability of these materials in harsh environments. For instance, diffusion of salty water through the composites can trigger degradation and ageing. For this reason, a continuous monitoring of the integrity of GFRP composites is required. GRFPs health monitoring solutions, being non-destructive, in-situ, real-time, highly reliable and remotely controllable, are as desirable as challenging. Herein we develop and compare two methods for real-time monitoring of GRFP: one based on the electrical sensing signals of percolated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) networks and the other on optical fibre sensors (OFSs). As a proof-of-concept of dual sensory system, both sensors were used in combination to detect the diffusion of water through the composite. Measurements demonstrated that both CNTs and OFSs were able to detect water diffusion through the epoxy matrix successfully, with an on-off sensing behaviour. OFSs exhibit some advantages since they do not require electrical supply as required in hazardous environments and are more suitable for remote operation, which make them attractive for new developments in harsh-environment sensing. On the other hand, CNTs can be easily embedded in the composite without compromising its performance (e.g., mechanical properties) and are easily interrogated by measurement of electrical conductance, therefore could be used as spot sensors in the most failure-prone sections of GFRP components. This study opens up the possibility for an early detection of composites degradation, which could prevent failures in GFRP structures such as pipelines and storage tanks used in the oil and gas industry.
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Conan, Matthieu. "« L’emprunt tant attendu » ou l’avènement des prêts garantis par l’État aux entreprises…" Gestion & Finances Publiques, no. 3 (May 2021): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/gfp.2021.3.012.
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Le financement de la crise sanitaire nécessite bien évidemment pour l’État de recourir aux ressources de l’emprunt dans des proportions encore plus importantes que d’ordinaire. Pour autant, le recours à l’emprunt le plus spectaculaire dans le cadre des dispositifs d’aide et de soutien mis en place va résider dans la possibilité offerte aux entreprises de souscrire auprès de leurs établissements de crédit des prêts garantis par l’État. Au regard du succès rencontré par les « PGE », force est de constater aujourd’hui que le financement de la crise s’opère ainsi pour l’État de manière externalisée, n’affectant quasiment pas les délicats (des)équilibres budgétaires et financiers, du moins dans l’immédiat : de nature à quelque peu entretenir les incertitudes autour du « quoi qu’il en coûte ».
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Degron, Robin. "La dette est-elle soluble dans la Constitution ? Oui mais pas en France et c’est tant mieux pour l’Europe !" Gestion & Finances Publiques, no. 4 (July 2018): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/gfp.2018.00053.
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Li, Guowei, Sidi Kabba Bakarr, Jingqiu Wang, Xue Liu, and Chengyu Hong. "Effect of Stress Corrosion on Relaxation of Large Diameter BGFRP Bars." International Journal of Corrosion 2018 (December 2, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3418596.
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Fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) rebars do not corrode like steel rebars when they are exposed to moisture such as water. Instead they have been shown to degrade when exposed to alkaline media and, in some cases, acids. It has especially demonstrated extensive deterioration when it has been simultaneously stressed and exposed to harsh environments. This combined effect has been termed as stress corrosion. The effect of stress corrosion on the stress relaxation of large sized prestressed basalt-glass fibre reinforced polymer (BGFRP) bars was analyzed by laboratory experiments. Two stressed bars were submerged in aqueous solutions of acid and alkaline in two separate plastic tanks under constant strain. Stress reduction values were observed over a period of about 7 months. Bars immersed in acid bath had an average stress relaxation of 9.2% and that in the alkali bath was observed to be about 13.4%. These results support earlier assertions that exposure of GFRP bars to alkali media is likely to be detrimental to the long-term durability of the reinforced structure.
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Duroux, M., H. S. H. Vinterhøj, A. Stensballe, and P. Gazerani. "Characterization of released exosomes from satellite glial cells under normal and inflammatory conditions." Scandinavian Journal of Pain 16, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjpain.2017.04.018.
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Abstract Aims Satellite glial cells (SGCs) are non-neuronal cells that entirely surround neurons within sensory ganglia. This unique structure allows SGC-neuron interactions. Altered cross-talk following nerve injury or inflammation is thought to contribute to pathogenesis of chronic pain. Release of extracellular vesicles in form of exosomes has been found to play a key role in cell-cell communication. However, release of exosomes from SGCs and their potential role in modulating pain remain unknown. Hence, this study aimed at identifying and characterizing shed exosomes from SGCs under normal and inflammatory conditions. Methods Fresh primary cultures of rat trigeminal ganglia (TG) were prepared from adult male Sprague–Dawley rats. Danish Animal Inspectorate approved the study protocol. Primary SGCs were kept in culture up to 21 days and were characterized by morphology and immunohistochemistry. Cultured SGCs were monitored under normal and LPS (50 ng/mL) treatment. Collection of conditioned media was performed over time and exosomes were isolated. Particle size distribution and total protein were determined by NTA and LC–MS/MS, respectively. Results SGCs formed small clusters, spread outwards to areas devoid of cells but remained spindle-like in appearance with larger cell bodies. The primary cultures of SGCs were clearly GS positive with a low expression of GFAP. LPS treatment led to higher GFAP expression. Particle size distribution showed that two third of the particles were in the exosomal size range. Upon LPS-stimulation, four proteins (histone H2B, ubiquitin-60S ribosomal, myosin-9, elongation factor 1-alpha) were found exclusively expressed compared to normal treated SGCs. Conclusions For the first time it was demonstrated that SGCs shed extracellular vesicles in exosomal size range. Mysoin-9 was identified as a possible novel marker of SGCs activation under inflammatory conditions. This protein plays a role in cell-cell adhesion and possibly contributes to SGC-SGC cross-talk upon inflammation which may consequently influence the excitability of nearby neurons.
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Luo, Ziming, Kang Li, Kaijing Li, Bikun Xian, Ying Liu, Sijing Yang, Chaochao Xu, et al. "Establishing a Surgical Procedure for Rhesus Epiretinal Scaffold Implantation with HiPSC-Derived Retinal Progenitors." Stem Cells International 2018 (2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9437041.
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Background. To develop an effective surgical procedure for cellular scaffold epiretinal implantation in rhesus, facilitating subsequent epiretinal stem cell transplantation. Methods. Retinal progenitors were seeded onto a poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) scaffold. First, the cellular scaffolds were delivered by 18G catheter or retinal forceps into rabbit epiretinal space (n=50). Then, the cell survival rate was evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). Second, three methods of scaffold fixation, including adhesion after gas-liquid exchange (n=1), tamponade by hydrogel (n=1), and fixation by retinal tacks (n=4), were performed in rhesus monkeys. After one month, fundus photography and SD-OCT were performed to assess the outcomes, and histological examination was performed to evaluate proliferation. Results. The cell survival rate was significantly higher in the catheter group. Follow-up examination showed that retinal tack fixation was the only method to maintain the scaffolds attached to host retina for at least 3 weeks, which is the minimal time required for cell integration. Histological staining demonstrated slight glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) accumulation in the retinal tack insertion area. Conclusions. The established surgical procedure offers a new insight into research of epiretinal cell replacement therapy in rhesus eyes. The successful delivery and long-term fixation provide a prerequisite for cell migration and integration.
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Ahn, Byung-Soo, Seong-Kyu Kim, Ha Neul Kim, Ji-Hye Lee, Ji-Hwan Lee, Deog Sang Hwang, Hyunsu Bae, Byung-Il Min, and Sun Kwang Kim. "Gyejigachulbu-Tang Relieves Oxaliplatin-Induced Neuropathic Cold and Mechanical Hypersensitivity in Rats via the Suppression of Spinal Glial Activation." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/436482.
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Activation of spinal glial cells plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. An administration of oxaliplatin, an important anticancer drug, often induces acute neuropathic cold hypersensitivity and/or mechanical hypersensitivity in patients. Gyejigachulbu-tang (GBT), a herbal formula comprisingCinnamomi Cortex, Paeoniae Radix, Atractylodis Lanceae Rhizoma, Zizyphi Fructus, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Zingiberis Rhizoma,andAconiti Tuber, has been used in East Asia to treat various pain symptoms, especially in cold patients. This study investigated whether and how GBT alleviates oxaliplatin-induced cold and mechanical hypersensitivity in rats. The behavioral signs of cold and mechanical hypersensitivity were evaluated by a tail immersion test in cold water (4°C) and a von Frey hair test, respectively. The significant cold and mechanical hypersensitivity were observed 3 days after an oxaliplatin injection (6 mg/kg, i.p.). Daily oral administration of GBT (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg) for 5 days markedly attenuated cold and mechanical hypersensitivity. Immunoreactivities of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, astrocyte marker) and OX-42 (microglia marker) in the spinal dorsal horn were significantly increased by an oxaliplatin injection, which were restored by GBT administration. These results indicate that GBT relieves oxaliplatin-induced cold and mechanical hypersensitivity in rats possibly through the suppression of spinal glial activation.
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Diksin, Mohammed, Jonathan Rowlinson, Alexandar Kondrashov, Chris Denning, Jamie Hughes, Tim Constantin-Teodo, Wei Cui, et al. "Characterisation of the invasive tumour niche using astrocyte-glioblastoma organoids and decellularised human brain." Neuro-Oncology 21, Supplement_4 (October 2019): iv7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noz167.028.
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Abstract Glioblastoma therapeutic challenges are in considerable part due to myriad survival adaptations and mechanisms, which allow malignant cells to repurpose signalling pathways within discreet microenvironments. These Darwinian adaptations facilitate invasion into brain parenchyma and perivascular space or promote evasion from repressive factors that represent anti-cancer defence mechanisms. We hypothesised that pre-clinical modelling of glioma invasion by recapitulating early events occurring immediately after surgery at the glioblastoma invasive margin, could reveal the cross-talk between malignant cells and the surrounding healthy astrocytes, which facilitates tumour recurrence. We first generated transgenic H1-derived neural stem cells using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-in of the YFP reporter gene under the control of the GFAP promoter. Reproducible ultrahigh-throughput AggreWells™ (19,200 micro-wells per 24-well plate) were used to create astrocyte-glioblastoma organoids, which we term ‘Gliomasphere Matrices’. YFP-labelled astrocytes were co-cultured with 10 treatment-naïve patient-derived cell lines isolated from the 5-aminolevulinic (5ALA)-determined glioblastoma invasive margin. Co-cultures were seeded upon on a sequentially constructed, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS)-characterised 3D scaffold, composed of decellularised human brain extract with defined PEGDA hydrogel. YFP-astrocytes were purified from each of the 10 Gliomasphere Matrices using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) after 6- and 10-days co-culture. RNAseq profiling to address both putative astrocytic reprogramming by invasive glioblastoma cells and gene expression changes intrinsic to tumour cells will be discussed in relation to RNAseq data from patient-derived 5ALA FACS-purified glioblastoma invasive margin tissue. This novel multi-faceted model offers a unique opportunity to recapitulate early molecular cross-talk which facilitates glioblastoma recurrence and may be utilised for high-throughput drug screening.
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Diksin, Mohammed, Jonathan Rowlinson, Alexander Kondrashov, Chris Denning, Jaime Hughes, Tim Constantin-Teodosiu, Wei Cui, et al. "TMOD-11. CHARACTERISATION OF THE POST-SURGICAL INVASIVE TUMOUR NICHE USING ASTROCYTE-GLIOBLASTOMA ORGANOIDS AND DECELLULARISED HUMAN BRAIN." Neuro-Oncology 21, Supplement_6 (November 2019): vi264—vi265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noz175.1110.
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Abstract Glioblastoma therapeutic challenges are in considerable part due to myriad survival mechanisms which allow malignant cells to repurpose signalling pathways within discreet microenvironments. These Darwinian adaptations facilitate invasion into brain parenchyma and perivascular space. We hypothesised that pre-clinical modelling of glioma invasion by recapitulating early events occurring immediately after surgery at the glioblastoma invasive margin, could reveal the cross-talk between malignant cells and surrounding healthy astrocytes. We first generated transgenic H1-derived neural stem cells using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-in of the YFP reporter gene under the control of the GFAP promoter at the AAVS1 safe harbour locus. Reproducible ultrahigh-throughput AggreWells™ (7200 mini-wells per plate) were used to create astrocyte-glioblastoma organoids, which we term ‘Gliomasphere Matrices’. YFP-labelled astrocytes were co-cultured with 10 treatment-naïve patient-derived cell lines isolated from the 5-aminolevulinic (5ALA)-determined glioblastoma invasive margin. Co-cultures were seeded upon a sequentially constructed, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS)-characterised decellularised human brain extract. YFP-astrocytes were purified from each of the 10 Gliomasphere Matrices using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) after 6- and 10-days co-culture. RNA-sequencing of the putatively reprogrammed YFP-astrocytes showed the characteristic expression of canonical key regulators of multiple malignant diseases including high-grade glioma such as SND1 and EFNB2 in addition to the identification of a single novel marker located at chromosome 1 (C1orf61), highly expressed in malignant glioma when compared to somatic cancers according to TCGA RNA-sequencing data. Differentiated YFP-astrocytes also overexpressed IFITM2 and IFITM10, known to be involved in priming resistance against pathogenic microorganisms. This ultimately suggests a fluctuating state between malignant transformation imposed by the highly infiltrative glioma cells and the counter-action of the normal astrocytes to these deleterious invasive cells. This multi-faceted model offers a unique opportunity to recapitulate early molecular cross-talk which facilitates glioblastoma recurrence and may be utilised for high-throughput drug screening.
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Jmaeff, Sean, Yulia Sidorova, Hinyu Nedev, Mart Saarma, and H. Uri Saragovi. "Small-molecule agonists of the RET receptor tyrosine kinase activate biased trophic signals that are influenced by the presence of GFRa1 co-receptors." Journal of Biological Chemistry 295, no. 19 (April 3, 2020): 6532–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra119.011802.
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Glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a growth factor that regulates the health and function of neurons and other cells. GDNF binds to GDNF family receptor α1 (GFRa1), and the resulting complex activates the RET receptor tyrosine kinase and subsequent downstream signals. This feature restricts GDNF activity to systems in which GFRa1 and RET are both present, a scenario that may constrain GDNF breadth of action. Furthermore, this co-dependence precludes the use of GDNF as a tool to study a putative functional cross-talk between GFRa1 and RET. Here, using biochemical techniques, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining, and immunohistochemistry in murine cells, tissues, or retinal organotypic cultures, we report that a naphthoquinone/quinolinedione family of small molecules (Q compounds) acts as RET agonists. We found that, like GDNF, signaling through the parental compound Q121 is GFRa1-dependent. Structural modifications of Q121 generated analogs that activated RET irrespective of GFRa1 expression. We used these analogs to examine RET–GFRa1 interactions and show that GFRa1 can influence RET-mediated signaling and enhance or diminish AKT Ser/Thr kinase or extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling in a biased manner. In a genetic mutant model of retinitis pigmentosa, a lead compound, Q525, afforded sustained RET activation and prevented photoreceptor neuron loss in the retina. This work uncovers key components of the dynamic relationships between RET and its GFRa co-receptor and provides RET agonist scaffolds for drug development.
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Kumarasamy, S., Nurul Musfirah Mazlan, M. Shukur Zainol Abidin, and A. Anjang. "INFLUENCE OF BIODIESEL AND BLENDED FUELS ON THE TENSILE AND COMPRESSIVE PROPERTIES OF GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED EPOXY COMPOSITES." Jurnal Teknologi 82, no. 1 (December 4, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jt.v82.13812.
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With the recent usage increase of biodiesel as an alternative fuel source as well as the increase in the utilisation of glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) as structure such as tanks have considerably affected the necessity to study the influence of fuel absorption on the mechanical properties of GFRP composites. Biodiesel is a renewable, efficient and environmentally friendly but possess a high viscosity property. Three main fuel types which consist of aviation fuel, biodiesel and a blend between aviation and biodiesel fuel are used to perform complete immersion of the GFRP specimens. An experimental method is used to investigate the mechanical degradation in term of tension and compression properties of the GFRP composites. The GFRP specimens are aged using immersion bath technique. Vacuum assisted resin transfer moulding (VARTM) is used to manufacture the GFRP specimens with a volume fraction of 0.50 with a void content below 3%. The GFRP specimens were immersed in the fuels until it reaches an equilibrium state before the tensile and compression test was carried out to study the mechanical properties of the immersed specimens. Based on the result obtained, the GFRP specimens that were immersed in all three fuel solution display a slight degradation in term of tensile and compressive strength as well as their Young’s modulus when compared to an as-received (standard) specimen. It is concluded, that the GFRP composite was able to resist the fuels corrosive nature as they can retain most of their mechanical strength and the decrement is not significant.
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singh, Shubhendu Prashant, Lochan Sharma, and Rahul Chhibber. "Environmental degradation and mechanical behavior of glass fiber reinforced polymer nanocomposites used in offshore applications." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, May 18, 2022, 095440622211017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09544062221101745.
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Present study aims at the variation of mechanical properties of glass fiber/epoxy composite under the effect of temperature, alkalinity, and rate of loading. Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) with plain epoxy and GFRP with 1–2% variation of Nanoclay were utilized for experimentation. Flexural testing of specimen at optimum percentage of Nanoclay in GFRP and epoxy was performed and after that pre-stretching of GFRP with plain epoxy and GFRP with optimum percentage of Nanoclay was conducted. Combined effect of moisture, alkali, and temperature on the degradation behavior of glass fiber reinforced polymers in different environments was studied. The macroscopic and microscopic behavior of the GFRP composite specimen and pure epoxy and Nanoclay reinforced epoxy exposed to varying hygrothermal loads has also been analyzed. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to study the microscopic behavior of GFRP composites. X-Ray diffraction analysis of epoxy with 1%, 2%, and 3% Nanoclay addition was also performed. Tensile and flexural testing of specimen at different orientations such as 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90° were also studied. At 0° orientation, maximum average flexural strength of 295.04 MPa and 481.69 MPa was observed for plain glass fiber reinforced polymer and 2% Nanoclay/glass fiber reinforced polymer before hygrothermal loading. At 20% and 50% loading conditions the maximum flexural strength of 46.7 MPa for plain glass fiber reinforced polymer and 147.52 MPa for 2% Nanoclay/glass fiber reinforced polymer was observed before hygrothermal conditions. Maximum degradation in tensile strength (384.78 MPa at 50% loading) for 2% Nanoclay/glass fiber reinforced polymer after hygrothermal loading was observed in NaCl environment. Lower tensile strength observed for 1% of Nanoclay addition in pure epoxy as compared to the 0% and 2% mixing. There is decrease in tensile strength for specimen with 2% of Nanoclay in pure epoxy as compared to the 0% and 1% mixing. Tensile strength changed by moisture as well as mechanical loading of the glass composites. There is lesser degradation and significant increase in tensile strength of glass fiber reinforced polymer nanocomposite was observed when it exposed for lesser time period while tensile strength significantly reduced when specimen was exposed for longer time (3000 hr). After degradation in four different environments (four tanks) for 30 days intervals, SEM analysis of glass fiber reinforced polymer nanocomposite at pre-stretching of 20% and 50% loading was observed. At 20% loading there is lesser damage of glass fiber reinforced polymer nanocomposite with the formation of small irregular lumps were observed while at 50% loading there is significant damage of glass fiber reinforced polymer nanocomposite with the formation of voids of epoxy was clearly observed during SEM analysis.
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Surendran, S., G. L. Manjunath, and S. K. Lee. "Mechanical behavior of patched steel panels at elevated temperatures." Sustainable Marine Structures 1, no. 1 (January 22, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.36956/sms.v1i1.1.
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Preventive maintenance is an accepted practice in engineering to keep the structural reliability of ship hulls at the highest possible level. Designers ensure a longer period in between the consecutive maintenance of ship hull parts to optimize expenditure. This is relevant in view of the difficulty in reaching farthest corners in ballast tanks, fuel storage tanks, cofferdams etc. Prior maintenance of the deck and hull parts save a considerable amount of the owner’s budget.A portable technology like patching becomes more handy and economic. Performance of both unpatched and patched samples during dynamic loading conditions being examined in the present investigation. The high strength steel panels with a dimension of 70mm×15mm×3mm were edge cracked for lengths of 4mm and 7mm, with width of 1mm for both. The edge cracked high strength steel panels are repaired with composite patches using GFRP (glass fiber reinforced plastic), CFRP (carbon fiber reinforced plastic) and AFRP (aramid fiber reinforced plastic). The patching was done by 3 and 5 layered and impact tested by Charpy impact tester at ranges of high temperatures. The amount of energy absorbed in the impact is converted to dynamic fracture toughness values and compared for evaluating the performance of FRP (fiber reinforced plastics). Finite element analysis was done for evaluating the stress intensity factors at different types of patching and testing conditions. Comparatively the AFRP patched samples showed better dynamic fracture toughness values at different temperatures.
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Wang, Jingyu, Lintao Xu, Deqing Peng, Yongjian Zhu, Zhaowen Gu, Ying Yao, Heyangzi Li, et al. "IFN-γ-STAT1-mediated CD8+ T-cell-neural stem cell cross talk controls astrogliogenesis after spinal cord injury." Inflammation and Regeneration 43, no. 1 (February 13, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41232-023-00263-9.
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Abstract Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes nearly all patients to suffer from protracted disabilities. An emerging therapeutic strategy involving the recruitment of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) has been developed. However, endogenous NSCs in the adult spinal cord differentiate into mostly astrocytes after traumatic injury, forming glial scars, which is a major cause of regeneration failure in SCI. Thus, understanding which factors drive the activation and differentiation of endogenous NSCs after SCI is critical for developing therapeutic drugs. Methods The infiltration, state, and location of CD8+ T cells in spinal cord after traumatic injury were analyzed by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence (IF) staining. The Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) scores and rotarod testing were used for motor behavioral analysis. NSCs were co-cultured with CD8+ T cells. EdU assay was used to detect proliferative cells. Western blotting was used to analyze the expression levels of STAT1, p-STAT1, and p27. ChIP-seq and ChIP-qRT-PCR analyses were used to detect the downstream of STAT1. Nestin-CreERT2::Ai9 transgenic mice were used to genetic lineage tracing of Nestin+ NSCs after SCI in vivo. Results A prolonged increase of activated CD8+ T cells occurs in the injured spinal cords. The behavioral analysis demonstrated that the administration of an anti-CD8 antibody promotes the recovery of locomotor function. Then, we discovered that CD8+ T cells suppressed the proliferation of NSCs and promoted the differentiation of NSCs into astrocytes by the IFN-γ-STAT1 pathway in vitro. ChIP-seq and ChIP-qRT-PCR analysis revealed that STAT1 could directly bind to the promoters of astrocyte marker genes GFAP and Aldh1l1. Genetic lineage tracing of Nestin+ NSCs demonstrated that most NSCs differentiated into astrocytes following SCI. Depleting CD8+ T cells reduced the differentiation of NSCs into astrocytes and instead promoted the differentiation of NSCs into oligodendrocytes. Conclusion In conclusion, CD8+ T cells suppressed the proliferation of NSCs and promoted the differentiation of NSCs into astrocytes by the IFN-γ-STAT1-GFAP/Aldhl1l axis. Our study identifies INF-γ as a critical mediator of CD8+ T-cell-NSC cross talk and a potential node for therapeutic intervention in SCI.
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Zhang, Yanyan, Ning Song, Fei Liu, Jiu Lin, Mengke Liu, Chaolan Huang, Daqing Liao, Cheng Zhou, Hang Wang, and Jiefei Shen. "Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in satellite glial cells of the trigeminal ganglion contributes to substance P-mediated inflammatory pain." International Journal of Oral Science 11, no. 3 (September 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41368-019-0055-0.
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Abstract Inflammatory orofacial pain, in which substance P (SP) plays an important role, is closely related to the cross-talk between trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons and satellite glial cells (SGCs). SGC activation is emerging as the key mechanism underlying inflammatory pain through different signalling mechanisms, including glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) activation, phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways, and cytokine upregulation. However, in the TG, the mechanism underlying SP-mediated orofacial pain generated by SGCs is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated whether SP is involved in inflammatory orofacial pain by upregulating interleukin (IL)-1β and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α from SGCs, and we explored whether MAPK signalling pathways mediate the pain process. In the present study, complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) was injected into the whisker pad of rats to induce an inflammatory model in vivo. SP was administered to SGC cultures in vitro to confirm the effect of SP. Facial expression analysis showed that pre-injection of L703,606 (an NK-1 receptor antagonist), U0126 (an inhibitor of MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase [ERK] kinase [MEK] 1/2), and SB203580 (an inhibitor of P38) into the TG to induce targeted prevention of the activation of the NK-1 receptor and the phosphorylation of MAPKs significantly suppressed CFA-induced inflammatory allodynia. In addition, SP promoted SGC activation, which was proven by increased GFAP, p-MAPKs, IL-1β and TNF-α in SGCs under inflammatory conditions. Moreover, the increase in IL-1β and TNF-α was suppressed by L703, 606, U0126 and SB203580 in vivo and in vitro. These present findings suggested that SP, released from TG neurons, activated SGCs through the ERK1/2 and P38 pathways and promoted the production of IL-1β and TNF-α from SGCs, contributing to inflammatory orofacial pain associated with peripheral sensitization.
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Bedrossiantz, Juliette, Marina Bellot, Pol Dominguez-García, Melissa Faria, Eva Prats, Cristian Gómez-Canela, Raul López-Arnau, Elena Escubedo, and Demetrio Raldúa. "A Zebrafish Model of Neurotoxicity by Binge-Like Methamphetamine Exposure." Frontiers in Pharmacology 12 (November 22, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.770319.
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Hyperthermia is a common confounding factor for assessing the neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine (METH) in mammalian models. The development of new models of methamphetamine neurotoxicity using vertebrate poikilothermic animals should allow to overcome this problem. The aim of the present study was to develop a zebrafish model of neurotoxicity by binge-like methamphetamine exposure. After an initial testing at 20 and 40 mg/L for 48 h, the later METH concentration was selected for developing the model and the effects on the brain monoaminergic profile, locomotor, anxiety-like and social behaviors as well as on the expression of key genes of the catecholaminergic system were determined. A concentration- and time-dependent decrease in the brain levels of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT) was found in METH-exposed fish. A significant hyperactivity was found during the first hour of exposure, followed 3 h after by a positive geotaxis and negative scototaxis in the novel tank and in the light/dark paradigm, respectively. Moreover, the behavioral phenotype in the treated fish was consistent with social isolation. At transcriptional level, th1 and slc18a2 (vmat2) exhibited a significant increase after 3 h of exposure, whereas the expression of gfap, a marker of astroglial response to neuronal injury, was strongly increased after 48 h exposure. However, no evidences of oxidative stress were found in the brain of the treated fish. Altogether, this study demonstrates the suitability of the adult zebrafish as a model of METH-induced neurotoxicity and provides more information about the biochemical and behavioral consequences of METH abuse.
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Gad-Briggs, A., P. Pilidis, and T. Nikolaidis. "Analyses of the Control System Strategies and Methodology for Part Power Control of the Simple and Intercooled Recuperated Brayton Helium Gas Turbine Cycles for Generation IV Nuclear Power Plants." Journal of Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Science 3, no. 4 (July 31, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4036737.
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An important requirement for Generation IV Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) design is the control system, which enables part power operability. The choices of control system methods must ensure variation of load without severe drawbacks on cycle performance. The objective of this study is to assess the control of the NPP under part power operations. The cycles of interest are the simple cycle recuperated (SCR) and the intercooled cycle recuperated (ICR). Control strategies are proposed for NPPs but the focus is on the strategies that result in part power operation using the inventory control method. First, results explaining the performance and load limiting factors of the inventory control method are documented; subsequently, the transient part power performances are also documented. The load versus efficiency curves were also derived from varying the load to understand the efficiency penalties. This is carried out using a modeling and performance simulation tool designed for this study. Results show that the ICR takes ∼102% longer than the SCR to reduce the load to 50% in design point (DP) performance conditions for similar valve flows, which correlates with the volumetric increase for the ICR inventory tank. The efficiency penalties are comparable for both cycles at 50% part power, whereby a 22% drop in cycle efficiency was observed and indicates limiting time at very low part power. The analyses intend to aid the development of cycles for Generation IV NPPs specifically gas cooled fast reactors (GFRs) and very high-temperature reactors (VHTRs), where helium is the coolant.
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Gad-Briggs, A., P. Pilidis, and T. Nikolaidis. "Analyses of the Load Following Capabilities of Brayton Helium Gas Turbine Cycles for Generation IV Nuclear Power Plants." Journal of Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Science 3, no. 4 (July 31, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4036983.
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The control system for generation IV nuclear power plant (NPP) design must ensure load variation when changes to critical parameters affect grid demand, plant efficiency, and component integrity. The objective of this study is to assess the load following capabilities of cycles when inventory pressure control is utilized. Cycles of interest are simple cycle recuperated (SCR), intercooled cycle recuperated (ICR), and intercooled cycle without recuperation (IC). First, part power performance of the IC is compared to results of the SCR and ICR. Subsequently, the load following capabilities are assessed when the cycle inlet temperatures are varied. This was carried out using a tool designed for this study. Results show that the IC takes ∼2.7% longer than the ICR to reduce the power output to 50% when operating in design point (DP) for similar valve flows, which correlates to the volumetric increase for the IC inventory storage tank. However, the ability of the IC to match the ICR's load following capabilities is severely hindered because the IC is most susceptible to temperature variation. Furthermore, the IC takes longer than the SCR and ICR to regulate the reactor power by a factor of 51 but this is severely reduced, when regulating NPP power output. However, the IC is the only cycle that does not compromise reactor integrity and cycle efficiency when regulating the power. The analyses intend to aid the development of cycles specifically gas-cooled fast reactors (GFRs) and very high temperature reactors (VHTRs), where helium is the coolant.
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Westerberg, Sonja, Marie Hagbom, Anandi Rajan, Vesa Loitto, B. David Persson, Annika Allard, Johan Nordgren, et al. "Interaction of Human Enterochromaffin Cells with Human Enteric Adenovirus 41 Leads to Serotonin Release and Subsequent Activation of Enteric Glia Cells." Journal of Virology 92, no. 7 (January 24, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00026-18.
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ABSTRACTHuman adenovirus 41 (HAdV-41) causes acute gastroenteritis in young children. The main characteristics of HAdV-41 infection are diarrhea and vomiting. Nevertheless, the precise mechanism of HAdV-41-induced diarrhea is unknown, as a suitable small-animal model has not been described. In this study, we used the human midgut carcinoid cell line GOT1 to investigate the effect of HAdV-41 infection and the individual HAdV-41 capsid proteins on serotonin release by enterochromaffin cells and on enteric glia cell (EGC) activation. We first determined that HAdV-41 could infect the enterochromaffin cells. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that the cells expressed HAdV-41-specific coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR); flow cytometry analysis supported these findings. HAdV-41 infection of the enterochromaffin cells induced serotonin secretion dose dependently. In contrast, control infection with HAdV-5 did not induce serotonin secretion in the cells. Confocal microscopy studies of enterochromaffin cells infected with HAdV-41 revealed decreased serotonin immunofluorescence compared to that in uninfected cells. Incubation of the enterochromaffin cells with purified HAdV-41 short fiber knob and hexon proteins increased the serotonin levels in the harvested cell supernatant significantly. HAdV-41 infection could also activate EGCs, as shown in the significantly altered expression of glia fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in EGCs incubated with HAdV-41. The EGCs were also activated by serotonin alone, as shown in the significantly increased GFAP staining intensity. Likewise, EGCs were activated by the cell supernatant of HAdV-41-infected enterochromaffin cells.IMPORTANCEThe nonenveloped human adenovirus 41 causes diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and low-grade fever mainly in children under 2 years of age. Even though acute gastroenteritis is well described, how human adenovirus 41 causes diarrhea is unknown. In our study, we analyzed the effect of human adenovirus 41 infection on human enterochromaffin cells and found it stimulates serotonin secretion in the cells, which is involved in regulation of intestinal secretion and gut motility and can also activate enteric glia cells, which are found in close proximity to enterochromaffin cellsin vivo. This disruption of gut barrier homeostasis as maintained by these cells following human adenovirus 41 infection might be a mechanism in enteric adenovirus pathogenesis in humans and could indicate a possible serotonin-dependent cross talk between human adenovirus 41, enterochromaffin cells, and enteric glia cells.
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Tigchelaar, Seth S., Ricardo L. Azevedo-Pereira, Chen Dong, xibin liang, Tonya Bliss, and Gary Steinberg. "Abstract P815: Decoding the Cross-Talk Between Grafted Neural Stem Cells and Host Brain to Predict the Molecular Mechanisms of Stem Cell-Induced Functional Recovery After Stroke." Stroke 52, Suppl_1 (March 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/str.52.suppl_1.p815.
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Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability and death in the united states. The development of new therapies for stroke are sorely needed. There is great hope that stem cell therapy will create a paradigm shift in the treatment of stroke patients. A barrier to ensuring clinical success of stem cell therapy is the paucity of understanding of the mechanisms by which stem cells exert their beneficial effects. Using a novel mRNA purification method, we identified 50 genes encoding extracellular space proteins, expressed by human neural stem cells (hNSCs) whose expression positively correlated with functional recovery. In this study, we focus on one of the paracrine factors from grafted hNSCs that correlated best with functional recovery, to investigate its therapeutic potential in promoting recovery after stroke. Male nude rats underwent stroke using the distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAo) model. One week following stroke, osmotic pumps were prepared and loaded with recombinant MTN-2. The osmotic pumps were inserted into the peri-infarct area and infused recombinant MTN-2 for 5 days. Post-stroke, animals were assessed for functional recovery for 5 weeks using both the Montoya staircase test and the whisker-paw reflex test to assess for forelimb function, dexterity, side bias, and placing deficits. After 5 weeks, brain tissue was isolated to assess glial cell morphology. Brain sections were stained with GFAP and IBA1 to visualize astrocytes and microglia, respectively. Confocal images were processed and analyzed using the Bitplane Imaris image analysis software. Output measurements of number of cells/mm2, cell volume, cell branching, and process length and thickness were obtained to characterize the changes in astrocytic and microglial response to injury and paracrine factor treatment. By identifying paracrine factors that are responsible for the regeneration of brain tissue following implantation of hNSCs in stroke brain, this work will increase the likelihood of successful clinical translation of stem cell therapy for stroke. Moreover, elucidating these molecular pathways important for brain recovery may ultimately identify novel therapeutic targets and offer hope to millions of Americans who live with the devastating effects of stroke.