Journal articles: 'Gf30'

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Arifin, Mohd Khairol A., Nik Mohd Idham Nik Hassan, and Mohd Firdaus Abdullah. "Analysis of MPV Dashboard Using SolidWorks and ABAQUS." Key Engineering Materials 471-472 (February 2011): 634–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.471-472.634.

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The study is intended to measure the reliability of MPV dashboard to endure interior impact by using finite element analysis (FEA) method. A model which represents MPV dashboard was made using Solidworks and the impact simulation was done using ABAQUS. Current material being used for dashboard is ABS-GF40 and this material was proven to be reliable to withstand interior impact through the simulation that has been done in this study. Besides, this study also serve the purpose to reduce manufacturing cost using alternative materials with no less reliability compared to ABS-GF40. Similar simulation routines were applied for ABS copolymer, PP copolymer, and PVC copolymer. The simulation results showed that ABS-CF40 performance is similar to ABS-GF40, whereas the PP-CF10, PP-GF10, and PVC-GF30 exhibit almost identical behavior under impact loading. Cost assessment was carried out for all materials to assist in selecting alternative material for replacement of ABS-GF40. Hence, it was found that PP-GF10 can be used as an alternative material with cost reduction up to RM33.17 on each dashboard.

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Guamán Rivera, Santiago Alexander, Angela Edith Guerrero-Pincay, Nelson Rene Ortiz-Naveda, and Raúl Lorenzo González-Marcillo. "Prediction of the nutritional values by INRA (2018) feed evaluation system of Megathyrsus maximus subjected to different grazing strategies." Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development (JAEID) 117, no. 1 (June 29, 2023): 117–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/jaeid-14203.

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Grazing management is a key element to optimize growth cycle of forages, which are enhanced in their chemical composition leading to the reception of greater nutritive values for feeding ruminants. Several studies have showed that the accuracy and precision of the feeding values are critical to achieve this goal, unfortunately, in Ecuador there are not referential data, despite of Megathyrsus maximus is the most forage used by livestock farmers. The predominant aim of the current study was to approach and estimate the feeding values by INRA feed evaluation system of Tanzania grass (Megathyrsus maximus) subjected at different grazing strategies. The statistical design was a randomized complete block, with a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement. Where the treatments were combinations of three grazing frequencies (GF) (30 d; termed GF30, 45 d, GF45 and 60 d, GF60) and two cutting heights (CHs; 30 and 45 cm). The agronomic data did not vary by season effect (P = 0.24 to 0.82), but GF60 had higher plant heigh and dry matter (DM) contents (P < 0.001) than other GF, although with less tiller populations (241 vs. 304 tiller/m2). By CHs effect, Tanzania grass at 30 cm had a greater DM content than 45 cm of CHs (5565 vs. 4221 ± 603 kg/ha-1; P = 0.073). All chemical determinations were affected by GF, CHs and their interaction (P < 0.001 to 0.004) with the exception on ADF between CHs (P = 0.50). Whereas only the CP and ADF values were conditioned by season effect (P = 0.001 to 0.011). Subsequently, Tanzania grass subjected at moderate rest periods and low defoliation intensities showed greater energy and proteins values than traditionally used GF60. Based in these findings, the defoliation frequency had influence on agronomic and chemical characteristics, whilst the feeding values was mainly affected by grazing intensities and weather conditions. So, the best combination regarding nutritive values should be at GF30 and GF45 combined with 45 cm of CHs.

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Domingo, Rosario, Beatriz de Agustina, and Jorge Ayllón. "Study of Drilled Holes after a Cryogenic Machining in Glass Fiber-Reinforced Composites." Applied Sciences 12, no. 20 (October 12, 2022): 10275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122010275.

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Glass fiber-reinforced composites are widely used in industry, with machining operations frequently performed, drilling, in particular, for later assembly. Although there is a smaller increase in temperature during drilling in composites than in metals, further cooling of the tool can produce improvements in some variables, such as thrust force, diameter, or surface roughness. This has been seen in studies where lower temperatures were achieved by cooling compressed air, reaching around −20 °C in plates of polyether-ether-ketone and polyamide, reinforced with glass fiber at 30% (PEEK-GF30 and PA-GF30, respectively). This paper analyzes the results of cryogenic drilling in plates of PEEK-GF30 and PA-GF30, specifically assessing thrust forces, diameter, and average surface roughness. The experimental methodology was carried out by monitoring thrust forces during cryogenic drilling using a piezoelectric dynamometer, measuring diameters with a coordinate measurement machine, and assessing surface quality with a roughness profilometer. During the cutting, the temperature of the cutting tool achieved a temperature near −120 °C from cooling with liquid nitrogen. Conducting an analytical and statistical study allowed us to determine the relationships between the measured variables and cutting conditions. Our results showed that cooling the tool during the drilling processes improved results of the cutting process.

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Wang, Haipeng, Yang Chen, Zaoyang Guo, and Yingchun Guan. "Porosity Elimination in Modified Direct Laser Joining of Ti6Al4V and Thermoplastics Composites." Applied Sciences 9, no. 3 (January 26, 2019): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9030411.

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Hybrid lightweight components with strong and reliable bonding qualities are necessary for practical applications including in the automotive and aerospace industries. The direct laser joining method has been used to produce hybrid joints of Ti6Al4V and glass fiber reinforced polyamide (PA66-GF30). Prior to the laser joining process, a surface texturing treatment is carried out on Ti6Al4V to improve joint strength through the formation of interlock structures between Ti6Al4V and PA66-GF30. In order to reduce the generated micro-pores in Ti6Al4V-PA66-GF30 joints, a modified laser joining method has been proposed. Results show that only very few small micro-pores are generated in the joints produced by the modified laser joining method, and the fracture strength of the joints is significantly increased from 13.8 MPa to 41.5 MPa due to the elimination of micro-pores in the joints.

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Hirsch, Patrick, Marianne John, Daniel Leipold, André Henkel, Sylvia Gipser, Ralf Schlimper, and Matthias Zscheyge. "Numerical Simulation and Experimental Validation of Hybrid Injection Molded Short and Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites." Polymers 13, no. 21 (November 7, 2021): 3846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13213846.

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In-situ thermoforming and overmolding of continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites by hybrid injection molding enables the mass production of thermoplastic lightweight structures with a complex geometry. In this study, the anisotropic mechanical behavior of such hybrid injection molded short and continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastics and the numerical simulation of the resulting mechanical properties under flexural loading were investigated. For this, the influence of the volume flow rate between 25 and 100 cm3/s during injection molding of a PP/GF30 short fiber-reinforced overmolding material was studied and showed a strong effect on the fiber orientation but not on the fiber length, as investigated by computer tomography and fiber length analysis. Thus, the resulting anisotropies of the stiffness and strength as well as the strain hardening investigated by tensile testing were considered when the mechanical behavior of a hybrid test structure of short and continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites was predicted by numerical simulations. For this, a PP/GF60 and PP/GF30 hybrid injection molded test structure was investigated by a numerical workflow with implemented injection molding simulation data. In result, the prediction of the mechanical behavior of the hybrid test structure under flexural loading by numerical simulation was significantly improved, leading to a reduction of the deviation of the numerically predicted and experimentally measured flexural strength from 21% to 9% in comparison to the isotropic material model without the implementation of the injection molding data.

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Borges, Catarina S. P., Alireza Akhavan-Safar, Eduardo A. S. Marques, Ricardo J. C. Carbas, Christoph Ueffing, Philipp Weißgraeber, and Lucas F. M. da Silva. "Effect of Water Ingress on the Mechanical and Chemical Properties of Polybutylene Terephthalate Reinforced with Glass Fibers." Materials 14, no. 5 (March 7, 2021): 1261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14051261.

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Short fiber reinforced polymers are widely used in the construction of electronic housings, where they are often exposed to harsh environmental conditions. The main purpose of this work is the in-depth study and characterization of the water uptake behavior of PBT-GF30 (polybutylene terephthalate with 30% of short glass fiber)as well as its consequent effect on the mechanical properties of the material. Further analysis was conducted to determine at which temperature range PBT-GF30 starts experiencing chemical changes. The influence of testing procedures and conditions on the evaluation of these effects was analyzed, also drawing comparisons with previous studies. The water absorption behavior was studied through gravimetric tests at 35, 70, and 130 °C. Fiber-free PBT was also studied at 35 °C for comparison purposes. The effect of water and temperature on the mechanical properties was analyzed through bulk tensile tests. The material was tested for the three temperatures in the as-supplied state (without drying or aging). Afterwards, PBT-GF30 was tested at room temperature following water immersion at the three temperatures. Chemical changes in the material were also analyzed through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It was concluded that the water diffusion behavior is Fickian and that PBT absorbs more water than PBT-GF30 but at a slightly higher rate. However, temperature was found to have a more significant influence on the rate of water diffusion of PBT-GF30 than fiber content did. Temperature has a significant influence on the mechanical properties of the material. Humidity contributes to a slight drop in stiffness and strength, not showing a clear dependence on water uptake. This decrease in mechanical properties occurs due to the relaxation of the polymeric chain promoted by water ingress. Between 80 and 85 °C, after water immersion, the FTIR profile of the material changes, which suggests chemical changes in the PBT. The water absorption was simulated through heat transfer analogy with good results. From the developed numerical simulation, the minimum plate size to maintain the water ingress unidirectional was 30 mm, which was validated experimentally.

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Borges, Catarina S. P., Eduardo A. S. Marques, Ricardo J. C. Carbas, Alireza Akhavan-Safar, Christoph Ueffing, Philipp Weißgraeber, and Lucas F. M. da Silva. "Effect of the Interface/Interphase on the Water Ingress Properties of Joints with PBT-GF30 and Aluminum Substrates Using Silicone Adhesive." Polymers 15, no. 4 (February 4, 2023): 788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15040788.

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The aim of this work is to analyze the difference between silicone/composite and silicone/metal interphases, both in terms of water diffusion behavior and failure of the aged joints. For that, silicone joints with two different suhbstrates were prepared. The substrates were polybutylene terephthalate with 30% of short glass fiber (PBT-GF30) and 6082-T6 aluminum. It is assumed that the water uptake of the joints is equal to the water uptake of the substrate, adhesive, and interphase. Therefore, knowing the first three, the last could be isolated. To study the water diffusion behavior of the complete joint, rectangular joints were prepared, immersed in water and their water uptake was measured. The water immersion was conducted at 70∘C. It was concluded that the aluminum/silicone joints absorbed more water through the interphase region than the PBT-GF30/silicone joints, since the difference between the expected water uptake and the experimentally measured mass gain is significantly higher, causing adhesive failure of the joint. The same was not observed in the PBT-GF30/silicone, with a more stable interphase, that does not absorb measurable quantities of water and always exhibits cohesive failure.

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Wypych, Artur, Piotr Siwak, Daniel Andrzejewski, and Jaroslaw Jakubowicz. "Titanium Plasma-Sprayed Coatings on Polymers for Hard Tissue Applications." Materials 11, no. 12 (December 13, 2018): 2536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11122536.

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The paper presents the results of titanium plasma spraying (TPS) on polymer substrates. Polyethylene (PE300), polyamide PA6, and fiber glass-reinforced polyamide (PA6.6-GF30) were used as substrates. The PE300 and PA6.6-GF30 substrates exhibited appropriate behavior during the TPS process, whereas the PA6 substrate did not “accept” Ti during plasma spraying, and the coating did not form. The TPS coatings exhibited low porosity and high homogeneity, and they had a typical multilayer structure composed of Ti and its oxides. The nanoindentation test showed good mechanical properties of the coatings and demonstrated a hardness and a Young’s modulus of approximately 400 HV and 200 GPa, respectively. The bending test confirmed the good adhesion of the titanium coatings to the polymer substrates. The Ti coatings did not fall off the substrate after its significant bending deformation.

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Astrouski, Ilya, Tereza Kudelova, Josef Kalivoda, and Miroslav Raudensky. "Shear Strength of Adhesive Bonding of Plastics Intended for High Temperature Plastic Radiators." Processes 10, no. 5 (April 20, 2022): 806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10050806.

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The use of adhesive joints has increased in recent decades due to their competitive features in comparison with other joining methods. They can be used in specific applications where there is no possibility to use alternative connection techniques. Adhesive bonding was used to assemble the prototype of a high-temperature car radiator (operated up to 125 °C) with a total of 12,240 plastic tubes. This work aims to estimate the shear strength of different adhesives intended for bonding the plastics used to assemble the above-mentioned high-temperature radiator. Fourteen commercial adhesives were tested with one thermoset plastic (G11 glass fabric epoxy sheets) and two glass-reinforced thermoplastics (polyamide PA66-GF30 and polyphenylene sulfide PPS-GF40). Tests were conducted according EN 1465 to determine tensile lap-shear strength of bonding. Testing showed that only 4 of the 14 adhesives tested exhibit substantial bonding strength at temperatures above 120 °C and only one is resistant at 180 °C. The AS60/AW60 adhesive showed the best results for all three substrates: 1.6 MPa for epoxy sheets and PA66-GF, and 1.4 MPa for PPS-GF40. Additionally, the influence of the surface treatment with cold plasma was evaluated on a clean and activated bonding surface, causing a 30% increase in the shear strength.

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Mata, Francisco, Pedro Reis, and J. Paulo Davim. "Physical Cutting Model of Polyamide Composites (PA66 GF30)." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 643–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.643.

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Polymeric matrix composite materials presents advantages in a great number of applications due to their high specific strength and stiffness, wear resistance, dimensional stability, low weight and directional properties. As result of these properties and potentials applications exists a strong need to understand the manufacturing processes, particularly the machining process of these composite materials. This paper presents an investigation above the modelization of the cut, turning of small workpieces, on two materials: a polymer PA 6 (Polyamide) and a composite PA 66-GF30 (reinforced with 30% of glass fiber). The tests were carried out polycrystalline diamond tools (PCD). The objective of this experimental study is to evaluate the influence of the glass fiber reinforcement on the friction angle (ρ), shear angle (Φ), normal and shear stresses (σ, τ), chip deformation (ε) under the cutting parameters prefixed (cutting velocity and feed rate). The experimental model was compared with the theoretical model of Merchant.

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Domingo, Rosario, Manuel Rodríguez-Martín, Roque Calvo, and Marta María Marín. "Delamination Factor Analysis in Cryogenically Drilled Holes in Fiberglass Reinforced Structures." Key Engineering Materials 957 (October 2, 2023): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-jw3lp5.

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Composite structures, such as glass fiber reinforced polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) and polyamide (PA66), usually undergo drilling operations for subsequent assembly. A typical problem with these composites is damage around the drilled surface due to a possible non-homogeneous cutting of the fibers. In this context, the delamination is evaluated after a cryogenic drilling. Thus, the objective of this paper is to determine the feasibility of cryogenic drilling considering surface damage after cryogenic machining, at hole the entry and exit. Experimental test were carried out in a machining center at a temperature close to -130 °C using liquid nitrogen, LN2, as cooling environment. The diameter of the drill is 6 mm and the drill tip is polycrystalline diamond (PCD). The plate material is PEEK-GF30 and PA66-GF30. The delamination factor was obtained using a three-dimensional measurement device with an optical sensor and a focus-variation device. The results obtained are favorable regarding the potential use of cryogenic machining.

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Domingo, Rosario, Manuel García, Alberto Sánchez, and Rosa Gómez. "A Sustainable Evaluation of Drilling Parameters for PEEK-GF30." Materials 6, no. 12 (December 13, 2013): 5907–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma6125907.

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Konczal, Natalia, Piotr Czyżewski, and Bartosz Nowinka. "Numerical analysis of chemically foamed thick-walled PA66 GF30 moldings." MATEC Web of Conferences 351 (2021): 01018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202135101018.

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The paper presents a numerical analysis of thick-walled PA66 GF30 moldings with the addition of a chemical blowing agent with a content of 1-3 wt%, and the obtained results were compared with the real object. Computer simulations were performed using Moldex3D® software. Based on the numerical analysis, it was found that regardless of the dose of the blowing agent used, the largest pores were place in the core of the sample. Moreover, it was found that the size of the pores depends on their number in the cross-section of moldings. Compositions containing a higher cross-sectional pore density were characterized by smaller pore sizes. The results of the computer simulation also showed that increasing the blowing agent dose above 2 wt% does not significantly affect the size of the pores in the structure. The experimentally determined pore size of the composition containing 3 wt% chemical blowing agent slightly differs from the pore size obtained based on numerical analysis.

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Klimkeit, B., S. Castagnet, Y. Nadot, A. El Habib, G. Benoit, S. Bergamo, C. Dumas, and S. Achard. "Fatigue damage mechanisms in short fiber reinforced PBT+PET GF30." Materials Science and Engineering: A 528, no. 3 (January 2011): 1577–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.10.081.

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Silva, Leonardo R., J. Paulo Davim, António Festas, and A. M. Abrão. "Machinability aspects concerning micro-turning of PA66-GF30-reinforced polyamide." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 41, no. 9-10 (June 3, 2008): 839–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-008-1537-y.

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Dobrotă, Dan, and Sergiu Viorel Lazăr. "Ultrasonic Welding of PBT-GF30 (70% Polybutylene Terephthalate + 30% Fiber Glass) and Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE)." Polymers 13, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13020298.

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The ultrasonic welding of polymeric materials is one of the methods often used in practice. However, each couple of material subjected to ultrasonic welding is characterized by different values of technological parameters. Therefore, the main objective of the research presented in this paper is to optimize the parameters for the ultrasonic welding of two materials, namely PBT-GF30 (70% polybutylene terephthalate + 30% fiber glass) and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE). In this sense, the research was carried out considering a plate-type part made of PBT-GF30, which had a thickness of 2.1 mm, and a membrane-type part made of e-PTFE, with a thickness of 0.3 mm. The condition imposed on the welded joints made, namely to correspond from a technical point of view, was that the detachment pressure of the membrane should be at least 4 bar. To this end, a test device was designed. Additionally, the topography of the material layer from the plate-type part was analyzed, as well as the chemical composition and surface condition for the membrane-type part. The obtained results allowed the optimization of the following parameters: The welding force; welding time; amplitude; and holding time. All experimental results were processed using STATISTICS software, which established how each parameter influences the characteristics of welded joints.

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Mrzljak, Selim, Alexander Delp, André Schlink, Jan-Christoph Zarges, Daniel Hülsbusch, Hans-Peter Heim, and Frank Walther. "Constant Temperature Approach for the Assessment of Injection Molding Parameter Influence on the Fatigue Behavior of Short Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyamide 6." Polymers 13, no. 10 (May 13, 2021): 1569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13101569.

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Short glass fiber reinforced plastics (SGFRP) offer superior mechanical properties compared to polymers, while still also enabling almost unlimited geometric variations of components at large-scale production. PA6-GF30 represents one of the most used SGFRP for series components, but the impact of injection molding process parameters on the fatigue properties is still insufficiently investigated. In this study, various injection molding parameter configurations were investigated on PA6-GF30. To take the significant frequency dependency into account, tension–tension fatigue tests were performed using multiple amplitude tests, considering surface temperature-adjusted frequency to limit self-heating. The frequency adjustment leads to shorter testing durations as well as up to 20% higher lifetime under fatigue loading. A higher melt temperature and volume flow rate during injection molding lead to an increase of 16% regarding fatigue life. In situ X-ray microtomography analysis revealed that this result was attributed to a stronger fiber alignment with larger fiber lengths in the flow direction. Using digital volume correlation, differences of up to 100% in local strain values at the same stress level for different injection molding process parameters were identified. The results prove that the injection molding parameters have a high influence on the fatigue properties and thus offer a large optimization potential, e.g., with regard to the component design.

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Domingo, Rosario, Manuel Garcia, and Maria Rosa Gomez. "Analysis of Energy Consumption in the Dry Drilling of PEEK GF30." Materials Science Forum 797 (June 2014): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.797.29.

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In this work, the energy required during the dry drilling of PEEK GF30, a thermoplastic material, polyether-ether-ketone, reinforced with glass fiber, is analyzed. Three different types of drills are used, respect to material and geometry, under nine cutting conditions based on cutting speed of 6000, 7000 and 8000 rpm, and feed rate of 300, 400 and 500 mm/min. The results show that similar outcomes are obtained with two drills, one of them, wolfram carbide with coating of TiAlN and another of wolfram carbide with point of diamond. This aspect is important due to the economic advantages of the first drill respect to the second one. An analysis of variance, ANOVA, shows that the drill type is the more influent factor, and that the optimal situation can be given with drill of WC and point of diamond with the higher cutting conditions. The energy required, assigned to the torques, is superior to 98%, in each case, question that could be taken in account in the tools design.

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Pierantoni, M., M. De Monte, D. Papathanassiou, N. De Rossi, and M. Quaresimin. "Viscoelastic material behaviour of PBT-GF30 under thermo-mechanical cyclic loading." Procedia Engineering 10 (2011): 2141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.04.354.

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Schmailzl, Anton, Benjamin Quandt, Michael Schmidt, and Stefan Hierl. "In-Situ process monitoring during laser transmission welding of PA6-GF30." Procedia CIRP 74 (2018): 524–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2018.08.131.

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Dobrotă, Dan, and Sergiu Viorel Lazăr. "Redesign of the Geometry of Parts Produced from PBT Composite to Improve Their Operational Behavior." Polymers 13, no. 15 (July 31, 2021): 2536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13152536.

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Parts produced from PBT-GF30 (70% polybutylene terephthalate +30% fiberglass) are very often used in car construction, due to the properties of this material. The current trend is to make parts with a shape designed to be as complex as possible, to take over many functions in operation. During the research, a part that is a component of the structure of car safety systems, and that must be completely reliable in operation, was analyzed. This piece has a complex shape that involves the intersection of several walls. Thus, the research aimed at establishing the optimal radius of connection between the walls (R), the ratio between the thickness of the intersecting walls (K) and the angle of inclination of the walls (α). The composite central design method was used to design the experiments. Both new parts and parts subject to an artificial aging process were tested. All parts were subjected to shear stress, to determine the load (L) and displacement (D) at which they break. In order to observe other changes in the properties of the parts, in addition to the mechanical ones, an analysis of the color of the new and aged parts was performed, as well as a topography of the surface layer in the breaking area. The design of the parts involved changes to the parameters of the injection process. In these conditions, a PBT-GF30 viscosity analysis was performed for new and artificially aged parts.

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Domingo, Rosario, Beatriz de Agustina, and Marta María Marín. "Study of Drilling Process by Cooling Compressed Air in Reinforced Polyether-Ether-Ketone." Materials 13, no. 8 (April 22, 2020): 1965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13081965.

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This study is focused on the application of a cooling compressed air system in drilling processes; this environmentally friendly technique allows removing material at very low temperatures, approximately up to −22 °C in the cutting area. The main goals are to find the most improve cutting conditions with less energy consumption, for the drilling of reinforced polyether-ether-ketone with glass fiber at 30% (PEEK-GF30) with cooling compressed air by a Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube, and to find a balance between environmental conditions and adequate process performance. Drilling tests were carried out on plates of PEEK-GF30 to analyze the influence of cutting parameters and environmental temperature (–22, 0 and 22 °C) on variables such as thrust forces, energy and material removed rate by the use of statistical methods; analysis of variance, analysis of means, response surface, and desirability function were employed to identify the optimum region that provides the most improved values of the aforementioned variables. Drill bit diameter was also analyzed to determine the quality of drilled holes. During the drilling processes, force signals were detected by a piezoelectric dynamometer connected to multichannel amplifier and a pyrometer was used to control the temperature. The diameters of the drilled holes were measured by a coordinate measuring machine. Cooling compressed air can be considered an adequate technique to improve the results from an environmental and efficient perspective; in particular, the maximum desirability function was found at a spindle speed of 7000 rpm, a feedrate of 1 mm/rev and a temperature close to −22 °C.

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Gaitonde, V. N., S. R. Karnik, L. R. Silva, A. M. Abrão, and J. P. Davim. "Machinability Study in MicroTurning of PA66 GF30 Polyamide with a PCD Tool." Materials and Manufacturing Processes 24, no. 12 (December 21, 2009): 1290–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426910903130115.

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Cofaru, Nicolae, Lucian Roman, Adrian Pascu, and Valentin Oleksik. "Experimental Study Regarding of Bending Behaviour of Stabilizator Link." ACTA Universitatis Cibiniensis 68, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aucts-2016-0003.

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Abstract This paper presents an experimental study of the behavior of anti-roll power link subjected to bending, power link coming from an Opel Astra G. The power link is made of PA66 GF30 polyamide. For this study, there were used a universal testing machine (Instron 5587) and a real-time strain measurement optical system (Aramis). The results showed are those obtained in the case of a compression force of 1,000 [N] namely: major Strain ε1, minor strain ε2, equivalent von Mises strain, displacement on X axis, displacement on Y axis (compression force direction), displacement on Z axis.

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Arif, M. F., F. Meraghni, Y. Chemisky, N. Despringre, and G. Robert. "In situ damage mechanisms investigation of PA66/GF30 composite: Effect of relative humidity." Composites Part B: Engineering 58 (March 2014): 487–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.11.001.

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Paulo Davim, J., Pedro Reis, Vı́tor Lapa, and C. Conceição António. "Machinability study on polyetheretherketone (PEEK) unreinforced and reinforced (GF30) for applications in structural components." Composite Structures 62, no. 1 (October 2003): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0263-8223(03)00085-0.

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Lee, Chang Soon, Hee Jun Kim, Auezhan Amanov, Jeong Hwan Choo, Yong Kap Kim, and In Sik Cho. "Investigation on very high cycle fatigue of PA66-GF30 GFRP based on fiber orientation." Composites Science and Technology 180 (August 2019): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2019.05.021.

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Do, Thanh Trung, Tran Minh The Uyen, and Pham Son Minh. "The Feasibility of an Internal Gas-Assisted Heating Method for Improving the Melt Filling Ability of Polyamide 6 Thermoplastic Composites in a Thin Wall Injection Molding Process." Polymers 13, no. 7 (March 24, 2021): 1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13071004.

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In thin wall injection molding, the filling of plastic material into the cavity will be restricted by the frozen layer due to the quick cooling of the hot melt when it contacts with the lower temperature surface of the cavity. This problem is heightened in composite material, which has a higher viscosity than pure plastic. In this paper, to reduce the frozen layer as well as improve the filling ability of polyamide 6 reinforced with 30 wt.% glass fiber (PA6/GF30%) in the thin wall injection molding process, a preheating step with the internal gas heating method was applied to heat the cavity surface to a high temperature, and then, the filling step was commenced. In this study, the filling ability of PA6/GF30% was studied with a melt flow thickness varying from 0.1 to 0.5 mm. To improve the filling ability, the mold temperature control technique was applied. In this study, an internal gas-assisted mold temperature control (In-GMTC) using different levels of mold insert thickness and gas temperatures to achieve rapid mold surface temperature control was established. The heating process was observed using an infrared camera and estimated by the temperature distribution and the heating rate. Then, the In-GMTC was employed to produce a thin product by an injection molding process with the In-GMTC system. The simulation results show that with agas temperature of 300 °C, the cavity surface could be heated under a heating rate that varied from 23.5 to 24.5 °C/s in the first 2 s. Then, the heating rate decreased. After the heating process was completed, the cavity temperature was varied from 83.8 to about 164.5 °C. In-GMTC was also used for the injection molding process with a part thickness that varied from 0.1 to 0.5 mm. The results show that with In-GMTC, the filling ability of composite material clearly increased from 2.8 to 18.6 mm with a flow thickness of 0.1 mm.

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Stachowiak, Tomasz, Dariusz Kwiatkowski, Marcin Chmielarz, and Dominik Grzesiczak. "Analysis of Selected Properties of Polymer Mixtures Derived from Virgin and Re-Granulated PP with Glass Fibers." Materials 17, no. 6 (March 21, 2024): 1433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17061433.

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The problem of the growing amount of waste polymer materials currently affects virtually every area of the global economy. New actions taken by the E.U. and member states could lead to a reduction in the burden on the natural environment, as well as the reuse of thermoplastic waste. The aim of this study was to analyze the possibility of reusing post-industrial waste (recycled polypropylene—rPP) in order to produce mixtures with original polypropylene (PP) and glass fibers. The research undertaken is characterized by a high level of innovation and was carried out on an industrial scale from industrial waste. The primary goal of the analyses was to determine changes in the properties of the polymer mixtures depending on the amount of recycled polymers. For this purpose, four types of mixtures were prepared, characterized by different degrees of filling with recycled material obtained from big-bag packaging (the filling levels were 0 wt.%, 20 wt.%, 30 wt.%, and 70 wt.%). A detailed analysis of the physical properties of the obtained mixtures was carried out to determine changes in the densities depending on the amount of rPP material. In addition, changes in the MFIs (melt flow indexes), characterizing viscosity changes, were analyzed depending on the amount of secondary raw material used. An analysis of the mechanical properties was also carried out based on static tensile testing, the impact strength (the Charpy method), and the Rockwell hardness test (the M method). The analysis of the thermal changes was performed using the DSC method. The results showed that the composites made of virgin polypropylene (PP GF30) and those made from re-granulates and glass fibers (rPP GF30) are characterized by similar mechanical properties and significantly different processing properties, determined by MFI. This means that the addition of re-granulates significantly affects the processability of the obtained materials, while the addition of glass fibers maintains the basic mechanical properties.

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Spina, Roberto, and Bruno Cavalcante. "Evaluation of Grinding of Unfilled and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyamide 6,6." Polymers 12, no. 10 (October 6, 2020): 2288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12102288.

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This paper investigates the grinding process on unreinforced (PA66) and reinforced glass-fiber polyamide 6,6 (PA66 GF30) with Al2O3 and SiC abrasive wheels. Both materials were ground by varying rotations, workpiece infeed speed, depth of cuts for sequential roughing/finishing steps. Dry and liquid coolant conditions were also considered during the grinding process to evaluate the effects on part quality. The surface roughness was used to assess the quality of the final products with several parameter combinations, identifying the induced process trends. The results show that at the end of the finishing step, the surface roughness Rz was lower than 4 μm, attaining the lowest value of 1.34 μm for PA66 specimens. The analysis also suggested the choice of the Al2O3 grinding wheel to reach the lowest Rz values for both materials.

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Zhang, Longhui, David Townsend, Nik Petrinic, and Antonio Pellegrino. "Temperature dependent dynamic compressive response of PA66-GF30 composite under constant strain rate multiaxial loading." Composites Part B: Engineering 234 (April 2022): 109738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.109738.

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Domingo, Rosario, Manuel García, and María Rosa Gómez. "Determination of Energy during the Dry Drilling of PEEK GF30 Considering the Effect of Torque." Procedia Engineering 63 (2013): 687–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.08.195.

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Domingo, Rosario, and Óscar Castillo. "Design and Implementation of Active Learning Activities Focused on Simulations of Drilling in Composites." Materials Science Forum 853 (April 2016): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.853.19.

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In this work, a set of active learning activities has been presented. These tasks are focused on the design and implementation of online activities for students of Mechanical Engineering Degree, in order to fulfill specific and generic competences in the field of manufacturing engineering, and in particular in machining processes. For this purpose, the students have conducted simulations using finite elements method, through Deform 3D software, and it has been applied to the drilling process of the composite with polymeric matrix, polyether-ether-ketone reinforced with glass fibre in 30%, PEEK-GF30. The results show data of variables as thrust force and torque, and others relate to online activities and skills acquired by students when they perform the tasks in a virtual platform. These type of activities motive to students and allow knowing the behavior of materials on a more attractive manner.

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Gaitonde, V. N., S. R. Karnik, Francisco Mata, and J. Paulo Davim. "Modeling and Analysis of Machinability Characteristics in PA6 and PA66 GF30 Polyamides through Artificial Neural Network." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 23, no. 3 (September 29, 2009): 313–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705709349319.

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Gaitonde, V. N., S. R. Karnik, Francisco Mata, and J. Paulo Davim. "Machinability study in turning of unreinforced (PA6) and reinforced (PA66 GF30) polyamides with Polycrystalline Diamond (PCD) tools." International Journal of Materials and Product Technology 37, no. 1/2 (2010): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmpt.2010.029465.

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Caputo, Francesco, Giuseppe Lamanna, Alessandro De Luca, and Enrico Armentani. "Thermo‐Mechanical Investigation on an Automotive Engine Encapsulation System Made of Fiberglass Reinforced Polyamide PA6 GF30 Material." Macromolecular Symposia 389, no. 1 (February 2020): 1900100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.201900100.

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Meyer, Stefan P., Sebastian Fuderer, and Michael F. Zaeh. "A Holistic, Model-Predictive Process Control for Friction Stir Welding Processes Including a 1D FDM Multi-Layer Temperature Distribution Model." Metals 11, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11030502.

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Friction press joining is an innovative joining process for bonding plastics and metals without additives in an overlap configuration. This paper presents for the first time a model-based approach for designing a multi-variable model predictive control (MPC) for friction press joining. For system modeling, a differential equation based on the heat flows was proposed and modeled as a torque-dependent function. With this model, it is possible to consider cross-effects between the axial force and the friction zone temperature. With this theoretical approach, adaptive model-predictive process control was implemented and validated for different material combinations (EN AW-6082-T6; EN AW-2024-T3; PE-HD; PA6-GF30; PPS-CF). It could be shown that the MPC has excellent control accuracy even when model uncertainties are introduced. Based on these findings, a 1D Finite Differential Method multi-layer model was developed to calculate the temperature in the plastic component, which is not measurable in situ (r = 0.93). These investigations demonstrate the high potential of the multi-variable MPC for plastic-metal direct joining.

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Gutiérrez, Juan Carlos Horta, Juan Carlos Campos Rubio, Paulo Eustáquio de Faria, and João Paulo Davim. "Usinabilidade de materiais compósitos poliméricos para aplicações automotivas." Polímeros 24, no. 6 (December 2014): 711–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-1428.1582.

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A cada dia o avanço tecnológico nos leva a encruzilhadas como a construção de veículos mais leves, com menor consumo de combustível e mais seguros. Neste sentido, materiais compósitos poliméricos são materiais usados atualmente em diferentes aplicações nas quais a leveza combinada com um alto módulo de elasticidade são características importantes. Poliamidas reforçadas com fibras de vidro se apresentam como materiais de grande futuro em aplicações automotivas. Desta forma, torna-se importante o estudo do comportamento deste tipo de material quando submetidos a processos de usinagem. Dentre os processos de usinagem o processo de furação é um dos mais utilizados nos componentes de material compósito. Neste trabalho será analisada a influência do avanço, da velocidade de corte e da geometria da ferramenta na força de avanço, pressão específica de corte e desvios dimensionais do furo realizado. Os testes foram realizados em poliamida sem reforço (PA6) e reforçada com 30% fibra de vidro (PA66-GF30) utilizando brocas de carbonetos sinterizados (K20) com ângulos de ponta diferente. Os resultados apontam claramente para a melhor usinabilidade do material reforçado em comparação ao sem reforço.

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Witzgall, Christian, Patrick Steck, and Sandro Wartzack. "On the Influence of Fatigue Damage in Short-Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastic PBT GF30 on Its Residual Strength under High Strain Rates: An Approach towards Simulative Prediction." Journal of Composites Science 7, no. 1 (January 10, 2023): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs7010023.

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Only by using accurate material data can precise simulation results be achieved. This principle also and especially applies in the field of crash simulation. However, in the simulation of short-fibre reinforced thermoplastics, material parameters are usually used that originate from the material testing of as-new samples. In order to get closer to the condition on the roads, where not only new vehicles are driving, the influence of service loads on the crashworthiness has to be investigated. This paper reports on studies of PBT GF30, a polybutylene terephthalate reinforced with 30% glass fibres, in which fatigue damage was induced in the material by cyclic loading. The residual strength was then determined in a high-speed experiment and compared with the strength of virgin samples. In order to enable the usability of the findings in the simulation, a modified failure criterion was implemented that takes the previous fatigue damage into account. The prediction quality of the simulation model was compared with the experimental findings and it can be concluded that there is good agreement.

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Ammar, A., W. Leclerc, M. Guessasma, and N. Haddar. "Discrete element approach to simulate debonding process in 3D short glass fibre composite materials: Application to PA6/GF30." Composite Structures 270 (August 2021): 114035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.114035.

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Meraghni, F., H. Nouri, N. Bourgeois, C. Czarnota, and P. Lory. "Parameters identification of fatigue damage model for short glass fiber reinforced polyamide (PA6-GF30) using digital image correlation." Procedia Engineering 10 (2011): 2110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.04.349.

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Martono, Yohanes, Lucia Devi Danriani, and Sri Hartini. "PENGARUH FERMENTASI TERHADAP KANDUNGAN PROTEIN DAN ASAM AMINO PADA TEPUNG GAPLEK YANG DIFORTIFIKASI TEPUNG KEDELAI (Glycine max (L))." Jurnal Agritech 36, no. 01 (April 28, 2016): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/agritech.10684.

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Enhancement of proteins and enrichment of amino acids of dried cassava flour can be carried out by fermentation of dried cassava and soy-flour mixture. The purposes of this study were to compare soluble protein's content and to identify amino acids in fortified dried-cassava flour. The methods involved were making fortified dried-cassava flour with ratio of 25 g (soy-flour) and 5 g (yeasts) of 100 grams dried-cassava and fermentation of the mixture for 40 h, measuring soluble protein's content by biuret assay and identifying amino acids using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Research design used Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD). Treatments applied were unfortified dried cassava flour at 0 hour (G0); 20 hour (G20); 40 hour (G40) and fortified dried cassava flour at 0 hour (GF0); 20 hour (GF20) and 40 hour (GF40). As group was analyisis time. Data of soluble protein content were analyzed using ANNOVA. The Honestly Significant Differences (HSD) test at 5% level of significance was used to compare the treatments mean. The results showed that the soluble protein's content of 40 hours fermentation was higher than of 20 hours fermentation and the latter was higher than 0 hour fermentation, with values of 22.86%, 20.96%, and 18.70%, respectively. Based on TLC and HPLC identification, the amino acids in fortified dried-cassava flour, were aspartate, glumatate, serine, histidine, glicine, arginine, alanine, tyrosine, methionine, valine, isoleusine, leusine, and lysine.Keywords: Dried-cassava, fortification, fermentation, protein, amino-acid ABSTRAKPeningkatan kadar protein dan pengayaan asam amino dalam tepung gaplek dapat dilakukan dengan cara fortifikasi tepung gaplek dengan tepung kedelai melalui fermentasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah membandingkan kandungan protein terlarut antara tepung gaplek tidak terfortifikasi dan terfortifikasi tepung kedelai pada beberapa waktu fermentasi dan mengidentifikasi asam amino yang terkandung dalam tepung gaplek dan tepung gaplek terfortifikasi. Metode penelitian meliputi pembuatan tepung gaplek terfortifikasi secara fermentasi dengan rasio penambahan tepung kedelai 25 g dan kapang 5 g dari 100 g gaplek yang kemudian difermentasi selama 40 jam. Kadar protein ditentukan menggunakan metode Biuret sedangkan identifikasi asam amino menggunakan metode Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT) dan Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi (KCKT). Rancangan percobaan penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK). Sebagai perlakuan adalah gaplek kontrol (tidak terfortifikasi tepung kedelai) pada jam ke-0 (G0); 20 jam (G20); 40 jam (G40) dan gaplek terfortifikasi pada jam ke-0 (GF0); 20 jam (GF20); dan 40 jam (GF40). Sebagai kelompok adalah waktu analisis. Data rata-rata kadar protein terlarut dibandingkan dengan uji Beda Nyata Jujur (BNJ) dengan tingkat kebermaknaan 5%. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kadar protein terlarut pada fermentasi selama 40 jam lebih tinggi dibandingkan 20 jam dan 0 jam, dengan nilai 22,68%, 20,96%, dan 18,70% secara berurutan. Berdasarkan hasil identifikasi KLT dan KCKT, asam amino dalam tepung gaplek terfortifikasi adalah aspartat, glutamat, serin, histidin, glisin, arginin, alanin, tirosin, metionin, valin, isoleusin, dan lisin.Kata kunci: Gaplek, fortifikasi, fermentasi, protein, asam amino

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Brandão, R., C. S. P. Borges, E. A. S. Marques, R. J. C. Carbas, A. Akhavan-Safar, F. Schmid, C. Ueffing, P. Weißgraeber, and L. F. M. da Silva. "The influence of humidity and immersion temperature on the properties and failure mode of PBT-GF30/silicone bonded joints." Composite Structures 289 (June 2022): 115421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2022.115421.

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Meyer, Stefan P., Maren T. Herold, Jan B. Habedank, and Michael F. Zaeh. "A Study on the Bond Strength of Plastic–Metal Direct Bonds Using Friction Press Joining." Metals 11, no. 4 (April 18, 2021): 660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11040660.

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Friction press joining (FPJ) is an innovative joining process for bonding plastic components and metal sheets without additives in an overlap configuration. This paper focuses on the resulting bond strength. Tensile tests showed that the direct bonds produced by FPJ have either an equivalent or a higher bond strength compared to adhesive bonds. For the material combination of HD-PE and EN AW-6082-T6, an equivalent bond strength was achieved. In contrast, for the material combinations PA6-GF30 with EN AW-6082-T6 and PPS-CF with EN AW-2024-T3, higher tensile shear strengths were achieved via the FPJ technology. In addition to the technical considerations, this paper presents an evaluation of the technological maturity of FPJ. It was found that the basics of the technology are already well developed, and prototypes for showing the applicability have already been manufactured. The last part of this paper deals with the classification of FPJ into the standard for manufacturing processes, according to DIN 8593. The authors suggest a categorization into Activation bonding (item 4.8.1.3). These investigations show the high technical potential of FPJ for joining plastic components with metals.

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Sykutera, Dariusz, Piotr Czyżewski, and Piotr Szewczykowski. "High-Performance of a Thick-Walled Polyamide Composite Produced by Microcellular Injection Molding." Materials 14, no. 15 (July 27, 2021): 4199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154199.

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Lightweight moldings obtained by microcellular injection molding (MIM) are of great significance for saving materials and reducing energy consumption. For thick-walled parts, the standard injection molding process brings some defects, including a sink mark, warpage, and high shrinkage. Polyamide 66 (PA66)/glass fiber (GF) thick-walled moldings were prepared by MuCell® technology. The influences of moldings thickness (6 and 8.4 mm) and applied nitrogen pressure (16 and 20 MPa) on the morphology and mechanical properties were studied. Finally, the microcellular structure with a small cell diameter of about 30 μm was confirmed. Despite a significant time reduction of the holding phase (to 0.3 s), high-performance PA66 GF30 foamed moldings without sink marks and warpage were obtained. The excellent strength properties and favorable impact resistance while reducing the weight of thick-walled moldings were achieved. The main reason for the good results of polyamide composite was the orientation of the fibers in the flow direction and the large number of small nitrogen cells in the core and transition zone. The structure gradient was analysed and confirmed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, X-ray micro computed tomography (micro CT) and finite element method (FEM) simulation.

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Costa, André A., Pedro G. Martinho, and Fátima M. Barreiros. "Comparison between the Mechanical Recycling Behaviour of Amorphous and Semicrystalline Polymers: A Case Study." Recycling 8, no. 1 (January 10, 2023): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling8010012.

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The increase in waste has motivated the adoption of the circular economy concept, which assumes particular relevance in the case of plastic materials. This has led to research of new possibilities for recycling plastics after their end-of-life. To achieve this goal, it is fundamental to understand how the materials’ properties change after recycling. This study aims to evaluate the thermal and mechanical properties of recycled plastics, namely polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), glass fibre-reinforced polyamide 6 (PA6-GF30), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). With this purpose, injected samples were mechanically recycled twice and compared through thermal and mechanical tests, such as differential scanning calorimetry, hardness, tensile strength, and the melt flow rate. The results show that the amorphous materials used do not suffer significant changes in their properties but exhibit changes in their optical characteristics. The semicrystalline ones present some modifications. PET is the material that suffers the biggest changes, both in its flowability and mechanical properties. This work demonstrates that the mechanical recycling process may be an interesting possibility for recycling depending on the desired quality of final products, allowing for some materials to maintain comparable thermal and mechanical properties after going through the recycling process.

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Sykutera, Dariusz, Piotr Czyżewski, and Piotr Szewczykowski. "The Microcellular Structure of Injection Molded Thick-Walled Parts as Observed by In-Line Monitoring." Materials 13, no. 23 (November 30, 2020): 5464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13235464.

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The aim of the study was to detect the influence of nitrogen pressure on the rheological properties and structure of PA66 GF30 thick-walled parts, produced by means of microcellular injection molding (MIM), using the MuCell® technology. The process was monitored in-line with pressure and temperature sensors assembled in the original injection mold. The measured data was subsequently used to evaluate rheological properties inside an 8.4 mm depth mold cavity. The analysis of the microcellular structure was related to the monitored in-line pressure and temperature changes during the injection process cycle. A four-times reduction of the maximum filling pressure in the mold cavity for MIM was found. At the same time, the holding pressure was taken over by expanding cells. The gradient effect of the cells distribution and the fiber arrangement in the flow direction were observed. A slight influence of nitrogen pressure on the cells size was found. Cells with a diameter lower than 20 µm dominate in the analyzed cases. An effect of reduction of the average cells size in the function of distance to the gate was observed. The creation of structure gradient and changes of cells dimensions were evaluated by SEM images and confirmed with the micro CT analysis.

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Klavzar, A., and R. Renz. "Identification of the critical load for cyclic loading of shortfibre reinforced PA6 GF30 by a quantitative analysis of the thermoelastic response." EPJ Web of Conferences 6 (2010): 11005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/20100611005.

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Campos Rubio, J., T. H. Panzera, A. M. Abrao, Paulo E. Faria, and J. Paulo Davim. "Effects of high speed in the drilling of glass whisker-reinforced polyamide composites (PA66 GF30): statistical analysis of the roughness parameters." Journal of Composite Materials 45, no. 13 (November 12, 2010): 1395–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998310381540.

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Henriques, Bruno, Douglas Fabris, Joana Mesquita-Guimarães, Anne C. Sousa, Nathalia Hammes, Júlio C. M. Souza, Filipe S. Silva, and Márcio C. Fredel. "Influence of laser structuring of PEEK, PEEK-GF30 and PEEK-CF30 surfaces on the shear bond strength to a resin cement." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 84 (August 2018): 225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.05.008.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Gf30'

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